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North Korea and the Latin American Revolution, 1959-1970

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North Korea and the Latin American Revolution, 1959-1970 NORTH KOREA AND THE LATIN AMERICAN REVOLUTION, 1959-1970 by MOE (WILLIAM DAVID) TAYLOR B.Sc., The University of Toronto, 2011 M.Sc., Columbia University, 2014 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE AND POSTDOCTORAL STUDIES (History) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) February 2020 © Moe (William David) Taylor, 2020 ii The following individuals certify that they have read, and recommend to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies for acceptance, the dissertation entitled: North Korea and the Latin American Revolution, 1959-1970 Submitted by Moe (William David) Taylor in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. Examining Committee: Steve H. Lee, History Supervisor Donald L. Baker, Asian Studies Supervisory Committee Member William French, History Supervisory Committee Member Max Cameron, Political Science University Examiner Glen Peterson, History University Examiner Andre Schmid, East Asian Studies, University of Toronto External Examiner iii Abstract In the 1960s the North Korean leadership embraced the variety of radical Third Worldism associated with Cuba’s Tricontinental Conference of 1966, which advocated a militant, united front strategy to defeat US imperialism via armed struggle across the Global South. This political realignment led to exceptionally intimate political, economic, and cultural cooperation with Cuba and a programme to support armed revolutionary movements throughout Latin America. In the process, North Korea acquired a new degree of prestige with the international left, influencing Cuban and Latin American left-wing discourse on matters of economic development, revolutionary organization and strategy, democracy and leadership. North Korea and Cuba became leaders of a radical Third Worldist tendency within the international communist movement that challenged the leadership of Moscow and Beijing, rejected the economic liberalization occurring in the Soviet Union and Eastern bloc, and championed militant internationalism. While most studies of this era in North Korea focus on its relationship with the Soviet Union, China, and events internal to the Korean peninsula, this dissertation shows how important Cuba and Latin America were to the North Korean leadership’s international perspective and foreign policy formulation. iv Lay Summary In the 1960s the leadership of North Korea abandoned conventional communist politics and adopted a new ideological position associated with the Tricontinental Conference, an important political gathering in Havana, Cuba in 1966. This led to exceptionally intimate political, economic, and cultural cooperation with Cuba and a programme to support armed revolutionary movements throughout Latin America. In the process, North Korea influenced ideas about development, revolution, and governance in Cuba and Latin America. North Korea and Cuba became leaders of an upstart faction within the international communist movement that challenged the leadership of the Soviet Union and China and championed violent revolution in the developing world. While most studies of this era in North Korea focus on its relationship with the Soviet Union, China, and events internal to the Korean peninsula, this dissertation shows how important Cuba and Latin America were to the North Korean leadership’s international perspective and foreign policy formulation. v Preface This dissertation is original, unpublished, independent work by the author, William David Moses (Moe) Taylor. vi Table of Contents Abstract ....................................................................................................................................................... iii Lay Summary .............................................................................................................................................. iv Preface .......................................................................................................................................................... v Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................................ vi List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................. vii Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................................... ix Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 1 Chapter 1 North Korea and the Cuban Revolution, 1959-1965 ............................................................... 21 Chapter 2 Building the Anti-imperialist, Anti-US United Front, 1966-1970 .......................................... 69 Chapter 3 Solidarity with the Latin American Revolution .................................................................... 105 Chapter 4 North Korea as a Model of Development ............................................................................. 152 Chapter 5 North Korea as a Model of Revolution ................................................................................. 188 Chapter 6 The End of the Anti-Imperialist, Anti-US United Front ....................................................... 219 Chapter 7 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 257 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................. 269 vii List of Abbreviations 1J4: Movimiento Revolucionario 14 de Junio AAPSO: Afro-Asian People’s Solidarity Organization ACDWF: All-China Women’s Democratic Federation ACWF: All-China Women’s Federation AIPC: All-India Peace Council AD: Acción Democrática AJR: Asociación de Jóvenes Rebeldes ALN: Ação Libertadora Nacional AP: Acción Popular ASC: Asian Solidarity Committee CAL: Comandos Armados de Liberación CPC: Communist Party of China COMECON: Council for Mutual Economic Assistance CPSU: Communist Party of the Soviet Union CTAL: Confederación de los Trabajadores de América Latina DCP: Partido Comunista Dominicano ELN can refer to: Ejército de Liberación Nacional (Colombia) Ejército de Liberación Nacional (Peru) Ejército de Liberación Nacional (Bolivia) ERP: Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo FALN: Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional FAPU: Frente de Acción Popular Unificada FAR: Fuerzas Armadas Rebeldes FARN: Fuerzas Armadas de la Resistencia Nacional FDMC: Federación Democrática de Mujeres Cubanas FED: Federación Dominicana de Estudiantes FLN can refer to: Front de Liberación Nacional (Venezuela) Front de Libération Nationale (Algeria) FUERSA: Frente Universitario Estudiantil Revolucionario Salvador Allende GRUNK: Royal Government of the National Union of Kampuchea IUS: International Union of Students JCP: Japanese Communist Party KDYL: Korean Democratic Youth League KFTU: Korean Federation of Trade Unions KJU: Korean Journalists Union KPA: Korean People’s Army KWP: Korean Worker’s Party M-26-7: Movimiento 26 de Julio MAS: Movimiento al Socialismo MIR can refer to: Movimiento de la Izquierda Revolucionaria (Peru) Movimiento de la Izquierda Revolucionaria (Chile) viii Movimiento de la Izquierda Revolucionaria (Venezuela) MOEC: Movimiento Obrero Estudiantil Campesino 7 de Enero MOIR: Movimiento Obrero Independiente y Revolucionario MPD: Movimiento Popular Dominicano MR-12: Movimiento Revolucionario 12 de Abril MR-13: the Movimiento Revolucionario 13 de Noviembre MR-20: Movimiento Revolucionario 20 de Octubre OLAS: La Organización Latinoamericana de Solidaridad OSPAAAL: Organización de Solidaridad con los Pueblos de Asia, África y América Latina PCB can refer to: Partido Comunista Brasileiro Partido Comunista de Bolivia PCdoB: Partido Comunista do Brasil PCC can refer to: Partido Comunista de Cuba Partido Comunista Colombiano PCM: Partido Comunista Mexicano PCP: Partido Comunista Peruano PCS: Partido Comunista de El Salvador PCV: Partido Comunista de Venezuela PDP: Partido del Pueblo de Panamá PGT: Partido Guatemalteco del Trabajo PLD: Partido de la Liberación Dominicana PLO: Palestinian Liberation Organization POLOP: Organização Revolucionária Marxista - Política Operária PRD: Partido Revolucionario Dominicano PRO: Partido Revolucionario Obrero PRV: Partido de la Revolución Venezolana PS: Partido Socialista PSP can refer to: Partido Socialista Popular (Cuba) Partido Socialista Popular (Dominican Republic) PTB: Partido Trabalhista Brasileiro UNCURK: UN Commission for the Rehabilitation and Reunification of Korea UND: União Democrática Nacional UNO: Odriíst National Union UP: Unidad Popular VPL: Vanguarda Popular Revolucionária WFDY: World Federation of Democratic Youth WIDF: Women's International Democratic Federation WPC: World Peace Council WTFU: World Federation of Trade Unions ix Acknowledgements I would like to first thank my family, particularly my father Bill, my mother Carol, my grandmother Teresa, my aunt Allie and my uncle Raymond, for encouraging me to go back to school “later in life,” and for their support through this process. I would also like to thank Peter Sanders, my instructor at the University of Toronto’s Academic Bridging Program, for helping me adjust to student life and encouraging
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