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DISARMAMENT and INTERNATIONAL SECURITY COMMITTEE Background Guide a CANADA INTERNATIONAL MODEL UNITED NATIONS Tenth Annual Session | May 28-30, 2021

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DISARMAMENT and INTERNATIONAL SECURITY COMMITTEE Background Guide a CANADA INTERNATIONAL MODEL UNITED NATIONS Tenth Annual Session | May 28-30, 2021 CAIMUN 2021 DISARMAMENT AND INTERNATIONAL SECURITY COMMITTEE Background Guide A CANADA INTERNATIONAL MODEL UNITED NATIONS Tenth Annual Session | May 28-30, 2021 Dear Delegates, Othman Mekhlouf My name is Lincoln Lee, and I am excited to welcome you to the Disarmament and Secretary-General International Security Committee at CAIMUN 2021 alongside your chairs Nick Liu and Jan Peng. This year, we will discuss two widely relevant issues: Interventions in Foreign Warfare and Threats to Global Energy Security. As stakeholders in each topic, I encourage you to research the topic thoroughly and represent your countries Angel Yuan accurately so as to build a high quality of debate. Director-General Even after four years of Model UN, I still remember my frst conference where Nikki Wu every one of my speeches was accompanied by a trembling voice. I barely kept my Chief of Staff composure in front of what looked like a room full of prying eyes and struggled to stay relevant in the fast-paced debate. After several conferences, however, I found the true value of Model UN. Through this activity, I learned to overcome my fears, fnd a passion for politics, and most importantly, met new people who are now my Matthew Leung Director of Logistics mentors and best friends. To delegates feeling nervous about speaking out in front of a large crowd, I encourage you to make an active effort to come up to the podium as much as possible. MUN has been, without exaggeration, life-changing for me, and I Madeline Kim hope you’ll fnd the same benefts I have. USG of General Assemblies I also cannot end this letter without giving credit to last year’s committee Director Nikolas Michael for his incredible dedication and hard work poured into both the Mikael Borres frst and second background guides. Though the previous iteration of CAIMUN was USG of Specialized Agencies cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic, his two background guides gave this committee’s 2021 iteration the foundation from which to refne and perfect. Thank Alec Yang you Nikolas for your hard work—your several months’ effort has not gone to waste. USG of Delegate Affairs On behalf of my dais team, I welcome you to CAIMUN 2021! Please direct all committee-related inquiries to [email protected], and I will be happy to help you. Caitlin Adams USG of Delegate Affairs Sincerely, Lincoln Lee Emily Hu Director of the Disarmament and International Security Committee — CAIMUN USG of Media 2021 Table of Contents Committee Description .................................................................................................................................. 2 Topic Overview ............................................................................................................................................. 3 Timeline of Events ......................................................................................................................................... 4 Historical Analysis ........................................................................................................................................ 6 Current Situation ............................................................................................................................................ 8 Past Involvement ......................................................................................................................................... 10 Potential Solutions ....................................................................................................................................... 12 Bloc Positions .............................................................................................................................................. 15 Discussion Questions ................................................................................................................................... 18 Further Resources ........................................................................................................................................ 18 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................ 19 Canada International Model United Nations 2021 1 Committee Description The Disarmament and International Security Committee (DISEC) is the first of six main committees of the United Nations General Assembly that invites all 193 states with full United Nations (UN) membership to participate in committee proceedings.1 Established shortly after the end of World War II, DISEC serves as the international forum for debate and deliberation surrounding disarmament and the preservation of peace and security. The committee’s mandate is constituted in Article 11 under Chapter IV of the UN Charter, which permits the General Assembly to “discuss any questions relating to the maintenance of international peace and security brought before it by any Member of the United Nations.”2 During sessions of this committee, governmental representatives seek to reach a cooperative understanding of how to protect global peace by reducing the threat of nuclear warfare and the size of conventional military arsenals. Since its inception in 1946, DISEC has been directly responsible for drafting the preliminary frameworks for what would become treaties of substantial importance to the limitation of dangerous weapons. DISEC endorsed the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) in 1968, the Convention on the Prohibition of Bacteriological and Toxin Weapons (BTWC) in 1972, and the Convention on the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (CWC) in 1992. Additionally, DISEC has successfully adopted numerous resolutions designed to combat the illicit small arms trade, including the Arms Trade Treaty (ATT) in 2013. In recent years, DISEC members have channelled their efforts towards confronting the renewed global anxiety about nuclear weapons, examining the implications of space militarization, and developing strategies to address conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa.3 As a committee of the General Assembly, DISEC has limited jurisdiction over the affairs of sovereign states, which prevents its adopted resolutions from being legally enforced. While its resolutions are not formally binding, however, they are considered internationally normative in that they can prescriptively outline a set of general guidelines for the expected behaviour of countries.4 Thus, the responsibility of thorough criticism and discussion falls upon every delegate so as to set an accurate global standard. 1 https://www.un.org/en/ga/first/ 2 http://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/un-charter-full-text/ 3 https://www.nti.org/learn/treaties-and-regimes/united-nations-general-assembly/ 4 http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/disarmament-fora/unga Canada International Model United Nations 2021 2 Interventions in Foreign Warfare Topic Overview Foreign intervention refers to any action taken by a government designed to influence the trajectory and outcome of a conflict out of their domestic realm and traditional jurisdiction. Such measures commonly include political and diplomatic assistance, military and logistical reinforcement, or capital relief.5 Historically, the motives for governments choosing to involve themselves in foreign warfare have ranged from the advancement of their national interest to resolving humanitarian crises, upholding international treaty law, and achieving national or global security.6 However, intergovernmental entities such as the UN have designed a general framework delineating the conditions that must be met for a military foreign intervention to be valid under international law. Before a military intervention is considered justified, a government must demonstrate that all non-violent measures, diplomatic or otherwise, have failed to neutralize a threat to the rule of law, a vulnerable population or state, or global collective security.7 Among the several wide-ranging implications of World War II on international dynamics, one of the most notable is the departure from traditional interstate warfare in favour of increasingly frequent civil conflicts.8 This trend was fuelled by the decline of European colonial empires which had established hegemonic rule by overcoming unrest. For instance, as the British and French began to lose ground during World War II, they were prompted to relinquish control over their respective colonial subjects by allowing historically ethnic, religious, or otherwise tribal fault lines to incite armed factional militancy against the Germans.9 Many of these conflicts, however, grew to affect neighbouring countries, which modified the peace of entire regions or even the global Cold War power balance. As such, select affected neighbouring nations began to take interest in improving the status of foreign conflicts by means of foreign intervention in these civil conflicts.10 At present, however, many civil conflicts already intervened with have not seen significant improvements in status. Thus, the international community has called into question the efficacy and motives behind the use of interventionism as a strategy; they suspect that intervening nations may cite peaceful reasons for their involvement while working towards an alternative goal. This focus on a goal other than achieving peace may be the cause of the intervention's inefficiency: lack of concentration on actually achieving peace. This skeptical sentiment is common among 5 Ibid. 6 https://www.iep.utm.edu/interven/#SH3b 7 https://www.interactioncouncil.org/publications/justifiable-cases-military-intervention
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