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'They' Are Listening: Sociolinguistic Variation in John F. Kennedy's Cold War Speeches During 1961

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'They' Are Listening: Sociolinguistic Variation in John F. Kennedy's Cold War Speeches During 1961 Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2019 When 'They' Are Listening: Sociolinguistic Variation in John F. Kennedy's Cold War SpeechesSteven John Pope during 1961 Follow this and additional works at the DigiNole: FSU's Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected] FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF COMMUNICATION & INFORMATION WHEN ‘THEY’ ARE LISTENING: SOCIOLINGUISTIC VARIATION IN JOHN F. KENNEDY’S COLD WAR SPEECHES DURING 1961 By STEVEN JOHN POPE A Thesis submitted to the School of Communication in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts 2019 Steven Pope defended this thesis on April 15, 2019. The members of the supervisory committee were: Davis W. Houck Professor Directing Thesis Arthur Raney Committee Member Gretchen Sunderman Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members, and certifies that the thesis has been approved in accordance with university requirements. ii Dedicated to Judith “Juju” Cooley, from whom I inherited my desire to teach iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Soli Deo Gloria. I would like to thank my wife, Alex, for all the hard work she has put into helping me obtain my Master’s degree. For all the editing she has done on my research papers— she deserves her own Master’s degree. Thank you Alex for your close attention to my work and for putting up with my never-ending monologues of the everyday rhetoric that surrounds us. I would also like to thank my parents, Cade & Beth, for promoting an interest in higher education. Thank you Mom and Dad for always taking an interest in my research endeavors and even helping me come up with a few areas of interest worth studying. I am thankful for the opportunity to learn and grow under my Master’s advisor Dr. Davis W. Houck. Thank you Dr. Houck for taking an interest in my research interests and helping me obtain them. Additionally, thank you for introducing me to rhetoric. Also, to Dr. Gretchen Sunderman I am thankful. Thank you Dr. Sunderman for introducing me to linguistics. I may have stumbled into Linguistics by accident, but you helped recognize just how impactful linguistic research can be; I have come to love linguistics thanks to you. Thank you Dr. Laura Arpan, Dr. Arthur Raney, and Dr. Jessica Wendorf Muhamad for introducing me to new theories and research methods to challenge my academic perspective. To Dr. Jennifer Proffitt, I am thankful for the opportunity to produce academic research under her guidance. Thank you Dr. Proffitt for helping me develop my first research project worthy of a conference presentation. Beyond research, I am grateful for Professor Mark Zeigler who has served as my mentor when it comes to teaching and educational instruction. Thank you Professor Zeigler for showing me how to lead a classroom and show compassion to students. iv Again, I would like to give another word of thanks to my wife, who by the end of this sentence has already done something to correct me, teach me, or help me. Thank you Alex for your grace and love. v TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures .............................................................................................................................. viii Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... ix CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 1 Research Questions ..................................................................................................................... 3 Literature Review ........................................................................................................................ 3 Rhetorical Foundations ............................................................................................................ 3 Presidential Rhetoric................................................................................................................ 7 Rhetoric and the Cold War ...................................................................................................... 8 Rhetoric and Orality .............................................................................................................. 11 Rhetoric and John F. Kennedy .............................................................................................. 14 Methodology ............................................................................................................................. 20 Chapter Outline ......................................................................................................................... 24 CHAPTER TWO: THE COLD WAR AND PRESIDENT KENNEDY ..................................... 27 The Cold War Situation............................................................................................................. 27 Kennedy’s Identificatory Conglomerate ................................................................................... 32 CHAPTER THREE: KENNEDY’S INAUGURAL ADDRESS ................................................. 37 Medhurst’s Situational Constraints (Inaugural) ........................................................................ 38 Audience – National/Televised ................................................................................................. 40 Inaugural /ing/ v. /in/ ............................................................................................................. 40 Inaugural Final /t/ .................................................................................................................. 41 Inaugural Final /r/ .................................................................................................................. 43 CHAPTER FOUR: KENNEDY’S CONGRESSIONAL ADDRESS .......................................... 45 Medhurst’s Situational Constraints (Congressional)................................................................. 46 Audience – Congressional ......................................................................................................... 48 Congressional /ing/ v. /in/ ...................................................................................................... 48 Congressional Final /t/ ........................................................................................................... 49 Congressional Final /r/........................................................................................................... 50 CHAPTER FIVE: KENNEDY’S UNIVERSITY ADDRESS ..................................................... 53 vi Medhurst’s Situational Constraints (University) ...................................................................... 54 Audience – University ............................................................................................................... 55 University /ing/ v. /in/ ............................................................................................................ 56 University Final /t/ ................................................................................................................. 57 University Final /r/................................................................................................................. 58 CHAPTER SIX: KENNEDY’S SOCIOLINGUISTIC VARIATION IN SIGNALS .................. 61 Inaugural Signals ....................................................................................................................... 61 Congressional Signals ............................................................................................................... 62 University Signals ..................................................................................................................... 64 CHAPTER SEVEN: CONCLUSION .......................................................................................... 66 RQ1 ........................................................................................................................................... 66 RQ2 ........................................................................................................................................... 69 RQ3 ........................................................................................................................................... 70 Future Studies ............................................................................................................................ 71 Constraints ................................................................................................................................. 73 Implications ............................................................................................................................... 74 APPENDICES .............................................................................................................................. 78 A. INAUGURAL LIST OF VARIBALES ................................................................................... 78 B. CONGRESSIONAL LIST OF VARIABLES.......................................................................... 80 C. UNIVERSITY LIST OF VARIABLES ................................................................................... 83 References ..................................................................................................................................... 86 Biographical Sketch .....................................................................................................................
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