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White Paper Human Rights North Korea White Paper on WHITE PAPER ON Human HUMAN RIGHTS IN Rights NORTH KOREA in 2 0 2 0 North Korea White Paper on Human Rights in North Korea 2020 Published : September 2020 Authors : Kyu-chang Lee, Sookyung Kim, Ji Sun Yee, Eun Mee Jeong, Yejoon Rim Publisher : Koh Yu-hwan Editor : Humanitarianism and Cooperation Research Division Registration : No. 2-02361 (97.4.23.) Address : Korea Institute for National Unification 217, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul (06578), Republic of Korea Telephone : (Representative No.) +82-2-2023-8000 (Fax) +82-2-2023-8295 Website : http://www.kinu.or.kr Planning/ : Amigodesign (+82-2-517-5043) Design Print : Hancompany Co., Ltd. (+82-2-2269-9917) ISBN 979-11-6589-006-3 93340 Price ￦27,000 Copyright Korea Institute for National Unification, 2020 All KINU publications are available for purchase at all major bookstores in the Republic of Korea. (Purchase Inquiry) Government Printing Office Sales Center: ․ Store: +82-2-734-6818 ․ Office: +82-2-394-0337 The content of this White Paper is based on the opinions of the authors and does not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the Korea Institute for National Unification. Kyu-chang Lee Director/Senior Research Fellow, Humanitarianism and Cooperation Research Division, KINU Sookyung Kim Research Fellow, Humanitarianism and Cooperation Research Division, KINU Ji Sun Yee Research Fellow, Humanitarianism and Cooperation Research Division, KINU Eun Mee Jeong Research Fellow, North Korean Research Division, KINU Yejoon Rim Assistant Professor, College of Public Policy, Korea University White Paper on Human Rights in North Korea C O N T E N T S Summary _ 14 Part Ⅰ Purpose and Research Methodology 1 Purpose _ 30 2 Research Methodology _ 33 Part Ⅱ The Reality of Civil and Political Rights 1 Right to Life _ 44 2 Right Not to be Tortured or Receive Inhumane Treatment _ 62 3 Right Not to be Forced into Labor _ 73 4 Right to Liberty and Security of Person _ 84 5 Right to Humane Treatment of Persons in Detention _ 96 6 Right to Freedom of Movement and Residence _ 129 7 Right to a Fair Trial _ 148 8 Right to Privacy _ 178 9 Right to Freedom of Thought, Conscience, and Religion _ 193 10 Right to Freedom of Expression _ 209 11 Right to Freedom of Assembly and Association _ 233 12 Right to Political Participation _ 242 13 Right to Equality _ 256 Part Ⅲ The Reality of Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights 1 Right to Food _ 278 2 Right to Health _ 305 3 Right to Work _ 328 4 Right to Education _ 349 5 Right to Social Security _ 365 Part Ⅳ Vulnerable Groups 1 Women _ 384 2 Children _ 431 3 Persons with Disabilities _ 463 PartⅤ Major Issues 1 Political Prison Camps _ 498 2 Corruption _ 514 3 Overseas Defectors _ 540 4 Overseas Workers _ 572 5 Separated Families, Abductees and Korean War POWs _ 594 White Paper on Human Rights in North Korea C O N T E N T S _ Tables <TableⅠ-1> Ratification of or Accession to International Human Rights Treaties by North Korea 34 <TableⅠ-2> Demographic Profile of In-Depth Interviewees in 2019 36 <TableⅡ-1> Article 6 of the ICCPR 45 <TableⅡ-2> Crimes Subject to Capital Punishment under the Criminal Law and Their Legal Requirements and Statutory Penalties 49 <TableⅡ-3> Change of Provisions in Criminal Law Related to the Cultivation of Opium and Manufacturing of Narcotics 51 <TableⅡ-4> Crimes Subject to Capital Punishment under the Addendum to the Criminal Law (General Crimes) of 2007 and 2010 and Their Statutory Penalties 53 <TableⅡ-5> Cases of Death Penalty Executions Related to Narcotics or South Korean Recordings 56 <TableⅡ-6> Article 7 of the ICCPR 62 <TableⅡ-7> Cases of Torture and Inhuman Treatment in the Process of Handling Criminal Cases 65 <TableⅡ-8> Cases of Public Execution by Shooting 69 <TableⅡ-9> Article 8 of the ICCPR 73 <TableⅡ-10> Re-Educational Labor Discipline under the Administrative Penalty Law 77 <TableⅡ-11> Cases of Re-Educational Labor Discipline 78 <TableⅡ-12> Cases of Forced Labor in Holding Centers 82 <TableⅡ-13> Article 9 of the ICCPR 85 <TableⅡ-14> Period of Investigation, Preliminary Examination, and Prosecution and Imprisonment Period of Suspects 92 <TableⅡ-15> Article 10 of the ICCPR 96 <TableⅡ-16> Testimonies on Violence and Mistreatment in Prison Camps 108 <TableⅡ-17> Testimonies on Poor Nutrition, Sanitation, and Health Care in Prison Camps 110 <TableⅡ-18> Testimonies on Violence and Mistreatment in Labor Training Camps 112 <TableⅡ-19> Testimonies on Poor Nutrition, Sanitation, and Health Care in Labor Training Camps 113 <TableⅡ-20> Testimonies on Violence and Mistreatment in Holding Centers 115 <TableⅡ-21> Testimonies on Poor Nutrition, Sanitation, and Health Care in Holding Centers 116 <TableⅡ-22> Testimonies on Violence and Mistreatment at Detention Centers 119 <TableⅡ-23> Testimonies on Poor Nutrition, Sanitation, and Health Care at Detention Centers 121 <TableⅡ-24> Extreme Labor in Prison Camps 125 <TableⅡ-25> Article 12 of the ICCPR 130 <TableⅡ-26> Cases Related to Travel Permits 133 <TableⅡ-27> Cases Related to Forced Deportation 141 <TableⅡ-28> Article 14 of the ICCPR 149 <TableⅡ-29> Execution of Trials and Verdicts Involving Foreigners in North Korea (as of 31 December 2019) 170 <TableⅡ-30> Right to Consultation with a Consul in the Consular Convention 173 <TableⅡ-31> Article 17 of the ICCPR 178 <TableⅡ-32> Cases of Monitoring and Social Control 186 <TableⅡ-33> Cases of Subjection to Illegal House Search 190 <TableⅡ-34> Article 18 of the ICCPR 194 <TableⅡ-35> Ten Principles to Firmly Establish the Party’s Unitary Leadership System 197 <TableⅡ-36> Cases Related to the Ten Principles 199 <TableⅡ-37> Cases of Infringement on the Freedom of Religion 205 <TableⅡ-38> Article 19 of the ICCPR 210 <TableⅡ-39> Testimonies of Crackdowns on South Korean/Foreign Publications 217 <TableⅡ-40> Changes in the Provisions Related to the Introduction/ Distribution of External Culture in North Korean Criminal Law 220 <TableⅡ-41> Watching Recordings and Related Punishments 221 <TableⅡ-42> Mobile Phone Usage and Related Punishments 230 <TableⅡ-43> Articles 21 and 22 of the ICCPR 234 White Paper on Human Rights in North Korea <TableⅡ-44> Cases of Infringement on the Freedom of Assembly and Association 239 <TableⅡ-45> Article 25 of the ICCPR 242 <TableⅡ-46> Cases of Infringement on the Right to Political Participation 253 <TableⅡ-47> International Human Rights Standards against Discrimination 256 <TableⅡ-48> Classification of North Korea’s Residents by Background and Class 260 <TableⅢ-1> Article 11 of the ICESCR 278 <TableⅢ-2> Recent Collection of Grains 290 <TableⅢ-3> Cases of Deteriorating Rations for Enterprises after Sanctions against North Korea 295 <TableⅢ-4> Cases of Satisfactory Rations for Enterprises (Factories) 296 <TableⅢ-5> Cases of Sufficient Rations at Military Units 300 <TableⅢ-6> Article 12 of the ICESCR 306 <TableⅢ-7> Imbalance of Access to Medical Services by Class 311 <TableⅢ-8> Article 10 of the Public Health Law 312 <TableⅢ-9> Cases of Patients Charged for Medical Services 315 <TableⅢ-10> Cases of Patients Left Untreated Due to a Lack of Money 317 <TableⅢ-11> Articles 6, 7, and 8 of the ICESCR 329 <TableⅢ-12> Wage Payment in North Korea 339 <TableⅢ-13> Article 13 of the ICESCR 349 <TableⅢ-14> Subjects in Primary/Secondary Education 360 <TableⅢ-15> North Korean Laws on Social Security 366 <TableⅢ-16> Testimonies on the Practical Difficulties of Sustaining Life on Elderly Pensions 368 <TableⅣ-1> Testimonies on Stereotypes of Male Superiority and Fixed Gender Roles 393 <TableⅣ-2> Cases of Human Rights Violations of Forcibly Repatriated Pregnant Women 421 <TableⅣ-3> Four Major Rights in the CRC 432 <TableⅣ-4> Education Time of Subjects Related to Kim Il Sung, Kim Jong Il, and Kim Jong Un 445 <TableⅣ-5> Cases of Mobilization for Political Events and Regime Propaganda 448 <TableⅣ-6> Persons with Disabilities by Sex and Age (as of 2016) 469 <TableⅣ-7> Factory Operation for Honored Veterans 473 <TableⅣ-8> Factory Operation for General Persons with Disabilities 474 <TableⅣ-9> Testimonies on the Segregation of Persons with Nanocormia 481 <TableⅣ-10> Testimonies that Persons with Nanocormia Are Not Segregated 482 <TableⅤ-1> Management and Operation of Political Prison Camps 501 <TableⅤ-2> Changes in North Korean Criminal Law on Crimes of Bribery 515 <TableⅤ-3> Cases of Bribery in Crackdowns 517 <TableⅤ-4> Cases of Bribery in Job Placement and Overseas Dispatch 536 <TableⅤ-5> Cases of the Use of Guns during Defection 543 <TableⅤ-6> Number of Overseas Defectors with Refugee Status 544 <TableⅤ-7> Cases of Punishment for Defectors 559 <TableⅤ-8> Cases of Punishment for Defector Families 563 <TableⅤ-9> Testimonies on Agents Confiscating Identity Documents 591 <TableⅤ-10> Registered Separated Family Members 597 <TableⅤ-11> Surviving Members of Separated Families 597 <TableⅤ-12> Surviving Members of Separated Families: Those Aged 80 or Above 598 <TableⅤ-13> Current Status of Deceased Members of Separated Families 598 <TableⅤ-14> Provisions on Family Rights in the Geneva Convention (Ⅳ) 599 <TableⅤ-15> Exchanges between Separated Families at the State Level 601 <TableⅤ-16> Exchanges between Separated Families at the Civilian Level 603 <TableⅤ-17> Cases of Discrimination against Separated Families in North Korea 605 <Table Ⅴ-18> Status of Genetic Testing to Confirm Family Relations among Separated Families 607 White Paper on Human Rights in North Korea <TableⅤ-19> Number of South Koreans Abducted during the Korean War 610 <Table Ⅴ-20> Age Distribution of South Koreans Abducted during the Korean War 611 <TableⅤ-21> Current
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