Republic of Korea Health System Review

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Republic of Korea Health System Review Health Systems in Transition Vol. 11 No. 7 2009 Republic of Korea Health system review Chang Bae Chun • Soon Yang Kim Jun Young Lee • Sang Yi Lee Health Systems in Transition Chang Bae Chun, National Health Insurance Corporation Soon Yang Kim, Yeungnam University Jun Young Lee, University of Seoul Sang Yi Lee, Jeju National University Republic of Korea: Health System Review 2009 The European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies is a partnership between the World Health Organization Regional Offi ce for Europe, the Governments of Belgium, Finland, Norway, Slovenia, Spain and Sweden, the Veneto Region of Italy, the European Investment Bank, the World Bank, the London School of Economics and Political Science, and the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. Keywords: DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE EVALUATION STUDIES FINANCING, HEALTH HEALTH CARE REFORM HEALTH SYSTEM PLANS – organization and administration REPUBLIC OF KOREA © World Health Organization 2009 on behalf of the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies All rights reserved. The European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies welcomes requests for permission to reproduce or translate its publications, in part or in full. Please address requests about the publication to: Publications WHO Regional Offi ce for Europe Scherfi gsvej 8 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark Alternatively, complete an online request form for documentation, health information, or for permission to quote or translate, on the Regional Offi ce web site (http://www.euro.who.int/PubRequest) The views expressed by authors or editors do not necessarily represent the decisions or the stated policies of the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies or any of its partners. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies or any of its partners concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Where the designation “country or area” appears in the headings of tables, it covers countries, territories, cities, or areas. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specifi c companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. The European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies does not warrant that the information contained in this publication is complete and correct and shall not be liable for any damages incurred as a result of its use. Printed and bound in the United Kingdom. Suggested citation: Chun C-B, Kim S-Y, Lee J-Y, Lee S-Y. Republic of Korea: Health system review. Health Systems in Transition, 2009; 11(7):1–184. ISSN 1817-6127 Vol. 11 No.7 Health systems in transition Republic of Korea Contents Preface ............................................................................................................ v Acknowledgements ...................................................................................... vii List of abbreviations ..................................................................................... ix List of tables and fi gures ...............................................................................xi Abstract ........................................................................................................ xv Executive summary ....................................................................................xvii 1. Introduction ................................................................................................1 1.1 Geography and sociodemography ................................................. 1 1.2 Economic context .......................................................................... 4 1.3 Political context ............................................................................. 7 1.4 Health status .................................................................................. 9 2. Organizational structure ...........................................................................17 2.1 Overview of the health care system .............................................17 2.2 Historical background ..................................................................18 2.3 Organizational overview ..............................................................24 2.4 Decentralization and centralization ............................................. 33 2.5 Patient empowerment .................................................................. 34 3. Financing ..................................................................................................43 3.1 Health expenditure .......................................................................44 3.2 Population coverage and basis for entitlement ............................ 47 3.3 Revenue collection/sources of funds ........................................... 52 3.4 Pooling of funds ...........................................................................63 3.5 Purchasing and purchaser–provider relations ..............................64 3.6 Payment mechanisms .................................................................. 66 4. Regulation and planning .......................................................................... 69 4.1 Regulation ....................................................................................69 4.2 Planning and information system ................................................ 77 5. Physical and human resources ................................................................. 81 5.1 Physical resources ........................................................................81 5.2 Human resources ......................................................................... 92 iii Health systems in transition Republic of Korea 6. Provision of services .............................................................................. 109 6.1 Public health .............................................................................. 109 6.2 Patient pathways .........................................................................113 6.3 Primary care ................................................................................114 6.4 Secondary care ............................................................................118 6.5 Emergency care ......................................................................... 120 6.6 Pharmaceutical care ................................................................... 121 6.7 Rehabilitation services ...............................................................125 6.8 Long-term care .......................................................................... 126 6.9 Services for informal carers .......................................................127 6.10 Palliative care .......................................................................... 128 6.11 Mental health care ....................................................................130 6.12 Dental care ............................................................................... 132 6.13 Complementary and alternative medicine ............................... 133 6.14 Health care for specifi c populations ........................................ 134 7. Principal health care reforms ................................................................. 135 7.1 The separation of drug prescribing and dispensing ................... 136 7.2 Merger of health insurance funds .............................................. 140 7.3 Implementation of the long-term care insurance scheme .......... 146 7.4 Benefi t expansion ...................................................................... 150 7.5 Ongoing debate on for-profi t hospitals ......................................153 8. Assessment of the health system ............................................................155 8.1 The stated objectives of the health system ................................ 155 8.2 The distribution of the health system’s costs and benefi ts across the population ....................................................156 8.3 Effi ciency of resource allocation in health care .........................158 8.4 Technical effi ciency in the production of health care ................ 159 8.5 Quality of care ........................................................................... 160 8.6 Contribution of the health system to health improvement ........ 161 9. Conclusions ............................................................................................163 10. Appendices ........................................................................................... 167 10.1 References ...............................................................................167 10.2 Further reading ........................................................................ 176 10.3 Principal legislation ................................................................. 177 10.4 Useful web sites .......................................................................178 10.5 HiT methodology and production process ...............................180 10.6 The review process .................................................................
Recommended publications
  • Joseonhakgyo, Learning Under North Korean Leadership: Transitioning from 1970 to Present*
    https://doi.org/10.33728/ijkus.2020.29.1.007 International Journal of Korean Unification Studies Vol. 29, No. 1, 2020, 161-188. Joseonhakgyo, Learning under North Korean Leadership: Transitioning from 1970 to Present* Min Hye Cho** This paper analyzes English as a Foreign Language (EFL) textbooks used during North Korea’s three leaderships: 1970s, 1990s and present. The textbooks have been used at Korean ethnic schools, Joseonhakgyo (朝鮮学校), which are managed by the Chongryon (總聯) organization in Japan. The organization is affiliated with North Korea despite its South Korean origins. Given North Korea’s changing influence over Chongryon’s education system, this study investigates how Chongryon Koreans’ view on themselves has undergone a transition. The textbooks’ content that have been used in junior high school classrooms (students aged between thirteen and fifteen years) are analyzed. Selected texts from these textbooks are analyzed critically to delineate the changing views of Chongryon Koreans. The findings demonstrate that Chongryon Koreans have changed their perspective from focusing on their ties to North Korea (1970s) to focusing on surviving as a minority group (1990s) to finally recognising that they reside permanently in Japan (present). Keywords: EFL textbooks, Korean ethnic school, minority education, North Koreans in Japan, North Korean leadership ** Acknowledgments: The author would like to acknowledge the generous and thoughtful support of the staff at Hagusobang (Chongryon publishing company), including Mr Nam In Ryang, Ms Kyong Suk Kim and Ms Mi Ja Moon; Ms Malryo Jang, an English teacher at Joseonhakgyo; and Mr Seong Bok Kang at Joseon University in Tokyo. They have consistently provided primary resource materials, such as Chongryon EFL textbooks, which made this research project possible.
    [Show full text]
  • Dr. Martin Hemmert Korea University School of Business 145 Anam-Ro
    Dr. Martin Hemmert Korea University Korea University Business School School of Business 고려대학교 경영대학 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu Seoul 02841 Korea Phone: ++82-2-3290-2605 Fax: ++82-2-922-7220 Email: [email protected] (A) PROFESSIONAL March 2009 – present Professor of International Business, AFFILIATIONS Korea University Business School, Seoul August 2011-Febuary 2012 and December 2015-February 2016 JSPS Visiting Research Fellow, Hitotsubashi University, Tokyo March 2004 –February 2009 Associate Professor of International Business, Korea University Business School, Seoul July 2007 – January 2008 Visiting Fellow, Department of Business Policy, NUS Business School, Singapore March 2001 – February 2004 Senior Research Associate and Lecturer (Associate Professor) of Business Administration, University of Duisburg-Essen June 1998 – February 2001 DFG Research Fellow (Assistant Professor), University of Essen October 1993 – May 1998 Research Associate, German Institute for Japanese Studies, Tokyo September 1990 – May 1993 Visiting Research Fellow, Institute of Business Research, Hitotsubashi University, Tokyo March 1989 – July 1990 Research Assistant, Chair for Corporate Finance, University of Cologne (B) EDUCATION June 2001 Full Professorial Qualification (Habilitation) in Business Administration, University of Essen July 1993 Doctoral Degree in Business Administration, University of Cologne Fall 1988 Diploma (Master of Business Administration), University of Cologne (C) RESEARCH International Comparative Studies of Innovation Systems and INTERESTS Management Systems, Technology Partnerships and Alliances, Entrepreneurship CV of Martin Hemmert (D) PUBLICATIONS 1) Books: Hemmert, M.: Tiger Management: Korean Companies on World Markets. London and New York: Routledge, 2012 [also published in Korean by Dong-A Ilbo in 2012 and in Japanese by Hakuto Shobo in 2014]. Hemmert, M.: Erfolgsfaktoren der Technologiegewinnung.
    [Show full text]
  • Refugee Healthcare in British Columbia: Health Status and Barriers for Gorvernment Asssised Refugees in Accessing Healthcare
    REFUGEE HEALTHCARE IN BRITISH COLUMBIA: HEALTH STATUS AND BARRIERS FOR GORVERNMENT ASSSISED REFUGEES IN ACCESSING HEALTHCARE by SETAREH ROUHANI B.HSc., University of Ottawa, 2009 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Health Care and Epidemiology) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) October 2011 © Setareh Rouhani, 2011 Abstract Background: Government-Assisted Refugees (GARs) have greater health needs than other immigrants due to their pre-migration and Canadian resettlement experiences. There is a lack of detailed research into their health status and access to healthcare services. This thesis investigated factors associated with reported health, mental health problems, number of annual physician visits and difficulties obtaining healthcare from a sample of GARs. Methods: Secondary data analysis was conducted on data from a study of GARs in BC who attended the Bridge Refugee Clinic during the 26 month period from April 2005 to May 2007. Multivariate logistic regression was used to model the factors associated with excellent health, mental health problems, physician visits and difficulties obtaining healthcare. Results: There were 177 participants in the study. Excellent health was inversely associated with being female, having financial burden, having no English proficiency and having a diagnosed health condition. Factors associated with mental health problems were being female, west Asian, and having financial burden. Attending refugee clinics was inversely associated with reporting mental health problems. Factors associated with physician visits were unemployment, while not having English proficiency and no access to a regular doctor were inversely associated with the number of visits.
    [Show full text]
  • A Message That We All Share Title Sheet
    A MESSAGE THAT WE ALL SHARE TITLE SHEET A message that we all share A research of the campaign ‘All that we share’ released in 2017 by TV 2 Denmark. In addition, an understanding of the Danish viewers' interaction with the message hereof and a view of the campaign in an international context. MASTER THESIS IN CULTURE, COMMUNICATION & GLOBALISATION 10th semester, June 2020. Aalborg University STUDENTS Cristian Voicu (20180685) Ida Marie Stenumgaard (20181122) SUPERVISOR Birthe Mousten Nielsen CHARACTERS: 281,574 PREFACE The thesis is made from an interest concerning a Danish TV networks’ decision to use the message of connectedness and diversity as part of their brand identity. We find is interesting to research why TV 2 decided to do this and further, how they did it. In addition to this, we want to see how the Danish consumers interact with this message and, given the large international response to the campaign and its message, we also want to investigate the international viewers' perception of the campaign. We want to give a special thanks to the 12 respondents and to Vicky Wassman Dahi who participated in our data collection and contributed with interesting and essential meanings and insights to our research. Further, we want to thank our supervisor, Birthe, for her perspectives and constructive feedback. We hope you enjoy the reading. Abstract Today companies employ increasingly more complex branding strategies as they try to keep up with the competition and with the evolving needs and behaviours of consumers. Brand managers are turning to using cultural or ideological principles as the core of their branding efforts.
    [Show full text]
  • Health Systems in Transition (HIT) : France
    Health Systems in Transition Vol. 17 No. 3 2015 France Health system review Karine Chevreul Karen Berg Brigham Isabelle Durand-Zaleski Cristina Hernández-Quevedo Cristina Hernández-Quevedo (Editor), Ellen Nolte and Ewout van Ginneken (Series editors) were responsible for this HiT Editorial Board Series editors Reinhard Busse, Berlin University of Technology, Germany Josep Figueras, European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies Martin McKee, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom Elias Mossialos, London School of Economics and Political Science, United Kingdom Ellen Nolte, European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies Ewout van Ginneken, Berlin University of Technology, Germany Series coordinator Gabriele Pastorino, European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies Editorial team Jonathan Cylus, European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies Cristina Hernández-Quevedo, European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies Marina Karanikolos, European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies Anna Maresso, European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies David McDaid, European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies Sherry Merkur, European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies Dimitra Panteli, Berlin University of Technology, Germany Wilm Quentin, Berlin University of Technology, Germany Bernd Rechel, European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies Erica Richardson, European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies Anna Sagan, European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies Anne
    [Show full text]
  • Universal Health Coverage: Moving Towards Better Health
    Universal Health Coverage: Moving Towards Better Health Action Framework for the Western Pacific Region Universal Health Coverage: Moving Towards Better Health Action Framework for the Western Pacific Region WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Universal Health Coverage: Moving Towards Better Health – Action Framework for the Western Pacific Region 1.Delivery of health care. 2. Regional health planning. 3. Universal coverage. I. World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific. ISBN 978 92 9061 756 3 (NLM Classification: W84.1) © World Health Organization 2016 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization are available on the WHO website (www.who.int) or can be purchased from WHO Press: World Health Organization – 20, avenue Appia – 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel.: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; e-mail: [email protected]). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications – whether for sale or for non-commercial distribution – should be addressed to WHO Press through the WHO website (www.who.int/about/licensing/ copyright_form/en/index.html). For WHO Western Pacific Region publications, requests for permission to reproduce should be addressed to Publications Office, World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Western Pacific, P.O. Box 2932, 1000, Manila, Philippines, fax: +632 521 1036, e-mail: [email protected] The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
    [Show full text]
  • International Directory of Deposit Insurers
    Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation International Directory of Deposit Insurers September 2015 A listing of addresses of deposit insurers, central banks and other entities involved in deposit insurance functions. Division of Insurance and Research Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Washington, DC 20429 The FDIC wants to acknowledge the cooperation of all the countries listed, without which the directory’s compilation would not have been possible. Please direct any comments or corrections to: Donna Vogel Division of Insurance and Research, FDIC by phone +1 703 254 0937 or by e-mail [email protected] FDIC INTERNATIONAL DIRECTORY OF DEPOSIT INSURERS ■ SEPTEMBER 2015 2 Table of Contents AFGHANISTAN ......................................................................................................................................6 ALBANIA ...............................................................................................................................................6 ALGERIA ................................................................................................................................................6 ARGENTINA ..........................................................................................................................................6 ARMENIA ..............................................................................................................................................7 AUSTRALIA ............................................................................................................................................7
    [Show full text]
  • List of Certain Foreign Institutions Classified As Official for Purposes of Reporting on the Treasury International Capital (TIC) Forms
    NOT FOR PUBLICATION DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY JANUARY 2001 Revised Aug. 2002, May 2004, May 2005, May/July 2006, June 2007 List of Certain Foreign Institutions classified as Official for Purposes of Reporting on the Treasury International Capital (TIC) Forms The attached list of foreign institutions, which conform to the definition of foreign official institutions on the Treasury International Capital (TIC) Forms, supersedes all previous lists. The definition of foreign official institutions is: "FOREIGN OFFICIAL INSTITUTIONS (FOI) include the following: 1. Treasuries, including ministries of finance, or corresponding departments of national governments; central banks, including all departments thereof; stabilization funds, including official exchange control offices or other government exchange authorities; and diplomatic and consular establishments and other departments and agencies of national governments. 2. International and regional organizations. 3. Banks, corporations, or other agencies (including development banks and other institutions that are majority-owned by central governments) that are fiscal agents of national governments and perform activities similar to those of a treasury, central bank, stabilization fund, or exchange control authority." Although the attached list includes the major foreign official institutions which have come to the attention of the Federal Reserve Banks and the Department of the Treasury, it does not purport to be exhaustive. Whenever a question arises whether or not an institution should, in accordance with the instructions on the TIC forms, be classified as official, the Federal Reserve Bank with which you file reports should be consulted. It should be noted that the list does not in every case include all alternative names applying to the same institution.
    [Show full text]
  • Changyi Park Curriculum Vitae
    Changyi Park Curriculum Vitae Professor Contact j Department of Statistics Office: +82-2-6490-2634 Information j University of Seoul Fax: +82-2-6490-2629 j 704 Mirae Hall E-mail: [email protected] j Seoul Siripdae-ro 163 (Jeonnong-dong) Website: statlearn.uos.ac.kr j Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02504 Korea Education Ph.D., Statistics, The Ohio State University, August 2005. Thesis: Generalization Error Rates for Margin-based Classifiers. Adviser: Professor Xiaotong Shen. Area of Study: Statistical learning theory. Ph.D. program, Statistics, Seoul National University, 1998 { 1999. M.S., Statistics, Seoul National University, February 1996. Adviser: Professor Jongweoo Jeon. B.S., Computer Science and Statistics, Seoul National University, Febru- ary 1994. Positions Professor, Department of Statistics, University of Seoul, 2017 { Associate Professor, Department of Statistics, University of Seoul, 2012 { 2017. Assistant Professor, Department of Statistics, University of Seoul, 2008 { 2012. Research Assistant Professor, Institute of Statistics, Korea University, 2005 { 2008. Supervisor: Professor Ja-Yong Koo. Grant: Statistical Modeling of Complex Structured Data and its Ap- plications (KRF-2005-070-C00020). Administrative Appointments Chair, School of Cross-disciplinary Studies, University of Seoul, March{ August 2020. Chair, School of Cross-disciplinary Studies, University of Seoul, 2016{ 2017. Chair, Department of Statistics, University of Seoul, 2013{2014. Honors and Awards Best Paper Award, Korean Data & Information Society, November 2019. Excellent Research Award, University of Seoul, 2010. Excellent Research Award, University of Seoul, 2009. 1/8 Research Grants National Research Foundation (NRF-2020R1F1A1A01048268): Develop- ment of Kernel Feature Selection Methods in Machine Learning. 156,774,000 (KRW), 06/01/20 - 02/28/23, PI.
    [Show full text]
  • Tracking Universal Health Coverage: 2017 Global Monitoring Report Tracking Universal Health Coverage: 2017 Global Monitoring Report
    Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized ISBN 978 92 4 151355 5 http://www.who.int/healthinfo/universal_health_coverage/report/2017/en/ Public Disclosure Authorized Tracking Universal Health Coverage: http://www.worldbank.org/health 2017 Global Monitoring Report Tracking Universal Health Coverage: 2017 Global Monitoring Report Tracking universal health coverage: 2017 global monitoring report ISBN 978-92-4-151355-5 © World Health Organization and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 2017 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO or The World Bank endorse any specic organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo or The World Bank logo is not permitted. If you adapt the work, then you must license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If you create a translation of this work, you should add the following disclaimer along with the suggested citation: “This translation was not created by the World Health Organization (WHO) or The World Bank. WHO and The World Bank are not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the binding and authentic edition”. Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization.
    [Show full text]
  • Enhancing Cross-Border Payments: Building Blocks of a Global Roadmap
    Committee on Payments and Market Infrastructures Enhancing cross-border payments: building blocks of a global roadmap Stage 2 report to the G20 July 2020 This publication is available on the BIS website (www.bis.org). © Bank for International Settlements 2020. All rights reserved. Brief excerpts may be reproduced or translated provided the source is stated. ISBN 978-92-9259-398-8 (print) ISBN 978-92-9259-399-5 (online) Main text The G20 has made enhancing cross-border payments a priority during the 2020 Saudi Arabian Presidency. Faster, cheaper, more transparent and more inclusive cross-border payment services would deliver widespread benefits for citizens and economies worldwide, supporting economic growth, international trade, global development and financial inclusion. While the economic ramifications of the Covid-19 pandemic are undoubtedly also affecting the payments landscape in the short term, it is important to maintain momentum to identify and take forward structural improvements in cross-border payment arrangements for the post-pandemic global economy. This report, and the detailed technical background report it accompanies (CPMI (2020)), represent the output of Stage 2 of the three-stage process to develop a global roadmap for enhancing cross-border payments (Figure 1). This process has identified and developed 19 “building blocks” to enhance cross-border payments. As part of the work, a set of considerations have been identified that support the work in Stage 3 to develop a roadmap to pave the way forward to enhance cross-border
    [Show full text]
  • Changes in Psychological Well-Being Among Older Lithuanian City Dwellers: Results from a Cohort Study
    International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology (2018) 18, 218---226 International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology www.elsevier.es/ijchp ORIGINAL ARTICLE Changes in psychological well-being among older Lithuanian city dwellers: Results from a cohort study Laura Sapranaviciute-Zabazlajeva a,∗, Dalia Luksiene b, Dalia Virviciute b, Daina Kranciukaite-Butylkiniene b, Martin Bobak c, Abdonas Tamosiunas b a Department of Health Psychology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Lithuania b Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Lithuania c Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, United Kigdom Received 15 February 2018; accepted 23 May 2018 Available online 23 June 2018 KEYWORDS Abstract Background/Objective: The purpose of this study is to evaluate changes of psycho- Psychological logical well-being (PWB) in older Lithuanian city dwellers during ten years of follow-up, and to well-being; establish factors associated with it. Method: 7,115 men and women of age 45-72 years partici- Psychosocial factors; pated in the initial survey in 2006-2008. In 2016 the follow-up survey was performed among all Socio-demographic 6,210 participants who survived. 4,266 individuals responded to postal questionnaires. PWB was factors; evaluated by using CASP-12 questionnaire. Depressive symptoms were evaluated by CES-D-10 Socio-economic scale. Quality of life, self-rated health, and social activity were evaluated.Socio-demographic, factors; socio-economic factors were included into standard questionnaire. Results: PWB deteriorated Cohort study in all age groups during 10-years follow-up. Poor quality of life, poor self-rated health, hav- ing depressive symptoms, and not being member of social organization are associated with lower PWB after 10 years in men and women.
    [Show full text]