Roumains Et De La Romanite Orientale Par N

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Roumains Et De La Romanite Orientale Par N IIISTEOIRE DES ROUMAINS ET DE LA ROMANITE ORIENTALE PAR N. IORGA PUBLIEE SOUS LES AUSPICES DE SA MAJESTE LE ROI CHARLES H ET DE L'ACADEMIE ROUMAINE 9 Vol,. VI .. LES MONARQUES \ B U C A R E S T 1 9 4 0 0 HISTEOIRF DES ROUMAINS ET DE LA ROMANITE ORIENTALE PAR N. IORGA PUBLIEE SOUS LES AUSPICES DE SA MAJESTE LE ROI CHARLES II ET DE L'ACADEMIE ROUMAINE VOL. VI LES MONARQUES B U C A R ES T 9 4 0 VOLUME VI LES MONARQUES LIVRE PREMIER LA MONARCHIE ROUMAINE CHAPITRE PREMIER LA MONARCHIE EN LUTTE AVEC LE PATRIARCALISME DES BOIARS La monarchie roumaine, fondee, comme les autres formes monarchiques modernes 1, par le lent developpement des circonstances et par un acte constitutionnel, est dej a vi- siblement form& pendant ces annees apres Michel-le-Brave, quand s'eleve la personnalite, en partie occidentale, de Radu 1 Par Michel-le-Brave surtout, les pays roumains rentrent dans le cercle d'attention de 1'Occident. En 1600, un T. Pelletier donnait a Paris une Histoire des Ottomans. II sait ce que sont les principautes roumaines : « Ifla- kie par les Tures est nommee la Valachie. Moldavie est la Valachie Supe- rieure, appellee Maridania nigra, Danorum seu Dacorum regio. Les Turcs a cause de ce l'appellent Carbogdanie ». Pour Cetatea-Alba, «partie de la Moldavie », it cite Leunclavius. A la meme époque, dans le « Discours abbrege des asseures moyens d'aneantir et ruiner la monarchie des princes ottomans », de Breves presente les trois tributaires, dont la situation est jugee comme egale :« les princes de Valaquie, Bogdanie et Transilvanie sont leurs tribu- taires, qu'ils changent quand it leur plaist: la Bogdanie d'une part joint a la Pologne » (p. 5). Les haidouques etaient consideres, vers 162o, comme venant « de Valachie et de Transylvanie » ; Voiage du Levant, par « le sieur D. C. a, 1621, p. 68. Ce voyageur francais signale aussi les rapports entre les Moldaves et les orthodoxes de Pologne ; p. 285: o Les Etats du roy de Pologne sont separez de la Moldavie, qui est tributaire du Grand Seigneur, par la riviere de Neister... Le prince de Moldavie, pour estre de la mesme creance que plusieurs des sujets du roy de Pologne qui suivent 1'Eglise grec- que, ne le travaillent point, de sorte que ce Roy n'en recoit aucune incommo- dite, si ce n'est que, pour le vouloir aucunefois proteger contre le Grand Seigneur, it attire les acmes de cette puissante Monarchic sur son pais ». Et it ajoute que les princes ne sont plus elus : « Autrefois, le peuple elisoit ces princes, qui estoient peu apres confirmez par le Grand Seigneur, mais aujourd'huy it les choisit tels qu'il luy plaist a. 8 LA MONARCHIE ROUMAINE Mihnea, par la diminution du role des boiars, qui, jusque la, en avaient agi a leur gre, sous les differentes enseignes princieres. Les actes de donation, et nous avons dej a vu l'importance qui leur etait accordee, d'apres l'exemple de Transylvanie, par Michel et par ses boiars, ne se pre- sentent plus ordinairement sur du parchemin, avec un sceau pendant et portant la liste, dans une forme de hierarchie parfaite, des boiars comme temoins. Il suffit maintenant, sur un morceau de papier, de la mention dans un coin du grand logothete et de l'ecrivain ;le sceau appose est de di- mensions petites, parfois seulement un sceau annulaire. La formule est :(4 Le prince l'a dit » ou « Ainsi, en a ordonne Ma Majeste ». Le Conseil des boiars est mentionne dans le document, ce Conseil dont nous verrons bientOt lerole, mais sans la serie des noms, sauf dans des cas particulie- rement solennels, ce qui nous aide a pouvoir reconstituer les Conseils. La signature, large, dominante, s'y ajoute, parfois en couleur d'or, et le document est orne de miniatures par le calligraphe. Envers le prince, on emploie maintenant des formules de devotion inconnues jusque la. Ainsi, d'apres une note qui est aussi orientale, mais meme de voisinage polonais, car les deux influences se melent dans la pensee de l'ecrivain, les burgraves de Neamt intitulent le prince Miron Barnovschi : « Celui qui, en Christ-Dieu, est pieux et aime le Christ et est eclaire par le Saint-Esprit et couronne d'un diademe angelique, le tres orne et en tout charitable, notre prince », et, au bout, le vceu, manifesto en slavon, au bas d'un texte redige, d'apres une coutume qui s'etend de plus en plus, en roumain :« Que Dieu tres charitable accroisse les fours et les annees de Ta Majeste en paix et sans motif de tristesse, par la grace de Dieu ». On ajoute aux signatures cet hommage de la part du secretaire : « Poussiere et cendre sous les pieds honores de la grandeur de Ta Seigneurie » 1. Et ce Gaspar Gratiani dont nous montrerons plus loin le role princier en Moldavie etaitdans l'esprit du temps, 1 Hasdeu, Arch. 1st., I, p. 93, no 121. , ---""":" ,,a--";.7 ;FA ryG 7, h. o K it 41A r ;'& _ -Opt 2 e (. Fig. r. L'eglise conventuelle de Solca. LA MONARCHIE EN LUTTE DES BOYARS 9 lorsqu'il faisait observer a un boiar rebelle, dans son slavon originaire :« Conservez un cceur pur au prince » 1. Etienne Tomsa avait bien montre, apres la large tolerance d'un Je- remie Movila, qui n'avait ete qu'un vrai president de ses boiars, que les totes memes les plus hautes peuvent tomber sans que personne s'en inquiete. Car le pouvoir a passé maintenant a l'armee permanente que les princes du commencement de ce XVII-eme siecle maintiennent et renforcent. Et it n'est plus question d'un groupe de mercenaires hongrois pretentieux et insolents, mais d'une troupe d'elite, dans laquelle on cherche a intro- duire des elements occidentaux. Miron Costin ecrit :« Le prince Etienne avait des trabants tres bien vetus, et jamais sous un, autre regne les gens de pied n'avaient ete si bien soignes ;it leur donnait des habits de drap des Flandres », qu'on faisait venir par la Transylvanie, « avec des bou- tons et des brandebourgs en argent, comme les haidouques de Pologne, avec des plumes en argent au chapeau et des boites en argent sur le flanc # 2. A cote de cette armee d'elite, on n'appelait plus les paysans comme auparavant, mais les soldats, en tete ceux qu'on appelait « les gens de la Cour #, qui etaient tout de meme des ruraux, etaient convoques d'apres les districts.Contre lesTatars, Radu Mihnea appela, avec succes, des gens de Falciiu, et ceux de Covurluiu et de Tecuciu # 3. On avait, comme on le voit, un grand souci du decor, et, sous ce prince Radu, dont le souci s'etendait aussi sur les petits fonctionnaires du service de la Cour, ils etaient, pour la plupart, revetus de soie, et portaient des bonnets en fourrures precieuses, et ils avaient des pelisses de renard 4. 1 Parmi les boiars, jusqu'a ceux du troisieme rang, aucun ne devait avoir des vetements plus ordinaires, car on le con- siderait avec &gait. Les petits postelnics, les pages, por- taient de beaux ornements, et leurs chevaux etaient recou- 1 Miron Costin, p. 269. 2 Ibid., p. 265. 3 Ibid., p. 288. 4 Ibid., p. 287. Io LA MONARCHIE ROUMAINE vert, de drap >>. Le chroniqueur finit en disant : « Si luxueuse etait la pompe de cette Cour » 1. Apres que la Cour, si modeste, de Pierre-le-Boiteuxa Jassy avait ete consumee par un. incendie, Radu, s'etablis- sant pour quelque temps a Harlan, y fit clever un palais en pierre, de beaucoup superieur a ce qu'il y avait eu jusque la dans le pays, et les ruins qui en ont ete depuis peu explorees montrent sa soliditeet ses proportions, les murs etant re- converts de faience historiee. Dans cette bourgade, jusque la si modeste, l'eglise d'Etienne-le-Grand, celle de Pierre Rare§ furent consolidees et recurent des donations. A Bu- carest, Radu refit et agrandit l'eglise sur la colline, qui avait ete batie par son pere, Alexandre, et y ajouta la puissante tour de forteresse, l'ensemble devant conserver jusqu'au- jourd'hui son nom de « Radu-Voda ». A cette splendeur des eglises s'ajoutent aussi les rapports continuels avec les grands hierarques de l'Orient, avec les- quels les princes, a partir de Radu Mihnea, ont les liens les plus etroits, car en eux etait passee une partie de la ma- jeste des empereurs d'Orient, avec tout ce qu'elle pouvait demander comme patronages etsacrifices.Cyrille Lou- karis, lieutenant du patriarcat d'Alexandrie, puis patriarche la-bas, ensuite a Constantinople, reside d'abord dans les capitales roumaines, entre 1613 et 1615, et it donne aussi des renseignements en fait de theologie a Radu, son pro- tecteur, luttant contre ce dogme catholique dont it a tou- jours ete l'ennemi, jusqu'a sa catastrophe, preferant etre considers comme favorable, ainsi qu'on le verra, a la theo- logic calviniste 2. Dans cette situation, it obtint de ce prince la dedicate, si profitable pour lui, des monasteres, de plus ancienne fondation, de Segarcea et de Stanesti, en Oltenie 3. 1 Ibid. 2 Voy. aussi le recent ouvrage Ktietaos d Aothcaets, publie a Athens, par le comite forme pour honorer la memoire de Cyrille (quelque biblio- graphic). 3 Papadopoulos-Kerameus, dans la `keoaoloptroa) BtflAto04xn, IV, pp. 23 et suiv., 59, 415, d'apres smile Legrand, Bibliographic hellenique, IV, p. 269 et suiv.; Xenopol et Erbiceanu, Serbarea golard dela Iasi, P.
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