Basque Diaspora Gloria Totoricagüena Phd Is a Political Scientist Who Specializes in Basque Migration and Diaspora Studies
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Gloria Totoricagüena Basque DiasporaMigration and Transnational Identity Center for Basque Studies · University of Nevada, Reno Basque Diaspora Gloria Totoricagüena PhD is a political scientist who specializes in Basque migration and diaspora studies. She earned her doctorate degree in Comparative Politics from the London School of Economics and Political Sci- ence, and currently researches and teaches at the Center for Basque Studies at the University of Nevada, Reno. She has conducted unparalleled fieldwork and investigation with Basques from communities in over twenty coun- tries and regularly serves as a consultant for institutions in the Basque Country. Her work has been awarded and recognized internationally, including the Vasca Mun- dial, Worldly Basque, award in 2003, and when selected as the President of the Committee of Academic Experts from the Eusko Ikaskuntza, or Basque Studies Society, initiative for EuskoSare, a worldwide network for Basque studies. Dr. Totoricagüena collaborates in various research projects with homeland institutions and with those of the Basque diaspora. She is a permanent delegate to the North American Basque Organizations, and has repre- sented the United States in each of the World Congresses of Basque Collectivities. Her numerous publications include more than thirty articles and several books including: Identity, Culture, and Politics in the Basque Diaspora; The Basques of New York: A Cosmopolitan Experience; Diáspora Vasca Comparada: Etnicidad, Cul- tura y Política en las Colectividades Vascas del Exterior; and The Basques of Boise: Dreamers and Doers. Gloria Totoricagüena Basque Diaspora Migration and Transnational Identity Basque Textbooks Series Center for Basque Studies University of Nevada, Reno This book was published with generous financial support from the Basque Government. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Totoricaguena, Gloria P. (Gloria Pilar), 1961– Basque diaspora : migration and transnational identity / Gloria Totoricaguena. p. cm. – (Basque textbooks series) ISBN 1-877802-45-X (paperback) ISBN 1-877802-46-8 (hardcover) ISBN 1-877802-47-6 (compact disk) 1. Basques—Foreign countries—History. 2. País Vasco (Spain)--Emigration and immigration—History. 3. Basques—Ethnic identity. I. Title. II. Series. DP302.B48T68 2004 909'.049992--dc22 2004027242 Published by the Center for Basque Studies University of Nevada, Reno /322 Reno, Nevada 89557-0012. Copyright ©2005 by the Center for Basque Studies. All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America. Contents Introduction .......................................................... 7 1 · Defining “diaspora”.............................................. 29 2 · The history of human migrations ....................... 43 3 · Basque homeland and history.............................. 54 4 · Iparralde ................................................................ 69 5 · Basque migrations ................................................ 82 6 · Ethnic identity ...................................................... 102 7 · Basque emigration ................................................ 127 8 · Basque beginnings in Nueva Vizcaya................... 137 9 · New destinations in the New World .................... 153 10 · Destination Argentina .......................................... 171 11 · Basques move north ............................................. 203 12 “Home away from home”....................................... 242 13 · Spanish nation building ...................................... 267 14 · The Basque government-in-exile ......................... 314 15 · The “Gernika Generation” ................................... 340 16 “The opposite end of the Earth” ............................ 356 17 · Other ethnic diasporas ......................................... 387 18 · Globalization ......................................................... 422 19 · Traditional identity in the diaspora .................... 448 20 · Gender and ethnicity ............................................ 466 21 · Today’s Basque organizations .............................. 493 22 · Homeland-diaspora relations .............................. 517 Bibliography ......................................................... 546 Pictures .................................................................. 594 Index ...................................................................... 595 Colophon ............................................................... 639 The cover The Totorica Sheep Company in Grandview, Idaho was one of the largest and longest running sheep businesses in the history of Idaho. Father, José Totoricagüena, and later his sons Segundo, Urbano, Leandro and Teodoro owned and operated the business from 1895–1975. Photographed from left, unidentified employee, Segundo, Urbano, José and Teodoro Totoricagüena, and Nemesio “Frank” Barayasarra. The Basque diaspora A brief introduction he notion of a “diaspora,” or dispersion, is T derived from the Greek word for “to spread,” “to disperse,” “to sow,” or “to scatter.” An original and salient factor of Basque Studies includes the immigrant populations and their descendants spread and sown throughout the world living in the Basque diaspora, the maintenance of their ethnic identity, and their con- nections to their homeland. This course will compare transnational identities maintained in populations of the Basque diaspora in more than twenty countries. Lec- tures and readings will combine theories from sociology, political science, history, and anthropology to investigate the specifics of Basque migrations, cultural representa- tions, diasporic politics, and ethnonationalism. The course will analyze the Basque Autonomous Govern- ment’s international relations with various Basque com- munities abroad and compare them with other similar homeland–ethnic diaspora relations. This unique course aims to explore Basque diaspora studies by comparing ethnonationalism, transnationalism, and identity main- tenance in the numerous host countries that have signifi- cant Basque immigrant populations. We will evaluate the historical, political, and economic dimensions of migration and the creation of ethnic institutions in the host countries. Students will examine Basque cultural construction and maintenance and the effects of gender, generation, geography, and globalization on Basque communities outside of Euskal Herria. Canada 2 Dominican Republic 1 United Kingdom 1 USA 39 Puerto Rico 1 Belgium 1 Mexico 3 France 3 Italy 1 Cuba 1 Spain 9 El Salvador 1 Venezuela 5 Peru 1 Brazil 1 Australia 3 Paraguay 1 Uruguay 10 Chile 3 Argentina 81 Basque Centers registered with the Government of the Basque Autonomous Community. Introduction · 9 —————— Basques on the Move Throughout the late Middle Ages, the Bay of Biscay’s marine economy and commercial trade required Basques to travel and contact other cultures and societ- ies, and Basque place-names dot the landscapes in —————— Basque Centers registered with the Government of the Basque Autonomous Community. Argentina 81 Spain 9 USA 39 Australia 3 Madrid 3 Arizona 1 Melbourne 1 Barcelona 1 California 14 Sydney 1 Málaga 1 Florida 3 Belgium 1 Palma de Idaho 5 Brazil 1 Mallorca 1 Nevada 7 Canada 2 Valladoid 1 New York 2 Chile 3 Valencia 1 Oregon 2 Santiago 2 Salou 1 Utah 1 Valpariso 1 United Wyoming 2 Cuba 1 Kingdom 1 Washington 2 Dominican Uruguay 10 Venezuela 4 Republic 1 Montevideo 3 Caracas 2 El Salvador 1 Carmelo 1 Valencia 1 France 3 Durazno 1 Puerto Paris 1 Minas 1 la Cruz 1 Burdeos 1 Rivera 1 Carabobo 1 Jurançon 1 Rosario 1 Italy 1 Salto 1 Federations Mexico 3 Colonia 1 Argentina México DF 3 Spain Paraguay 1 United States Peru 1 Venezuela Puerto Rico 1 Uruguay coastal regions of Western Europe, Scandinavia, and Newfoundland. Basque whalers, merchants, and ship- builders, along with professional military men, were among these first emigrants. However, notable numbers of Basques did not begin to leave the Basque Country permanently until the colonial pursuits of the 1500s under the crown of Castile and later of Spain. pecialists in migration studies have argued that S the political, economic, and social factors of human migration are varied and that these factors are specific to different epochs and different persons. We can, however, discriminate between factors that “push” emigrants out of their homelands and factors that “pull” them toward diasporic destinations elsewhere in the world, a distinction that we will employ throughout. In the case of Basque emigration, the most salient factors pushing Basques to emigrate included Spanish colonization of the Americas and the demand for clerics, military person- nel, and tradesmen; the restricted economic opportunity in the homeland; the physical position of Euskal Herria (the seven Basque provinces) between Spain and France and its use as a stage for Napoleonic military campaigns; the French Revolution (1789–1804); the First Carlist War (1833–39) and the Second Carlist War (1872–76); and the Spanish Civil War (1936–39) and the subsequent Franco dictatorship. The Spanish liberalization of emigration in 1853 also facilitated thousands of persons annually to depart for Latin America, as did the Basque primogeni- ture inheritance system and overpopulated rural areas. We will be investigating each of these variables and the ensuing effects on Basque emigration to various parts of the world. New World economic and political opportunities, weighed against Old World uncertainties and upheavals, helped pull emigrants