DOCSLIB.ORG

Ottomans, Turks and the Balkans : Empire Lost, Relations Altered

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ottomans, Turks and the Balkans : Empire Lost, Relations Altered OTTOMANS, TURKS AND THE BALKANS OTTOMANS, TURKS AND THE BALKANS Empire Lost, Relations Altered Ebru Boyar Tauris Academic Studies London • New York Published in 2007 by Tauris Academic Studies, an imprint of I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd 6 Salem Road, London W2 4BU 175 Fifth Avenue, New York NY 10010 www.ibtauris.com In the United States of America and Canada distributed by Palgrave Macmillan a division of St. Martin’s Press, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York NY 10010 Copyright © 2007 Ebru Boyar The right of Ebru Boyar to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by the author in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988. All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or any part thereof, may not be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Library of Ottoman Studies 12 ISBN: 978 1 84511 351 3 A full CIP record for this book is available from the British Library A full CIP record is available from the Library of Congress Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: available Printed and bound in Great Britain by Replika Press Pvt. Ltd From camera-ready copy edited and supplied by the author To my parents, Mediha and Yunus Boyar CONTENTS Notes on Transliteration, Dates and Names ix Acknowledgements xi Introduction 1 1. History-Writing in the Late Ottoman/Early Republican Era 9 2. ‘A Belt of Large Dumplings’: The Definition of the Balkans 29 3. The Representation of the Balkans 42 4. The Balkan Peoples and the Balkan States 72 5. The Multi-Images of the Balkans 82 Conclusion 141 Notes 148 Bibliography 209 Index 237 NOTES ON TRANSLITERATION, DATES AND NAMES All texts in Ottoman Turkish have been transliterated into modern Turkish orthography and no diacritical marks are used. Dates have been given in both Hicri (A.H.) or Mali and Miladi (A.D.). In cases where it is impossible to establish whether the Ottoman date is Hicri or Mali , the Miladi (A.D.) equivalent for both is given, that for Mali being in brackets. Surnames have been given in brackets when the period referred to preceeds the surname law of 1934. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like first to express my deep gratitude to Dr. Kate Fleet, who supervised the Ph.D. thesis upon which this book is based. She not only taught me about how to do research but also showed me what a good academic should be. She never ceased to be interested in my work, was always there when I needed her and never lost patience with me. I should like to thank Professor Palmira Brummett, Dr. George Dedes, Miss Julian Chrysostomides, Professor Salih Özbaran, Dr. Tuba Çavdar, Dr. Svetla Ianeva, Dr. Stefka Parveva and Dr. Svetlana Ivanova. I am most grateful to the Skilliter Centre for Ottoman Studies which opened new horizons for me, not only because of its invaluable collection but also because of the stimulating environment which it provided. I should like to thank Newnham College very much both because it has the Skilliter Centre and also for its friendly and supportive environment. I am also most grateful to the library of the Türk Tarih Kurumu and for the efficiency and kindness of the personnel working there. In particular I should like to thank Mustafa Sönmez. The staff of both the Ba şbakanlık Osmanlı Ar şivi in İstanbul and the Ba şbakanlık Cumhuriyet Ar şivi in Ankara were unfailingly helpful. Even when the Ba şbakanlık Osmanlı Ar şivi was at its busiest, the staff continued to be most efficient. This made my research times in the archives both enjoyable and productive. The staff at the Oriental Department of the National Library of St Cyril and St. Methodius in Sofia, too, were extremely helpful. I should also like to thank l’Istituto per l’Oriente in Rome, the library of the Faculty of Oriental Studies, Cambridge and the Cambridge University Library. xii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am most grateful for the financial support throughout my Ph.D. from YÖK (The Turkish Higher Educational Council) and the Cambridge University Overseas Trust which gave me the Mehmet Fuat Köprülü Scholarship. Finally I am deeply indebted to my family who have trusted and supported me throughout. INTRODUCTION The land which my grandfather ploughed and into which he poured his soul Has gone and will never come back! 1 In 1913 the Ottoman empire lost its soul, or that at least was how many felt. The Balkans, symbolising far more than territory, was at the very heart of what made the empire. Its loss plunged the Ottoman intellectual elite into a search for what had gone, and drew the Ottomans into a complex of sensations, shame, grief, anger and a questioning about their own identity. Beaten by their own subjects, their great empire brought down by ‘former shepherds and servants,’ 2 the Ottomans felt an overwhelming sadness for the alienation of a land that had been theirs for centuries and regret for the blood which they had pointlessly shed for it. The trauma of the loss of the Balkans was shattering for the Ottomans and its reverberations were felt in the early Republic and beyond. It coloured the mind-set of the new Turkish elite and shaped their way of thinking about their neighbours, about Europe and about themselves. However much political relations with their Balkan neighbours might be good, the edge of bitterness and anger remained, and surfaced whenever a conflict appeared. Balkan nationalism does not resemble the nationalism of other nations. Balkan nationalism has a special, bloody history full of raids, assassinations, bombs and banditry. Balkan nationalism is rapacious, barbarous. Balkan countries resemble zoos for wild animals, behind every frontier there is a bloodthirsty nationalism which consists of teeth and claws separated from each other by 2 OTTOMANS , TURKS AND THE BALKANS iron bars. These nationalisms continuously stretch out their claws against each other between the bars of the frontiers and tear each other to pieces. However barbarous they were when they jointly attacked us, they were equally vicious, as we saw after the Balkan War, when they were at each other’s throats. 3 Although these words were written in 1920, these sentiments continued. Angered over the loss of the Balkans, the Ottomans and later the Turks also suffered an acute sense of injustice, that the Balkan peoples, for whom they had done so much, should have turned on them in this way, and that the Europeans should have always taken their side, despising the Turks as barbarous and uncivilised. This the Europeans continued to do well into the Turkish Republic. This book considers the development of the Ottoman/Turkish intellectual relationship with the Balkans and tries to understand in what ways the loss of the Balkans coloured Ottoman/Turkish self- perception and shaped the relations of the empire and later the Republic with the outside world. Sources In trying to understand the place of the Balkans in the Ottoman/Turkish mentality, one of the main primary sources is clearly the history- writings of the period. The standard histories such as Ahmed Cevdet Pa şa’s Tarih-i Cevdet (Cevdet’s History) or Mustafa Nuri Pa şa’s Netayic ül-Vukuat (The Consequences of Events), were written by historians from within the establishment, Ahmed Cevdet Pa şa, for example, being the official court historian ( vakanüvis ), and thus reflect the establishment view of history and of the Balkans. These histories are also important in that they became the standard reference works for later generations. Apart from these standard histories, there are the history text books written for schools, both those written by famous historians such as Mehmed Fuad (Köprülü), Ahmed Refik (Altınay) and Ali Re şad who were very important historians both of the late Ottoman and early Republican eras, and historians who were not well known such as Lütfiye Hanım. These texts responded very much to the needs of state education and were thus a reflection of what the state wanted to inculcate the population with, and were very important for the development of national identity. Some text books, such as Resimli ve INTRODUCTION 3 Haritalı Osmanlı Tarihi (The Illustrated Ottoman History with Maps) written by Ahmed Rasim, the well-known journalist and writer, or the Türk Tarihi Tetkik Cemiyeti (later, Türk Tarih Kurumu, the Turkish Historical Society) publications Tarih III (History III) and Tarih IV (History IV), then became standard works for later historians. Kemal Karpat for example made considerable use of Tarih IV in his book Turkey’s Politics: The Transition to a Multi-Party System published in 1959. 4 A further type of history used in this study consists of histories specifically related to the Balkans, such as Kamil Kapudan’s book on Montenegro or Halil Yaver’s books on Bulgaria, as well as books published by military publishing houses such as Askeri Matbaa and Askeri Deniz Matbaası and written by military officers, including the works of Halil Sedes on Ottoman military campaigns against the Serbs, in Montenegro, in Bosnia-Herzegovina and against the Bulgarians, and that of Mithat I şın on Crete. By combining these various types of histories, it is possible to gain a more in-depth understanding of how the Balkans was represented in the histories of the late Ottoman/early Republican period and of the relation of the Balkans to the creation of a national identity in the early Republican era. The second kind of sources examined is literary works of fiction.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • An Interpretation of Some Unpublished in Situ and Recorded Rum Seljuk 13Th C. External and Internal Figural Relief Work on the Belkıs (Aspendos) Palace, Antalya
    GEPHYRA 8 2011 143–184 Terrance Michael Patrick DUGGAN An interpretation of some unpublished in situ and recorded Rum Seljuk 13th c. external and internal figural relief work on the Belkıs (Aspendos) Palace, Antalya Abstract: This article is divided into four parts. Firstly, it notes the precedent provided by the conversion of the Roman theatre at Bosra in Syria into an Ayyubid Palace, for the conversion of the Roman theater into the Rum Seljuk palace at Belkis–Aspendos and the known extensive use made of Syrian trained architects for important architectural projects by Rum Seljuk Sul- tans in the first half of the 13th c. Secondly, the two bands of Seljuk low relief depictions of fe- lines and a deer on a series of re–carved Roman limestone blocks on the exterior wall by the door leading to the southern köşk–pavilion erected above the parados and upon the lintel over this door, discovered by the author in 2007, extending over a length of nearly 10 m are de- scribed and the deliberate pecking of the surface of these low relief depictions it is suggested, was to provide bonding for applied painted stucco carved relief–work that completed this relief work on the exterior palace facade. The third section describes the painted Seljuk tympanum relief sculpture made of stucco plaster that concealed the Roman relief carving of Dionysus in the pediment of the sceanae frons in the 13th c. A sculptural relief depiction of a nude female figure which was fortunately recorded by Charles Texier early in the 19th c.
    [Show full text]
  • Revista Istorică
    REVISTA ISTORICĂ SERIE NOUĂ TOMUL XXIV, NR. 1–2 ianuarie – aprilie 2013 S U M A R FAMILII BOIEREŞTI – ÎNTRE PROSPERITATE ŞI ADVERSITATE GHEORGHE LAZĂR, Boierii din Cocorăşti: începuturi şi descendenţi.................................... 5 ANDREI TIMOTIN, Documente noi din arhivele vieneze privitoare la exilul văduvei şi fiilor lui Ştefan Cantacuzino..................................................................................................... 43 MIHAI COJOCARIU, Un candidat la tronul Moldovei, spre 1859, şi neamurile lui: Lascăr Cantacuzino Paşcanu....................................................................................................... 57 SECURITATEA BALCANICĂ – EŞECUL UNEI STRATEGII RADU TUDORANCEA, Chestiunea frontierelor balcanice în perioada post-versailleză: statu- quo frontalier versus revizionism teritorial...................................................................... 71 FLORINA SORESCU, Blocul Balcanic al Neutrilor, un proiect de securitate realist sau utopic?............................................................................................................................. 83 ARTĂ ŞI ARHITECTURĂ – PREFACERI ŞI INVOLUŢII ADRIAN-SILVAN IONESCU, Fotografia pe frontul românesc în Primul Război Mondial: între propagandă şi artă ................................................................................................... 99 VERONICA TURCUŞ, Studiile de arhitectură în cadrul Şcolii Române din Roma în primul deceniu interbelic ...........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Studies in Honour of Éva Kincses-Nagy
    ALTAIC AND CHAGATAY LECTURES Studies in Honour of Éva Kincses-Nagy Altaic and Chagatay Lectures Studies in Honour of Éva Kincses-Nagy Edited by István Zimonyi Szeged – 2021 This publication was supported by the ELTE-SZTE Silk Road Research Group, ELKH Cover illustration: Everyone acts according to his own disposition (Q 17,84, written in nasta’liq) Calligraphy of Mustafa Khudair Letters and Words. Exhibtion of Arabic Calligraphy. Cairo 2011, 35. © University of Szeged, Department of Altaic Studies, Printed in 2021 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by other means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission in writing of the author or the publisher. Printed by: Innovariant Ltd., H-6750 Algyő, Ipartelep 4. ISBN: 978 963 306 793 2 (printed) ISBN: 978 963 306 794 9 (pdf) Contents Preface ................................................................................................................. 11 ŞÜKRÜ HALÛK AKALIN On the Etymology and Word Formation of Arıbeyi ‘Queen Bee’: How did the Female Bee Become Bey ‘Male Ruler’ in Turkish? ....................... 15 KUTSE ALTIN The Reconstruction of the Motives and Activities of the Last Campaign of Kanuni Sultan Süleyman ........................................................ 21 TATIANA A. ANIKEEVA The Tale of the Epic Cycle of “Kitab-i Dedem Korkut” in Turkish Folklore of the 20th Century ................................................................... 43 İBRAHIM AHMET AYDEMIR Zur Typologie von „Small Clauses” in modernen Türksprachen ........................ 51 LÁSZLÓ BALOGH Notes on the Ethnic and Political Conditions of the Carpathian Basin in the Early 9th Century ........................................................... 61 JÚLIA BARTHA Turkish Heritage of Hungarian Dietary Culture .................................................. 71 BÜLENT BAYRAM An Epic about Attila in Chuvash Literature: Attilpa Krimkilte .........................
    [Show full text]
  • The Balkan Economies C.1800–1914
    Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-58051-9 - The Balkan Economies c. 1800-1914: Evolution Without Development Michael Palairet Excerpt More information Parti The Balkan economies during the Ottoman period to 1878 The Balkan countries were not drawn into the main stream of European economic development before 1914. It is nevertheless common currency that even this most retarded of European regions was slowly modern- izing, and that from the end of the nineteenth century, the hitherto infini- tesimal tempo of change was speeding up, and resulting in slow, faltering, but still significant economic growth.1 This book takes a different view. The Balkan economies were subject to a distinct evolutionary dynamic which was not intrinsically developmental, but this dynamic was overlaid in the different territories studied by changing institutional arrangements which temporarily caused performance to deviate from a long-run declin- ing trend. The book is divided chronologically into two parts, the first covering the period from the 1790s to 1878, when most of the Balkan area except Serbia remained subject to Ottoman rule and institutions. Part II deals with the period 1878-1914, when Bulgaria and Bosnia had been prised from Ottoman rule. Emphasis shifts to examining the changes which took place under new institutional arrangements: in Bulgaria, like Serbia and Montenegro, under those of self-rule, in Bosnia as a dependency of Austria-Hungary. In the period before 1878, it will be argued, Ottoman institutions, in particular agrarian arrangements, engrained themselves deeply into the organization of economic life. The institutions themselves were under- going radical changes which had a profound effect on economic life and on its evolution, especially in Bulgaria.
    [Show full text]
  • Country Coding Units
    INSTITUTE Country Coding Units v11.1 - March 2021 Copyright © University of Gothenburg, V-Dem Institute All rights reserved Suggested citation: Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, and Lisa Gastaldi. 2021. ”V-Dem Country Coding Units v11.1” Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. Funders: We are very grateful for our funders’ support over the years, which has made this ven- ture possible. To learn more about our funders, please visit: https://www.v-dem.net/en/about/ funders/ For questions: [email protected] 1 Contents Suggested citation: . .1 1 Notes 7 1.1 ”Country” . .7 2 Africa 9 2.1 Central Africa . .9 2.1.1 Cameroon (108) . .9 2.1.2 Central African Republic (71) . .9 2.1.3 Chad (109) . .9 2.1.4 Democratic Republic of the Congo (111) . .9 2.1.5 Equatorial Guinea (160) . .9 2.1.6 Gabon (116) . .9 2.1.7 Republic of the Congo (112) . 10 2.1.8 Sao Tome and Principe (196) . 10 2.2 East/Horn of Africa . 10 2.2.1 Burundi (69) . 10 2.2.2 Comoros (153) . 10 2.2.3 Djibouti (113) . 10 2.2.4 Eritrea (115) . 10 2.2.5 Ethiopia (38) . 10 2.2.6 Kenya (40) . 11 2.2.7 Malawi (87) . 11 2.2.8 Mauritius (180) . 11 2.2.9 Rwanda (129) . 11 2.2.10 Seychelles (199) . 11 2.2.11 Somalia (130) . 11 2.2.12 Somaliland (139) . 11 2.2.13 South Sudan (32) . 11 2.2.14 Sudan (33) .
    [Show full text]
  • The Travels of Marco Polo
    This is a reproduction of a library book that was digitized by Google as part of an ongoing effort to preserve the information in books and make it universally accessible. http://books.google.com TheTravelsofMarcoPolo MarcoPolo,HughMurray HARVARD COLLEGE LIBRARY FROM THE BEQUEST OF GEORGE FRANCIS PARKMAN (Class of 1844) OF BOSTON " - TRAVELS MAECO POLO. OLIVER & BOYD, EDINBURGH. TDE TRAVELS MARCO POLO, GREATLY AMENDED AND ENLARGED FROM VALUABLE EARLY MANUSCRIPTS RECENTLY PUBLISHED BY THE FRENCH SOCIETY OP GEOGRAPHY AND IN ITALY BY COUNT BALDELLI BONI. WITH COPIOUS NOTES, ILLUSTRATING THE ROUTES AND OBSERVATIONS OF THE AUTHOR, AND COMPARING THEM WITH THOSE OF MORS RECENT TRAVELLERS. BY HUGH MURRAY, F.R.S.E. TWO MAPS AND A VIGNETTE. THIRD EDITION. EDINBURGH: OLIVER & BOYD, TWEEDDALE COURT; AND SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, & CO., LONDON. MDOCCXLV. A EKTERIR IN STATIONERS' BALL. Printed by Oliver & Boyd, / ^ Twseddale Court, High Street, Edinburgh. p PREFACE. Marco Polo has been long regarded as at once the earliest and most distinguished of European travellers. He sur passed every other in the extent of the unknown regions which he visited, as well as in the amount of new and important information collected ; having traversed Asia from one extremity to the other, including the elevated central regions, and those interior provinces of China from which foreigners have since been rigidly excluded. " He has," says Bitter, " been frequently called the Herodotus of the Middle Ages, and he has a just claim to that title. If the name of a discoverer of Asia were to be assigned to any person, nobody would better deserve it." The description of the Chinese court and empire, and of the adjacent countries, under the most powerful of the Asiatic dynasties, forms a grand historical picture not exhibited in any other record.
    [Show full text]
  • PROSPECTS for TURKISH-ARMENIAN RELATIONS Proceedings of the Symposium Organized by AVİM on 30 April 2015
    AVİM Conference Book 15 PROSPECTS FOR TURKISH-ARMENIAN RELATIONS Proceedings of the Symposium Organized by AVİM on 30 April 2015 April 2015 PROSPECTS FOR TURKISH-ARMENIAN RELATIONS AVİM (Center for Eurasian Studies) Conference Book No: 15 April 2015 Ankara AVİM CONFERENCE BOOK No: 15 EDITOR Turgut Kerem Tuncel TRANSCRIPTION Cemre Dilay Boztepe Hazel Çağan Miguel Moreno Ali Murat Taşkent Mehmet Oğuzhan Tulun PHOTOGRAPHS Hazel Çağan Design Ruhi Alagöz PUBLICATION DATE July 2015 PRINTING Özyurt Matbaacılık Büyük San. 1. Cad. Süzgün Sok. No: 7 İskitler / ANKARA Tel: 0 312 384 15 36 - Faks: 0 312 384 15 37 Copyright © AVİM (Center for Eurasian Studies) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without permission in writing from the Publishers. To get your own copy of this or any of AVİM publications please visit http://www.avim.org.tr/ Contents Foreword...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................5 OPENING SPEECH Ambassador (R) Alev KILIÇ.................................................................................................................................................6 PANEL I - CURRENT STATE OF TURKISH-ARMENIAN RELATIONS The Pain Favored Forever: The Young Turks and the End of the
    [Show full text]
  • The Balkans: Everyday Life and Culture
    Livre de Lyon Academic Works of Livre de Lyon Social, Humanity and Administrative Sciences 2020 The Balkans: Everyday Life and Culture Ema Miljković Follow this and additional works at: https://academicworks.livredelyon.com/soc_hum_ad_sci Part of the Cultural History Commons, Other History Commons, Social History Commons, and the Sociology of Culture Commons Recommended Citation Miljković, Ema, "The Balkans: Everyday Life and Culture" (2020). Social, Humanity and Administrative Sciences. 15. https://academicworks.livredelyon.com/soc_hum_ad_sci/15 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by Livre de Lyon, an international publisher specializing in academic books and journals. Browse more titles on Academic Works of Livre de Lyon, hosted on Digital Commons, an Elsevier platform. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE BALKANS Everyday Life and Culture Edited By Ema Miljković Lyon 2020 Editor • Cover Design • Oliver Dennis Edition by Livre de Lyon • © 2020, Lyon ISBN: 978-2-490773-45-9 © copyright All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by an means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the publisher’s permission. Publisher Livre de Lyon Adress: 37 rue marietton, 69009, Lyon France website: http://www.livredelyon.com e-mail: [email protected] PREFACE In the series of the monographs under the title “The Balkans” (publisher Livre de Lyon, Lyon, France), one volume has been dedicated to the everyday life and culture. This volume consists of four chapters examining the various phenomena in everyday life in the Balkans during the Ottoman era or phenomena still existing in the modern Balkan societies, as a result of the Oriental - Ottoman heritage in this region.
    [Show full text]
  • Vicious Aid for Vicious Times
    Vicious Aid for Vicious Times PERIN GÜREL, University of Notre Dame “History’s unfinished business will recycle itself,” the exiled Iranian narrator of Call Me Zebra reminds herself and her readers.1 Like the heritage of violence messing up our progressive visions of what the present should be, the current era’s viciousness keeps interfering with my research – my attempts to access the past in the form of old texts and far-flung archives. I want to hide in History, but history grips me. Not only is this era’s viciousness inescapable, ignoring it with whatever privilege I can muster is itself a form of violence. I work on the cultural history of US–Southwest Asia relations. Focusing on Turkey and Iran, my research foregrounds clashing nationalisms as well as transna- tional flows. My studies depend heavily on Persian and Turkish texts, archives, and interviewees I can only access in Turkey or Iran. In the last few years, my access to these two countries (and beloved family and friends) has been repeatedly restricted by travel bans, visa disputes, and fears of war breaking out. While no one administra- tion has ever held a monopoly over US imperialism, the types of war waged on the region seemed to multiply and overlap with the Trump administration, with economic warfare, trade wars, armed violence, structural violence, and cultural violence over- laying each other at a dizzying rate. Local authoritarianisms, too, intensified in this period, often justified as a response to imperialist meddling or as a well-warranted turn against the ravages of a neoliberal system constructed by and for “the West.” More- over, the symbolic burden of being an immigrant from “the Middle East” has somehow increased since the immediate post-9/11 period.
    [Show full text]
  • European Journal of Turkish Studies, 12 | 2011 Crossing the Borders in Reality and in Press: the Case of the Newspapers Yeni
    European Journal of Turkish Studies Social Sciences on Contemporary Turkey 12 | 2011 Demographic Engineering - Part II Crossing the borders in reality and in press: the case of the newspapers Yeni Adım and Yarın in the late 1920s Yannis Bonos Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/ejts/4413 DOI: 10.4000/ejts.4413 ISSN: 1773-0546 Publisher EJTS Electronic reference Yannis Bonos, « Crossing the borders in reality and in press: the case of the newspapers Yeni Adım and Yarın in the late 1920s », European Journal of Turkish Studies [Online], 12 | 2011, Online since 26 April 2013, connection on 16 February 2020. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/ejts/4413 ; DOI : 10.4000/ejts.4413 This text was automatically generated on 16 February 2020. © Some rights reserved / Creative Commons license Crossing the borders in reality and in press: the case of the newspapers Yeni... 1 Crossing the borders in reality and in press: the case of the newspapers Yeni Adım and Yarın in the late 1920s Yannis Bonos 1 This article focuses on the way two newspapers contributed to the control of public opinion. More precisely, this case study gives an insight into the ways the editors of Yeni Adım (in Turkish, ‘The New Step’) and Yarın (in Turkish, ‘The Day After’), which appeared in Xanthi in late September 1926 and in late July 1927, respectively, kept silent about the migration that took place in mid-October 1928 on the Greek-Turkish land border. Insofar as the emigration of ‘non-exchangeables’1 from Greece has been attributed to the demographic engineering operated by the Greek state in the 1920s, this case study on the ways two editorships made use of the mid-October 1928 discussions on emigration to Turkey touches upon the broader issue of the government of a minority by consent.
    [Show full text]
  • 121292955.Pdf
    THE TURKS IN EUROPE Qu'est ce que la Turquie ? La Turquie est le pays classique des massacres.. Son histoire se resume a ceci; pillages, meurtres, vols, con­ cussions—sur toutes les echelles—reroltes, insurrections, repressions, guerres etrangeres, guerres civiles, revolutions, ccntre-revolutions, seditions, mutineries. ARSENE PERLANT, Eterelle Turquie, " To murder a man is a crime; to massacre a nation is a question." VICTOR HUGO, 1876. THE TURKS IN EUROPE A SKETCH-STUDY BY W. E. D. ALLEN WITH A PREFACE BY BRIG-GEN. H. CONYERS SURTEES, C.M.G., D.S.O. LONDON JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET 1919 All rights reserved. DEDICATION To MY BELOVED FATHER— To you I dedicate this chronicle of men's savageness and meanness. To you, who were so brilliant and so simple; so faultless your­ self yet so tolerant of fault in others; so gentle that you could not kill a bird; so kind that men marvelled ; so forbearing that they thought you weak ; so generous that they thought you fool. You were so quick of comprehension, yet so patient of stupidity in others. You could always forgive, and always understand. Men wondered when you repaid vilest ingratitude with renewed kindness. You who so loved Music and Books and Art, and to roam in the wild places of the earth, and linger in its ancient cities, were for ever im­ prisoned in an office. You began to work when most boys begin to learn ; you spent the best years of your life in drudgery, working often till mid­ night. You carried for years, while you were dying, the responsibilities and burdens of ten men.
    [Show full text]
  • The Turks in Europe (1919)
    wmfni\ f/t 5 \ii'^/Mr<,'^/1''i i P 1 1, 1 f '' ' '^ li ^ ^1 THE TURKS IN EUROPE A 2 Qu'est ce que la Turqiiie ? La Turquie est le pays classique dea massacres. Son con- histoire se resume k ceci : pillages, meurtres, vols, cussions— sur toutes les echelles—revoltes, insurrections, repressions, guerres ^trangeres, guerres civiles, revolutions, contre-r^volutions, seditions, mutineries. ARsi:NE Perlant, Eternelle Turquie. " a is To murder a man is a crime ; to massacre nation a question." , Victor Hugo, 1876. THE TURKS IN EUROPE A SKETCH-STUDY BY W. E. D. ALLEN WITH A PREFACE BY BRIG.-GEN. H. CONYERS SURTEES, C.M.G., D.S.O. LONDON JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET 1919 f; All rights r«s«rved. DEDICATION To My Beloved Father— To you I dedicate this chronicle of men's savageness and meanness. To you, who brilliant so so faultless were so and simple ; your- tolerant of fault in others so self yet so ; gentle not kill a bird so kind that men that you could ; so that marvelled ; forbearing they thought you weak so that fool. ; generous they thought you You were so quick of comprehension, yet so patient of stupidity in others. You could always forgive, and always understand. Men wondered when you repaid vilest ingratitude with renewed kindness. You who so loved Music and Books and Art, and to roam in the wild places of the earth, and linger in its ancient cities, were for ever im- prisoned in an office. You began to work when to learn the best most boys begin ; you spent years of your life in drudgery, working often till mid- night.
    [Show full text]