Livre de Lyon Academic Works of Livre de Lyon Social, Humanity and Administrative Sciences 2020 The Balkans: Everyday Life and Culture Ema Miljković Follow this and additional works at: https://academicworks.livredelyon.com/soc_hum_ad_sci Part of the Cultural History Commons, Other History Commons, Social History Commons, and the Sociology of Culture Commons Recommended Citation Miljković, Ema, "The Balkans: Everyday Life and Culture" (2020). Social, Humanity and Administrative Sciences. 15. https://academicworks.livredelyon.com/soc_hum_ad_sci/15 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by Livre de Lyon, an international publisher specializing in academic books and journals. Browse more titles on Academic Works of Livre de Lyon, hosted on Digital Commons, an Elsevier platform. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE BALKANS Everyday Life and Culture Edited By Ema Miljković Lyon 2020 Editor • Cover Design • Oliver Dennis Edition by Livre de Lyon • © 2020, Lyon ISBN: 978-2-490773-45-9 © copyright All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by an means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the publisher’s permission. Publisher Livre de Lyon Adress: 37 rue marietton, 69009, Lyon France website: http://www.livredelyon.com e-mail: [email protected] PREFACE In the series of the monographs under the title “The Balkans” (publisher Livre de Lyon, Lyon, France), one volume has been dedicated to the everyday life and culture. This volume consists of four chapters examining the various phenomena in everyday life in the Balkans during the Ottoman era or phenomena still existing in the modern Balkan societies, as a result of the Oriental - Ottoman heritage in this region. This book presents one big step forward in research of the everyday life in the Ottoman Empire and especially the Balkans, since this is still one of the less elaborated and at the same time very important topics of the Balkan and Ottoman history, as well. The research of everyday life as a topic of historiography had begun in Western Europe after the World War II, but the first important works had been published in the sixties of the 20th century. A pioneering study in this field was the book written by famous French historian Fernand Braudel: „Les structures de quotidien”, first published in 1967. In English, the book was published by Collins in 1981 under the title „The structures of everyday life”. Both in French and German historiography there where and still are been publishing the important works on this subject. For the history of everyday life in the Ottoman Empire, one of the most important books has been written by Suraya Faroqhi: „Subjects of the Sultan: Culture in daily life in the Ottoman Empire”. The research of daily life in the Ottoman Empire is very important in order to obtain the balanced approach and critical insight into this pluralistic society rich with cultural history of different communities and confessions that lived within the borders of the vast empire extending from Budapest in Hungary to Mecca in Arabia. In the volume which is in front of us each chapter presents an analysis of an aspect and offer characteristics of various aspects of the daily life in the Ottoman Empire. We hope that this volume would contribute to the better knowledge and better understanding of the Ottoman Empire in general, as well as to the Ottoman cultural impact still important in the Balkans. Ema Miljković II CONTENTS Preface…………………………………………………...I Contents………………………………………………..III Referee Board…………………………………………..V Ema Miljković Everyday Life in The Sanjak of Smederevo During The First Century of The Ottoman Administratıon: Urban vs. Rural ……………………………………………………1 V. Voinea & B. Szmoniewski & A. Mototolea Clay Tobacco Pipes Discovered at Cheile Dobrogei and Istria: an Example of The Ottoman´s Civilisation in The Central Dobroudja …………………………………….19 Aurel Mototolea Between Art and Handicraft: Buckles (Pafta) of Oriental Influence from Dobrudja….……………………………39 Tamás Csernyei The Turkic Influence on Balkans’ Transhumance As Reflected by Lexical Copies A Study of Turkic Elements in Eastern Romance Varieties ……………………………73 IV Referee Board Prof. Dr. Anisora Popa, Danurea de Jos Unıversity, Romania Prof. Dr. Mehmet Yavuz Erler, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey Assoc. Prof. Dr. Marijan Premović, University of Montenegro, Montenegro Assoc. Prof. Dr. Abidin Temizer, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Turkey Asst. Prof. Dr. Hacer Arslan Kalay, Van Yüzüncü Yıl Univerzity, Turkey EVERYDAY LIFE IN THE SANJAK OF SMEDEREVO DURING THE FIRST CENTURY OF THE OTTOMAN ADMINISTRATION: URBAN VS. RURAL Ema MILJKOVIĆ The presence of the Ottoman Islamic rule, civilization and culture in the South-Eastern Europe had created a unique cultural circle which is usually known in the whole Balkans as the Oriental culture. The Oriental culture represents a synthesis between the cultures of the conquered nations with the Ottoman culture, which brought to the Balkans many layers within itself.1 The Ottomans are the nation originated from Central Asia, and their culture was prevailingly nomadic one, characterized by such a way of living. Firstly, they were influenced by the Arab culture of the Abbasid Caliphate, which had seized to exist in 1258. By coming to the Byzantine territory they were highly influenced with the dominant Byzantine culture. Also, Persian culture played a great role in formation of the unique Ottoman culture. By further conquests, every of the conquered nation had This topic presented to International Symposium on Balkan History Studies (UBTAS) and published proceeding book. (Prof. Ph.D.), University of Belgrade, Serbia. E-mail: [email protected] 1 For more details, see: M. Коцић, Оријентализаија материјалне култуере на Балкану. Београд, 2010: Hesperia. 2 | Everyday Life in the Sanjak of Semenderevo influenced, in higher or lesser extent, the new-coming Ottoman culture. 2 Because of the fact that it was not only the original Ottoman culture, but had all the above mentioned layers, it is usually called Oriental culture and the process of changing the culture of the conquered nation Orientalization and not the Ottomanization. In the process of the cultural exchange with the Serbian culture, for example, the Ottomans had accepted some of the law regulations (i.e. the Mining Law of the Suleiman The Law Giver was translation of the Mining Law of the Serbian ruler Stefan Lazarević), but also two princesses Olivera Lazarević and Mara Branković (who did not have offsprinsgs with the Ottoman rulers). Mother of the prince Cem, brother of the sultan Bayazit II was born by the Serbian mother, but she was a slave, most probably taken during the siege of Novo Brdo. Of Serbian origin was also couple of grand viziers.3 The Orientalization of the Balkan culture in whole could still be seen in many aspects of the everyday life. Although the process of globalization had encompassed the Balkan cities and even smaller towns, the traces of the Oriental civilization could still be found. However, the great distinction in the everyday life and level of impact of the Oriental culture was between the urban and rural surroundings. That was 2 See: I. Ortaylı, Türklerin tarihi, Istanbul 2017: Tımaş Yayınları. 3 А. Фотић, Између закона и његове примене, /In:/ U Приватни живот у Срба у освит модерног доба, Београд 2005: CLIO, 27-71. Ema Miljković | 3 the case in the province of Smederevo, which had encompassed majority of the territories of the ex Despotate of Serbia. While the urban surrounding were more open and more easy to accept the penetration of the new culture, the rural culture in the Balkans had stayed the same almost for centuries of the Ottoman rule, accepting just some minor changes, mostly in the food culture.4 As for the urban surroundings, the traces of the Oriental culture could still primarily be seen in the architecture. In almost every Balkan town there is some architectural remnant from the Ottoman period; either it is a mosque, a fountain, a turbe, or even a whole quarter. In Belgrade for example, there were many mosques during the Ottoman times (according to some estimations over 200) but there is only one today. However, it is still operating and stands as a grand monument of the Oriental culture in this region.:5 Also, the great deal of changes could be seen in the food culture. What we call the Balkan cuisine today is really a mixture of Medieval Greek, Persian, Arabic cuisines, with some of the influences made by the Serbs and the Turks. It should be mentioned that the Turks, originally, were nomadic people and did not have some specific food culture. They had eaten what they had managed to catch, and also as cattle 4О. Зиројевић, Јело и пиће, /In:/ U Приватни живот у српским земљама у освит модерног доба (str. 233-261). Београд 2005: Clio, 233-261. 5 For more details, see: D. Djurić Zamolo, Beograd kao orijentalna varoš pod Turcima 1521-1867: arhitektonsko- urbanistička studija. Beograd 1977: Muzej grada Beograda. 4 | Everyday Life in the Sanjak of Semenderevo breeders, they ate a lot of meat (sheep mainly) and the dairy products they had produced. As they had begun their expansion, they had accepted from the Persians the dishes with rice, thus pilav, the rice dish had become not only one of the most popular dishes of the Ottoman cuisine, but it is still eaten in Serbia, for example. Some sweet of the Oriental origin, as baklava, for example are even today part of the national cuisine of almost all Balkan nations. The way of preparation may differ, and the taste a little bit, but it is essentially the same sweet.6 (Зиројевић, 2005) The nourishment habits with the Balkan population, especially the rural one, did not change much immediately after the Ottoman conquest.