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Interviews

Zimbabwe Interview with Mr S Mhlanga, Former Information and Publicity Secretary of the ZNLWVA, 3 August 1999, Harare Interview with Brigadier R. Ruwodo, Then Director of War Veterans, Harare, 4 October 1999 Interview with Maj. Agrippa Gava (Retd), then ZNLWVA Director, 29 February 2000, Harare Interview with William Nhara, Director: Southern Africa Institute for Democracy and Good Governance, Harare, 2002 Interview with Former Combatant, Alice Masenguridza, 10 March 2004, Harare Interview with Former Combatant, Ellen Nomatter John-Masoka, 31 March 2004, Harare Interview with Col. Tshinga J. Dube (Retd), Zimbabwe Defence Industries Managing Director, 1 April 2004, Harare Interview with Minister Dumiso Dabengwa (Retd), Head of ZIPRA in the Cease- fire Arrangement, 2 April 2004, Harare Interview with Former Combatant, Wilbert Z. Sadomba, 7 April 2004, Harare Interview with Mr. Dawson D. Sanyangore, Former Director of Social Welfare, 20 April 2004, Harare Interview with Reverend Murombedzi Kuchera, United Church of Christ in Zimbabwe President, Former Zimbabwe Council of Churches General Secretary, 21 April 2004, Harare Interview with Minister of Labour and Social Services Hon. Kumbirai Kangai (Retd), 22 April 2004, Harare Interview with Margaret Dongo, 30 April 2004, Harare Interview with Father Edward Rogers, Former Christian Care Chairman, 6 April 2004, Harare Interview with Former Refugee R. Mutondo, 5 May 2004, Bromley Interview with Endy Mhlanga, Former Secretary General of the ZNLWVA, 5 May 2004, Harare Interview with Chief Air Marshall Josiah Tungamirirai (Retd.), Minister of State for Indigenization and Empowerment in the Office of the President and Cabinet, 11 May 2004, Harare Interview with General Vitalis Zvinavashe (Retd), Former Commander of the Zimbabwe Defence Forces, 14 May 2004, Harare Interview with Former Refugee Themba Nechako, 5 May 2004, Bromley Interview with Former Refugee Tafirenyika Soke, 5 May 2004, Bromley Interview with Reverend Shirley De Wolfe, Institute for Peace, Leadership and Governance, Africa University Lecturer, 25 May 2004, Harare Bibliograph y 205

Interview with Frederick Sadomba, ICBL Country Reporter for Zimbabwe, 25 May 2004, Harare Interview with Hon. P.T. Nyathi, M.P., Former Zimbabwe Project Director, 1 June 2004, Harare Interview with W. Mhanda, Zimbabwe Liberators Platform Director, 8 June 2004, Harare Interview with S. Chidawanyika, ZANU PF Director for Information and Publicity, 9 June 2004, Harare Interview with Hon E. Mnangagwa, Speaker of Parliament and ZANU PF Secretary for Administration, 9 June 2004, Harare Interview with Sr. Janice McLaughlin, Ex-ZIMFEP staff-member, 18 June 2004, Acturus Interview with Professor Walter Kamba, Herbert Chitepo UNESCO Chair, University of Zimbabwe, 23 June 2004, Harare Interview with Brigadier W. A. Tapfumaneyi, Permanent Secretary of the Ministry for Welfare Services for War Veterans, War Collaborators, Ex-Political Detainees and Restrictees, Harare, 8 July 2015 Interview with Former Combatant, S. Geza, 9 July 2015, Harare Response of the Minister for Welfare Services for War Veterans, War Collaborators, Ex-Political Detainees and Restrictees to the Parliament of Zimbabwe. 1 July 2015

Namibia Interview with Returnee Informant 1, 8 November 2004, Windhoek Interview with Ex-PLAN Informant 1, 9 November 2004, Windhoek Interview with Professor Andre du Pisani, Department of Political and Administrative Studies, University of Namibia, 10 November 2004, Windhoek Interview with Phanuel Kaapama, Department of Political and Administrative Studies, University of Namibia, 11 November 2004, Windhoek Interview with Ex-PLAN fighter Vincent Mwange, Chief Research Information Officer, National Council of Namibia, 11 November 2004, Windhoek Interview with Frederick Mwala Matongo, Secretary General SWAPO Veterans Trust, 11 November 2004, Windhoek Interview with Ex-PLAN fighter Col. M. Nakanduvungileh, 12 November 2004, Windhoek Interview with Peter Shivute, Permanent Secretary Ministry of Defence, 12 November 2004, Windhoek Interview with Frans Tsheehama, Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Lands, Rehabilitation and Resettlement, 12 November 2004, Windhoek Interview with Phil Ya Nangoloh, Executive Director, National Society for Human Rights (Namibia), 12 November 2004, Windhoek 206 Bibliography

Interview with Niilo Taapopi, Government Technical Committee Chairman, Windhoek, 15 November 2004 Interview with Pauline Dempers, PLAN ex-combatant & National Coordinator, Breaking the Wall of Silence, Namibia, 8 April 2005, Pretoria

South Africa Mr Oupa Monareng, Parliamentary Committee on Defence, Military Veterans Symposium, 25 August 2004, Johannesburg Interview with Ex-APLA Combatant Gordon Mpini, 26 August 2004, Johannesburg Interview with Ex-TBVC/SANDF Combatant M.E. Matiti, 26 August 2004, Johannesburg Interview with Sasha Gear, Researcher, Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation, 22 September 2004, Johannesburg Interview with Lephophotho Mashike, Sociology Department, University of the Witwatersrand, 27 September 2004, Johannesburg Interview with David Monyae, International Relations Department, University of the Witwatersrand, 27 September 2004, Johannesburg Interview with Jabulani Ephraim Sibiya, MK ex-fighter, 22 October 2004, Johannesburg Interview with Pamela Daniels, MK ex-fighter and Managing Director, MK Military Veterans Association, 22 October 2004, Johannesburg Interview with Dr Chris Landsberg, Director, Centre for Policy Studies, 29 November 2004, Johannesburg Interview with Francis Kornegay, Senior Researcher, Centre for Policy Studies, 29 November 2004, Johannesburg Interview with Prof. Garth Shelton, International Relations Department, University of the Witwatersrand, 3 December 2004, Johannesburg Interview with Brigadier General M.D. Myamya, SANDF Director Personnel Separation, 10 December 2004, Johannesburg Interview with Loren B. Landau, Director and Research Coordinator, Forced Migration Studies Programme University of the Witwatersrand, 14 March 2005, Johannesburg Interview with Tsepe Motumi, Chief of Policy and Planning, Department of Defence, 5 April 2005, Pretoria Interview with Thabiso Radebe, MK Military Veterans Association Financial Director, 12 April 2005, Johannesburg Interview with Rachel Prinsloo, UNISA – Academic Planning Officer, 15 April 2005, Johannesburg Interview with Guy Lamb, 18 April 2005, Internet-Email Bibliograph y 207

Interview with SAPS Deputy Provincial Commissioner Africa Khumalo, Ex-MK Commander, 25 April 2005, Johannesburg Interview with General Andrew M.L. Masondo (Retd), Former Chief of the Service Corps, 26 April 2005, Pretoria Interview with Ex-AZANLA High Command Member Strike Thokaone, 14 July 2014, Johannesburg Interview with Professor Steven Friedman, University of Johannesburg, 14 August 2015, Grahamstown Index

A B Abrahams, Diane, 150 Black Consciousness Movement of African National Congress (ANC), Azania, 136 134, 135, 137–42, 146, 152–5, Britain, 2, 33, 35–7, 39–41, 45, 71, 157, 160, 161 76, 172 agency, 4, 15 British Military Advisory Training agricultural, 18, 48, 49, 54, 71, 73, Team (BMATT), 45, 107, 143 112, 113 Burundi, 26, 28 Ahtisaari, Martti, 100, 103 amnesty, 141, 172 Angola, 6, 16, 17, 35, 99–101, 103, C 105, 106 Canada, 103 Assembly Points (APs), 39 Carrington, Lord, 37 Australia, 39, 73, 103 Ceasefire Commission (CFC), 40 Azania Peoples Liberation Army Central Africa, 21 (APLA), 135 Central African Republic, 173 Azanian National Liberation Army Chand, Prem, 101 (AZANLA), 136 Chester Crocker, 99 Azanian People’s Liberation Army child soldiers, 36 Veterans Association (APLAVA), China, 39, 101, 134, 149, 172 156 Chinamano, Josiah, 57, 64 Azanian People’s Organization, 136 Chitiyo, Tapera Knox, 71

Cold War, 2, 6, 22, 33, 35, 39, 77, 97, Freedom Charter, 151, 160 99, 101, 172, 173 Frontline States (FLS), 35, 99 Commonwealth, 2, 6, 33, 36–9, 77, 172 Commonwealth Monitoring Force G (CMF), 39 Geingob, Hage, 119, 121 Commonwealth Observer Group, 40 George, Mluleki, 151, 153, 156 Community Based Rehabilitation Ginifer, Jeremey, 40, 172 (CBR), 114 Gouws, Dolf, 105 Convention for a Democratic South gratuity payments, 145–6 Africa (CODESA), 136, 155 Great Lakes, 21 Côte d’Ivoire, 17, 23, 28 Gukurahundi, 47 Cuba, 99, 100, 134 Cuellar, Perez de, 100 H Hamaambo, Jerobeam Dimo, 108 D Hawkins, Harold, 38 Dabengwa, Dumiso, 38, 39 Higgs, James, 146 de Klerk, F.W., 135 Hunzvi, Chenjerai (“Hitler”), 65, 66, demobilization, 1–3, 8, 17 160 Democratic Republic of the Congo Hutchful, Eboe, 139 (DRC), 1, 20 Denmark, 103 DF Malan Accord, 140 I disarmament, 1, 2, 16, 24, 172 Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP), 139, Dube, Tshinga J., 42 140, 142 Integrated DDR Standards (IDDRS), 5, 24, 26 E Italy, 103 European Union, 73

J F Jacobs, Brigadier, 42 Farr, Vanessa, 115 Joint Military Coordinating Fay Chung, 51 Committee (JMCC), 139 Fifth Brigade, 45 Fiji, 39 Finland, 103 K “first-generation”, 1, 3, 5–8, 15, 16, Kamba, Walter, 52 19–28, 34, 171, 179 Kangai, Kumbirai, 49, 50, 56 Flower, Ken, 38 Kasrils, Ronnie, 140 Frankel, Philip, 137 Kenya, 39, 103 INDEX 211

Koevoet, 101, 102, 104, 105, 111, military integration, 2, 3, 8, 25, 35, 119, 120, 122, 123, 173 44–9, 101, 108, 133–9, 141, Kriger, Norma J., 56, 67, 72, 73 142, 155, 161, 172–5, 177 KwaZulu Self Protection Forces Mnangagwa, Emerson, 45 (KZSPF), 142 Modise, Joe, 144, 147 Mokalobe, Mafole, 154 Moorcraft, Paul, 47 L Motumi, Tsepe, 145, 159 Lancaster House Agreement, 33, Mozambique, 6, 17, 28, 35–9, 43 37–9, 43, 44, 46, 52 Mugabe, Robert, 37, 40, 41, 43, 47, Lesotho, 6 48, 65–7, 73, 74, 76, 179 liberation war, 27 Mujuru, Solomon, 59 liberation war veterans, 2–4, 6–9, 20, Multi-Country Demobilisation and 22, 27, 57, 74, 77, 156, 161, Reintegration Programme 174, 176–8 (MDRP), 26 liberation war veterans’ protests, 20 Mutambirwa, Susan, 62 Liberia, 1, 5, 8, 15, 17, 20, 22, 23, Mutsvangwa, Chris, 34, 74 26, 28 Muzorewa, Abel, 36, 37, 40, 41 Liebenberg, Ian, 151 linkages between DDR, 10 linkages between DDR and SSR, 25, N 171, 175 Namibia, 1–7, 9, 15, 20, 21, 143, 146, 153, 161, 171–3, 176 Namibia Defence Force (NDF), 98, M 107–9 Madonsela, Thuli, 160 Namibia National Liberation Veterans Maharaj, Mac, 140 Association (NNLVA), 122 Malan, Mark, 174 Nathan, Laurie, 108 Malawi, 6 National Party (NP), 135, 138–41 Malaysia, 103 Ndlovu-Gatsheni, S. J., 47 Mali, 16 New York Accord, 97–9, 102 Mamoepa, Ronnie, 141 New Zealand, 40, 73 Mandela, Nelson, 134, 136, 137, 139, Ngwenya, Tim, 152 152, 160 Nkomo, Joshua, 37, 40, 41, 47 Maphatsaoe, Kebby, 157, 160 North Korea, 45, 47 Manuel, Trevor, 153 Nujoma, Sam, 107, 108, 118 Mashike, Lephophotho, 144, 145, 154 Nyanda, Siphiwe, 139, 140, 152 Masondo, Andrew M.L., 148 Mbeki, Thabo, 157, 178 McMullin, Jaremy, 27 O Mhanda, Wilfred, 51, 53 Operation Agila, 39 Meiring, Georg, 139 Operation Merger, 45 212 INDEX

Operation SEED, 48–9 Sithole, Masipula, 70 Operation Vula, 140 small arms and light weapons (SALW), Oppah Muchinguri, 51 16 Smith, Ian, 36, 40, 41 South Africa, 1, 3–7, 9, 15, 20, 21, P 27, 35, 41, 46, 99–102, 104, Pakistan, 45 109, 171, 173–6 Pan Africanist Congress (PAC), 135, South African Council of Churches, 142, 143, 155, 161 152 Patriotic Front (PF), 35 South African Defence Force (SADF), peace building, 175 99–102, 104, 105, 107, 108, Peace Project, 116, 118–21, 123, 177, 111, 123 178 South African National Defence Force People’s Liberation Army of Namibia (SANDF), 135 (PLAN), 100 South African National Military Veterans Pisani, Andre du, 107, 108 Association (SANMVA), 156 Poland, 103 South West African Police (SWAPOL), post-conflict violence, 7, 27, 171, 176 102 Preston, Rosemary, 109 South West Africa People’s Pretoria Minute, 140 Organization (SWAPO), 99 South West Africa Territorial Force (SWATF), 101 R Soviet Union, 39, 99, 101, 172 Reginald Herbold Green, 18 Spain, 103 reintegrate, 1, 3, 7–11, 18, 19 state agency, 8, 10, 21, 33, 56, 64, Rhodesia, 36 118–23, 133, 171, 176, 180 Rhodesian Front, 36, 40 structural and organizational contexts, Rhodesian Security Forces (RSF), 33 target groups, 7 Rice, Susan, 172 structural and organizational Roefs, Marlene, 151 framework, 3, 10, 11, 23, 171 Russia, 134 Sub-Council on Defence (SCD), 138 Rwanda, 16 Sudan, 23, 26 SWAPO Veterans Trust, 117 Swaziland, 6 S Switzerland, 103 “second-generation”, 1, 7, 15, 16, 19, 22, 23, 26, 27 Security Sector Reform (SSR), 3 T Service Corps, 145 Taapopi, Niilo, 118, 121 Shivute, Peter, 105 Taiwan, 149 Sibanda, Jabulani, 73, 74 Tanzania, 6, 133, 134, 140, 141 Sierra Leone, 1, 5, 8, 15, 20, 22, 28 target group, 10, 20, 171, 176 Sisulu, Lindiwe, 160 Tekere, Edgar, 65 INDEX 213

Tongogara, Josiah, 37, 39 W Transitional Executive Council (TEC), Walls, Peter, 46 136, 138–60 World Bank, 5, 7, 21–3, 26, 53 Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda and Ciskei (TBVC), 135 Tungamirirai, Josiah, 42 Z Zambia, 6, 36, 38, 39, 172 Zero Hour Operation, 36, 47 U Zimbabwe, 1–10, 15, 20, 21, 27, Uganda, 16, 133, 134, 140, 141, 160 49, 101, 107, 143, 146, Umkhonto we Sizwe, 134, 140 153, 161, 171–3, 175, Umkhonto We Sizwe Military Veterans 176 Association (MKMVA), 153 Zimbabwe African National Liberation United African National Council Army (ZANLA), 33 (UANC), 40 Zimbabwe African National Union United Kingdom, 103 (ZANU), 33 United Nations, 2 Zimbabwe African People’s Union United Nations High Commission for (ZAPU), 33 Refugees (UNHCR), 9, 97, 106, Zimbabwe National Army (ZNA), 116, 123, 133 41 United Nations Transitional Assistance Zimbabwe National Liberation War Group (UNTAG), 2, 9, 77, Veterans Association (ZNLWVA), 172–5 60, 64–7 United States, 73, 99 Zimbabwe People’s Army (ZIPA), Unity Accord, 64 36 Zimbabwe People’s Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA), 33 V Zimbabwe-Rhodesia, 40 vocational training, 3, 7, 10, 18, 19, Zuma, Jacob, 153, 157, 160, 178, 58, 59, 61, 62, 76, 112, 116, 179 120, 145, 147, 149, 155, 177 Zvinavashe, Vitalis, 43, 44