Conlangs Ais Kurso
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LCC5 CONLANG RELAY — ITHKUIL TEXT: AIFQLAL ÖMMOL Âmmël Tê
LCC5 CONLANG RELAY — ITHKUIL TEXT: AIFQLAL ÖMMOL Âmmël tê, iekawel tiö. Ikàmküz iam-mra ârtwail mmëu’a Ĝi smî’âškôx. Iefqlaromdi ük ho kai’ál. Š. Ailayël egbulak –çoe, aumrawelönar vyelíup qü. Iek’amtoçqár isvala Ħ qo ârtwel kî. Hmuqwat Ĝara č’ óext’ai’l. Hra Ŝnasar –qawe smâ’âškôx. Eswilúk xas –ça hmaigralî Ħ uqwot Ĝukt –č’içewa. Ke uqwat ĜaĦ ia Ńt’aluib eswolúk. Š. Epšal oqwas uqwêt Ĝ óek hwai’l. Aigrawelönar –qowe ocetip. Uqwat Ĝ vyaliup. Vyaliupi’m! Hmi čhal ko ârtwala Ħ lt heĜ mmêĜ. –Ça vyaliup. Ti xat hint. Aigrayëlint to uqwiat Ĝ óek hwai’l _ip’ayûluc’ar ek ho ítu’liu Ń ke. Âmmël tê, auntawél –ça: –aigrayëlar ko uqwet Ĝ óek hwai’l –ieçtraluc’ –qowe. Snalakir uqwat Ĝ áugrala řo. Âdhayëlilliud uqwit Ĝipt, augrayûluc’ eqolekt –qewe. Augrayûl qo –qewe. Az, âmmël tê, aukawél ârtwail kî áula’al ku ltweol. Ir! HELPFUL NOTES • Default word order is VSO or VOS. Placement of a noun before the verb gives it semantic focus. Placement of a noun at the beginning of a sentence topicalizes it. • Ithkuil nominal formatives (i.e., nouns) mandatorily inflect for eight morphological categories, while verbal formatives (i.e., verbs) mandatorily inflect for 22 categories. However, the majority of these categories are often in their default/baseline modes which are unmarked. In order to simplify the intralinears below, I have not indicated unmarked categories, and for default categories that are marked but do not impact the semantics, I have indicated these by empty brackets [ ]. • Many Ithkuil affixes are portmanteau in nature, i.e., combining many separate morphemes into a single affix. -
A History of English
A History of the English Language PAGE Proofs © John bEnjamins PublishinG company 2nd proofs PAGE Proofs © John bEnjamins PublishinG company 2nd proofs A History of the English Language Revised edition Elly van Gelderen Arizona State University John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam PAGE/ Philadelphia Proofs © John bEnjamins PublishinG company 2nd proofs TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of 8 the American National Standard for Information Sciences – Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ansi z39.48-1984. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gelderen, Elly van. A History of the English Language / Elly van Gelderen. -- Revised edition. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. English language--History. 2. English language--History--Problems, exercises, etc. I. Title. PE1075.G453 2014 420.9--dc23 2014000308 isbn 978 90 272 1208 5 (Hb ; alk. paper) isbn 978 90 272 1209 2 (Pb ; alk. paper) isbn 978 90 272 7043 6 (Eb) © 2014 – John Benjamins B.V. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publisher. John Benjamins Publishing Co. · P.O. Box 36224 · 1020 me Amsterdam · The Netherlandspany John Benjamins North America · PP.O. Boxroofs 27519 · Philadelphia pa 19118-0519G com · usa PAGE Publishin Enjamins © John b 2nd proofs Table of contents Preface to the first edition (2006) ix Preface to the revised edition xii Notes to the user and abbreviations xiv List of tables xvi List of figures xix 1 The English language 1 1. The origins and history of English 1 2. -
LCSH Section L
L (The sound) Formal languages La Boderie family (Not Subd Geog) [P235.5] Machine theory UF Boderie family BT Consonants L1 algebras La Bonte Creek (Wyo.) Phonetics UF Algebras, L1 UF LaBonte Creek (Wyo.) L.17 (Transport plane) BT Harmonic analysis BT Rivers—Wyoming USE Scylla (Transport plane) Locally compact groups La Bonte Station (Wyo.) L-29 (Training plane) L2TP (Computer network protocol) UF Camp Marshall (Wyo.) USE Delfin (Training plane) [TK5105.572] Labonte Station (Wyo.) L-98 (Whale) UF Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (Computer network BT Pony express stations—Wyoming USE Luna (Whale) protocol) Stagecoach stations—Wyoming L. A. Franco (Fictitious character) BT Computer network protocols La Borde Site (France) USE Franco, L. A. (Fictitious character) L98 (Whale) USE Borde Site (France) L.A.K. Reservoir (Wyo.) USE Luna (Whale) La Bourdonnaye family (Not Subd Geog) USE LAK Reservoir (Wyo.) LA 1 (La.) La Braña Region (Spain) L.A. Noire (Game) USE Louisiana Highway 1 (La.) USE Braña Region (Spain) UF Los Angeles Noire (Game) La-5 (Fighter plane) La Branche, Bayou (La.) BT Video games USE Lavochkin La-5 (Fighter plane) UF Bayou La Branche (La.) L.C.C. (Life cycle costing) La-7 (Fighter plane) Bayou Labranche (La.) USE Life cycle costing USE Lavochkin La-7 (Fighter plane) Labranche, Bayou (La.) L.C. Smith shotgun (Not Subd Geog) La Albarrada, Battle of, Chile, 1631 BT Bayous—Louisiana UF Smith shotgun USE Albarrada, Battle of, Chile, 1631 La Brea Avenue (Los Angeles, Calif.) BT Shotguns La Albufereta de Alicante Site (Spain) This heading is not valid for use as a geographic L Class (Destroyers : 1939-1948) (Not Subd Geog) USE Albufereta de Alicante Site (Spain) subdivision. -
(Ruthenian Or Rusyn) Language in Poland Lemkos
The 17th Meeting of the Baltic Division of the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names Warszawa, 29 June – 01 July 2015 Maciej Zych Commission on Standardization of Geographical Names Outside the Republic of Poland Romanization rules for the Lemko (Ruthenian or Rusyn) language in Poland Lemkos (Ruthenians or Rusyns) is an ethnic minority which has been recognized in Poland on the basis of the Act of 6th January 2005 on national and ethnic minorities and on the regional languages. The act mentions, in addition to the Lemkos, 9 national minorities: Belorussian, Czech, Lithuanian, German, Armenian, Russian, Slovak, Ukrainian, and Jewish; 3 ethnic minorities – Karait, Roma, and Tartar; as well as one regional language – the Kashubian language. The Act lays down, among others, that traditional names in a minority language for localities, physiographic objects and streets may be used as “additional names” alongside geographic names established in the Polish language. To date (as of 1st June 2015), additional names have been introduced in 1204 localities and parts of them located in 57 communes. There were introduced: 27 Belarusian names, 359 German names, 779 Kashubian names, 9 Lemko names, and 30 Lithuanian names. Additional names in minority languages appear on road signs, they are also used on some maps. Pursuant to the Regulation of the Minister of Administration and Digitization of 14th February 2012 on the national register of geographical names, the Surveyor General of Poland shall maintain the database of the National Register of Geographical Names. In the Register, among others, officially adopted names in minority languages shall be listed. -
A Brief Introduction to Constructed Languages
A Brief Introduction to Constructed Languages An essay by Laurier Rochon Piet Zwart Institute : June 2011 3750 words Abstract The aim of this essay will be to provide a general overview of what is considered a "constructed language" (also called conlang, formalized language or artificial language) and explore some similarities, differences and specific properties that set these languages apart from natural languages. This essay is not meant to be an exhaustive repertoire of all existing conlangs, nor should it be used as reference material to explain or dissect them. Rather, my intent is to explore and distill meaning from particular conlangs subjectively chosen for their proximity to my personal research practice based on empirical findings I could infer from their observation and brief use. I will not tackle the task of interpreting the various qualities and discrepancies of conlangs within this short study, as it would surely consist of an endeavour of its own. It should also be noted that the varying quality of documentation available for conlangs makes it difficult to find either peer-reviewed works or independent writings on these subjects. As a quick example, many artistic languages are conceived and solely used by the author himself/herself. This person is obviously the only one able to make sense of it. This short study will not focus on artlangs, but one would understand the challenge in analyzing such a creation: straying away from the beaten path affords an interesting quality to the work, but also renders difficult a precise analytical study of it. In many ways, I have realized that people involved in constructing languages are generally engaging in a fringe activity which typically does not gather much attention - understandably so, given the supremacy of natural languages in our world. -
Hergé and Tintin
Hergé and Tintin PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Fri, 20 Jan 2012 15:32:26 UTC Contents Articles Hergé 1 Hergé 1 The Adventures of Tintin 11 The Adventures of Tintin 11 Tintin in the Land of the Soviets 30 Tintin in the Congo 37 Tintin in America 44 Cigars of the Pharaoh 47 The Blue Lotus 53 The Broken Ear 58 The Black Island 63 King Ottokar's Sceptre 68 The Crab with the Golden Claws 73 The Shooting Star 76 The Secret of the Unicorn 80 Red Rackham's Treasure 85 The Seven Crystal Balls 90 Prisoners of the Sun 94 Land of Black Gold 97 Destination Moon 102 Explorers on the Moon 105 The Calculus Affair 110 The Red Sea Sharks 114 Tintin in Tibet 118 The Castafiore Emerald 124 Flight 714 126 Tintin and the Picaros 129 Tintin and Alph-Art 132 Publications of Tintin 137 Le Petit Vingtième 137 Le Soir 140 Tintin magazine 141 Casterman 146 Methuen Publishing 147 Tintin characters 150 List of characters 150 Captain Haddock 170 Professor Calculus 173 Thomson and Thompson 177 Rastapopoulos 180 Bianca Castafiore 182 Chang Chong-Chen 184 Nestor 187 Locations in Tintin 188 Settings in The Adventures of Tintin 188 Borduria 192 Bordurian 194 Marlinspike Hall 196 San Theodoros 198 Syldavia 202 Syldavian 207 Tintin in other media 212 Tintin books, films, and media 212 Tintin on postage stamps 216 Tintin coins 217 Books featuring Tintin 218 Tintin's Travel Diaries 218 Tintin television series 219 Hergé's Adventures of Tintin 219 The Adventures of Tintin 222 Tintin films -
Swedish Contributions to the Fourteenth International Congress of Slavists
swedish contributions to the fourteenth international congress of slavists Per Ambrosiani (ed.) Swedish Contributions to the Fourteenth International Congress of Slavists (Ohrid, 10–16 September 2008) Umeå Studies in Language and Literature 6 Department of Language Studies Umeå University 2009 Umeå University Department of Language Studies SE-901 87 Umeå www.sprak.umu.se Umeå Studies in Language and Literature 6 © 2009 The authors Cover photograph: Sveti Zaum, Macedonia © 2008 Tora Hedin Cover layout: Gabriella Dekombis, Print & Media Printed in Sweden by Print & Media, Umeå 2009 ISBN 978-91-7264-814-2 Preface The present volume—the second separate volume with Swedish contributions to the International Congresses of Slavists1—includes seven articles by Swedish Slavists presented at the Fourteenth International Congress of Slavists, which was held in Ohrid, Macedonia, 10–16 September 2008.2 The articles cover the following topics: Russian historical parish names, Hunno- Bulgarian loanwords in the Slavic languages, linguistic variation in the spoken language of contemporary Czech television, seventeenth-century translations of German and Dutch phraseologisms into Russian, the history of the translation of the South Slavic folk ballad “The Wife of Hasan Aga” into Swedish, the image of women in the works of the Polish writers Natasza Goerke and Olga Tokarczuk, and the use of irony in Soviet totalitarian and anti-totalitarian discourse. The Swedish Association of Slavists (Svenska slavistförbundet)wishes to express its gratitude to the Department of Language Studies at Umeå University for the decision to accept the present volume in the series “Studier i språk och litteratur från Umeå universitet / Umeå Studies in Language and Literature”. -
Why Esperanto?
Fiat Lingua Title: The Contemporary Esperanto Speech Community Author: Adelina Solis MS Date: 01-12-2013 FL Date: 01-01-2013 FL Number: FL-000010-01 Citation: Solis, Adelina. 2013. “The Contemporary Esperanto Speech Community.” FL-000010-01, Fiat Lingua, <http:// fiatlingua.org>. Web. 01 Jan. 2013. Copyright: © 2013 Adelina Solis. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ Fiat Lingua is produced and maintained by the Language Creation Society (LCS). For more information about the LCS, visit http://www.conlang.org/ The Contemporary Esperanto Speech Community by Adelina Mariflor Solís Montúfar 1 Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction 3 1.1 Definitions 4 1.2 Political support for a universal language 5 1.3 A brief history of language invention 9 1.4 A brief history of Esperanto 14 1.5 The construction, structure, and dissemination of Esperanto 17 1.6 Esperanto and the culture question 24 1.7 Research Methods 29 Chapter 2: Who Speaks Esperanto? 34 2.1 Number and distribution of speakers 34 2.2 Gender distribution 47 Chapter 3: The Esperanto Speech Community 58 3.1 Terminology and definitions 58 3.2 Norms and Ideologies 65 3.3 Approach to language 70 Chapter 4: Why Esperanto? 81 4.1 Ideology-based reasons to speak Esperanto 83 4.2 Practical attractions to Esperanto 86 4.3 More than friendship 94 4.4 The congress effect 95 4.5 Esperanto for the blind 100 4.6 Unexpected benefits 102 Chapter 5: Esperantist Objectives 103 5.1 Attracting new speakers 103 5.2 Teaching Esperanto 107 Chapter 6: Conclusion 116 Works Cited 121 2 Chapter 1: Introduction When we think about invented languages, we may think of childhood games. -
HARD-TO-REMEMBER NAMES THAN a RUSSIAN NOVEL” — Special Names, Their Significance, Types, and Relative Hierarchy in J
UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ “MORE HARD-TO-REMEMBER NAMES THAN A RUSSIAN NOVEL” — Special Names, Their Significance, Types, and Relative Hierarchy in J. R. R. Tolkien’s Quenta Silmarillion A Pro Gradu Thesis in English by Tommi Ojanperä Department of Languages 2007 HUMANISTINEN TIEDEKUNTA KIELTEN LAITOS Tommi Ojanperä “MORE HARD-TO-REMEMBER NAMES THAN A RUSSIAN NOVEL” Special Names, Their Significance, Types, and Relative Hierarchy in J. R. R. Tolkien’s Quenta Silmarillion Pro gradu –tutkielma Englannin kieli Toukokuu 2007 108 sivua + 1 liite Tutkielman lähtökohtana on perusteltu väite, että J. R. R. Tolkienin romaanissa Quenta Silmarillion (1977) erikoisella ja poikkeuksellisen laajalla nimistöllä on erityisen merkittävä asema ja että tätä nimistöä tutkimalla ja analysoimalla monipuolisesti, sekä kvalitatiivisesti että kvantitatiivisesti, voidaan saavuttaa merkittäviä tuloksia koskien romaania kokonaisuutena. Tutkimuksen ensisijainen tarkoitus on tutkia nimistöä etenkin kvantitatiivisesti ja nimien frekvenssejä tutkien rakentaa luokittelu eri nimien merkittävyydestä. Nimistöä käsitellään tästä näkökulmasta ennen kaikkea kokonaisuutena, mutta tarkempaa huomiota kiinnitetään etenkin poikkeuksellisen usein esiintyviin nimiin. Nimistön kvantitatiivisen tutkimuksen perusteella pyritään selvittämään, mitkä romaanin henkilöt, tapahtumapaikat ja ryhmät vaikuttavat olevan merkitykseltään erityisen suuria. Tässä suhteessa romaania tutkitaan toisaalta kokonaisuutena, toisaalta 24 luvusta koostuvana rakenteena. Lisäksi pohditaan mm. laajan nimistön tuottamia -
Latinidaj Planlingvoj (AIS-Kurso, 1 Studunuo)
Vĕra Barandovská-Frank: Latinidaj planlingvoj (AIS-kurso, 1 studunuo) La Latina apartenas al la italika grupo de la hindeŭropa lingvofamilio (tiu ĉi lingvofamilio ampleksas i.a. preskaŭ ĉiujn eŭropajn lingvojn, ekz. grupon ĝermanan kaj slavan), el la Latina evoluiĝis etnaj lingvoj nomataj Romanaj ( = latinidaj), precipe itala, romanĉa, sarda, franca, okcitana, hispana, kataluna, galega, portugala, gudezma, rumana, moldava. Latinidaj planlingvoj estas similaj al la Romanaj lingvoj kaj ofte imitas ilian evoluon. Latina skribo (el la greka kaj etruska alfabetoj): originale 20 majusklaj literoj (maiuscula): A B C D E F H I K L M N O P Q R S T V X . Literon I oni uzis ankaŭ por la sono [j], literon C ankaŭ por G, poste diferenciĝis [k] kaj [g]. U kaj V estis la sama litero: majuskle ekzistis nur V, poste minuskle (minuscula) u: VENIO – uenio (minuskloj evoluiĝis el la mezepoka karolinga alfabeto). En la klasika latina ne estis K, k, J j, U, u, v, W, w, Y, y, Z, z poste trans- prenitaj aŭ el la greka alfabeto (K, U, Y, Z ), aŭ faritaj el jam ekzistantaj literoj (J, W). Restaŭrita prononco: vokaloj longaj kaj mallongaj. La litero V/u estas aŭ konsonanta [ŭ] aŭ vokala [u]; i (j) aŭ konsonanta [j] aŭ vokala [i]. La litero c prononciĝis kiel [k]; qu kiel [kŭ]; au kiel [aŭ]; ae kiel [aj]; oe kiel [oj]. h estis antikve ĉiam prononcata, sed iom post iom malaperis. En helenaj pruntvortoj estis uzataj ch, ph, th [kh]/[ĥ], [ph], [th], poste [k], [p], [t]. La akcento ĝenerale troviĝis sur la antaŭlasta silabo, se ĝia vokalo estis longa, aŭ je la antaŭantaŭlasta, se mallonga, ekz. -
The History of the Kingdom of Talossa
i THE HISTORY OF THE KINGDOM OF TALOSSA Volume I: The First Decade Copyright © 1992 Robert Madison All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the author. Toct i drepts reservats. Aucün pärts d'aceastâ püblicaziun non pût estarë reproduçat eda útvarpat dîn iñen formâ eda par iñen aválità, electronic eda mec'hänic, compris la fotocopiâ, la recordaziun, eda par iñen süstém da metrar és retaqar dallas înformaziuns, sânc el permiçál în escribînd del scriutéir. Robert Madison 2963 N. Prospect Avenue Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211-3345 Edited by Sir Iustì Canun, UrGP. ii À va Bäps, sânc qi toct d'acest tenadra estescù ualvieçâ likmente. To my Father, without whom all this would have been even more unlikely. iii Letter of Dedication from the Author The 9th of February 1994/XV This work is a history of the Kingdom of Talossa. Talossa is a community of people, most of whom live in or around Milwaukee's East Side, and who are engaged in what can only be described as fabled exploits--building an independent country (although we do reluctantly concede that we may not have attained very effective sovereignty). Talossans are having fun as Talossans by doing things which are reasonably similar to what other ("real") countries do, whether for reasons of tourist nostalgia, out of a lust for power, in pursuit of parody, or--yes--as nationbuilding. The hilarious pretence (or incipient subversion?) of having our own sovereign state on Milwaukee's East Side began on 26 December 1979, while I was in high school. -
The Routledge Linguistics Encyclopedia
THE ROUTLEDGE LINGUISTICS ENCYCLOPEDIA The Routledge Linguistics Encyclopedia is a single- Optimality Theory volume encyclopedia covering all major and Research Methods in Linguistics subsidiary areas of linguistics and applied lin- Slang guistics. The seventy nine entries provide in-depth coverage of the topics and sub-topics of the field. The following entries have been recommissioned Entries are alphabetically arranged and exten- or substantially revised: sively cross-referenced so the reader can see how Animals and Language, Artificial Languages, areas interrelate. Including a substantial intro- Computational Linguistics to Language Engi- duction which provides a potted history of lin- neering, Contrastive Analysis/Contrastive Linguis- guistics and suggestions for further reading, this tics, Corpus Linguistics, Critical Discourse is an indispensable reference tool for specialists Analysis, Dialectology, Discourse Analysis, Dys- and non-specialists alike. lexia, Genre Analysis, Historical Linguistics, Into- This third edition has been thoroughly revised nation, Language and Education, Language, and updated, with new entries on: Gender and Sexuality, Language Origins, Lan- guage Surveys, Language Universals, Linguistic Attitudes to Language Typology, Metaphor, Pragmatics, Rhetoric, Conversation Analysis Semantics, Semiotics, Sociolinguistics, Stylistics, English Language Teaching Systemic-Functional Grammar, Writing Systems. Gesture and Language Idioms Language and Advertising Kirsten Malmkjær is Professor of Translation Language