Promotoren Prof. Dr. Patrick Goethals Vakgroep Vertalen, Tolken En Communicatie Prof
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Promotoren Prof. dr. Patrick Goethals Vakgroep Vertalen, tolken en communicatie Prof. dr. Geert Jacobs Vakgroep Taalkunde Decaan Prof. dr. Marc Boone Rector Prof. dr. Anne De Paepe Kaftinformatie: afbeelding van http://barbedwings.deviantart.com/art/Nina-Pinta-Santa-Maria- 13322050 Faculteit Letteren & Wijsbegeerte Jasper Vandenberghe Return of the conquistador Discourse analytic perspectives on media representations of Spanish Foreign Direct Investment Proefschrift voorgelegd tot het behalen van de graad van Doctor in de taalkunde 2014 Acknowledgements A fuerza de perseverancia alcanzó el caracol el arca de Noé By perseverance the snail reached the ark Door doorzettingsvermogen bereikte de slak de ark (Charles H. Spurgeon) This is it. The final stretch. The section every PhD candidate hopes to write one day. And I must admit that there have been moments when I thought that I would not make it this far. Finishing this PhD has been a truly challenging experience, and it feels like an understatement to write that it would not have been possible without the support, guidance and encouragement of many people. I would like to use this all too limited space to express my heartfelt gratitude to those who have supported me in any way during this ordeal. I honestly could not have wished for a better guidance committee. I would like to take this opportunity to thank my supervisors Patrick and Geert for their academic guidance, professional advice and, perhaps more importantly, for their excellent coaching skills. Thank you for taking time out of your busy schedules to read my drafts and discuss them with me. Your insightful comments and generous support have been invaluable. I also warmly thank the members of my Doctoral Guidance Committee, Paola Catenaccio and Michael Boyden. Your comments, feedback and support have been greatly appreciated. I also owe my gratitude to the following people because they made some tasks easier (by doing them for me). Guillermo Sanz Gallego and Patrick Goethals were kind enough to test the coding procedures by coding a selection of fragments from the corpus (the v inter-coder reliability test was performed on this data). Lynn Minnaert searched ánd found some research papers that were hard to trace. Said Zouaghi translated the Spanish fragments into English. And Tom Van Cleempoel proofread large chunks of the manuscript before publication. Any remaining errors are, of course, mine alone. I extend my sincerest gratitude to my colleagues of the área de español at the Department of Translation, Interpreting and Communication of Ghent University. Through the educational tasks that were assigned to me, I have learned how rewarding teaching can be. I especially want to thank Carine, July, Lucas, Patrick and Selena for sharing your years of experience and knowledge with me. Many other colleagues from various divisions of the Department have helped to make my time as a research assistant both enriching and enjoyable. On 1 September 2008, two years after my graduation as a Translator, I became a colleague of my former instructors. A few years later, some of the students I taught took the plunge and became my colleagues. Over the past six years, I have seen friends become colleagues and colleagues become friends. I cannot possibly name all of you (I tried but within minutes I had a list of over 50 names) but this heartfelt thank you goes out to every (ex-) colleague that has ever made me laugh during a lunch break, an after-work drink or by saying or doing something silly in the hallways. Of course, I cannot forget to thank some of my closest friends who kept reminding me that there is another world outside academia. Helga, Jack & Niko, Kjell & Kristof D., Kristof V., Lennert & Jasper D., Lore & Fabrice, Melissa & Ruben, Mick & Maarten, Peter & Karolien, Quinten, Rien & Sven, Sam, I feel honoured to have friends like you. Thank you for inviting me over or taking me out for lunch, dinner and/or drinks. I also want to single out Dieter, Kjell and Lennert who on numerous occasions helped me unload my frustrations on the tennis court. I truly admire your determination and resilience to try to retrieve the balls that I furiously hit in your (not always immediate) direction. And Helke, thanks to you I now know that losing a doubles match can be great fun too! I cannot thank my family enough for their companionship and encouragement. I have always felt deeply inspired by my grandparents and unconditionally supported by my parents. I always enjoy the family outings with the people I grew up with, my sisters Siska and Hanne and my two cousins Jelle and Korneel, and their rapidly expanding families. I am also looking forward to spending more time with my godson Leon. Last but not least, I can only admire the patience and understanding of my partner Tom, the only person who truly knows about the emotional and physical challenges that came with this life-changing experience. vi List of Abbreviations CECRA Cámara Española de Comercio de la República Argentina (Spanish Chamber of Commerce in Argentina) Dircom Asociación de Directivos de Comunicación (Association of Communication Managers) FDI Foreign Direct Investment FMRE Foro de Marcas Renombradas Españolas (Leading Brands of Spain Forum) ICEX Instituto Español de Comercio Exterior (Spanish Institute of Foreign Trade) M&As Mergers and Acquisitions Mercosur Mercado Común del Sur (Southern Common Market) NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement OPA Oferta Pública de Adquisición (takeover bid) vii List of Tables Table 1 Characteristics of the four discourses (Vaara & Tienari, 2002) 10 Table 2 Main characteristics of rationalistic and nationalistic discourse, the two dominant discourses in cross-border mergers and acquisitions 14 Table 3 Newspapers in the English-language 1990-2009 corpus 17 Table 4 Newspaper articles in the Spanish-language 1998-1999 corpus, year by year 21 Table 5 Newspaper articles in the 2012 corpus 22 Table 6 The ten policy instruments of the Washington Consensus (Williamson, 1990) 33 Table 7 A decade of Spanish investments in Latin America (1990-1999) (Casilda Béjar, 2002, p. 249) 38 Table 8 M&A IS EVOLUTIONARY STRUGGLE in the English-language 1990-2009 corpus 95 Table 9 The three source domains of the colonial metaphor scenarios in the English-language 1990-2009 corpus 104 Table 10 Different terms used in the studies in the Finnish research tradition 155 Table 11 Characteristics of the two dominant discourses and some characteristic argument topics 155 Table 12 Social actors and their positioning vis-à-vis a particular acquisition process in the Nordic banking sector (Tienari et al., 2003) 156 Table 13 The two dominant discourses and their argument topics in the newspaper articles in the 1998-1999 corpus 164 Table 14 Rationalistic argument topics in the 1998-1999 corpus: An overview 169 Table 15 Nationalistic argument topics in the 1998-1999 corpus: An overview 173 Table 16 The Argentine government’s discursive strategizing in the 1998-1999 Repsol-YPF case 186 Table 17 The Spanish acquiring company Repsol’s discursive strategizing in the 1998-1999 Repsol-YPF case 192 Table 18 The target company YPF’s discursive strategizing in the 1998-1999 Repsol-YPF case 204 Table 19 The Argentine political opposition’s discursive strategizing in the 1998-1999 Repsol-YPF case 208 Table 20 Argentine and Spanish editorials in the 1998-1999 corpus 220 Table 21 Editorials in the 1998-1999 corpus: Legitimating and delegitimating rationalistic and nationalistic argument topics 221 ix Table 22 News reports in the 1998-1999 corpus: Legitimating and delegitimating rationalistic and nationalistic argument topics 231 Table 23 Argument topics in quotes attributed to the four prominent social actors in the 1998-1999 corpus 233 Table 24 Argument topics in quotes attributed to expert sources in the 1998- 1999 corpus 241 Table 25 Argument topics in quotes attributed to expert sources in the 1998- 1999 corpus: Legitimating and delegitimating rationalistic and nationalistic discourse 242 Table 26 Three specific argument topics in the 1998-1999 corpus: Ownership, Employment and Competition 249 Table 27 The two dominant discourses and their argument topics in the newspaper articles in the 2012 corpus 295 Table 28 The Argentine government’s discursive strategizing in the 2012 Repsol-YPF case 297 Table 29 Editorials in the 2012 corpus: Rationalistic and nationalistic argument topics presented to legitimate or delegitimate the (partial) expropriation of YPF 302 Table 30 Spanish editorials in the 2012 corpus: Rationalistic and nationalistic argument topics to delegitimate the expropriation 304 Table 31 Argentine editorials in the 2012 corpus: Rationalistic and nationalistic argument topics to delegitimate the (partial) expropriation of YPF 310 Table 32 Página 12 columns in the 2012 corpus: Rationalistic and nationalistic argument topics to legitimate the (partial) expropriation of YPF 318 x List of Figures Figure 1 Newspaper articles in the English-language 1990-2009 corpus, year by year 18 Figure 2 Newspaper articles in the Spanish-language 1998-1999 corpus, month by month 21 Figure 3 FDI by Spanish companies in Latin America (1990-2002) (Chislett, 2003, p. 21) 39 Figure 4 Latin American dissatisfaction with the privatization of public services (Corporación Latinobarómetro, 2004, p. 42) 50 Figure 5 Metonymic chains in the lead of the 1999 Financial Times article 89 Figure 6 Metonymic chains and metaphorical projections in the headline and lead of the 1999 Financial Times article 92 Figure