Il Glass Steagal Act E Il Ruolo Della Legislazione “New Deal” Nella Regolamentazione Del Sistema Bancario E Finanziario Amer

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Il Glass Steagal Act E Il Ruolo Della Legislazione “New Deal” Nella Regolamentazione Del Sistema Bancario E Finanziario Amer Università degli Studi di Pisa Scuola di Dottorato in Storia e Sociologia della Modernità XXVII ciclo (2012-2014) Elaborato per l’ammissione all’esame finale per il conseguimento del titolo di dottore di ricerca Il Glass Steagal Act e il ruolo della legislazione “New Deal” nella regolamentazione del sistema bancario e finanziario americano - dalla Grande Depressione alla Grande Recessione Candidato: Tutor: Dr. Andrea Cerri Prof. Marco Cini Indice Introduzione p. 1 Il Gold Standard e la politica monetaria americana, 1 dalle origini alla Grande Depressione 1. La politica monetaria americana prima del Gold Standard p. 16 2. L’opposizione al Gold Standard – Il movimento “Free Silver” p. 26 3. La nascita del Federal Reserve System e la sospensione del gold standard durante la Prima Guerra Mondiale p. 29 4. La restaurazione del Gold Standard dopo la Prima Guerra Mondiale p. 37 5. L’instabilità internazionale durante gli anni del Gold Exchange Standard e l’abbandono del sistema aureo da parte della Gran Bretagna p. 44 6. La Grande depressione e la fine del Gold Standard negli Stati Uniti p. 49 7. Il Gold Standard e la Grande Depressione p. 55 Il sistema bancario americano: 2 dalle origini alla Grande Depressione 1. Il National Bank Act del 1864 e Il Federal Reserve Act del 1913 p. 70 2. Prima del crollo di Wall Street: l’euforia degli anni Venti e il Mac Fadden Act del 1927 p. 82 3. 1929: il crollo di Wall Street p. 87 4. Le crisi bancarie del 1930 e del 1931-32 e le prime misure di emergenza p. 97 5. La terza crisi bancaria p. 108 6. Roosevelt e la” vacanza bancaria” p. 114 Il Glass-Steagall Act e i provvedimenti del New Deal 3 1 L'inchiesta di Ferdinand Pecora e le Hearings sulle Stock Exchange Practices p. 128 2 Il Subcommittee Glass e i primi disegni di legge p. 137 3 Il Glass Steagall Act e le misure più importanti p. 154 4 L’applicazione del Glass Steagall Act e l’approvazione delle “Securities laws” p. 162 5 Le ulteriori misure di riforma del sistema bancario: il Banking Act del 1935 p. 169 6 Il dibattito sul Glass Steagall Act e le critiche alla legge p. 176 Lo smantellamento della legislazione Glass Steagall 4 1 Le prime modifiche al nuovo sistema di regolamentazione bancaria e il Banking Holding Company Act del 1956 p. 183 2 La legislazione Glass Steagall sotto attacco: le pressioni dell'industria bancaria, le sentenze delle corti e la “deregulation” degli anni ’80 e ’90 p. 190 3 L’abrogazione della legislazione Glass Steagall: Il Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act del 1999 p. 213 4 Dal GLB Act ad oggi: crisi finanziarie e fallimenti bancari, il Glass Steagall Act torna al centro del dibattito p. 223 Fonti documentarie e Fonti bibliografiche p. 249 Abbreviazioni e acronimi ABS - Asset Backed Securities BHCA - Bank Holding Company Act 1956 CMBS - Commercial Mortgage Backed Securities CDO - Collateralized Debt Obbligations CDS - Credit default swaps CFMA - Commodity Futures Modernization Act 2000 CRA - Community Reinvestment Act 1977 FDIC - Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Fed – Federal Reserve FIRREA - Financial Institutions Reform Recovery and Enforcement Act 1989 FSLIC - Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation GLBA - Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act 1999 H.R. - House of Representative ICI - Investment Company Institute IIAA - Independent Insurance Agents of America IRAs - Individual retirements accounts MBS - Mortgage Backed Securities OCC – Office of the Comptroller of Currency RMBS - Residential Mortgage Backed Securities SIA - Securities Industry Association SEC- Securities and Exchange Commission Introduzione La crisi finanziaria del 2007, considerata da numerosi studiosi e analisti come l’evento economico più grave dopo la crisi del 1929-1933, ha riportato il tema della regolamentazione del sistema bancario e finanziario al centro del dibattito politico ed economico. Il riferimento costante all’esperienza della Grande Depressione, al dibattito sulle cause, sulle misure e le politiche adottate (o non adottate) dai governi e dalle autorità monetarie per risollevare l’economia negli anni Trenta, e l’influenza di quel dibattito sull’analisi e le risposte alla crisi odierna, hanno suscitato la necessità di un tentativo, qui proposto, di delineare e approfondire il tema dal punto di vista storico. Il tentativo è quello di analizzare l’evoluzione storica del sistema bancario e finanziario, a partire dell’epicentro delle due crisi, gli Stati Uniti, focalizzandosi su alcuni passaggi ed eventi specifici, cercando di accompagnare all’analisi dei fatti anche una “storia” del pensiero economico e politico che proprio da quei fatti ha generato numerosi studi e teorie tutt’oggi influenti e determinanti nelle scelte politiche. La Grande Depressione rappresenta, infatti, per economisti e politici una sorta di laboratorio di analisi nonché un grande “precedente storico” cui si fa riferimento, ancora oggi, in sede di valutazione delle crisi successive. L’intento del lavoro non è tuttavia quello di un mero confronto tra la crisi degli anni ‘30 e quella apertasi nel 2007, né quello di tentare l’individuazione semplicistica di cause comuni ai due eventi storici – nonostante esistano parallelismi ed elementi di similitudine - quanto invece di studiare più a fondo, e con un taglio storico, il tema dell’evoluzione della regolamentazione bancaria e finanziaria negli Stati Uniti, non tralasciando aspetti che riteniamo fondamentali e interconnessi a questa analisi, come quelli relativi al contesto politico interno e internazionale, all’evoluzione della politica monetaria e delle innovazioni finanziarie. Per questi motivi abbiamo focalizzato il lavoro su una delle misure di regolamentazione più influenti e importanti della storia del sistema americano, approvata all’indomani della Grande Depressione, abrogata negli anni della finanziarizzazione e globalizzazione dell’economia mondiale e tutt’oggi al centro dei più recenti dibattiti politici ed economici: il Glass Steagal Act del 1933. L’analisi delle vicende legate al Glass Steagall Act, sia per quanto riguarda il periodo precedente alla sua introduzione, sia per quanto riguarda le motivazioni che sono alla base della sua approvazione e della sua abrogazione, e sia per quanto riguarda la sua influenza nelle vicende economiche e nella letteratura accademica, risulta essere un filo conduttore che 1 attraversa quasi interamente la storia bancaria e finanziaria americana dai suoi albori fino ad oggi. La legge bancaria americana viene generalmente identificata con una delle due misure più importanti in essa contenute, ovvero la separazione tra banche commerciali e banche d’investimento. L’altra misura, che rimase in vita anche dopo l'abrogazione, consisteva in un’assicurazione federale sui depositi in caso d’insolvenza da parte degli istituti commerciali. Attraverso un’analisi più approfondita di quella che è stata - anche a livello “ideologico” - una delle bandiere dei sostenitori della regolamentazione statale contro le inefficienze dell’autoregolamentazione dei mercati di stampo liberista, vengono alla luce tutta una serie di problematiche e interrogativi che inevitabilmente riportano ai più importanti e grandi dibattiti teorici del Novecento sull’efficienza del sistema capitalistico, sul rapporto tra stato e mercato, e su questo rapporto all’interno dei sistemi democratici. La vita di questa legge sarà dunque il focus centrale di un lavoro di ricerca che si pone come obiettivo un’analisi storico-economica dell’evoluzione del sistema bancario e finanziario americano, prendendo come punti di riferimento i due eventi che più hanno caratterizzato in senso “traumatico” tale evoluzione: la Grande Depressione e la recente crisi finanziaria. Nello svolgimento del lavoro verranno utilizzate in prevalenza fonti secondarie, come saggi e articoli di riviste scientifiche. Saranno presenti tuttavia riferimenti anche a fonti primarie come leggi, audizioni delle commissioni parlamentari e dibattiti del Congresso americano, decisioni delle corti e delle agenzie di regolazione federale, atti e discorsi pubblici dei presidenti americani e dei governatori della Federal Reserve. Il lavoro è organizzato in quattro parti: la prima riguarda la storia monetaria degli Stati Uniti e l’adesione al sistema del gold standard fino agli eventi della Grande Depressione. La seconda parte si concentrerà sui principali provvedimenti legislativi che, a partire dal National Bank Act del 1864, delinearono l’architettura del sistema bancario americano fino al crollo di Wall Street del 1929 e le successive crisi bancarie dei primi anni ’30. La terza parte si concentrerà sul Glass Steagall Act, sulla sua storia legislativa all’interno del Parlamento americano, e sulle altre misure regolatorie del New Deal che delinearono il nuovo assetto del sistema bancario e finanziario all’indomani della Grande Depressione. La quarta parte descriverà il percorso di lento svuotamento del quadro regolatorio all’interno del processo più ampio di deregulation e di finanziarizzazione dell’economia americana e mondiale, passando dall’abrogazione del Glass Steagall Act, per arrivare fino alla più recente crisi finanziaria e al dibattito sulla reintroduzione di alcune misure ispirate alla legge bancaria del 1933. 2 --- Il lavoro si apre dunque con un excursus storico sulla storia monetaria americana, che a partire dai primi tentativi per l’istituzione di un’autorità centrale e una moneta unica sul territorio statunitense, passa attraverso l’adesione al sistema monetario internazionale del Gold Standard arrivando fino alla Grande Depressione. L’intento è quello
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