FRAMING ANALYSIS on the NEWS of INDONESIAN CLASSIFIED DOCUMENTS in WIKILEAKS Study on Traditional Media (Kompas Newspaper ) and Online Media (

FRAMING ANALYSIS ON THE NEWS OF INDONESIAN CLASSIFIED DOCUMENTS IN WIKILEAKS Study On Traditional Media (Kompas Newspaper ) and Online Media (www.detik.com)

By Alila Pramiyanti Lecturer on Communication Department Telkom Institute of Management Bandung - Indonesia

ABSTRACT Mass media is a channel of mass communication. The definition of mass communication is a process in transmitting of an idea, information, and messages to the audience simultaneously. The characteristics of mass media are publicly, universal, periodic, continuously and actual. Globalization and modernization have influenced the evolution of mass media. The need of information, even from other parts of the world, requires every people to become more creative in using the media. The history of the emergence of mass media has the stages of growth in technology that can be divided into the print media, electronic media, and digital media or new media. The appearance of online media has also create the practice of online journalism. Online journalism becomes different from traditional journalism that already recognized earlier (print, radio, TV). Online journalism is not merely distinction because it taking a different venue, but because this journalism is carried on a new media which has different characteristics either in format, content, mechanisms and the relationship process between publishing and users or readers. Although these journalism, either traditional media (traditional journalism) and new media (online journalism) have differences in practice but each of them certainly has an ideology to frame the news. Framing analysis is an approach to analyzed media text. The concept of framing has used to understand the ideology of the media when their constructing the facts. This perspective tried to determine which facts is retrieved, which section is highlighted , or removed and how the media rearrange the story behind the news. This paper will discuss how the traditional media (Kompas newspapers) and online media (www.detik.com) in framing a news story. Unit of analysis on this research is the issues on March 11, 2011 about the Indonesian government

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classified documents that was leaked by WikiLeaks. The news would be analyzed by using the model of Pan and Kosicki framing analysis which the framing of the news is divided into four structures, syntactic, scripts, thematic, and rhetoric. Key words: news, framing analysis, newspaper, online media

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I. INTRODUCTION Actually, news is the result of written reconstruction of social reality in our life. That is why one can consider that writing news is only a task of reconstructing social reality than a representation of the reality itself. I do agree with this opinion. According to Nancy Nasution, news is the report of the events that happen, want to be known by the people, actual, take place in reader‟s area, talk about public figures, and has influential consequences to the reader. Basically, the framing analysis assumes that when the news or report is released, the mass media always have certain framing. The framing is the one that being investigated when we analyze the news. As in this case, the audience only receives the final result of a journalism process. Meanwhile the frame that has been used „is left on editorial desk‟. It happens properly, as when we shoot an event, it is impossible to keep details everything that is happening on the camera. What we note down is the event based on where we are standing. And clearly the camera frame also restricted the views. Same with news, because the space on printed media pages and the show time in electronic media are restricted, so the framing is important. In this case, presumption and prejudice are unavoidable. It makes the framing becomes subjective depend on the policy of each media.

II. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The unit of analysis which is used in the research utilizes four important structures of framing tools based on Zhongdan Pan and Gerald M. Kosicki. According to them, the four structures are syntactical structure, script structure, thematic structure, and rhetoric structure. The following is the analysis of each structure: 1. Syntactical Structure. The framing tool is news scheme. Units of the scheme:  Headline: indicates the preference of the news and influences how the story is understood.  Lead: indicates certain perspective of the news which is being reported.  Background information: background determines to where the viewpoint of the public will be taken and can influences the meaning that wanted to be shown.  Source citation: It has three functions, claims the validity of statement based on academic authority‟s claim; relates certain point by comparing it to majority opinion.  Statements  Closing

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2. Script Structure. The framing tool is the news completeness. Units of the completeness of how to tell the story: how the story is processed becomes meaningful scenario. The way how the event is understood depends on how the reporter put the parts of the event in certain order. What, who, where, when, why, how, can be the main frame or usually called the elements of news completeness. 3. Thematic Structure. The framing tools are detail, coherence, sentence form, and pronoun. Units should be analyzed:  Paragraph  Preposition: the preposition that is placed on the beginning or in the end shows the one that want to be emphasized by the public, thus influences the meaning that emerged.  Sentence: active sentence is used in order to make somebody becomes the subject of statement, meanwhile passive sentence is used in order to make somebody becomes the object of statement.  Correlation between sentences: to see how someone strategically uses coherence to explain certain fact or event as separate, interrelate, or causal relationship. 4. Rhetoric Structure. The framing tools are lexicon, graphic, metaphor. Units should be analyzed:  Word: the selection of certain words portrays how someone gives meaning to reality.  Idiom  Image  Graphic: intensively controls the attention and anxiety, shows whether the information is considered as important and interesting so that it should become the focus.

Table 1 The Framing Model of Pan & Kosicki

UNIT SHOULD STRUCTURE FRAMING TOOL BE ANALYZED SINTACTICAL 1. The News Scheme Headline, The reporter‟s way of Lead, arranging the news Background information, Fakultas Ilmu Komunikasi – Universitas Mercu Buana www.mercubuana.ac.id 4

Source citation, Statements, Closing

SCRIPT 2. The News Completeness 5 W + 1 H The reporter‟s way of telling facts

THEMATIC 3. Detail Paragraph, The reporter‟s way of 4. Purpose of the sentence preposition writing facts 5. Nominalization between sentence 6. Coherence 7. Sentence form 8. Pronoun RHETORIC 9. Lexicon Word, idiom, The reporter‟s way of 10. Graphic picture/image, emphasizing facts 11 .Metaphor graphic. 12. Assumption Source: Sobur (2001:176)

The Development of Validity In order to guarantee and develop the validity of data, the researchers choose to use triangulation data technique in the form of triangulation theory. Triangulation theory is used by doing check and recheck on the online journalism theory which is used with journalism practices in each media.

III. LITERATURE REVIEW The revolution of journalism relates with the way how to convey the ideas in written form. For a long time, the process of writing news is dominated with classic concept of 5W +1H (what, when, where, why, who, and how) which refer to facts in the field. In modern journalism, the classic concept is developed by Roy Peter to narrative form of writing by changing the pattern 5W+1H. Who develops into character. What develops into plot. When develops into chronology. Who develops into character. Why develops into motive. And How develops into narration. Therefore, the process of writing news is narratively similar to the process of making documentary movie (Santana, 2001).

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News Value According to Julian Harriss, Kelly Leiter and Stanley Johnson, news value contain eight elements, those are conflict, progression, important, close, actual and unique, humanely, and influential (Harriss, Leiter dan Johnson 1981:29-33). It means that those criteria should be confirmed before we report an event.  Conflict  Progression  Important  Close  Actual  Humanely  Influential The numbers of elements of news value that need to be filled in every event before it becomes the news are variously different in every press release. Some newspapers maintain only five elements of news value.

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News Structure Generally, the news always presents the structure of: headline, lead, and body (Basuki 1983:22-25).  Headline. Use to be called a title. It is often completed with sub-title. It is used to: (1) help the reader to immediately know the news that is being reported; (2) emphasize the news by supporting it with graphic technique.  Lead. Use to be called news core. It is usually written on the first paragraph of the news. It is the most important part of the news, which decides whether the news will be read or not. It is the centre of the news, which briefly depicts whole content of the news.  Body Or news body. Its content tells the event that is reported by using brief, compact and explicit language. Therefore, the body is the development on the news.

The news structure is determined by the form of the report that will be written. The direct news structure is different with minor news and the story one. In direct news, according to Bruce D. Itule and Douglas A. Anderson, there is only one common structure, an inverted pyramid (Itule dan Anderson 1987: 62-63). Lead shows the beginning part which is the most important in the news. Meanwhile, the inverted pyramid shows that the information is arranged in descending order of importance. The most important part is placed at the beginning of the news, and less important part follows. In other words, along with the narrow part of the inverted pyramid, the importance of the news is decreased. This structure, beside can make us easier to recognize the news core, it also make us easily cut the part of news that cannot be included.

New Media New media is the simplification form of media other than the five main conventional media, television, radio, magazines, newspapers, and movies. Introduced in 1990, the term of new media initially contained neglected meaning; new media is not mass media, especially television. New media is fluids; individual connectivity becomes the medium to differentiate the control and freedom parts (Chun, 2006, p. 1). As the antithesis, the conception of new media is vis a vis with the conception of mass media, such as: massif, made by professional communicators, and has mass-connectivity on the anonymous audience.

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New media refers to the development of digital technology but it does not become digital media. Video, text, image, graphic that is changed into digital data in form of byte, only refer to the side of multimedia technology, one of three elements of new media, beside characteristics of interactive and intertextual. Industrial rivalry is not between newspapers or between online media, but between the media itself. It is industrial trend that a media group should have television, newspaper, online media, radio, etc. John Vernon Pavlik, one of the figures of “future journalism” writes on Journalism and New Media (2001) that new media brings the change to journalism world in four sides. First is the change of news content as the result of the technology convergence. With technology of information, the way how the news is presented by reporters in transformed, from static text into dynamic text, from video/movie/graphic into omnidirectional images. Secondly, how the journalist works and the change of work tools in digital works. Third, the structure of editorial room that virtually experiences fundamental transformation, it no longer depends on conventional pattern and network. Automation and synchronization give impacts to the working process in editorial room. Fourth, new media changes the order between media organization, journalist and public, including audience, sources, competitor, advertiser, and government.

Online Jurnalism Online media has its own benefit, such as its information is more personal, can be accessed by anyone, anytime, and anywhere, the information can be updated anytime, and it is completed with search engine and news archive that can be easily accessed. Characteristic of Online Media: . Audience Control. Online journalism enables the audience to easily choose the news that they want. . Nonlinearity. Online journalism enables each news report that is conveyed to become independent so the audience does not have to read chronologically to understand its contents. . Storage and retrieval. Online journalism enables the news to be kept and easily re-accessed by the audience. . Unlimited Space. Online journalism enables a number of news that is reported / broadcasted to the audience become far complete then other media. . Immediacy. Online journalism enables the information can be communicated quickly and directly to the audience.

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. Multimedia Capability. Online journalism enables the editorial team to add text, voice, image, video and other components in the news that will be reported to the audience. . Interactivity. Online journalism enables the improvement of audience participation in every news report. Online journalism becomes different with traditional journalism that is known before (printed, radio, TV) not just because it has different venue; but the journalism is created on a news media which has different characteristic in format, content, or mechanism and the relation process of publisher and its user / reader. The most explicit characteristic of online journalism, even though it is also indefinite, is the effortless way for publisher or audience to shift the publication and access time. Online publisher can publish or archive the articles to be read today or later. Actually, it can be done by traditional journalism, but online journalism is more feasible to do it easier and faster. The most popular characteristic of online journalism is its real-time characteristic. News, stories, events can be directly published as they happen. Maybe it is not a new thing for other types of traditional media, such as television, radio, telegraph, or teletype. But, in the context of the publisher, the mechanism of real-time publication gives the freedom, no limitation of period or schedule of publication or broadcast: anytime and anywhere as long as it is connected with internet network, it will be able to publish news, events, or stories at that time. This enables the user / reader to get the information about the progress of an event more regular and up to date.

Kompas Newspaper Kompas daily newspaper is published about 500.000 copies per day, with 1.850.000 reading- level every day. It means that Kompas is read by 1.850.000 person each day. As national newspaper, Kompas is available in every province of Indonesia. Kompas is providing news taken from its 230 journalists who are placed in many cities in Java, Sumatera, Kalimantan, Nusa Tenggara, and Sulawesi until Papua. Kompas readers are educated people In more professional level, there is Ombudsman who criticizes Kompas‟ content. Members of Ombudsman are some experts who held a meeting with Kompas‟ leader and editors every month. Meanwhile, Research and Development Agency of Kompas, is periodically monitoring Kompas‟ content and comparing it to other national newspapers. www.detik.com

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Detik.com is the biggest online-news website in Indonesia in term of advertisement income or the audience. The pattern and style of detik.com become the reference for advertising agents, the maker of brand new portal news to mention the style of online journalism in Indonesia. In other words, detik.com has become a patron in developing online journalism in Indonesia. Detik.com‟s channelization always enclose the word “detik” (means second in english) on it, such as detiknews.com, detikhot.com, detikfinance.com, detiksport.com, detiktv, detiksurabaya.com, detikbandung.com, etc. It is intended to emphasize the brand “detik” when someone access the pages on detik.com website.

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION According to a Spanish communication/sociolog expert, Manuel Castells, today era is called “the Internet Galaxy”. The epidemic of “www” (world wide web) in the beginning of 1990 hugely boosted the popularity and commerciality of internet, so today internet influences every human activity. World wide web suddenly creates the interconnectedness in no time, without space-time limit, and involves everyone. The internet becomes the essential media of communication and information in the country life. As an innovation, internet phenomenon is equal with the invention of electricity or printed media. Indeed, the internet development emerges a new media with journalism online practices. It is stated on Budiarto Shambazy‟s article entitled “Wikileaks” on Politic-Economic Column on Kompas, March 12th 2001 edition. Online journalism develops rapidly, it can be seen through the emergence of Wikileaks, a website which is created by Julian Assange. “WikiLeaks can be an important journalism tool according to the Law of Freedom of Information,” Time magazine states. There is only one purpose of WikiLeaks: to force the governments to be honest to their people. That is why, WikiLeaks, by using various ways, stole a quarter of US Embassies‟ diplomatic cables in all over the world. Of course US are infuriated by Assange‟s acts, but cannot do anything much except humiliates him by using the accusation of sexual insulting in the court. Diplomatic cables are written by diplomats according to the convergence or observation in the country that they are placed. It is hard to doubt about the credibility of the cables‟ content because, as the news is written by reporters or the result of experts‟ research, it is checked out, discussed in a meeting, checked by the leader, and verified as state documents.

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Two Australian Newspapers, The Age and The Sydney Morning Herald on March 11th 2011, accuse President SBY and some figure of the country, such as Mrs. Ani Yudhoyono, former former vice president Jusuf Kalla and parliament chairman Taufiq Kiemas, husband of former president Megawati Soekarno Putri. The source of the news is the data which is taken exclusively from Wikileaks. Wikileaks also reveals secret diplomatic documents of US government which state that SBY has abused his power as a President.

Framing Analysis On www.detkik.com The rumor immediately becomes headline on detiknews channel of www.detik.com, the biggest online news portal in Indonesia. Detiknews on Friday, March 11th 2011, publishes 52 news relate to the topic. The news is published from 08.33 AM until 07.23 PM. Even, the first headline news entitled “Australian Newspaper Says SBY Abused Power” is shared on social network Facebook and Twitter. The news is shared in 1208 Facebook accounts and tweeted by 386 Twitter accounts. The table below provides some examples of news titles publish in detiknews less than an hour.

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Table 2 Wikileaks News on www.detik.com NO NEWS TITLE TIME

1 Australian Newspaper Says SBY Abused Power 08.33

2 The Age also says SBY Covered Taufiq Kemas‟ Corruption Case 09.05

3 The Age Reveals JK‟s Bribery to Win Golkar Chairman Seat 09.09 4 Democrat Party: The Age‟s Articles, The Unproved Former 09.40 Accusations 5 US Embassy: No Comment on The Age‟s Articles, Held A Press 09.45 Conference 6 Government Considers The Age‟s Articles Accusation to SBY as 09.46 Nonsense

Syntactical On headline news elements, we could see that detik.com uses intensely the brevity technique of news title. It is shown by the news titles that is arranged by using word with singular and solid elements, such as Australian Newspaper Says SBY Abused Power, The Age also says SBY Covered Taufiq Kemas‟ Corruption Case, The Age Reveals JK‟s Bribery to Win Golkar Chairman Seat, etc. the brevity technique of news title is the online journalistic style which can be seen clearly on detik.com. Related with the construction of lead and headline, on the news The Age Reveals JK‟s Bribery to Win Golkar Chairman Seat, (11/3/2011 09:09), there is an intention of repeating the keyword on the title. The lead is arranged with the sentence “The headline of The Age newspaper entitled “Yudhoyono Abused Power”, which is cited from Wikileaks is exceedingly sensational. The article not only reveals President SBY‟s misuse of power, but it also states that Vice President Jusuf Kalla did the bribery to win the Golkar chairman seat.” The lead summary is using the same keywords with the title so it does not much help the search engine to find the news. The lead summary is the point that is mostly used by detik.com reporters, because beside it is easier to arrange it also gives general image of the news as a whole. But the lead summary with the same keywords with the title does not help much the search engine like Google, yahoo and others as the indexers. In term of

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the sources, detik.com still uses key person source approach and rarely exploits other websites as the sources. Some of the news is quoted with by phone interview technique or using the feature “info anda” on detik.com site. The technique enables the reporter to not directly engage with the news objects, so the fact that is told is based on the sources‟ statement or those who send the information to the editorial desk and then rewrite by the reporter. This kind of news production is hard to be verified, because the news construction is depend on the sources‟ statement which still have unstable credibility. Although the alternative to get the information sources is known as online journalistic style, but in this case, detik.com still shows some weakness especially on two sides of verification and honesty side. Detik.com does not do the verification of news fact and the sources, so the fact that is presented is only from one party which has unstable source authority and data validity.

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Script The concept of 5 W 1 H in detik.com is not described in detail as in the paragraph ““For now, we have no statement to announce,” says Vice Chairman Press of US Embassy, Phillip W. Roskamps to detikcom, Friday (11/03/2011).” The paragraph does not explain where and how Roskamp states the statement. It does not show the characteristics of online journalism, which is unlimited space. Online journalism should enable the complete news to the audience better than other media.

Thematic The use of semantics elements on detik.com tends to emphasize the brevity element. It shows on the news related to Wikileaks information which is briefly written by detik.news. On the news entitled Australian Newspaper Says SBY Abused Power, the lead that is described is “President Boediono‟s visitation in Australia this week is not a pleasant one. The Age newspaper headline “Yudhoyono Abused Power” is presented to him.” From the paragraph, we could know that the brevity element which becomes the characteristic of online journalism is applied by detik.com. This kind of news writing inspired by the lead written style 1:2:3, a format which is started with summary 5 W in the beginning, and followed by indirect quotes which support the main element on first and third paragraph, direct quotes which support indirect quotes. In term of local and global coherence, news in detik.com is constructed linearly based on chronologically news publishing, not based on news clarification. It shows the tendency of detik.com to remove the rubric based on printed journalism regulation, such as international news, national news, or local news. The classification done by detik.com is based on the type of media (photo and tv) and based on news writing technique (hard/softnews), special report, interview or column. The construction represents that detik.com uses global coherency syntactical with tendency context when the news is found. It relates with channelization concepts which tend to emphasize on the timeless context as the characteristic of online journalism. The element of timeless and context of the event which is happening is also shown by detik.com through the use of the point of view. The most common term that is used is “detik.com observation”. it is shown on the news Election the use of the word “detik.com observation” shows that the reporters directly engage in the event, when the event is happening (currency) it is quickly reported to the audience (timeless).

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Rhetoric The use of the word “nonsense” by detik.com on the news Government Considers The Age‟s Articles Accusation to SBY as Nonsense, is personal opinion of reporter because it does not mention the sources which state that the accusation is a nonsense. It shows on the paragraph “The government seriously refutes the accusation which is released on The Age newspaper, the news states that President SBY misuses his power. Moreover, the accusation is considered as nonsense.” The word nonsense shows a meaning that states The Age‟s accusation should not get serious attention. The news in detik.com do not provide photos and graphics. The photo which is added is only The Age appearance as shown below

Figure 1 The Age Headline

News description is not added with strong multimedia exploration, so the narration is plain and descriptive. Hyperlinks in detik.com follow the pattern which is developed on printed journalism or printed-based online journalism style. even the hyperlink tends to be placed on the bottom of detik.com first page, so the news intertextuality context tends to be left out.

Framing Analysis On Kompas Newspaper Kompas is the biggest national newspaper in Indonesia. On Saturday, March 12th 2011, there are six news related to the classified documents of Wikileaks, the table below provides the news titles

Table 3 Wikileaks News in Kompas NO NEWS TITLE PAGE RUBRIC 1 WIKILEAKS 1 Headline President “Shocks” 2 Indonesia Summons The United States Diplomat 4 Politics and Law Rumor of the Leaks from WikiLeaks 3 Boediono‟s Visit 4 Politics and Law Fakultas Ilmu Komunikasi – Universitas Mercu Buana www.mercubuana.ac.id 15

The Importance of Indonesia-Australia Relationship 4 Leaks From Wikileaks 10 International Say Some Figures Involve in Corruption and Bribery 5 Wikileaks 10 International Only an Entrance to Extricate Elite from Corruptions 6 Politics-Economics Column 15 Common Wikileaks

Syntactical According to www.kompasgramedia.com, Kompas has Ombudsman who criticizes its content. The members of ombudsman are some experts, every month they held a meeting with the leader and the editors. Meanwhile Litbang Kompas, frequently monitors Kompas‟ contents and compares it to several national newspaper. Litbang and Kompas Information Centre are the important units which support the work of the reporter to write complete, accurate and reliable news. The statements can be seen from the news about wikileaks information which are completed with several sources. Beside describing Wikileaks accusation, Kompas also publish a news Wikileaks: Only an Entrance to Extricate Elite from Corruptions, which states the ideas of Global nexus Institute Chairman, Christianto Wibison, and politics-economics column “Wikileaks” of Budiarto Shambazy. Therefore, even though the title and the lead can tell the audience about the recent issue, but they do not tell the opinion of the reporter. It is the audience who freely take their own opinion of the issue.

Script The news in Kompas suits with the concept of Friedlander and Lee who state that lead is about main information or the most important in the news. Lead contains some of 5W + 1H. Lead should be two or three sentences and 40 word maximum. The rest of the 5W + 1H is written in a paragraph so generally 5W + 1H is written separately become two first paragraph. The example of that can be seen on the lead of first paragraph of Indonesia Summons The United States Diplomat: Rumor of the Leaks from WikiLeaks. “Minister of Foreign Language, Marty Natalegawa, summons US Diplomat, Scot Marciel, Friday (11/3), to be asked about the explanation and to get protest from Indonesia government. The closed meeting is started on 10.00.”

Thematic

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There is a news entitled Leaks From Wikileaks: Say Some Figures Involve in Corruption and Bribery, which do not mention the names explicitly. It can be seen on the paragraph ”Shockingly, some great figures, who still rule the government or had ruled the top position of the country, are the doers of the terrible practices.” The paragraph uses the word great figures, the top position of the country as denotation of the former officers and President SBY. Even though, in the first paragraph of Wikileaks: President “Shocks”, it is explained that government and Presiden SBY refute the news on two Australian Newspapers. The contradiction happens because Kompas carefully publishes someone‟s name who engage in corruption. Kompas applying the Innocence Assumptions. Thus, even though the news title is sharp enough that is Say Some Figures Involve in Corruption and Bribery, but Kompas does not want the news becomes defamation without data and facts.

Rhetorics Kompas‟ carefulness also can be seen when it provides a photo on page 10 in international rubric entitled Leaks from Wikileaks: Say Some Figures Involve in Corruption and Bribery. It is a photo of Marty Natalegawa on the press conference with Scot Marciel. The press conference states the protest of abusing power accusation by SBY as reported on Australian newspaper, The Age. The photo also stated that Kompas do the cover both story, it does not only reported about The Age‟s accusation but also the press conference done by the government about the accusation. Below is the comparison of the framing analysis on the news of Indonesian classified documents in Wikileaks between detik.com and Kompas:

Table 4 Kompas and www.detik.com News Frame

FRAMING

NO www.detik.com KOMPAS TOOL 1 News Scheme The headline directly tells On Friday, March 11th 2011, about the issue of Australian the Tsunami happens in Japan. Newspaper Says SBY Abused The Kompas headline news is Power. about the disaster. The Lead directly tells the News about Wikileaks is also about the unpleasant visitation published in first page, but of Boediono to Australia after located in the bottom corner Fakultas Ilmu Komunikasi – Universitas Mercu Buana www.mercubuana.ac.id 17

he is presented the headline of on the left with title Australian Newspaper Says WIKILEAKS: President SBY Abused Power. “Shocks”. Two news relate with the The lead sufficiently makes issues still haven‟t get any the readers pay attention to the confirmation from the related issue. Even, the news is parties. directly reported by Kompas reporter in Perth, Australia. Kompas, on the headline news, also confirms the news to some sources such as to President‟s Special Staff of Political Communication Daniel T. Sparringa, Solicitor General, Marwan Effendi, and Secretary General of Partai Demokrasi Indonesia, Tjahjo Kumolo 2 News The short news makes the The pattern of 5W + 1H is Completeness pattern of 5W + 1H is less fully described. described.

3 Detail There are 52 news with the Presented in the form of same issue, but the description report, with some pro-contra is not in detail. opinions from various sources. 4 Purpose of Brief and flowing. The reader Using active sentences. News sentences, who wants update information more discreetly without connection can quickly get it. jugdement.

5 Nominalization Effective and efficient. Effective and efficient. between sentence

6 Coherence The relevance between articles The relevance between news is coherently enough, even titles is coherently enough, though only in the form of even though each of the six opinion and analysis. titles reports the issues from different sources and

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viewpoints, but it is still in one coherency. 7 Sentence form Descriptive. Narrative.

8 Pronoun The editorial places The editorial places themselves as third person themselves as third person plural or observer. plural, but not only as observer but also as a narrator. 9 Lexicon The diction ability of the The variety vocabulary is used writer should be improved. in the news. There is some Almost all of first and last fine diction. Several synonym paragraph on the news contain words are used in turns. the same words. 10 Graphic The page of main report On the headline, there is an provides the image of The image of a camera with Age newspaper with headline caption: see also Video “Sudi headline Yudhoyono „Abused Silalahi refutes Wikileaks” on Power‟. vod.kompas.com/sudibantah. On the international rubric‟s news in page 10 entitled Leaks From Wikileaks: Say Some Figures Involve in Corruption and Bribery, there is an image of Minister of Foreign Language, Marty Natalegawa, in the press conference with US Diplomat Scot Marciel. The press conference states the SBY‟s protest of abusing power accusation as reported on US Embassy diplomatic cables in Jakarta, which is cited by Australian newspaper, The Age. 11 Metaphor Does not use a lot of The word “shocks” with metaphor. quoting mark on the headline shows that SBY feels furious and disappointed. Fakultas Ilmu Komunikasi – Universitas Mercu Buana www.mercubuana.ac.id 19

12 Assumption The use of the word nonsense The news Wikileaks on the news entitled Only an Entrance to Extricate Government Considers The Elite from Corruptions, shows Age‟s Articles Accusation to that Kompas, besides tell SBY as Nonsense, describe about facts, also gives the serious protest of alternative solutions to fight government to the issue. against corruption.

In Kompas as traditional media, the information, is presented with linearity to the audience. The audience of must follow the order of information that has been given before by the publisher: from the first story to the second and the third one and so on, without any ability to skip the story. But in online media like www.detik.com, the information can be presented in various ways with no-linearity to accommodate „the freedom‟ of the audience: you can start enjoying the online publication from the last story and then jump to the story before it or to the story that have been published years before, even to the source of the information that is absolutely different in the middle of the process of enjoying information. What is called „freedom to choose‟ in online media, actually, is not real freedom but an illusion to choose; because, basically, online media has been decided the options first (it is done by providing hyperlink). This is one of the aspects that enable online media to provide plenteous information than traditional media.

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Pavlik, J. V. (2001). Journalism and New Media. New York. Columbia University Press. Pavlik, J. V. (2001). News Framing and New Media: Digital Tool to Re-engage an Alienated Citizenry. On S. D. Reese, Framing Public Life; Prespective on Media and Our Understanding of the Social Media London. Lawrence Erlbaum Associaton Publishers. Sobur, Alex (2009). Media Text Analysis. Rosda. Bandung. [In Indonesian] Sumadiria, Haris AS. (2008). Journalistic Language. Simbiosa. Bandung. [In Indonesian]

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