1 FRAMING ANALYSIS ON THE NEWS OF INDONESIAN CLASSIFIED DOCUMENTS IN WIKILEAKS Study On Traditional Media (Kompas Newspaper ) and Online Media (www.detik.com) By Alila Pramiyanti Lecturer on Communication Department Telkom Institute of Management Bandung - Indonesia ABSTRACT Mass media is a channel of mass communication. The definition of mass communication is a process in transmitting of an idea, information, and messages to the audience simultaneously. The characteristics of mass media are publicly, universal, periodic, continuously and actual. Globalization and modernization have influenced the evolution of mass media. The need of information, even from other parts of the world, requires every people to become more creative in using the media. The history of the emergence of mass media has the stages of growth in technology that can be divided into the print media, electronic media, and digital media or new media. The appearance of online media has also create the practice of online journalism. Online journalism becomes different from traditional journalism that already recognized earlier (print, radio, TV). Online journalism is not merely distinction because it taking a different venue, but because this journalism is carried on a new media which has different characteristics either in format, content, mechanisms and the relationship process between publishing and users or readers. Although these journalism, either traditional media (traditional journalism) and new media (online journalism) have differences in practice but each of them certainly has an ideology to frame the news. Framing analysis is an approach to analyzed media text. The concept of framing has used to understand the ideology of the media when their constructing the facts. This perspective tried to determine which facts is retrieved, which section is highlighted , or removed and how the media rearrange the story behind the news. This paper will discuss how the traditional media (Kompas newspapers) and online media (www.detik.com) in framing a news story. Unit of analysis on this research is the issues on March 11, 2011 about the Indonesian government Fakultas Ilmu Komunikasi – Universitas Mercu Buana www.mercubuana.ac.id 1 2 classified documents that was leaked by WikiLeaks. The news would be analyzed by using the model of Pan and Kosicki framing analysis which the framing of the news is divided into four structures, syntactic, scripts, thematic, and rhetoric. Key words: news, framing analysis, newspaper, online media Fakultas Ilmu Komunikasi – Universitas Mercu Buana www.mercubuana.ac.id 2 3 I. INTRODUCTION Actually, news is the result of written reconstruction of social reality in our life. That is why one can consider that writing news is only a task of reconstructing social reality than a representation of the reality itself. I do agree with this opinion. According to Nancy Nasution, news is the report of the events that happen, want to be known by the people, actual, take place in reader‟s area, talk about public figures, and has influential consequences to the reader. Basically, the framing analysis assumes that when the news or report is released, the mass media always have certain framing. The framing is the one that being investigated when we analyze the news. As in this case, the audience only receives the final result of a journalism process. Meanwhile the frame that has been used „is left on editorial desk‟. It happens properly, as when we shoot an event, it is impossible to keep details everything that is happening on the camera. What we note down is the event based on where we are standing. And clearly the camera frame also restricted the views. Same with news, because the space on printed media pages and the show time in electronic media are restricted, so the framing is important. In this case, presumption and prejudice are unavoidable. It makes the framing becomes subjective depend on the policy of each media. II. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The unit of analysis which is used in the research utilizes four important structures of framing tools based on Zhongdan Pan and Gerald M. Kosicki. According to them, the four structures are syntactical structure, script structure, thematic structure, and rhetoric structure. The following is the analysis of each structure: 1. Syntactical Structure. The framing tool is news scheme. Units of the scheme: Headline: indicates the preference of the news and influences how the story is understood. Lead: indicates certain perspective of the news which is being reported. Background information: background determines to where the viewpoint of the public will be taken and can influences the meaning that wanted to be shown. Source citation: It has three functions, claims the validity of statement based on academic authority‟s claim; relates certain point by comparing it to majority opinion. Statements Closing Fakultas Ilmu Komunikasi – Universitas Mercu Buana www.mercubuana.ac.id 3 4 2. Script Structure. The framing tool is the news completeness. Units of the completeness of how to tell the story: how the story is processed becomes meaningful scenario. The way how the event is understood depends on how the reporter put the parts of the event in certain order. What, who, where, when, why, how, can be the main frame or usually called the elements of news completeness. 3. Thematic Structure. The framing tools are detail, coherence, sentence form, and pronoun. Units should be analyzed: Paragraph Preposition: the preposition that is placed on the beginning or in the end shows the one that want to be emphasized by the public, thus influences the meaning that emerged. Sentence: active sentence is used in order to make somebody becomes the subject of statement, meanwhile passive sentence is used in order to make somebody becomes the object of statement. Correlation between sentences: to see how someone strategically uses coherence to explain certain fact or event as separate, interrelate, or causal relationship. 4. Rhetoric Structure. The framing tools are lexicon, graphic, metaphor. Units should be analyzed: Word: the selection of certain words portrays how someone gives meaning to reality. Idiom Image Graphic: intensively controls the attention and anxiety, shows whether the information is considered as important and interesting so that it should become the focus. Table 1 The Framing Model of Pan & Kosicki UNIT SHOULD STRUCTURE FRAMING TOOL BE ANALYZED SINTACTICAL 1. The News Scheme Headline, The reporter‟s way of Lead, arranging the news Background information, Fakultas Ilmu Komunikasi – Universitas Mercu Buana www.mercubuana.ac.id 4 5 Source citation, Statements, Closing SCRIPT 2. The News Completeness 5 W + 1 H The reporter‟s way of telling facts THEMATIC 3. Detail Paragraph, The reporter‟s way of 4. Purpose of the sentence preposition writing facts 5. Nominalization between sentence 6. Coherence 7. Sentence form 8. Pronoun RHETORIC 9. Lexicon Word, idiom, The reporter‟s way of 10. Graphic picture/image, emphasizing facts 11 .Metaphor graphic. 12. Assumption Source: Sobur (2001:176) The Development of Validity In order to guarantee and develop the validity of data, the researchers choose to use triangulation data technique in the form of triangulation theory. Triangulation theory is used by doing check and recheck on the online journalism theory which is used with journalism practices in each media. III. LITERATURE REVIEW The revolution of journalism relates with the way how to convey the ideas in written form. For a long time, the process of writing news is dominated with classic concept of 5W +1H (what, when, where, why, who, and how) which refer to facts in the field. In modern journalism, the classic concept is developed by Roy Peter to narrative form of writing by changing the pattern 5W+1H. Who develops into character. What develops into plot. When develops into chronology. Who develops into character. Why develops into motive. And How develops into narration. Therefore, the process of writing news is narratively similar to the process of making documentary movie (Santana, 2001). Fakultas Ilmu Komunikasi – Universitas Mercu Buana www.mercubuana.ac.id 5 6 News Value According to Julian Harriss, Kelly Leiter and Stanley Johnson, news value contain eight elements, those are conflict, progression, important, close, actual and unique, humanely, and influential (Harriss, Leiter dan Johnson 1981:29-33). It means that those criteria should be confirmed before we report an event. Conflict Progression Important Close Actual Humanely Influential The numbers of elements of news value that need to be filled in every event before it becomes the news are variously different in every press release. Some newspapers maintain only five elements of news value. Fakultas Ilmu Komunikasi – Universitas Mercu Buana www.mercubuana.ac.id 6 7 News Structure Generally, the news always presents the structure of: headline, lead, and body (Basuki 1983:22-25). Headline. Use to be called a title. It is often completed with sub-title. It is used to: (1) help the reader to immediately know the news that is being reported; (2) emphasize the news by supporting it with graphic technique. Lead. Use to be called news core. It is usually written on the first paragraph of the news. It is the most important part of the news, which decides whether the news will be read or not. It is the centre of the news, which briefly depicts whole content of the news. Body Or news body. Its content tells the event that is reported by using brief, compact and explicit language. Therefore, the body is the development on the news. The news structure is determined by the form of the report that will be written. The direct news structure is different with minor news and the story one. In direct news, according to Bruce D. Itule and Douglas A. Anderson, there is only one common structure, an inverted pyramid (Itule dan Anderson 1987: 62-63). Lead shows the beginning part which is the most important in the news.