Gender 2007 / 2008 Gender and Women’S Policy in the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung

Women – Men – Gender 2007 / 2008 Gender and women’s policy in the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung

Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung 1

Women – Men – Gender

Gender and women’s policy in the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung

2007 / 2008 WOMEN – MEN – GENDER

ISBN 978-3-89892-874-8

Imprint

Published by: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Kommunikation & Grundsatzfragen Godesberger Allee 149 53175 Bonn

Ofﬁ cer responsible: Albrecht Koschützke

Editor: Renate Faerber-Husemann

Editorial team: Christine Arbogast, Kristina Birke, Julia Blaesius, Stephanie Boehm, Dr. Eva Brehm, Ursula Clauditz, Katrin Dapp, Alina Fuchs, Dr. Erik Gurgsdies, Nora Hallberg, Stefanie Hepper, Kathrein Hölscher, Brigitte Juchems, Ina Koopmann, Dr. Anja Kruke, Gabriele Lutterbeck, Homaira Mansury, Astrid Ritter-Weil, Magda Schirm, Catrina Schlaeger, Regine Schoch, Judith Schwethelm, Anne Seyfferth, Dr. Barbara Stiegler, Renate Tenbusch, Gisela Zierau

Photographs: AdsD, dpa Picture Alliance, FES, Rendel Freude, Hannibal Hanschke, Ulrike Helwerth, Christina Karliczek, Ursula Kelm, Joachim Liebe, PhotoAlto, Sepp Spiegl

Layout and design: Pellens Kommunikationsdesign GmbH

Production: Katja Ulanowski

Printed by: Werbedruck GmbH Horst Schreckhase, Spangenberg

Printed in Germany 2008

2 FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG Foreword by Anke Fuchs

Chairperson, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung

There is a tradition behind this re- concrete description of the stake- genuine equality and equal rights port compiled by the Friedrich holders, partners and strategies in throughout society and in all walks Ebert Stiftung on its activities and this policy fi eld and thus conveys of life. FES understands gender projects in the fi eld of gender and something of the mood, enthu- mainstreaming as giving due con- women’s policy. We have been siasm and spirit of the conferences sideration to the different needs reporting on these activities for a and debates organised and promo- and interests of women and men, few years now, not only in the ted by FES worldwide. The follow- analysing gender-specifi c political Foundation’s annual report that ing pages provide further infor- impacts, initiating equalising me- covers all important fi elds of acti- mation. Of course we must limit chanisms and working towards en- vity, but also in a publication de- ourselves to only a small selection suring women’s participation at all dicated specifi cally to this subject. of the events, research projects and levels. In this way, we underline the so- publications from Germany and In its gender-related work at in- cio-political importance of gender abroad. But however different the ternational level, FES prioritises justice in the Foundation’s work. themes, places, participants and activities that focus on women’s Gender justice is more than just methods may be, they share the rights and participation. To em- ‘women’s advancement’, although same motives and goals, namely power women across the world to this remains indispensable. In our democratic participation, social be active in political processes and education, dialogue and consul- justice and equal opportunity. successful in political positions is, tancy programmes, we apply the To implement a sustainable after all, one of the Foundation’s gender relations perspective in all policy, it is necessary to draw on paramount concerns. All FES of- policy fi elds and all subject areas the knowledge, insights and expe- fi ces in Germany organise semi- in an attempt to guarantee that riences of both women and men, nars and dialogue events covering women and men, girls and boys while also taking cognisance of a broad spectrum of themes. They have equal opportunities to parti- their differing interests and needs. offer information exchange and cipate fully in shaping society. In We therefore support women in networking opportunities for the 2007, we reported on these activi- their endeavours to enter politics discussion of equal opportunity, ties in detail: over a period of seve- or to work their way up to manage- social relations between the sexes ral months, all the Foundation’s ment level in institutions. and action plans. departments provided online in- Women’s advancement and ge- The reports on the Foundation’s formation about projects related nder mainstreaming have long work worldwide, the diversity of to gender and women’s policy, been concrete, practical points of themes and perspectives and the work lines, publications and reference within the Foundation introductory remarks by infl uen- events. Several thousand people itself and in its projects across the tial partners from politics, acade- visited the online portal (Focus) world. Gender mainstreaming is a mia and trade unions that precede and learned about the thematic method of integrating aspects of the individual chapters are testi- blocks, which changed every three gender in every phase of work, and mony to the broad spectrum of weeks; each block encompassed of evaluating the outcomes from our work on ‘Women–Men–Gen- dozens of individual activities. this perspective. This represents an der’. We hope this publication will The focus ‘Women–Men–Ge- additional and specifi c form of continue to arouse interest and nder’ has also given a new name to women’s advancement that aims further the commitment to this this annual report. The title is a at a more targeted promotion of subject.

FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG 3 WOMEN – MEN – GENDER

CONTENTS

Women – Men – Gender 6

Strategies for equal opportunity – where do we stand today? Dr Barbara Stiegler 10

Work and society 14 In conversation with Professor Heide Pfarr 15 Are we already having to contend with a lack of skilled workers or not yet? Comments by Claudia Menne 16 From the work of FES 17

Politics and participation 28 In conversation with Ingrid Matthäus-Maier 29 From the work of FES 31

Violence and conﬂ ict 42 Comments by Dr Angelica Schwall-Düren, MP 43 From the work of FES 44

Integration and cohesion 50 Getting to the heart of the matter! Dr Lale Akgün, MP 51 From the work of FES 52

Education and training 58 FES scholarships Professor Christine Färber 59 Women and the women’s movement in India In conversation with Urvashi Butalia 60 From the work of FES 64 Time-protected areas for a threatened species: the family In conversation with Iris Radisch 67 New additions to the library 68 CONTENTS

A conversation between generations with Elke Ferner MP and Franziska Drohsel 70

Gender and women’s policy in FES areas of activity 76

FES ofﬁ ces worldwide 76

Political education 78 Academy of Political Education Socio-political Information Dialogue East Germany

International work 80 International Development Cooperation International Dialogue

Research 82 Centre for Historical Research Economic and social policy Scholarship programme

Latest FES publications 84

FES-funded doctoral projects 86

Contact persons 88

Kalender 2008 Wegbereiterinnen VI WOMEN – MEN – GENDER

Women – Men – Gender

The worlds of women and of men seem gradually to be getting closer. The number of inﬂ uential women in politics and society is increasing and their presence no longer raises eyebrows but is taken for granted. Conversely, a surprisingly large number of young fathers are opting for statutory parental leave. Migrant women are speaking up against being reduced to headscarves and forced marriages. Particularly in developing and emerging countries there are functioning networks for women in which gender justice is respected. Some of the credit for this can go to FES, which has been actively promoting this kind of grassroots work for many years. Across the world, constitutions, legislation and agreements are now based on the demands for equality and gender justice. Some- thing that men actively opposed for many years because they perceived their positions of power to be under threat is now increasingly becoming a matter of course.

This is one side of the coin. The other side is not quite so bright, neither in Germany nor elsewhere: women continue to earn less than men, even if the pay gap is not as wide as it once was. The upper echelons of business continue to be almost exclusively a male preserve. As before, the natural desire of young women to combine job satisfaction with a family life translates into an exhausting balancing act. As before, mothers, more than fathers, resign themselves to the incompatibility of family and career. They must curtail or temporarily stop work. Meanwhile, they are superseded by men. A vicious cycle sets in, with familiar consequences: lower income, precarious jobs despite good qualifi cations, fewer career opportunities, lower old-age pensions and a higher risk of poverty – more so when their relationships with their partners fail. Single mothers and their children continue to fall into the poverty trap, as child care is inadequate and companies still consider it risky to employ a mother. Therefore the subject of discrimination in professional life and patch- work careers with all their material consequences will probably continue to fi gure on the FES agenda for some time to come. Professor Heide Pfarr, Scientifi c Director at the Hans Böckler Foundation, makes some vital comments in this regard in the chapter Work and Society (page 14).

Women around the globe have similar complaints and demands when it comes to political involvement and having a say in shaping social life. Marie Juchacz, (1879–1956) Journalists in Shanghai are as critical as women in Berlin or Brussels; tra- Founder of Workers’ Welfare de unionists in South Asia are as impatient as politicians in Africa. In (Arbeiterwohlfahrt) many countries, women continue to be oppressed simply because they

6 FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNGFriedrich-Ebert-Stiftung GENDER & WOMEN’S POLICY AT FES

are women. As girls, they have less access to education than their brothers. In countries where the Koran is law, the education of girls is actively opposed – and not only in Afghanistan or Iraq. The lack of access to education, however, makes it diffi cult for women to rally against miserable working conditions or oppression in everyday life. Today, in the era of globalisation, a women’s movement advocating international solidarity is as necessary as it was a hundred years ago. At that time a powerful women’s movement in Europe rebelled against the slave-like existence of many women who were exploited as agricultural workers, domestic hel- pers and factory workers. In the face of stiff political resistance, women managed, with the help of the trade unions, to win rights in the work place, access to education and, fi nally, political equality. The world has grown smaller and the fate of women in Bangladesh, China or Latin America has been brought closer to home. While the exploitation of women who sew for a living in the Far East may provide us with cheap blouses, it puts our own jobs at risk. The link between exploitation, discrimination and women being denied political participation is discussed and highlighted in FES offi ces around the world. In innumerable seminars women are trained and encouraged to participate in political life at all levels. Yet this is possible only if they have the means to ensure their Edelgard Bulmahn, Member of the own survival and that of their children. Development cooperation can German Parliament, Federal Minister for take the pragmatic route and set a new course, for instance by granting Education and Research (retired) micro credits to women and so empowering them to take a step towards independence. Ingrid Matthäus-Maier, head of the KfW (German Finan- cial Cooperation), believes that giving women money in hand is a particularly successful model because women, in contrast to men, invest primarily in the health and education of their children.

But there is enough to do on one’s own doorstep, which is why gender budgeting is frequently discussed at events and seminars organised by FES ofﬁ ces in different German states. Just distribution can be ensured only if one is familiar with budget planning. Only if one can read a public budget can one successfully counter a male majority when it claims that there is no more money for child-care centres, school renovation or a swimming pool.

Public events with women politicians can be understood as ‘be brave and join in’ projects that take a stand against depoliticisation and indif- ference. Some younger women who despair of rigid political structures may therefore be relieved to hear of the struggles of older women and to

FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNGFriedrich-Ebert-Stiftung 7 WOMEN – MEN – GENDER

RECOMMENDED READING know that in the end it is all worthwhile, that progress is possible. In this

Dezember 2007 area, too, it is now perfectly normal for gender justice to be the focus of discussion. Women are not alone in feeling that they are unable to fully exploit their options. It is no different with men, as we have seen in FES Analysen und Konzepte zur Wirtschafts- und Sozialpolitik direkt events at which the father image is analysed. Men would also like to be more involved. While women yearn to break out, many men want to Taschengeld für Mutter oder Krippenplatz fürs Kind? Eine Genderanalyse zum Betreuungsgeld shake off the classic role of the absent family provider. Within these pri- Barbara Stiegler / Katharina Oerder1

Deutschlands frühkindliche Betreuung soll verbes- vate spheres there is an astonishing receptiveness to change. The chapter sert werden. Zur Verbesserung jedoch möchte jede Partei auf ihre eigene Weise beitragen. Die SPD for- dert schon seit längerem Objektförderung: Steuer- gelder sollen in bessere, mehr und kostenfreie Kin- derbetreuung ab dem Kleinstkindalter investiert Politics and Participation (page 28) deals with this subject in greater werden. Väter und Mütter sind weiterhin erwerbs- tätig. Die CSU propagiert hingegen einen anderen Weg: Die Kleinen sollen in den ersten Jahren zu Hause betreut werden, ein kleines Taschengeld (Sub- detail. jektförderung) wird dafür aus Steuermitteln zur Ver- fügung gestellt. Zunächst waren es vor allem Män- ner in der CSU, die das Betreuungsgeld auch gegen den eigenen Frauenverband durchsetzten wollten. Auf einen Blick Nach kontroverser Debatte hat auch die CDU das Betreuungsgeld Anfang Dezember 2007 in ihr Grund- An dem von der CSU vorgeschlagenen satzprogramm aufgenommen. Betreuungsgeld scheiden sich die Geister. Der Koalitionsausschuss hatte sich bereits im Violence is a multi-faceted theme. It still occurs primarily within fami- Doch was wirklich besser ist für die kleinen Oktober geeinigt. Bis zum Jahre 2013 soll für jedes Kinder und wie es mit der vielbeschworenen dritte Kind in Deutschland ein Krippenplatz zur Ver- Wahlfreiheit bestellt ist, zeigt eine fügung stehen. Dies bedeutet einen Ausbau der Plät- Gender analyse: Krippenplätze sichern ze, vor allem im Westen, um zwei Drittel: von jetzt lies, even behind the facade of respectable bourgeois homes. The child- die Geschlechtergerechtigkeit, die fi nanzielle 250.000 auf 750.000 Krippenplätze.2 Die Koalitions- Sicherheit der Familien und das Wohl vereinbarung enthält auch einen Rechtsanspruch der Kinder eher als das ohnehin magere auf Krippenbetreuung ab 2013. Und sie lässt einen Betreuungsgeld. Spielraum für ein Betreuungsgeld. Über die Einzel- hoods of many boys and girls have been overshadowed by experiences of violence. It is estimated that 25 per cent of all women have been physically and sexually abused by their partners. Violence is an issue in many migrant families in which little regard is paid to wives, daughters or si- Taschengeld für Mutter oder Krippen- platz fürs Kind? Eine Genderanalyse sters, for whom life is diffi cult because of the man’s traditional sense of zum Betreuungsgeld, Barbara Stiegler/ honour. Violence against women and children is also a tool used in Katharina Oerder. Bonn FES, 2007, war-like confl icts and in civil wars with the specifi c intention of demora- ISBN 978–3–89892–848–9 lising the opponent. Violence against women is manifested in genital mutilation in Africa, or when a woman is infected with AIDS because of her husband’s refusal to use condoms. Violence against women is the targeted abortion of female foetuses. But violence against women is also climate change, caused primarily by industrialised nations. For it is the women who try to raise children in the poorest countries, only to see them die in famines, or because they have drunk contaminated water, or are victims of the increasingly frequent and calamitous natural disasters.

In many of the world’s confl ict zones, FES support is targeted primarily at women so that they can be integrated more into civil confl ict management. The United Nations Peacebuilding Commission and the European Union’s (EU) gender mainstreaming concept now boast successful approaches and in future women are to play a more active role in peacekeeping operations, for example in setting up civil organisations. It is equally important, however, that they are involved in confl ict prevention. As women in confl ict zones are usually responsible for ensuring that daily life is not disrupted, they have a sixth sense for the possibility of new Iris Radisch in conversation with FES confl icts brewing. Herta Däubler-Gmelin, chairperson of the Parlia- (p. 67) mentary Committee for Human Rights and Humanitarian Aid, said:

8 FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG GENDER & WOMEN’S POLICY AT FES

‘Women could, if one would only listen to them, be effective early warning systems.’ You can read more on violence and conﬂ ict behind closed doors and in the crisis regions on page 42.

When immigration and integration are discussed it is usually in terms of key words such as violence, refusal to attend school, ghetto formation, Islamism and archaic cultural behaviour. The fact that most migrants in Germany (a good 15 per cent of the population) keep a low proﬁ le, that their working careers are on the rise, that only the names still sound foreign, is often overlooked. Without trying to gloss over the problems, FES repeatedly addresses this side of migration, for instance with questions such as ‘Typically Turkish – is there still such a thing?’ But the subject of migration is not exclusive to Germany; it is a component of the Foundation’s international work. For years the worldwide feminisation of migration has been the subject of discourse – also from the gender perspective – and the role of religions has been analysed. The focal point Herta Däubler-Gmelin, is always the views of the migrants themselves. For more detailed in- Member of the German Parliament, formation on this subject, please refer to Integration and Cohesion on Federal Minister of Justice (retd) page 50.

Education and training will determine the fate of the Federal Republic of Germany. The country’s only valuable ‘raw material’ is the next generation. A country with an economy dependent on the knowledge of its citizens cannot afford to squander talent or continue to allow children to drop out of school with no prospect of further education. This is as true of children from migrant families as it is of German children with proble- matic backgrounds. They all need state support in the form of early child care in kindergartens, and in the form of schools that address their special needs. A relatively new subject (and pro-actively addressed by FES) is boys falling behind in the school system.

The situation in developing and emerging countries differs dramatically from that in industrialised nations. Attending school is considered a pri- vilege, especially for girls, which is why it is so important to train multipliers in respect of education for women and girls. FES is active in this ﬁ eld in several countries and has had remarkable success. You can read more about this on page 58.

FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG 9 WOMEN – MEN – GENDER

Dr Barbara Stiegler

The year 2007 was the European Year of Equal Opportunity. In Germany, the Federal Equal Treatment Act (Allgemeines Gleichbehandlungsgesetz [AGG]) was just one year old and instrumental in moulding the debate. It often seemed as if the struggle against anti-discrimination was the be-all and end-all of all efforts to achieve equality, and ‘managing diversity’ was considered the most important strategy of all because it encompassed all aspects of discrimination: sex, ethnic origin, religion or Weltanschauung, handicap, age or sexual orientation. There was little talk of gender mainstreaming or women’s advancement. Based on the example of gender policy, we will review the potential of the different strategies because gender policy can look back on the longest and most extensive range of experiences. In other words, this provides an opportunity to learn lessons that could be applied to the politics of equality for other discriminated groups.

Anti-discrimination

First hurdle: Sexism as a cause is not considered. Direct and indirect discrimination are based, inter alia, on prejudice, gender-related role expectations and common beliefs. In the case of gender-based discrimination, the person who discriminates harbours sexist concepts. But while little importance is attached to these concepts, the impact of sexism attracts far more attention. The same applies to racism, youth cultures, hostility towards the disabled, homophobia and religions claiming the right to sole representation. These mindsets are not directly addressed by the anti-discrimination strategy.

Second hurdle: The priority is individual discrimination. Each anti-discrimination strategy initially targets equal treatment for individuals, particular men or women. After all, one’s gender should in no way inﬂ uence certain decisions. The question here concerns behaviour that leads to marginalisation and inequality. With the legal form of indirect discrimination, anti-discrimination policy sets new priorities: the spotlight is on efﬁ ciency control as regards regulations that differentiate between gender-based circumstances. In other words, an anti-discrimination strategy covers the individual as well as the group, but priority is Dr Barbara Stiegler, head of Women’s and Gender Issues, Department of always given to the individual case that is the cause and basis of the com- Economic and Social Policy, FES plaint.

10 FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNGFriedrich-Ebert-Stiftung STRATEGIES FOR EQUAL OPPORTUNITY

Strategies for equal opportunity – where do we stand today?

An anti-discrimination policy does not seek to abolish power and authority in gender relations. Nor does it demand that women and men per- form the same work. This is also true of other groups: anti-discrimination policies do not imply granting the disabled so many resources that social handicaps are abolished. Such policies do not imply that the elderly have a right to a good life independent of their socio-economic status. They do not imply that migrants would be welcome and given all possible forms of assistance. It is more a matter of ensuring that legal systems, such as labour law or civil law, do not discriminate against people and groups of people with particular traits. Anti-discrimination is therefore only a strategy to prevent unequal treatment; it is reactive and relates primarily to individual cases.

Advancement of women/quotas

Women’s advancement starts elsewhere. It attempts to tackle structural deﬁ cits through the collective promotion of women and the development of corrective programmes, and is a direct compensatory interven- tion in the interest of a group of women.

The advancement of women has been legally institutionalised, at least in the German public sector. To start with, women’s advancement is based The consistent advancement of on an analysis and evaluation of the differences between the sexes. What women implies that sex is ceasing follows is direct action or direct regulation in an effort to overcome discri- to play a role as regards employment, mination. Activities targeting the advancement of women are strategies work conditions and remuneration. that aim to undo existing discrimination and the exclusion of women on the grounds of their sex and gender roles. The consistent advancement of women means that sex is ceasing to play a role as regards employment, work conditions and remuneration. For women to be equal, a direct ‘pre- ference’ is usually required; on closer examination, this amounts to no more than women ‘catching up’ with the opportunities they have been deprived of vis-à-vis men. Quotas determine the number of positions reserved for men and women, respectively. Special measures are necessary for women in certain life situations, as long as the different and hierar- chical gender relations continue to have a signiﬁ cant impact. In other words, the advancement of women is based on and designed according

FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNGFriedrich-Ebert-Stiftung 11 WOMEN – MEN – GENDER

to the target group; it bears on the planning and implementation of activities. For other discriminated groups similar advancement strategies are still in their infancy.

Gender mainstreaming Gender mainstreaming is the most complete instrument for achieving gender-policy goals. Standards are extremely high and as yet are rarely met. Gender mainstreaming is not conﬁ ned to pilot projects or to introducing check lists. It must be implemented in organisations that are politically involved in the broadest sense – ministries, public authorities, local administrative units, associations, societies and trade unions, as well as schools, colleges or adult education centres. In the wider sense all these organisations are democratically managed and controlled. They shape living conditions and regulate gender relations, whether directly or indirectly. Action can and should be taken by the individuals in leading positions, as well as by female staff members themselves.

Gender mainstreaming is a principle for bringing about change in decision-making processes. It is implemented top-down, but accomplished bottom-up. The goal is to create equal opportunity or gender equality by analysing all ﬁ elds of work. Gender analysis is the key element and the focus is on culturally and socially determined gender relations that are constantly re-created. One questions the speciﬁ c reinforcements of gender-based connotations with regard to certain lifestyles and ways of working, which in turn do not necessarily have to be adopted by every man and woman. The differences between the sexes are facilely attribut- ed to biological causes and we mistakenly accept natural causes for existing gender relations. In contrast, gender analyses turn their attention to mechanisms comprising certain culture-based rules for men and women. The change in perspective constitutes the core of gender analysis.

12 FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNGFriedrich-Ebert-Stiftung STRATEGIES FOR EQUAL OPPORTUNITY

Not only are the differences between groups of men and women studied, but also the manner in which these differences are created and how structures and mechanisms, the effects of which are known, can contribute. In other words, a gender analysis asks about ‘doing gender’ in an organisation and its output.

Gender mainstreaming is the most far-reaching of strategies as it under- takes socio-political analyses in all fi elds. In a cross-section, the impacts of all structures are analysed even if there is no concrete example of unequal treatment meted out to a person or of a personal defi cit experience. Framework conditions are analysed and modifi ed if they are to the disadvantage of groups or individuals. Mainstreaming strategies have hitherto being applied most frequently to achieve gender-policy objectives but can also be applied to all other discriminated groups.

Since the mid-1980s, the advancement of women at national and international level has been a priority area at FES. The concept of gender Michèle Bachelet, mainstreaming was established during the 1990s. To review how this is President of Chile: manifested in the everyday workings of the Foundation, a seminar will be held for interested staff members in September 2008. Subjects such as ‘If a woman enters politics gender budgeting and diversity management will be on the agenda. alone, she changes; if many Projects will be used to illustrate implementation and exchange expe- women enter politics, politics riences. changes and there is no doubt that one of the challenges and needs of democracy is to improve the quality of politics.’

FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNGFriedrich-Ebert-Stiftung 13 WOMEN – MEN – GENDER

Work and Society

RECOMMENDED READING The unemployment rate is falling. For the fi rst time in many years, more people are in work. The number of gainfully employed women is rising; people who lived on state welfare for a long time now earn money and pay social security. At fi rst glance, a positive picture; at second glance, no longer, because two thirds of all unpaid work – housework, child care, looking after the elderly and the sick – continues to be done by women. Hence by the time they retire, their untiring work in many areas notwithstanding, they have managed an average of only 42 per cent of a man’s earnings – and their pensions are correspondingly low. Women worldwide account for 10 per cent of income, a fi gure that has remained unchanged over the years; their share of wealth is a mere 1 per cent. Gender inequality is an ongoing theme at FES conferences, workshops and seminars.

14 Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG ARBEIT UND SOZIALES

In conversation with Professor Heide Pfarr

Scientiﬁ c Director, Hans Böckler Foundation

FES: Women in work are on the rise. Is Pfarr: Yes. In fact they are likely to FES: Women continue to be largely this also true of full-time work that re- be hired only if a man cannot be responsible for children, the household quires qualifi ed staff? found for the job. Or in the hand- and caring for the sick and the elderly, ful of companies that genuinely even if they work full-time. Is anything Pfarr: No, the fi gures are deceptive. pursue equality and don’t just changing, improving here? Is there a While it is true that there are more proclaim it. change in attitude among younger women with jobs, and even more men? mothers, the volume of paid work FES: Is there still a lack of women role done by women has either regis- models in business and in trade unions, Pfarr: Yes, but much too little and tered a negligible increase or not who have made it right to the top? it is extremely class-specifi c. ‘New increased at all. It is simply spread fathers’ are found mainly among among more women. Neverthe- Pfarr: There has been a marked in- the better educated. That gives less, the rise in the number of gain- crease in the number. But for role cause for hope, but there are still fully employed women should be models we need many women, too few. welcomed as a start because a little also women with different lives gainful employment is better than and different work. FES: What advice would you give a no employment at all. young woman today who would like to FES: What about old-age care for have a family? Can she afford to give FES: Do we fi nd too many women wor- women? Experts fear the emergence of a up her job for an extended period? king in mini-jobs or for hand-to-mouth new poverty among old women in the wages? future? Pfarr: Keep it as short as possible! Never lose touch with paid work! Pfarr: Exactly. The percentage of Pfarr: Given the fact that their ca- Make use of laws that allow you to women in the group of low earners reers are disrupted, they earn less adjust work volume and times! is far above average, and not be- and there is defi nite salary discri- And choose partners later, insisting cause they are less qualifi ed. mination, women will face old-age that you expect them to behave as poverty. partners and fathers. FES: Are women who have children and are looking for skilled work with family- friendly working time arrangements still discriminated against?

Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung 15 FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG FRAUENPOLITIK & GENDERPOLITIK

Claudia Menne

Head of the Department for Gender Equality and Women’s Policy at the German Trade Union Federation

Are we already having to contend with a lack of skilled workers or not yet?

Various institutes are already ar- This includes: the fundamental problem of the guing about this question. There • early basic technical educa- German educational system – its are defi nitely bottlenecks, above tion; extremely selective nature – is left all in electrical engineering, en- • a solid knowledge base for all untouched. gineering and industrial enginee- citizens, for example, by sys- Furthermore, it is not a matter ring. Yet even in these sectors a to- tematically introducing all of course that women will be able tal of 13,000 unemployed people young people to technical que- to capitalise on the shortage of – mainly older people and women stions and problems in school qualifi ed workers because this – are looking for a job. Unemploy- and within the framework of shortage gives them a position of ment among women engineers is their education; strength at the negotiating table, more than twice as high as that of • further technical education in but a political question. After all, their male colleagues and the shor- combination with advice on besides opportunities for women, tage of skilled workers currently further training and education. demographic change in Germany makes little difference to overall However, high female unemploy- also means an ageing society that unemployment. The main cause is ment in engineering is also ex- entails higher expenditure for care the discrepancy between the qua- plained by the lack of adequate and support. This can work to the lifi cations in demand in the labour child care, work conditions that disadvantage of women if, for market and those that are avail- do not allow for family time and a example, they are thrust into these able. We therefore need to develop male-dominated culture. Giving professions, or if they are stuck and expand education once again. more publicity to successful wo- with this task in a private capacity. men in the fi eld of technology and In fact, there is even growing pres- technical development (in addi- sure on women academics to have tion to Girls’ Day) could be useful more children. in enabling girls and boys to recog- Whether electrical engineering nise women role models. is as much of a male domain else- To counter the shortage of qua- where can be answered by looking lifi ed workers, the government in- at other European countries. For tends to recruit trained foreign example, in Portugal, Spain, Italy workers. Since November 2007, it and even Greece, the percentage of has been easier for engineers from women in this fi eld is much higher the 12 new EU countries to acquire than in Germany. a work permit for Germany. But

16 FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG WORK AND SOCIETY

FROM THE WORK OF FES

B E R L I N Women – Technology – Management

Women concentrate on the sub- stance of the work and not on the strategic aspects, without which a career is virtually impossible. They underestimate their own ability and more often than not have no support at home. A change in the corporate culture is therefore necessary – for example, signalling a departure from the corporate ideal of employees being available Professor Ursula van Rienen, Chair of the faculty association of electrical around the clock. Also important engineering and information technology, University of Rostock are women’s networks and programmes for women mentors in Electrical engineering and infor- tunities and hurdles that still exist companies – and public role mo- mation technology require the for women at the top of this in- dels. Why, it was asked, are women skills of female managers, yet men dustry. Edelgard Bulmahn, former in technical professions, for in- dominate in many companies and German education minister and stance, not a common feature in in research. Every twelfth woman current chairperson of the parlia- the ubiquitous television soaps? engineer is without a job – in other mentary committee for business words, the unemployment rate and technology, pinpointed the among women in this sector is fatal connection: as very few wo- twice as high as that of their male men pursue a career in this fi eld, colleagues. Germany lags behind ‘the criteria governing professional other EU countries in this respect, requirements, evaluation and deci- while the industry bemoans the sion-making are still defi ned by lack of engineers. The reasons for men’. She highlighted the need to this scenario and how to change it target a human resource develop- were analysed by the Forum for ment policy for women. Professor Politics and Society at a sympo- Ursula van Rienen drew a depres- sium organised in Berlin. In colla- sing picture of practice at universi- boration with the women electri- ties: women account for only 5.7 per cent of those who obtain a de- cal engineers’ team at the Associa- from left: Claudia Menne, DGB, tion for Electrical, Electronic and gree in electrical engineering. Only Petra Friedrich, engineer, Information Technologies (VDE) a handful of them go on to pursue Munich Technical University, Edelgard the Forum highlighted the oppor- a scientifi c career. The reasons? Bulmahn, MP, Federal minister (retd)

FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNGFriedrich-Ebert-Stiftung 17 WOMEN – MEN – GENDER

LEIPZIG BONN Career planning – It’s do or die! commitment – lifestyles

Gender issues are cross-cutting In October, almost 300 women at- everyday experience. To address tasks. To enhance this awareness is tended the conference in Bonn this problem, the Federal Equal an important goal in the Foun- entitled ‘It’s do or die!’ In collabo- Treatment Act of 2006 (AGG) dation’s work. Two local alliances ration with the Gender Network offers considerable potential to for families were intensively incor- NRW, a day was spent in discus- bring more justice into women’s porated into the work and themes sing the prospects for NRW (North daily lives. of individual forums developed in Rhine-Westphalia). • The history of the education of close coordination with the par- The Gender Network is a coun- today’s generation of women is ticipants. The issue at stake was trywide alliance of organisations a history of success, but one career planning and political com- and institutions working with and not refl ected in women’s career mitment and the attitude of re- for women and girls in Germany. plans. The education system gional companies to the issue of A total of 800 organisations and must open up to different age reconciling career, family and institutions are represented in the groups – from elementary edu- success in the work place. network. The emphasis is on sup- cation to lifelong learning. porting women and girls through • Women are happy to help different phases and situations in bridge the widening gap be- life and on qualitatively refi ning tween the educated elite and work that is specifi c to them. educationally disadvantaged The participants were divided groups, through mentoring into four working groups to dis- programmes, for instance. The cuss subjects that today affect wo- gender dimension should not men the most: • Women in the scales – law and justice. • Not shortage but abundance – the future of education and work for women. • If you don’t dream… – power is the opportunity to act – politics for women. • Always on the move – faster, better, totally healthy? The outcomes provoked the fol- lowing thoughts: • While much has been achieved with regard to legislation, in- justice is still part of women’s

18 FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG WORK AND SOCIETY

Elke Ferner, MP, chairperson of the Working Group on Social Democratic Women (ASF)

be limited to academic dis- • We do not need a new femi- MAINZ course but must be implemen- nism, as the right questions The caring social state from the ted in educational and labour have been posed for 40 years gender perspective market policies. and the necessary answers giv- • The shortcomings of the health en in the respective contexts. Gender still has a considerable im- sector are described in detail in However, they have not been pact on life situations in Germany. the state report produced by translated into practice and, in This was the unanimous opinion the commission of enquiry on the near future, this is where expressed at a meeting at the FES the Future of Woman-based the real work lies. Mainz offi ce with the FES gender ex- Health Care in NRW and by the pert Barbara Stiegler and ASF chair- coordination centre for women person Elke Ferner. Women still do and health NRW. The coordi- far more unpaid work, earn less and nation centre was closed in have considerably lower pensions. March 2006. Women invest One of the central questions of the considerable time in health discussion was: why are so-called care, which increasingly has to women’s jobs in the personal ser- be fi nanced privately. Against vices sector still looked down upon, the backdrop of growing wo- although it is universally agreed that man and child poverty, this these jobs are vital for society? The area of activity calls for an all- services range from early childhood out effort. care to professional care for the el- • Power is the opportunity to act, derly. This prompted calls for the but this is diffi cult when the development of new models for the rules of the game and political organisation and evaluation of the styles have changed at the ex- care sector. pense of women’s issues. Vorsorgender Sozialstaat aus der • Differences and diversity are Geschlechterperspektive. Barbara Stieg- prerequisites – not only in wom- ler. Bonn FES 2007 http://library.fes.de/ en’s policy – if one is to create pdf-fi les/fo-wirtschaft/04321.pdf the impetus for joint action.

FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG 19 WOMEN – MEN – GENDER

ERFURT Old hats, new hats – getting to the bottom of women’s policies

analysis of the situation in Thurin- initiated by the Thuringia state gia where even in the Year of Equal government had to be halted in- Opportunity, women are systema- stead of being replicated at federal tically discriminated against in the level. labour market. In recent years, The current problems plaguing gainfully employed women have equal opportunity were the subject been hard hit by job cuts. Women of intense discussion. However, are rarely considered when compa- the participants also tried to con- nies recruit staff and 42 per cent of template the forms of struggle and all gainfully employed women in theories of the ‘classic’ women’s Thuringia are now in precarious movement and feminism and to employment. compare them with their present- In the fi rst working group Iris day experiences. An additional Gleicke and Silke Bemmann made outcome was an interesting look at concrete suggestions concerning the history of the women’s move- Dr Christine Bergmann, Federal Minister how to improve the situation of ment, its successes and failures. (retd) and FES Board member women in the labour market, while The participants’ concrete de- in the second group Christine mands were submitted to Chris- Not least because of the ‘latest Bergmann and Bettina Löbl ex- toph Matschie, SPD party head in fi ndings’ of the study entitled If plained why the family campaign Thuringia. Need Be, concerning the reasons for young women migrating from east Germany, women’s policy has moved to the top of the current political agenda. The debate on demographic change and the falling birth rate reached a new highpoint with the proposal that young rural women be dissuaded from leaving by providing them with mobile libraries or dial-a-bus services. The FES offi ce in Erfurt was prompted to conduct a thorough

20 FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNGFriedrich-Ebert-Stiftung WORK AND SOCIETY

BERLIN No family policy without equality policy!

The Forum for Politics and Society in France remain the domain of is active in two fi elds – family and the mother. Sweden has the high- gender policies – each with a diffe- est number of gainfully employed rent presence in the current public mothers, a balanced mix of ear- debate. While an intense discus- ning men and women and more sion has fl ared up over family poli- men sharing the house work than cy, things are comparatively quiet in the other countries studied. The as regards equality policy; wrongly lowest birth rate and the lowest so, as these two fi elds of policy are number of gainfully employed partly interdependent. A sustain- mothers are only two indicators able family policy cannot lose that prove that, in terms of family sight of policy objectives that aim policy, Germany brings up the rear to achieve equality. among the four countries. ‘More men in the family’ and Bärbel Dieckmann, mayor of ‘More women in a career’ are the Bonn and deputy chairperson of hitherto grossly neglected dimen- recommendations for implemen- the SPD, warned against reducing sion. Christine Bergman, former ting an equality-oriented family the gender justice debate to family German MP, believes that the poli- policy in Germany identifi ed in policy. Equality aspects must, for tical debates are confi ned to ‘cus- the FES study Family Policy from instance, be given greater conside- hioning the demographic shock’, the Equality Perspective – A Euro- ration, also in labour market poli- however, and are in no way linked pean Comparison. Annelie Rüling cies, to eliminate existing discrimi- to gender justice. and Karsten Kassner undertook a nation. Politicians and academics from study on behalf of FES to examine the countries in question under- the extent to which equality The study can be downloaded from scored the results of the analysis. aspects have been integrated into http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/do/ In Great Britain, the greatest chal- family policies in Great Britain, 04262.pdf lenges facing an equality-oriented Sweden, France and Germany. family policy lie in overcoming The study was presented at an the enormous wage disparities bet- international conference in Berlin ween the sexes, expanding the at which European representatives availability of child care and in- from politics and academia dis- troducing fl exible working. In cussed the strategies and challen- France, family policy is used as an ges of sustainable family policy. By instrument of labour market poli- combining family policy (current- cy: despite boasting the highest ly enjoying a political boom in birth rate in Europe and an extre- Germany) with equality policy, mely high number of gainfully FES turned the spotlight onto a employed mothers, family duties

FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNGFriedrich-Ebert-Stiftung 21 WOMEN – MEN – GENDER

POTSDAM / ERFURT / BERLIN Make opportunities equal!

wide wage discrepancy – at 23 per besides several other cases, discri- cent, the discrepancy in Germany mination against women was still is 8 per cent above the European the classic example. All of them average. prioritised the need to dispel pre- Elisabeth Schroedter MEP em- judice, raise awareness and promo- phasised the need to use the Eu- te tolerance. They believed that ropean Year of Equal Opportunity only if this is ineffective should to full effect for women and men the law be called upon to help in Brandenburg. In her contribu- create awareness and compel em- tion, Brunhilde Raiser, chairperson ployers to monitor possible dis- of the German Women’s Council, crimination. discussed the potential for change At a second event, one year af- with regard to policy on girls and ter the law had taken effect, a care- women. ful attempt was made to take stock. Specifi c questions were then The outcome: there had been no In 2007, the European Year of discussed in greater detail at a fl ood of complaints from compa- Equal Opportunity for All was the World Cafe at which small groups nies, as anticipated; instead, there umbrella under which numerous exchanged experiences and ela- was greater sensitivity and, gene- gender-policy related events were borated concrete options for the rally speaking, the message had held. The events included the in- practical promotion of equal op- been clearly understood. augural meeting of the 17th Bran- portunity in society. The plethora The Gender Pay Gap, an FES denburg Women’s Week con- of outcomes was an inspirational working paper, provides additional ducted by the FES Potsdam offi ce start to the 17th Brandenburg information on this subject. It pro- in collaboration with the Bran- Women’s Week during which stra- vides an overview of activities ini- denburg Council for Research on tegies to eliminate discrimination tiated by the EU Commission, the Women (Frauenpolitischen Rat). continued to be developed in more German Government and private Under the countrywide motto than 300 events and campaigns institutions related to wage discre- ‘Make Opportunities Equal!’ the throughout the country. pancies between men and women. conference dealt with diversity, At two events, the FES offi ce in In July 2007, the EU Commission equal opportunity and discrimina- Erfurt dealt with the Equal Treat- published a related study. Equal tion in Brandenburg. Dagmar Zie- ment Act (AGG), which is facing pay for the same work or for work gler, state minister for labour, so- stiff resistance from the business of equal value, as stipulated by the cial affairs, health and family and sector. In a seminar geared mainly EC Treaty for over 30 years, has yet Brandenburg representative for to women trade unionists and to become a reality. The working equality, stressed that in almost all works councils, discrimination at paper provides information about sections of society women are still work, as well as in political and vo- the causes and makes recommen- clearly under-represented in lead- luntary work, was clearly specifi ed. dations to help bridge the wage ing positions. She also decried the The participants complained that gap between women and men.

22 FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNGFriedrich-Ebert-Stiftung WORK AND SOCIETY

BERLIN Nursing reform – opportunity or trap?

RECOMMENDED READING

Seventy-three per cent of full-time member to be looked after; em- staff in the ‘care sector’ are women, ployers are also obliged to provide over 60 per cent of those in need a one-to-six month ‘care period’. of care are women and over 90 per However, as no remuneration is SAARBRÜCKEN cent of domestic care is provided envisaged for this period, many Old-age poverty is feminine by private individuals, also mainly employees will be unable to afford women. As a person in need of such long periods away from work. care often requires an average of The example of the Ford plant in At an FES conference in Saarbrü- eight years of intensive care, wo- Cologne may be cited here. An cken, Gertrud Backes, who resear- men are frequently compelled to employee who needs time off to ches old age, maintained that in- give up their jobs to look after look after someone works out a grained gender relations continue family members. The FES Forum plan based on his or her individual until old age. While many male for Politics and Society, in collabo- needs together with the company; pensioners are ﬁ nancially well off, ration with the German Women’s should there be problems with su- things look different for women, Council, called a conference on periors, an ombudswoman inter- who have less money and fewer the new draft bill for care sector re- venes. Isolated positive cases like social contacts. Women often form. According to Elke Ferner, this notwithstanding, Mechthild nurse and take care of people until there had been a considerable im- Rawert MP believes that Germany they themselves are old. Yet again provement in the status quo, as still lacks a widespread debate on it was asked whether these struc- hospital care is to be reinforced social policy: ‘We must ensure that tures could be dismantled in the vis-à-vis home care, involving a it does not take several decades – future, and if so, how. The answers, gradual increase in beneﬁ ts and as was the case with child care – for though obvious, presuppose a nursing allowance. In future, em- men and women to even start diffe rent distribution of work ployers must allow employees up showing signs of feeling equally between men and women. to ten days’ leave if they have to responsible for the care of the el- make arrangements for a family derly.’

FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNGFriedrich-Ebert-Stiftung 23 WOMEN – MEN – GENDER

BELGRADE MACEDONIA CAIRO Serbian trade unions show little Still a ﬁ ght for equal rights – Media: campaigning for rural interest in women a brochure women

Equal pay, discrimination against Macedonia gained independence A training programme for Egyptian women, reconciling family and in 1991. Despite formal equality, women journalists, organised by job are still not important aspects women are still fi ghting for equal FES Cairo in collaboration with of trade union work in Serbia. FES rights in the workplace. They are the women’s studies centre and has therefore been supporting the paid less and are discriminated the media faculty at the University women’s wings in trade unions for against. With FES support, the of Cairo, has been under way for many years, for example by hos- SSM (Macedonian trade union fi ve years. Since 2007, some 150 ting the seminar series ‘Social Co- confederation) has compiled a journalists of all political hues operatives’ in four Serbian regions. comprehensive brochure that have attended the training work- Unemployed women endeavour- provides information on women’s shops. After the initial teething ing to become independent are rights. The brochure contains problems (professional jealousy given practical advice and sup- examples of the most frequent and the reluctance to share in- ported in their efforts to fi nd a job. cases of discrimination and lists formation), the programme has Strategy workshops are held for help centres. Other important is- proved its worth. The long and te- different sectors, at which the fo- sues covered include security and dious journeys to far-fl ung villages cus is primarily on the signifi cance health at the work place, the right fostered an atmosphere of com- of women’s work in trade unions to maternity leave and strategies panionship and awareness of the and in the world of work. The aim against bullying. often precarious situation of wom- is to enhance the infl uence of en in these villages. These ex- female members on trade union periences forged the will among work. RECOMMENDED READING the women to rally together to address shortcomings. The NGO ENSAF (Justice) came into being towards the end of 2007. Members include media people, human rights experts, FES staff and university faculty. The intention is to initiate programmes in the local media in 2008.

24 FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNGFriedrich-Ebert-Stiftung WORK AND SOCIETY

BENIN SHANGHAI Free-trade agreement under the gender dimension Gender mainstreaming in trade union policy

The upcoming free-trade agreement between the EU and the Community of West African States concerns women in particular. They earn their income primarily from small-scale agriculture and informal trade and see subsidised goods from the EU as a threat to their livelihood. Even today, according to an example quoted at a conference organised by FES and partner organisations in Benin, frozen chicken thighs from Europe Gender justice continues to be vir- showing heightened interest in are offered at lower prices than tually an alien concept in the this instrument. At the invitation local produce. The women were at Chinese labour market. However, of FES Shanghai, Claudia Menne a loss to remain competitive, with Chinese trade unions have shown held a highly acclaimed series of their small ﬁ elds and traditional considerable interest in integrating lectures on the subject. She ex- methods of cultivation. Taking the this principle into future work and plained the differences between pragmatic route, they decided to beneﬁ ting from German experien- traditional women’s policy and stop resigning themselves to the ces. China, rural and urban, is un- gender policy and recalled that inevitable and instead to start mo- dergoing economic and social equality policy had been re-orient- dernising their means of produc- change at breakneck speed. Tradi- ed in 1995 at the World Women’s tion and to promote training for tional family ties and gender rela- Conference in Beijing. Minimum stakeholders in the production tions are falling by the wayside as wages, income discrimination, ma- sector. people migrate to the cities and ternity leave and greater represen- the urban middle class continues tation of women at all managerial to grow. In comparison to other levels were the subject of intense Asian countries, gender equality is discussion. well developed in China, but the problems in the labour market are similar to those in Germany. Gender mainstreaming strategies – that is, reviewing all decisions in terms of their varying impacts on men and women – are largely Gender Mainstreaming in den Gewerkschaften unknown, but trade unions are ᎹӮᎹ԰Ёⱘᗻ߿ᛣ䆚Џ⌕࣪

FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNGFriedrich-Ebert-Stiftung 25 WOMEN – MEN – GENDER

BANGKOK NEPAL/PAKISTAN/INDIA The trade union movement is No social security, child labour, bonded labour weak

One of the FES priority areas in An FES-organised workshop in know nothing about them and Thailand is support for trade Kathmandu dealt with the situa- have no access to information that unions. Workers in Thailand – tion of home-based workers. Stra- could help them secure at least both men and women – do not en- tegies were developed to bring minimal security. In collaboration joy high social status, the trade about ratifi cation of the ILO Con- with trade unions, government or- union movement is fragmented vention on Home-based Workers ganisations and NGOs, FES is en- and labour law leaves much to be in all South Asian countries. The deavouring to make these pro- desired. As trade unions are per- focal points of the Convention are grammes accessible to women ceived as being opposed to the safer working conditions, better working on the land, street ven- state, only about 3 per cent of wor- pay and social security. There is a dors, construction workers and kers are organised. There is virtual- good chance that Nepal will be craftswomen. ly no dialogue between the gov- one of the fi rst Asian countries to Throughout South Asia, the ernment and trade unions on so- ratify the Convention and thus as- number of home-based workers is cio-political and economic policy sume a pioneering role. Pakistan is on the rise. Out of a total of 100 programmes. Legal regulations, discussing a national law on social million such workers worldwide, above all the guarantee of funda- security for home-based workers no less than 50 million are in mental rights for employees and and, in the run-up to the vote, FES South Asia. Eighty per cent of the trade unions, are therefore the goal plans to hold a conference in Is- workers who weave carpets and of numerous FES campaigns. The lamabad. fabrics for the textile industry in male-dominated trade unions have India and South Asia: 95 per Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Pa- virtually no female representation. cent of working women in India kistan and India are women; the Decision-makers are hardly, if at are in the informal sector and are same is true of workers who stitch all, sensitised to gender issues. FES not entitled to state-guaranteed footballs for the sports goods in- endeavours to bring about change; social security. While there are iso- dustry in Pakistan. These are ex- for example, through information lated programmes at regional and port-oriented, economically im- brochures on home-based work. A national level initiated by public portant branches of industry and range of women-specifi c problems and private stakeholders, women the women who are responsible are discussed with trade unionists, the main issues being increased violence, low income, poorer work conditions and poor access for women to social services. And, much like Germany, lack of child care is a cause for complaint in women’s networks.

26 FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNGFriedrich-Ebert-Stiftung WORK AND SOCIETY

CENTRAL AMERICA Gender-based social security

A search for pertinent literature on social security systems in Cen- tral America promptly leads one to FES. No institution can compare with FES when it comes to providing individual countries with taken to fi nd out how single mo- concrete suggestions for a more so- thers on low incomes might more for indispensable work in produc- cially balanced system of health easily obtain access to a minimum tion are the weakest link in the and old-age insurance. Thanks to old-age pension. chain: they are dependent on sub- the Foundation’s efforts, the de- The public health care system contractors and agents. They have bate has been broadened to in- is in no better condition. It is per- no work protection, nor are their clude gender mainstreaming. The- manently under-fi nanced, offers contracts or incomes secure. Ill- re is a growing willingness in the poor health care and does not ness, fl oods or a damaged loom or countries concerned to use this cover the entire region. Many rural sewing machine can be life-threa- instrument as another building regions in Honduras or El Salvador tening. In case of disaster, they block towards developing a mo- are virtually without health care of have no option but to go to the dern concept of basic health care any kind. Over 50 per cent of pa- local money-lender, who demands and care for the elderly. tients have to pay for doctors and high interest rates and, by way of The state of the social security medicines out of their own pockets, security, often demands that a system is depressing in all six and often at infl ated rates. The family member work for him. Central American countries. The problem is compounded by the Bonded labour continues to be policy of economic liberalism they fact that the number of single mo- widespread. Under these condi- have pursued has widened social thers is on the rise: men leave the tions, child labour is on the rise. and economic disparities. Gender country or simply start new rela- Like their mothers, many of these inequality is becoming more acute. tionships. In cases of confl ict, the children remain illiterate. The pro- The trend in old-age insurance to- corrupt and ‘macho’ judiciary of- ducts made by mothers and child- wards a complete switch from a ten decides in favour of the man. ren are often sold by the husband solidarity-based system to one ba- The social security systems are or eldest son, which means that sed on the funding principle is al- mired in a diffi cult structural crisis the income earned by women is at ready having an adverse effect, caused by demographic changes, the disposal of men. Networks are particularly on women, who work declining income and poorly in- being formed in all the countries largely in the informal sector, with vested member contributions. affected that not only engage in no social security. It is equally Existing social disparities are being political lobbying for better wor- alarming that in Honduras, for further exacerbated, lending even king conditions, but also offer example, social security contribu- more importance to the FES-faci- services, such as primary health tions are deducted for just 4 per litated discussion of gender. care or microcredits. cent of public sector workers. Studies have therefore been under-

FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNGFriedrich-Ebert-Stiftung 27 WOMEN – MEN – GENDER

Politics and participation

People living in absolute poverty and dependence cannot participate in political and social life. They are helpless without access to education and work. FES conducts training programmes in numerous countries, especially for women, because democracy entails the participation of both sexes. The needs of women often differ from those of men: they want health care and education for their children; they want to prevent their children from being drawn into gang crime and war. Furthermore, they are far more interested in ﬁ nding peaceful solutions to conﬂ icts than men and are therefore indispensable when democratic structures are being set up, whether in their villages or in national parliaments.

Gender policy takes account of the needs of both women and men. A successful equality policy is indispensable in sustaining a country. In several countries, women (that is, half the population) are still excluded from the political process. But much is changing: FES makes its own contribution through training programmes, campaigns, skills training and network programmes. This is not conﬁ ned to the developing and emerging countries; there is work to be done in Germany, too, before legal gender justice is established in everyday life at all levels.

28 FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNGFriedrich-Ebert-Stiftung In conversation with Ingrid Matthäus-Maier

Board Spokeswoman, KfW Bankengruppe, and chairperson of the FES Board of Trustees

FES: You once said ‘Give the money to ments punctually. This is because more likely to go to school than the women’, referring to certain forms they know that access to loans is a the daughters of non-clients. Ex- of development cooperation that help precious commodity and they can- changing experiences with other people set up businesses. Do you have not afford to gamble it away. A UMU clients has strengthened the any examples? woman who does not pay on time women’s self-esteem and confi - does not get any further credit, dence in their own ability. In Matthäus-Maier: One KfW micro- while a woman who is punctual Bangladesh, clients’ nutrition and fi nance project catering directly to with her repayments can benefi t health has improved due to BRAC women involves the promotion of from a higher amount in the next membership; the longer a woman SEWA, the Self-Employed Women’s ‘credit cycle’. Male clients are not is a BRAC client, the less likely she Association in India, which is an always so disciplined; they often is to suffer from hunger or malnu- all-women’s NGO. We have provid- present themselves before micro- trition. ed this organisation with capital fi nance institutions with great vi- and refi nancing funds for micro- sions, but they lack initiative and FES: Does a woman’s self-confi dence credits and given advice on how to it is often the women who, with increase when she earns her own mo- expand the business. Another their realism and commitment, set ney? Is this then refl ected in greater par- example is our support for BRAC, up successful enterprises step by ticipation in public life? Does she, for the Bangladesh Rural Advance- step. Based solely on the risk fac- example, get more involved in local ment Committee. BRAC is also an tor, several microfi nance institu- poli tics? NGO, 95 per cent of whose mem- tions consider women an impor- bers are women. We assist BRAC in tant client group. Matthäus-Maier: A woman’s self- its efforts to navigate modern ca- confi dence increases when she pital markets. With the help of a FES: How does it impact on a family handles self-earned money; this guarantee, it is possible for BRAC’s when women earn their own money? actually encourages some women credit portfolio to be securitised, Do they, for instance, invest more in the to play an active role in shaping which means the individual mi- education of their children or in health the future of their own village, as crocredits are combined in a struc- care? may be observed in India, for tured manner and sold as a kind of example. But the greater self-suffi - bond on the international capital Matthäus-Maier: Yes, no doubt ciency and independence that market. The organisation can then about it. When women earn mo- come with savings and credit op- obtain fresh liquidity for further ney, they set aside some for pos- portunities do more than just en- loans. sible medical costs. Their earnings hance a woman’s entrepreneurial also cover school fees. Nor are girls spirit. According to BRAC, many FES: Is there a difference between men taken out of school quite so often clients campaign for local political and women as debtors? to augment the family budget. To offi ce and are elected. SEWA is a give you an example: clients of the successful trade union movement Matthäus-Maier: Yes, women are Ugandan microfi nance institution that strengthens the rights of considered responsible clients who UMU can afford school fees and women workers and supports them take great care to make their repay- consequently their children are in pushing through their demands

FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNGFriedrich-Ebert-Stiftung 29 WOMEN – MEN – GENDER

for higher wages. But this is not FES: You have started small banks in FES: Do men ultimately also beneﬁ t adopted automatically and access countries that need our support. This from these programmes if, for example, to microcredits is not always the has created new jobs. Do you give wo- a different image of women is imparted single deciding factor. men a chance here too? to sons?

FES: And how do the men react who, Matthäus-Maier: The micro-banks Matthäus-Maier: I believe that the after all, still tend to be rather patriar- supported by us – for example, the greater self-confi dence among wo- chal, particularly in developing and bank of the ProCredit Network – men that is an offshoot of microfi - emerging countries? focus on granting micro credits to nancing has a positive impact also micro enterprises, many of which on longer-term change processes; Matthäus-Maier: Men realise that are managed by women. There are for instance, women’s image in so- women’s growing and increasingly currently 21 ProCredit banks in ciety. However, despite all the articulate self-confi dence is not ne- various east European countries justifi ed enthusiasm for the impact cessarily a threat. As they watch (10), Africa (5) and Latin America of microfi nance on women’s life their children grow, they under- (7). More are planned. They aim situations, I would also like to stand that the family as a whole directly at micro and small enter- warn against seeing microfi nance stands to benefi t. Of course men prises and strive to come closer to as a panacea – social change does will not always applaud, but one clients. In fact, micro and small not happen overnight and not just must give them time to get used to enterprises can grow more quickly because women have access to something new. thanks to their access to loans, loans. Nevertheless, it must be no- which in turn generates additional ted that microfi nancing is one of jobs. the most promising development approaches of all, particularly for women.

30 FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG POLITICS AND PARTICIPATION

FROM THE WORK OF FES

B E R L I N 100 years of the international women’s movement

Is feminism no longer ‘in’? Is the world war, labour protection laws women’s movement suffering a such as maternity laws and child rollback? Has it run out of major safety and protection, equal pay political issues? What can we learn for the same work and a stipulated from the fi rst generation of cam- minimum wage. Lissy Gröner, SPD paigners? Answers to all these member of the European Parlia- questions were sought during a ment, came to a depressing con- ger obvious, but makes itself felt discussion organised by the Forum clusion: ‘This list of priorities is for example in wage and tax poli- for Politics and Society to comme- still as valid as it ever was.’ In the cies. morate the 100th anniversary of European Year of Equal Opportu- The author Katja Kullmann la- the Socialist Women’s Interna- nities for All she called for the ob- mented that the ‘daughters of tional. Mention was made of the jectives of women’s policy, namely emancipation’ are resting on their women who joined Clara Zetkin a ban on discrimination, zero tole- mothers’ laurels. For her the impo- and Rosa Luxemburg, who pursu- rance against violence and recon- tence of the women’s movement ed great goals at the start of the ciliation of family and career, to be has much to do with modern twentieth century: female suffrage, consistently implemented. The society’s performance principle, the struggle against the imperialist question of whether young wo- which prevents women from ral- men, above all, are still attracted to lying in solidarity. What can and feminism and the women’s move- must twenty-fi rst century femi- ment today – whether this is where nism do if it is not to lose what was they rediscover their real lives – fought for and achieved with such was the subject of intense debate. diffi culty? On the 100th anniver- Elke Ferner and Christine Berg- sary of the women’s movement, mann had different opinions. Elke Lissy Gröner’s plea was not with- Ferner took the view that while out a touch of criticism: ‘Let us there are many well-qualifi ed wo- women continue to be the avant men in the labour market, they garde for equality and solidarity, still earn less than their equally for we need all our strength, imagi- well-qualifi ed male counterparts nation and creativity to overcome and experience severe setbacks in the patriarchal dominance that their career if they have children. has prevailed for thousands of Christine Bergmann believes that years.’ discrimination against women has become more subtle – it is no lon-

FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG 31 WOMEN – MEN – GENDER

BERLIN/ERFURT/NAMIBIA/INDONESIA RECOMMENDED READING Gender budgeting – democratic household maintenance for both sexes

The subject of gender budgeting dresses the issue of how to deal plays an important role at different with public money and the effects levels of the Foundation’s work. A on men and women. During an text by Professor Christine Färber event organised by the Forum for (www.fes.de/buergergesellschaft) can Politics and Society, German fi n- serve as the basis for discussions ance minister Peer Steinbrück also and seminars. Her most important advocated this tool, albeit guar- theories regarding the defi nition dedly: http://www.fes.de/forumpug/ and benefi ts of gender budgeting inhalt/documents/GenderBudgeting. are outlined below. pdf. ‘Gender budgeting makes it Economic promotion and equal possible to analyse the budget of opportunity were also themes of the federation, a federal state or a an event organised by the FES of- local authority systematically. All fi ce in Thuringia that focused on example, in Namibia, FES, in col- income and expenditure in the the signifi cance of the EU structu- laboration with the NEWF net- budgeting process are systema- ral funds and their control effect as work, offers all female mandate tically reviewed when compiling, regards gender equality. This is holders, ranging from the munici- implementing and accounting for particularly relevant in Thuringia, palities to the national parliament, a budget. How does this impact on as the budget – especially with re- training sessions in gender budge- women and men in economic gard to investments for economic ting. At a conference in Swa- terms? Are social gender relations promotion– is largely covered by kopmund, the Namibian fi nance affected in any way? The distri- the EU structural funds. EU prin- minister expressly praised the bution of public services among ciples stipulate that these funds be Foundation’s efforts. In her speech women and men is reviewed along granted on condition that the she announced her own initiatives with the effect of all budget-related gender principle is taken into ac- to incorporate gender sensitivity activities on the social distribution count. The extent to which gender into the budget, as well as into of resources such as money and budgeting plays a role in everyday sector-specifi c departments. time, paid and unpaid work … political life and in the distribu- In Indonesia, too, the FES offi ce Gender budgeting makes the cross- tion of funds was examined to- in Jakarta organised a workshop sectoral task of achieving equality gether with the Thuringia Council on ‘Gender Responsive Budgeting’ in the budget more transparent for Women and experts from dif- within the framework of the and controllable and so makes a ferent fi elds. Foundation’s South-East Asia gen- central contribution to the future Politically active women in sev- der programme. A gender focus viability of our society.’ eral countries have recognised that when drafting the budget leads to The Foundation’s domestic and change occurs by means of priori- greater transparency, democracy international work in the fi eld of tising and distributing the funds and gender justice – and across the political education repeatedly ad- earmarked in the budget. For world.

32 FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG POLITICS AND PARTICIPATION

FREIBURG Women politicians in conversation: moderation instead of alpha male behaviour?

Do women cultivate a political style different from that of men? This question can probably be answered only on an individual basis, as illustrated by a series of events organised by the FES offi ce in Baden-Württemberg. There was a highly interesting dialogue between Professor Gesine Schwan, university president in Frankfurt/ Oder, and Anke Fuchs, FES chairperson. Both women have led ex- traordinary lives: Anke Fuchs has held high political offi ce – for example, Vice President of the Anke Fuchs, FES chairperson, Gernot Erler, Minister of State in the German Bundestag – as well as positions Foreign Offi ce and Professor Gesine Schwan, President, European University with considerable social respons- Viadrina Frankfurt/Oder ibility, such as President of the Mieterbund (Tenants’ Association). yond Germany as a candidate for men, have not learned to put up The political scientist Gesine the offi ce of Federal German Presi- with rivalry. We rarely show soli- Schwan is well-known even be- dent. darity with each other.’ Alpha males go far, but Gesine In Schwetzingen and Ludwigs- RECOMMENDED READING Schwan is of the opinion that they burg, women politicians from dif- soon come up against their limits: ferent generations also engaged in Fritz-Erler-Forum ‘In cock fi ghts vanity comes before discussion. One motivation to en- a fall and society does not benefi t.’ gage in politics was common to She warned against holding this all, namely the hope that their ac- up as a model and appealed to tions would bring justice closer. women to work more towards co- Andrea Schwarz, born in 1974 and operation in networks and quiet the youngest in the discussion moderation. Anke Fuchs, on the circle, stated quite pragmatically: ‘I Politisches Handeln und Verantwortung other hand, did not want to would rather get involved than Gesine Schwan und Anke Fuchs im Gespräch idealise women in politics but rela- keep whinging. One can’t change am 26. März 2007 in Freiburg

Veranstaltungsinformation des Fritz-Erler-Forums Baden-Württemberg tivised the issue based on her own everything, but one has to start Landesbüro der Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Zukunft und Gerechtigkeit experiences in political life: ‘We somewhere.’ women in politics, in contrast to

Fritz-Erler-Forum Baden-Württemberg

FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG 33 WOMEN – MEN – GENDER

BERLIN/ROME/RAMALLAH MACEDONIA/BULGARIA Cross-border initiatives and roundtables FES helps women break free of patriarchal structures

the fact that top positions in busi- Patriarchal family and social struc- ness and society were still occupied tures still prevail in Macedonia’s primarily by men. rural north-west. This means, for In Ramallah, Palestinian wo- example, that society circumvents men politicians held talks with inheritance law under which wo- Inge Wettig-Danielmeier and com- men have entitlements. Further- plained primarily about the lack of more, in elections the male head politically trained women. Many of the family votes on their behalf. women are receptive to national Every fourth woman has ex- and religious ideologies as repre- perienced violence. The ﬁ rst shel- sented by, for example, Hamas ters for women have just opened. because Hamas addresses educa- Economic dependence is also seen tional and health issues. If further as a form of violence; even when

Inge Wettig-Danielmeier in conversation radicalisation in the Palestinian women have their own income, with Palestinian women in Ramallah Territories is to be avoided, women the man controls the money. must be politically sensitised, and The FES Macedonia offi ce, in The new opportunities thrown up FES is trying to do this through collaboration with a partner orga- by gender mainstreaming are mo- numerous programmes in the area. nisation, has trained women lawy- bilising women around the world. Hence, within the scope of the ers and social workers who advise FES is increasingly trying to meet project Lead 22 conducted by FES rural women in all age groups. It is the need for more information and Jerusalem in cooperation with important fi rst to make them to engage in its practical exchange. Bierzeit University, 22 selected aware of their legal rights. FES de- Bearing this in mind, the Latin female multipliers were given the liberately trains women from dif- America section organised a confe- opportunity to improve their ferent ethnic backgrounds, and rence in Berlin with women politi- leadership qualities. These women Macedonian, Albanian and Tur- cians from Argentina, Brazil, Chile from the West Bank and Gaza have and Uruguay. led profoundly different lives: At the invitation of the FES of- some are still studying while others fi ce in Rome, German and Italian already have several years’ profes- women politicians discussed pro- sional experience. Many of them spects for joint initiatives. SPD are working mothers who are also politicians spoke about the pro- involved in their communities or gress made after the introduction in politics. All want to bring about of quotas. Italian politicians were change. In April 2008 six seminar far more negative about their si- participants will participate in an tuation than their German coun- information programme organised terparts, but they both lamented by FES in Germany.

34 FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNGFriedrich-Ebert-Stiftung POLITICS AND PARTICIPATION

UKRAINE/BELARUS Gender issues: trade unions more interested than politicians kish women are amazingly open In the face of the ongoing crisis in when speaking about their expe- domestic politics, little is being riences in closed all-women semi- done at government level as re- nars. They have built networks on gards gender issues. As a result, the their own initiative, are extremely Foundation’s partners are chiefl y well informed about political de- trade unions from sectors such as velopments in their respective nuclear energy, armaments and countries and feel the need to be a coal mining. Although these part of the democratic process. The branches of industry are domi- Dr Bärbel Kofl er, MP young women from these villages nated by male workers, women feel that progress is much too slow, and men together hold construc- The Belarusian experience is however, and react by fl eeing from tive talks on gender issues. similar. Here, too, the work with their villages. They marry men At a large FES conference atten- the trade unions has had positive with secure residential status in ded by NGOs and national experts, results. Jointly developed educa- the EU or USA in the hope of ma- equality laws and their practical tional programmes for NGOs, poli- terial security but more than implementation was clearly the tical parties, trade unions and anything else in the hope of living focus of the public debate. At ano- youth organisations have met with a freer and more modern life. ther FES conference on new politi- a good response. In not one of the Things seem to have progressed cal strategies for the implementa- 20 gender seminars did men ac- a bit further in Bulgaria. A network tion of partnership-based models count for less than 40 per cent of of Social Democratic women esta- for life, in which Dr Bärbel Kofl er the participants, which is still un- blished by FES in Sofi a has lively MP also participated, hopes con- usual for countries of the former discussions on equal rights and centrated on the EU agreements Soviet Union. Above all, this work critically observes the status of on equality. Within the framework with multipliers impacts on the gender-specifi c legislation. of the European Neighbourhood organisations to which the semi- Policy, Ukraine is obliged to review nar participants belong. Besides its laws and programmes with refe- issues of journalism, trade unions rence to gender justice. At present and local governance, delicate sub- this work is complicated by a new jects such as gender equality in free-for-all capitalism in which church-run institutions and demo- sexist gender clichés fl ourish, par- cracy in Belarusian society are also ticularly in advertising. The part- on the agenda. ner organisation KRONA was prompted to stage an exhibition – Stop Sexism – at an FES meeting in east Ukraine.

Friedrich-Ebert-StiftungFRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG 35 WOMEN – MEN – GENDER

TURKEY More women in parliament

With a witty and extremely effec- liament?’, asks a poster that por- about the political system, but also tive public campaign, the women’s trays a pretty blonde woman with offer motivational training for organisation KA.DER, which is a moustache. KA.DER and FES women who would like to cam- supported by FES, will try to bring have established political schools paign as candidates in the local more women into parliament. ‘Do for women in several provinces and national elections. you have to be a man to enter par- that not only provide information

JAKARTA Despite all the problems: Muslim women conquer politics

Muslim women politicians in mentalism in Politics’ and its im- years, not only in Islamic but also South-East Asia are gaining inﬂ u- pact on the political involvement in Buddhist and Hindu societies. ence, at least in terms of numbers. of women. The theme is gaining As a remedy, the politicians sug- At the invitation of the FES re- importance in South-East Asia, as gested developing education for gional gender project South-East fundamentalist groups have be- disadvantaged social groups and Asia, women politicians from In- come more powerful in recent promoting moderate Islam. donesia, Malaysia, Thailand and the Philippines met in Jakarta to discuss their situation, though with mixed results: while the number of Muslim women in politics is on the rise, they are rarely found in leadership positions. They still have to ﬁ ght against prejudice rooted in religious values and rules. But it is not religion alone that prevents women from moving up. In all four countries political parties are male bastions and women rarely make it to the top, even on the list of candidates. The conference was organised as part of a seminar series on ‘Funda-

36 FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNGFriedrich-Ebert-Stiftung POLITICS AND PARTICIPATION

PAKISTAN The radio offers women a public platform

Since 2001, an extremely success- Mann sein, um ins Parlament zu ful FES project has been under way kommen?“ fragt auf Plakaten eine in one of the poorest and most re- hübsche blonde Frau mit Oberlip- mote provinces in Pakistan: ‘Radio penbart. KA.DER und FES haben and Women’s Development’ has in mehreren Provinzen Politik- opened up new opportunities for schulen für Frauen gegründet. women to play an active role in politics and society. Given the high illiteracy rate in Pakistan (men 70 per cent, women above 90 per cent), the radio is the sole source of information for many people. As a fi rst step, workshops are held in which women are encouraged to speak openly about their problems. The discussions are male and female roles that mar- tions, as well as civil and equal recorded and broadcast by a local ginalise women. Speaking in pub- rights. Everything is documented radio station. For many women it lic boosts the participants’ self- and then broadcast by Radio Paki- was a completely new experience confi dence and their social status. stan. to leave their villages and speak The radio has become more than The fi rst women are now being publicly about their problems, also just a discussion forum. trained in workshops to become in the presence of men. The pro- Workshops and seminars con- media reporters. In future they will blems range from poor health care, centrate on providing education make their own radio programmes. bad drinking water and lack of ac- on family planning, health care, This University of Peshawar process to education to the traditional child education, environmental ject is also supported by FES. and religious views concerning protection, participation in elec-

ULAN BATOR Women’s quotas in Mongolia

The women’s associations of three in Mongolia in 2008, with the aim tance, Heidrun Merk, former Mi- important parties have increased of increasing the percentage of nister of Justice in Lower Saxony, the women’s quota in their parties women in parliament (currently worked together with women to from 24 per cent to 30 per cent. 6.5 per cent). develop strategies for implemen- Now it is a question of getting en- The FES ofﬁ ce in Ulan Bator has tation of the women’s quota. ough women onto the list of can- actively accompanied women’s didates campaigning for election struggle for more power. For ins-

Friedrich-Ebert-StiftungFRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG 37 WOMEN – MEN – GENDER

TEL AVIV IRAQ NORTH AFRICA The women’s parliament in Israel Training women election Maghreb women start to observers mobilise

Crucial elections and referendums Fifty women from Algeria, Moroc- are to be held in Iraq in 2008, not co, Tunisia and Mauritania spent only for the regional parliaments two days discussing their options but also on the modifi ed Iraqi for action in patriarchal Arab so- constitution and the future of the cieties. ‘Women’s Long March to oil-rich city of Kirkuk. These elec- Equality’ was the motto of the FES- tions can help to reduce confl ict supported event held in Tunis. The and diffuse tensions only if they next milestone is the Maghreb enjoy both external and internal Social Forum in 2008 for which legitimacy. Besides all the religious preparations are in full swing and, The women’s parliament came and ethnic groups living in Iraq, it as so often, it is the women who into being in 1999 with the sup- is crucial for women to have equal are showing a special commit- port of FES Israel. The intention participation rights – an extremely ment. They see themselves facing was to add an explicitly feminine diffi cult task in Iraq. Hence the fo- a double, contradictory challenge: view to the debates dominated by cus of the Foundation’s work in thanks to globalisation they are men in the media and in public. In 2008 is also on training election being integrated into modern work the 48 meetings held to date, the observers throughout the country. relations more rapidly than before, women’s parliament has addressed The project promotes the involve- but they believe their path to mo- every important political issue. ment of women, above all, and is dernity is once again under threat The goal is to give equal attention to be understood as traditional because of the growing social sig- to the needs of men and women – women’s advancement. Women nifi cance of Islam. At the prepara- in other words, gender mainstrea- participants are not only trained as tory conference in Tunis, in ad- ming should become a matter of election observers, but they train dition to the ‘permanent fi xtures’ course. The public meetings held other participants, too. A total of – discrimination at work and vio- by the women’s parliament deal 400 workshops are scheduled, in lence against women – the pro- with issues such as educational which 10,000 Iraqi men and gramme included other special is- and social policy, security policy, women will be prepared for this sues, such as the discrimination crime and corruption. By organis- task. In this way women are not against Arab women in inheritance ing events in different places the only familiarised with politics, but, law or the role of art and culture in women’s parliament sparks critical in civil society terms, will take on a the development of Maghreb feminist discussions outside the ci- key role in the country, both be- women’s identity and image. Each ties, too. These debates have given fore and on election day. of the individual women’s orga- birth to important social initia- nisations sent a younger and an tives such as the coalition against older representative to the con- pornography, a forum against ference, which made for lively de- sexual harassment and Anwar, the bates. Jewish-Arab women’s group.

38 FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNGFriedrich-Ebert-Stiftung POLITICS AND PARTICIPATION

SENEGAL Will women soon have half the power?

Leading constitutional lawyers, Is- lamic scholars and representatives of ethnic traditions jointly drafted a bill that envisages 50:50 parity in parliament and in local councils. The impressive march to the presi- dential palace by more than a thousand women dressed in white put the project at the top of the political agenda, and for the ﬁ rst time in the history of the country a law on parity was passed! The local elections in 2008 will be a crucial test. But the bill is already In election year 2007, Senegal’s lose out in the elections for the bearing fruit. There are more women were united in agreement. parliament and the senate. Hence, women in the new cabinet and They wanted gender justice at all FES supported this women’s al- women are expected to account political levels. However, women liance with a comprehensive for 40 per cent of the seats in the politicians from 21 parties were package covering training, con- senate. afraid that they would yet again sultancy and public campaigns.

Friedrich-Ebert-StiftungFRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG 39 WOMEN – MEN – GENDER

SOUTH AFRICA BRAZIL Gender research – a success story National Plan on Policies for Women

This is a success story of a kind things would change only if their Despite the tremendous efforts that is rarely written about. Six ye- data and conclusions culminated made by President Lula’s govern- ars ago, within the scope of its me- in political campaigns. This gave ment to improve the situation of dia project in southern Africa, FES rise to a network that aims to work women in politics, and in profes- promoted a small women’s group together with women activists and sional and private life, equal rights called Gender Links. The group journalists to translate the research can still not be said to exist. FES has now grown into an overwhel- into practice. In the meantime, has therefore come up with sev- mingly successful NGO whose university curricula are being de- eral thrust areas for gender and work reaches out to several African veloped and media institutions sc- countries. After compiling a hand- rutinised with regard to their ge- book entitled Gender and Media, nder politics. Publishers want to the women embarked on an ex- know what women are interested tensive study: 25,000 news reports in. The problem of HIV/AIDS has in 12 southern African countries also been integrated into the ge- were reviewed with reference to nder approach. Gender Links has a their gender relevance. The out- strategy plan for the next three ye- come: women had a lot to say but ars and an annual budget of EUR were quoted in only 17 per cent of 800,000. Besides continuing with the reports. The women knew that three research contracts a year, Ge- nder Links now also offers media regulatory authorities gender trai- Ivete Garcia, Isabel Allende, Nilcéa Freire ning and has set up a Gender and Media Diversity Centre in southern ‘The development of a social policy Africa – a virtual market place for that improves the quality of life and exchanges between gender re- guarantees women’s rights will be search and gender practice. The possible only when one breaks with secret of this success story? A group the traditional idea of fragmented state involvement. And this is why of committed, highly disciplined we, from the Special Secretariat for women who target political practi- Women’s Policies, have the primary ce, coupled with the appropriate goal of leading the activities con- impetus in the form of ﬁ nancing ducted by different ministries, spe- by FES and others at the right cial secretariats and public enter- time. prises in only one direction – towards strengthening equality among men and women. This is our commitment.’

Minister Nilcéa Freire, Special Secretariat for Women’s Policies

40 FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNGFriedrich-Ebert-Stiftung POLITICS AND PARTICIPATION

COLOMBIA More women, more politics

With the programme ‘More Women, More Politics’, FES and its partners in Colombia support political equality between men and women. In addition to academic events on the subject of ‘Best Practice – Women in Politics’, the campaign includes a handbook with practical tips for elections, aimed at encouraging women to be candidates. In numerous regions across the country, FES organises training in election cam- women’s policy: fi rst, it is impor- the Special Secretariat for Women’s paign tactics for women candi- tant for women’s organisations to Policies is the most important dates. An election analysis from network; second, FES organises political institution in this con- the gender perspective was pub- discussions with female leaders text. lished after the last elections. In from the left and, in collaboration The undisputed success not- the 2007 regional and local elec- with CUT, the umbrella trade withstanding, much remains to be tions, the number of women union organisation, develops pro- done. The situation does not differ elected to public offi ce rose by 7.9 jects on ‘decent work’ for women; from that in many other countries: per cent. However, easy electoral and fi nally, the next generation of women earn less and are harder hit success for women does not yet women is being trained to take on by unemployment even though guarantee an end to ‘machismo’ leading roles in parties, trade un- they usually have a higher level of in politics. ions and NGOs. school education and better pro- The Brazilian National Plan on fessional qualifi cations than men. Policies for Women addresses equal Seventy per cent of the workforce RECOMMENDED READING treatment in the labour market, in the informal sector are women, anti-sexist education, health and which translates into 28 million sexual rights and combating vio- women who have no semblance of lence against women. The plan security. Women politicians are was fi ne-tuned last year. Funda- still a dwindling minority: in the mental questions, such as political last elections they won only 46 of participation and the elimination the 513 seats in the House of Re- of all forms of discrimination, ra- presentatives and 4 of the 27 seats cism and sexism, are now on the in the senate. Only three of the 27 agenda. On the government side, states have a woman governor.

Friedrich-Ebert-StiftungFRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG 41 WOMEN – MEN – GENDER

Violence and conﬂ ict

Violence is omnipresent: behind the closed doors of apartments, in school yards and on the streets. Violence and the inability to resolve conﬂ icts peacefully are a problem in countries and in families. Violence usually stems from men, be it in armed conﬂ icts or in the family. The trauma continues for generations, because, if the spiral of violence is not halted, abused sons become abusive fathers and husbands. And children – or rather sons who have witnessed their father with a weapon in his hand – are more likely to follow this role-model than children who have grown up in a peaceful environment.

It is therefore important to strengthen women through psycho-social counselling, access to shelters and laws that protect them and their children. However, women above all play a vital role in the turbulent regions of the world: women and their children should not only be protected, but women must play an active role in peacekeeping operations and in confl ict prevention. FES joins experts in repeatedly seeking ways to curb domestic violence and is also primarily active in the crisis regions of the world and tries to contribute towards restructuring framework conditions that marginalise women. Confl ict resolution can be successful only if the gender dimension is taken into account, as we have learned when confl icts have been successfully resolved.

42 FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNGFriedrich-Ebert-Stiftung KULTUR UND ROLLENBILDER

Dr Angelica Schwall-Düren

SPD Member of Parliament and acting chairperson of the SPD parliamentary group in the Bundestag

As acting chairperson of the SPD parliamentary group, SPD MP Dr Angelica Schwall-Düren is responsible for European affairs and a committed activist for equality between men and women in peacekeeping operations.

Women and children are hardest Since 2000, the UN and the EU however, India has been contri- hit by today’s wars. Violence have made progress in terms of buting to peacekeeping operations against women, particularly rape, gender mainstreaming, and today in Liberia by providing a police is used in several confl icts as a spe- all mandates for peacekeeping contingent made up exclusively of cifi c tool of warfare. This is partic- operations incorporate gender ex- women. ularly true of societies in which pertise. More than half of all peace The report by the German EU equal rights were denied to women operations include a post for ge- Council presidency on EU activi- even before the outbreak of the nder issues. The UN and several ties related to confl ict prevention, confl ict. In 2002 the then General sub-organisations have trained including the implementation of Secretary of the United Nations staff involved in peacekeeping the EU programme to prevent vio- observed that confl icts could be re- operations, have enhanced skills lent confl icts, also says that the solved successfully only if the vic- to establish and disseminate good ongoing consideration of equality tims, especially women, were in- practice and lessons learned and issues is integral to the evaluation volved in the peace efforts. have compiled handbooks, guide- of confl ict situations and the stra- Since Security Council Resolu- lines and standards to be imple- tegic objectives of European Secu- tion 1325 was passed in 2000, the mented in peacekeeping opera- rity and Defence Policy (ESDP) UN has been taking greater note of tions. Women are also increasingly missions. the fact that women are particular- being integrated into work in re- Accordingly, in 2006 the EU ly affected in armed confl icts and fugee camps. The International compiled guidelines stipulating of their importance in confl ict re- Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda is that equality must always be taken solution. Since then, the UN and devoting more and more time to into account when planning and the EU have undertaken a number the physical and social rehabilita- implementing ESDP operations. In of steps within the scope of gender tion of female witnesses, and the this connection, for example, the mainstreaming. Their primary goal UN endeavours to bring national post of a consultant for equality is to take greater account of women legal systems in line with the in- issues was created within the fra- in peacekeeping operations and to ternational norms and standards mework of the EU police opera- sensitise staff to gender-specifi c of gender equality. tions EUSEC RD Congo and EU- questions; secondly, they must im- In the UN Department of Peace- ROPOL RD Congo. plement the rights of women keeping Operations (DPKO), al- Within the framework of the enshrined in the Convention on most half the positions are fi lled European Initiative for Democracy the Elimination of All Forms of by women. However, in October and Human Rights, protecting the Discrimination against Women 2007 women accounted for only rights of women and girls in con- (CEDAW) adopted in 1979 within 1,406 out of a total of 71,881 mili- fl icts and in post-confl ict situations the framework of confl ict resolu- tary personnel deployed in these is supported as a priority area. To tion and post-confl ict care. operations. Since February 2007, this end, the EU Commission is

Friedrich-Ebert-StiftungFRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG 43 WOMEN – MEN – GENDER

currently promoting projects in FROM THE WORK OF FES Colombia, Kenya, Ethiopia, Eritrea SAXONY-ANHALT and Somalia. Gender equality has Human rights protection for women – in Germany too also found its way into the EU concept on supporting disarmament, demobilisation and rehabilitation. To commemorate UN Human Despite these diverse efforts, Rights Day on 10 December the seven years after the adoption of FES offi ce in Saxony-Anhalt orga- Resolution 1325, the UN noted nised an international human that there was still a gap between rights conference in collaboration the international commitments with the UNESCO Chair in Human made by countries to accord equal Rights at Otto von Guericke Uni- rights to women and their imple- versity. The spotlight was on mentation at national level. It was women’s rights (or the denial of also claimed that the UN’s efforts these rights), not only in distant towards gender mainstreaming in countries but also in Germany. Mi- peacekeeping operations are un- gration has made forced marriages concerned with raising awareness der-fi nanced. Countries are still and child kidnapping a German among female migrants concern- obliged to realise gender equality issue as a particularly brutal form ing their rights. It is of vital impor- in security policies and there is a of infl icting injury on young girls tance that male and female doc- pressing need to protect women and women. According to experts, tors, teachers and social workers and children in armed confl icts in Germany alone up to 19,000 are provided with the relevant in- and implement the relevant inter- women a year are forced to under- formation. The discussion partici- national agreements. go the excruciating ritual of gen ital pants agreed that genuine help for mutilation, without arousing the tortured women is possible only if concern of the general public. The the subject is discussed pro-actively Germany-wide network INTEGRA and publicly. not only helps victims, but is also

44 FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNGFriedrich-Ebert-Stiftung VIOLENCE AND CONFLICT

BERLIN The unjust side of justice

Only 5 per cent of prison inmates Forum for Politics and Society and timely offers of help – that is, prior in Germany are women. Most of the AWP state association Berlin, to coming into confl ict with the them have been charged with min- experts lamented that the penal criminal law – because they are un- or offences – for example, around system pays little or no attention aware of the social and psychologi- 10 per cent are serving sentences to the special needs of these cal services on offer, normally lear- in lieu of payment as they are una- women prisoners. The Catholic ning of them only in prison. All ble to pay the fi ne for travelling Women’s Social Service was critical the experts called for specifi c ap- without a ticket. Imprisonment of the fact that most women are proaches to dealing with women means that they fall into an even kept in sections reserved for men, who have committed an offence; deeper existential crisis; their min- as there is a shortage of detention for instance, models can be devel- or children are often hardest hit. centres for women. These women oped in individual states that could During a meeting organised by the are usually unable to benefi t from then be adopted by other states.

BERLIN Domestic violence – a priority area for Dialogue East Germany

Domestic violence has a massive play in publicly ostracising this lence is no longer a taboo subject, impact on the working life of the form of violence that occurs within to be discussed only within the affected women. They are more the home. Activities included the private domain. Positive effects are frequently absent from work than presentation of the English Work- reﬂ ected in more productive and other women and are unable to place Policy model, whereby em- happier women workers and fewer work to their full potential. It is es- ployers voluntarily pledge to pub- disciplinary measures. During the timated that 25 per cent of women licly address domestic violence in conference, individual companies absent from work are victims of newsletters and bulletin board no- showed considerable interest in domestic violence. Hence the para- tices, and through their own this English model, even if they mount question at an event or- contact persons and information were sceptical about whether fem- ganised by FES in collaboration seminars. According to one spea- ale workers would in fact turn to with TERRE DES FEMMES concer- ker, this has created a corporate company liaison ofﬁ cers to talk ned the role that companies can climate in which domestic vio- about their private problems.

Friedrich-Ebert-StiftungFRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG 45 WOMEN – MEN – GENDER

BERLIN Offenders, victims, heroines. Memory and gender

The working group on gender, event, organised mainly by the ge- Son, erected in the Neue Wache in made up of FES scholarship hol- nder working group. In 2007 the Berlin. And yet, whether one con- ders, deals with questions of equal- focus was on gender speciﬁ cs and siders The Diary of Anne Frank ity, attribution of gender roles and the ‘culture of memory’. The spea- with its almost iconic history, Fritz practical consequences in univer- ker was Professor Sigrid Jacobeit Cremer’s Buchenwald memorial or sities, careers and everyday life. from the Institute for European the ﬁ lm The Downfall (Der Unter- Current and former FES scholar- Ethnology at the Humboldt Uni- gang), in which Hitler’s end is por- ship holders interested in gender versity in Berlin. Dr Jacobeit was trayed from the perspective of his issues work together in an interdis- director of the Ravensbrück Me- secretary, it becomes obvious that ciplinary manner. The gender morial Site (Mahn- und Gedenk- the culture of memory is, to a great working group is organised decen- stätte, Fürstenberg/Havel) from extent, conditioned by attributing trally, the participants constantly 1992 to 2005. and portraying gender, manliness exchanged through a forum of No monument highlights gen- and femininity. Betrayal, heroism their own and via a mailing list on der roles quite as clearly as the cen- and resistance are branded by ge- the intranet platform of FES scho- tral memorial for the victims of nder, as are perpetration and vic- larship holders. Once a year, the war and tyranny – the enlarged timhood. FES Scholarship Programme in version of Käthe Kollwitz’s sculp- Berlin invites the groups to a joint ture entitled Mother with Dead

THURINGIA DRESDEN Conﬂ ict management for bullying Does poverty create violence?

The FES offi ce in the state of Erfurt ‘Does poverty create violence?’ was organised a skills seminar, for wom- the subject of a podium discussion en only, on the subject of confl ict in Dresden. That poverty can un- management and how to deal with leash considerable aggression was bullying. The large number of par- confi rmed by the participants at ticipants proved how much this an FES event to celebrate Internati- issue impacts on the everyday life onal Day against Violence against of many women. Women emplo- Women. According to the latest yees are well aware that they have Poverty and Wealth Report, there accepted too much for too long, is still a fairly wide discrepancy toned down what they wanted to between rich and poor in Ger- say or not said it at all. The semi- many. The experts claimed that nar discussed how to bear up in a the material situation of women confl ict situation, how to be criti- was particularly alarming. An ‘op- cal of one’s own behaviour when tions market’ offered information one is offended and how to chan- about concrete options for help. ge one’s own behaviour. Due to the great demand, a similar seminar will be offered in 2008 too.

46 FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG VIOLENCE AND CONFLICT

MAGDEBURG POTSDAM Domestic violence in everyday life The Woman Without Words

One of the meetings focused on The FES ofﬁ ce in Potsdam chose a day she ﬁ nally reaches breaking the question of how affected wom- novel way to process violent ex- point and murders her torturer. en can be helped to break free of periences: in the one-woman play The performance was followed by violent relationships. Taking such The Woman Without Words, a an animated discussion, especially a step requires not only courage woman as a dumb shadow of her- after it was staged for female con- and an awareness of one’s rights, self tolerates sexual violence, victs. but also professional help to assist humiliation and indignity at the women out of their misery. hands of her husband until one

BERLIN/THURINGIA/ MECKLENBURG-WESTERN POMERANIA Women on the far-right

The role of women and girls on the resulted in a new problem: hither- far-right is often underestimated. to, activists whose partners had They are not merely accessories or different opinions were often in- fellow travellers, but are increas- clined to quit. This no longer ap- ingly important for their organisa- plies. tions’ strategy because they seem In recent years, the FES Thurin- less threatening than men. But the gia ofﬁ ce has conducted a series of views of these women are just as seminars on this subject and plans racist and anti-democratic as those to integrate former activists into of their male comrades. Women its future work. These activists and girls are the civil face of this have an insider’s view and, given scene. They stand at the public their personal experiences, enjoy stalls set up by right-wing ex- considerable credibility. tremists, march in the front row in The ofﬁ ce in Mecklenburg-Wes- demonstrations or organise child- tern Pomerania also deals regularly ren’s parties. with women who are part of the Right-wing extremist mothers right-wing extremist scene and or- are active as parent representatives ganised a seminar entitled ‘From in schools without hiding their the National Socialist Role Model ideological leanings. Thanks to of the Woman to the NPD Model’. them, right-wing ideas are slowly With the help of the NPD pro- but surely gaining acceptance. The gramme and other documents National Democratic Party of Ger- from the Ring of National Women many (NPD) founded the women’s and the Community of German organisation Ring of National Women, it was possible to estab- Women in 2006. The growing lish similarities and differences. number of right-wing women has

FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG 47 WOMEN – MEN – GENDER

BONN The climate is the same for all?!

Are there any special women- and left with nothing. In Africa, wom- gender-related aspects for an ef- en make up the majority of envi- fective climate protection policy? ronmental and disaster refugees. And what new confl icts does cli- ‘Climate change is a subject that mate change cause in a family, a has been more or less ignored by village or a region? This question women’s organisations and gender was discussed at a conference orga- experts. Women are trying to gain nised by FES and the Marie Schlei more of a foothold in the climate Association. negotiations, but we are still far Women are particularly affected from integrating the gender pers- the negotiating themes of the by climate change. Statistics prove pective into the international de- world climate conference. They that most victims of natural disas- bate’, believes Ulrike Röhr, head of analyse the future climate regime, ters are women. Women own only the genanet section for Gender, as well as how to fi nance adjust- 1 per cent of agricultural land Environment and Sustainability. ment and prevent climate change worldwide but produce half the The international network gende- and deforestation. Promoting the world’s food. If their harvest is des- roc – women for climate justice integration of gender into climate troyed by drought or inclement (set up and coordinated by FES and protection policy was identifi ed as weather caused by climate change, others) – and genanet have drafted a fundamental step towards they and their families are usually position papers closely oriented to sustainable development.

GUATEMALA Femicide still goes largely unpunished

The depressing report from the FES often tolerated if not supported by 10 per cent of cases. The causes of offi ce in Guatemala can also apply the state. In many cases the vic- femicide are many – a negative to other countries with a wide- tims are raped and brutalised be- image of women, few women in spread culture of machismo and fore being murdered. Human political offi ce and the fact that violence, where civil society has rights organisations have informa- the existing laws are applied al- been brutalised by years of civil tion that the police and military most exclusively in the capital war and high levels of corruption are always involved; in fact, in city. in the police force and the judicia- some cases there was even proof Possible solutions include bet- ry. Statistics on femicide show that that they had been party to rape ter training for the police, more Guatemala is one of the worst of- and torture. It therefore comes as media publicity and effective legal fenders worldwide. During the last no surprise that the government protection for women. But accor- ten years, 5,885 women were mur- authorities responsible for women’s ding to the report compiled by the dered and the estimated fi gure for welfare neither offer protection FES offi ce, all this will achieve little unreported cases is much higher. nor investigate the offence. Accor- if society does not overcome the The term ‘femicide’ refers to the ding to Amnesty International, the macho culture that treats women targeted mass murder of women, police have investigated less than with contempt.

48 FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNGFriedrich-Ebert-Stiftung VIOLENCE AND CONFLICT

COLOMBIA Victim and offender in one person

The FES offi ce in Colombia sup- abused and have to look after their ported the National Commission families on their own. They have for Reparation and Reconciliation virtually no access to the law and by organising a seminar. More as victims can claim reparations or than 90 per cent of the surviving as offenders benefi t from the de- victims of the decades-long con- mobilisation programme only fl ict are women and children. with diffi culty. A study has shown Many of the women are not only that young women tend to join victims, however, but, as members both types of illegal armed groups of illegal armed groups, also offen- – guerrilla and paramilitary – in an ders. Paradoxical as it may sound, attempt to secure a source of in- the status of offender is important come for their families or to fl ee but is repeatedly denied to women. domestic violence. In contrast, ‘Demobilised’ persons have access young men join primarily in search to certain government services in- of recognition. Offender or victim, tended to ease the return to a civil- or both in one person, girls or ian life free of violence. Women young women who try to return to victims and offenders have similar civilian life are stigmatised by soci- problems: they have been sexually ety.

SUDAN Despite marginalisation, the backbone of society

The peace agreement that brought damental rights such as the rights cal decision-making structures and an end to decades of civil war to travel, to work and to physical thus even more hope is pinned on between the north and south of inviolability. This marginalisation electoral law and free elections. the country envisages democratic notwithstanding, women and Civil-rights organisations, churches elections in 2009. The FES in Khar- their organisations are the back- and political parties were all invol- toum is actively involved in the bone of Sudanese society. While a ved in drafting the law. Political process of drafting the electoral strong women’s civil rights move- participation in the electoral pro- law. The draft stipulates a 25 per ment campaigns for more rights in cess was openly discussed and cent quota for women in parlia- urban areas, rural women are seen ideas developed that extend be- ment and the parties have pledged as efﬁ cient administrators against yond the bill. One of the subjects to maintain this quota within their widespread poverty. Women are for discussion is how rural women own ranks, too. Even today, wom- marginalised but they are also the can be better integrated into the en’s rights in Sudan are restricted driving force behind reforms and political process. So far, candidacy in many ways: by the extremely socio-political activities and should has been open mainly to women conservative interpretation of Is- be supported. This has hitherto from respected urban families. lamic law and a discriminatory been difﬁ cult, as few women in civil status law that restricts fun- Sudan have access to formal politi-

Friedrich-Ebert-StiftungFRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG 49 WOMEN – MEN – GENDER

Integration and cohesion

Migration is a worldwide theme. Millions of people are in search of security, economic survival and a future for their children. People seek a new home either temporarily or permanently because poverty has forced them to make a choice – leave home or starve – because natural disasters have forced them to embark on the refugee trail, or because wars and civil wars condemn them to a life in camps, without hope of improve- ment. Hospitality in the host countries depends on many factors: are the migrants needed for economic reasons, like those who once came and stayed on in Germany as so-called guest workers? Do they share a similar culture and religion, making it easier for them to settle in? Are they accepted or rejected by the majority society? For decades, FES has been dealing with the issue of migration; above all, with the consequences for future generations. In the process, the gender dimension is moving more and more into the forefront, whether in the Foundation’s domestic or international work.

SPD MP Dr Lale Akgün, whose parents hail from Istanbul, has spent several years working professionally on the broad issue of integration. In the Bundestag, Dr Akgün is a staunch advocate of an easy-going relationship between the majority society and minorities. She summarises her experiences as an intermediary between different worlds in what follows.

50 FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNGFriedrich-Ebert-Stiftung INTEGRATION UND ZUSAMMENHALT

Dr Lale Akgün

SPD Bundestag MP: ‘Getting to the heart of the matter!’

The link between women and inte- lim woman with a head scarf, dis- their German counterparts. How gration is an emotionally charged enfranchised, so to speak, seems to does one explain the relative lack subject. After much brouhaha we be particularly resistant to change. of participation opportunities are invariably left with nothing Contrary to this perception, available to young migrant women but the head scarf and honour kil- however, women have been an in- in comparison to young Germans? ling. For a politician who has tegral part of labour migration ever This must be studied! This is the addressed this issue often in the since Germany started recruiting key issue! Bundestag, it is therefore particu- foreign workers. And this is not all: Based on the example of admis- larly diffi cult to argue objectively in 1972, for instance, the propor- sion to establishments of further in the midst of an emotional de- tion of foreign women in work education, it is obvious that much bate – and not to be heard. Yet the stood at 70 per cent in comparison remains to be done. There must be challenge of the task spurs me on with 47 per cent of German wo- better opportunities for women if to continue with the struggle for men, an indication of the unack- they opt for further training once reason. nowledged potential that exists they have completed school, and Furthermore, the subject of among the group of migrant wom- vocational education must be im- women and migration has two en. proved. These details apart, it is sides: while women and integra- We will not delve deeper into vital that young women should tion have been increasingly dis- the matter, but it should be noted have the same opportunities and cussed in recent years and much that even today migrant women prospects as young men and here has been printed and broadcast in do not have it easy. Setting aside we have made considerable pro- the mass media, politics and, espe- all the arguments concerning a gress. Young women with a mi- cially, research lag behind. The fundamental cultural difference grant background should have the actual lives of migrant women are between Muslim migrant women same opportunities and prospects still underrepresented in research. and their native counterparts in as their German counterparts. This What studies there are usually con- Germany, one soon encounters is the benchmark for political deci- centrate on distorted images of the social and educational aspects that sions, this is where politicians ‘average’ Muslim woman, with her are a stumbling block in the lives should dare to tread without get- head covered, cooking in the kit- of many young women. According ting entangled in head scarf de- chen while waiting for her hus- to a recent study, 57 per cent of bates that, all things considered, band to come home. Or, and this Germans who apply for a teaching do not achieve very much. is the second option, they focus on position are successful (even this deconstructing this image. Both fi gure is too low) but, in the case of options lead to the same goal, young people with a foreign back- namely that young migrant wom- ground and returning German en are still faced with stereotypes resettlers, the fi gure is only 38 per which doubtless infl uence their cent! These fi gures further prove own self-image and how they view that young women in search of their position in society. Male mi- admission to an educational insti- grants have a similar struggle. Ne- tute are even worse off, despite the vertheless, the attempt to reduce fact that their average grades in the image to the cliché of the Mus- school are better than those of

FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG 51 WOMEN – MEN – GENDER

FROM THE WORK OF FES

BERLIN/HAMBURG The feminisation of migration

fi cking. Many participants demanded a right to mobility for women and an acceptance policy based on human rights. In the words of the Secretary General of the Socialist Women’s Internatio- nal, only if there is more distribu- tive justice can there be a halt to the growing number of migrant women. Lissy Gröner MEP at the international FES Congress on the Feminisation of Migration Fair working conditions and a labour market policy that supports Berlin: Almost 95 million women on the other, they must reckon on migrant women in their search for are on the move today, accounting violence, even sexual violence; legal work are factors that can ef- for almost half the world’s re- being illegal, they have to fend for fectively counter human traf- fugees. The Forum for Politics and themselves when they fall ill and fi cking and forced labour in Eu- Society dealt with the reasons for they are poorly paid. Lissy Gröner, rope. Traffi cking is particularly se- this and the risks taken by these Member of the European Parlia- vere on women. All the partici- women. It was a colourful event ment and spokesperson for the pants from ten European countries with many young foreigners who European Social Democratic Par- agreed that human traffi cking can were celebrating one hundred ye- liamentary Party on the Commit- be effectively countered only if ars of the Socialist Youth Interna- tee on Women’s Rights and Gender Europeans address the problem tional. While, once upon a time, Equality, lamented that these jointly. women migrated essentially be- women are often denied even Hamburg: The FES offi ce in cause their husbands or parents existing rights. As an example she Hamburg has also been working were migrating, today they often cited the independent right of on the feminisation of migration. leave their countries on their own, residence for the victims of traf- With about 100 million women with the intention of fi nding work who are unable to continue living in the affl uent industrialised na- in their own countries, the share tions and earning money for the of women among work migrants family back home. The sociologist has virtually doubled in the last 50 Christa Wichterich weighed the years. More often than not women advantages and disadvantages for migrate because they face gender women: on the one hand, their discrimination. work is recognised and they experience freedom and autonomy;

52 FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG INTEGRATION AND COHESION

NEUWIED / LEIPZIG Illness is invariably a problem

Migrant families pay fewer visits to events in Neuwied and Leipzig, re- ge barriers and by the fact that wo- the doctor than Germans who spectively, discussed the barriers men from certain cultural back- have health insurance, even and how to overcome them. Mi- grounds are reluctant to be exam- though migrants often do work grants go for check-ups less fre- ined by male medical practitioners. that is far more damaging to quently and avoid medical consul- Networks to support women have health. This is true not only of ille- tation and treatment. In the case been established in some commu- gal migrants, but also of migrant of illegal migrants this is simply nities. Interpreters are of para- families who have been living in because they are illegal, but the si- mount importance as they help Germany for a long time. Two FES tuation is compounded by langua- both the patient and the doctor.

BERLIN Young migrants and violence

‘We are in this together’ was the motto of an event organised jointly by the FES Forum for Politics and Society and the Berlin State Commission against Violence, held in the Rotes Rathaus in Ber- lin. The experts presented some depressing ﬁ gures: 79 per cent of Hasso Lieber, Undersecretary of State in the Senate Department of Justice, Berlin, habitual offenders are youngsters and Eren Ünsal, moderator of foreign origin, mainly young men from the former Yugoslavia, of masculinity legitimising vio- meaningful prevention. Partici- Turkey and Lebanon. Since 2005, lence hinder young men from en- pants realised, however, that there an interdepartmental working gaging in public life beyond their are still no conclusive implemen- group set up by the State Com- own small group. This is com- tation strategies. It was positive to mission against Violence, which pounded by the fact that the dis- note that the representatives of includes migrant organisations, turbing experiences undergone by migrant organisations agreed that has been analysing the causes of children and youngsters during ci- they too had to assume responsibi- and strategies for prevention of vil wars and their escape from war lity for efforts to combat the high violence. Besides failure at school have yet to be addressed. While levels of youth crime. It was decid- and the consequent high youth there was no lack of recommenda- ed that future communication unemployment, the main reasons tions about how to handle violent between all the institutions in- are violence within families and an young offenders, more important- volved should be improved. authoritarian upbringing. Norms ly there were many suggestions for

FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG 53 WOMEN – MEN – GENDER

BERLIN View across the River Oder: Apple peel and barbed wire women journalists join hands to investigate

The English language has a lovely expression for words that are a part of our everyday lives: ‘household words’. As a child, Pottulitz was a household word for me, ‘household’ because most of the stories of Potulice – the Polish name that was, however, never used – were narrated in my grandparents’ kit- chen, while peeling potatoes, washing up, making coffee. The favourite memories were of how laid-back my grandmother was. In 1947, at the age of 41, she and her daughters were sent to a concentration camp. At the Straf- appell (punishment roll call) the Women journalists in conversation with Bascha Mika, Editor-in-Chief, Taz women were required to do the ‘Up, Down’ on the roll call square, On the initiative of the Associa- count. For instance, the scholar- a pseudo-military exercise that in- tion of Women Journalists, an in- ship holders wrote about ‘Children volved throwing oneself quickly teresting project was launched in and a career’ and about ‘Women onto the ground and standing up 2007: German and Polish women entrepreneurs in rural areas’. One again. Despite the hard work and journalists researched freely cho- journalist and her partner tried to terrible food, family legend has it sen issues that were then pub- trace the women in her family that my grandmother still had the lished in the media in their res- from the River Weichsel region in energy to laugh, and once laughed pective countries. The conditions Poland. at a woman who looked funny of the study were worked out Ulrike Meitzner, who went in when doing the exercise. She paid during an inaugural seminar at search of her family in Pottulitz/ for this with an extra hour on the FES in Berlin. The topics should be Potulice, wrote down her reminis- square supervised by a militiaman important for both countries, des- cences, which are reproduced be- who kicked her in the back with cribe the situation of women and low. his boots. take the gender angle into ac-

54 FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG INTEGRATION AND COHESION

for Polish civilians. After 1945, it was used for Germans, mainly women and children. The approxi- mately 30,000 inmates who passed through the camp until 1949/1950 included my mother’s family: Olga Krüger, my grandmother, born in 1906, with the children Danita, Irmgard and Herta, as well as Olga’s younger sister Gertrud. My grandfather was a prisoner of war. The family did not ﬂ ee because of a string of unlucky coinci- dences and perhaps also due to a certain obstinacy. After all, they came from an old German settler village on the River Weichsel with

A German–Polish search the prophetic name of Bógpomóz Stary – Althelfgott (literally, Old My mother has other memo- also make my mother’s stomach Helpgod). ries. She was six years old when churn. My grandmother used to she entered the camp; in 1947, take the bread from old women Excerpts from Apfelschalen und Sta- children of that age tended to die who could no longer eat, because cheldraht – die Suche nach Potulice in camps. Perhaps that explains they lay dying. This detail was by Ulrike Meitzner, printed in Frauen- why food is ingrained in her mind. usually not mentioned. Rat 6/2007 She threw up the stinking beet Potulice in north-east Poland soup. My grandmother toasted (also called Lebrechtsdorf by the some bread on the oven in the Germans) is not a particularly well- camp laundry and she passed it known concentration camp. It was through the fence to my mother. built in 1941 as the ﬁ eld ofﬁ ce of The sight of the heavy, dark, the concentration camp Stutthof, stringy bread in the camp would as a resettlement and work camp

FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG 55 WOMEN – MEN – GENDER

COLOGNE Women in Islam between oppression and self-empowerment

Muslim communities in Europe. Nahed Selim, Asma Barlas, Nahide Bozkurt (Ankara) and representatives from the Cologne Centre for Islamic Women’s Research were able to prove that there are new ‘feminine’ hermeneutic approaches that can lead to a fresh interpretation of the notorious Sura 4,34, which is still advanced by legal scholars as justiﬁ cation for a husband beating his wife. But the At the invitation of the Academy ing the ‘sacred sources’ of Islam, meeting was not only about a new for Political Education and the De- the Koran and the Sunna. The Koran hermeneutics. The women partment for International De- women, led by critical ‘feminists’ from Sudan, Nigeria, Malaysia, In- velopment Cooperation, 200 Mus- Nahed Selim, from the Nether- donesia and Europe fascinated the lim women from Africa, Asia, the lands, and Asma Barlas, from the audience with informative and US and Europe gathered in Co- US, argued convincingly that lively presentations of a plethora logne in March. Against the back- patriarchal traditions have deter- of both creative and pro-active drop of International Women’s mined interpretations of the Koran self-help projects that ranged from Day and under the aegis of Dr Lale and the Sunna for centuries and the analysis of anti-women sha- Akgün, SPD Member of Parliament continue to dominate in the Is- riah courts in Nigeria to the publi- in charge of Islamic affairs, the lamic world, as well as in many cation of an English-language ma- women spent two days reporting gazine – Arab Life Style – for the on and discussing different issues. Arab-Islamic community in Great These women are often economic- Britain. The commitment and ally exploited and subjected to courage with which these women social, cultural and religious dis- address the frequently stressful crimination, as well as political re- and adverse economic, social, poli- pression in their countries. They tical and cultural conditions in seek to tackle these issues through their countries was inspiring. They practical self-help projects. Con- need our ongoing support and the servative-orthodox groups and Is- debate will be taken further at lamists frequently use Islam as a another conference in June 2008. tool to legitimise and support discrimination against women, making it even more important to highlight alternative ways of read-

5656 FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNGFriedrich-Ebert-Stiftung INTEGRATION AND COHESION

WÜRZBURG INDIA ‘I am only a head scarf’ Forced resettlement hits women particularly hard

‘Why don’t people look at what is under my head scarf? I am, after all, a person in my own right and that is how I would like to be perceived’, said a participant at a women’s seminar held at the Fran- kenwarte Academy. The highly committed women, aged between 21 and 74, with and without migrant backgrounds, from virtually all the German states, conducted spirited and often vociferous discussions. The controversial debates repeatedly proved how difﬁ cult it is to accept statements that do not conform to what, in one’s own culture, is considered a successful life as a woman. During the three- day seminar, the experts gave well- The phenomenon of migration is sation for affected families. The argued talks on issues such as Islam not restricted to the traditional in- effects are dramatic, as became ap- in the Koran, migrant women and dustrialised countries or emerging parent during an FES conference the media, and everyday expe- and developing countries. Even on resettlement and compensati- riences. within a country, people may be on practices. The situation of wo- persecuted, forced to resettle else- men was the focal point. Women where and deprived of their liveli- are particularly affected by the de- hoods. India’s rapid economic de- struction of social ties and by ﬁ - velopment, for instance, is creating nancial insecurity. Even though a new social distortions in rural are- woman is responsible for the survi- as. Especially in the east of the val of the family, the government- country, many villagers are being run compensation programmes forced to leave their homes to are directed at the male head of make way for large projects, such the household. At the conference, as dams, mines and power plants. NGOs from badly affected parts of Although over 20 million people the country had the opportunity have been resettled in India since to network and to develop new the 1950s, most states lack the le- forms of assistance. gal regulations governing compen-

Friedrich-Ebert-StiftungFRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG 5757 WOMEN – MEN – GENDER

Education and training

Finally, the German education system is once again the subject of contro- versy, and questions are being raised about the three-tier school system. The fact that students from underprivileged backgrounds have less and less access to university is a matter of concern for politicians, even those who are not education experts. Yet one of the issues in this debate has already been on the agenda for decades without much hope of change: the discrimination against women in science and research – especially in top positions – and their lack of interest in scientiﬁ c and technical careers. What is new, however, is that education policy is addressing the situation of boys in schools: they get lower grades and tend to drop out of school earlier, especially boys from migrant families. FES has been dealing intensively with this subject for some years and is conducting research into pupils’ backgrounds.

In developing and emerging countries there are other causes of concern: for example, girls are still not allowed to attend school as readily as boys. With the support of networks, several seminars focus on training women because experience has shown that self-conﬁ dent, competent women act as role models, and at the local political level, for instance, they make a special effort to ﬁ ght on behalf of girls and ensure that they have equal access to school education.

In its scholarship programme, the Foundation can look back on an impressive record: the promotion of educational opportunities in general, and for young women in particular, is a key element of social justice.

58 FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG BILDUNG UND QUALIFIZIERUNG

Professor Christine Färber

Faculty member, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, and former FES scholarship holder

FES SCHOLARSHIPS A chance for young women from educationally disadvantaged backgrounds

A woman from an educationally chambermaid. I was also free to mit an application. This is not just disadvantaged background does engage in politics – that had al- my subjective impression. I con- not have it easy. I myself grew up ways been ‘my thing’. duct college and university re- as a working-class child in rural The FES seminars gave me search and the scholarship-related Germany in a Catholic region. My much in terms of special skills, data confi rm this pattern. mother was not from the area. No- practice in intellectual discussions I would like to encourage wom- body thought that I would teach at and a viable network; they also en to apply for scholarships. If suc- university, least of all myself. provided me with my closest cessful, a grant opens up an entire- I had always intended to study, friends. Women were not in the ly new dimension in higher edu- but that was diffi cult to fi nance. In majority at seminars, but as par- cation and provides a unique op- the third semester I applied to the ticipants we were taken seriously, portunity to realise one’s potential Friedrich Ebert Stiftung for a scho- challenged and supported. It gave without constraints. larship. The application procedure me the confi dence to choose my My scholarship enabled me to itself taught me a great deal. I subjects freely at university and to study political science, philosophy thought about my motivation to assert myself and my opinions – and American studies in Tübingen, study and had some extremely in- even if it meant going against my the US and Mainz. After gradu- teresting conversations about the lecturers. ating, I was in charge of women’s available options. As a faculty member in a tech- issues for eight years at the Free With the scholarship fresh in nical college, I observe my female University, Berlin. I am married, my pocket, I studied in the US for students, many talented young have two children and did my doc- a year. In terms of women’s equal- women who believe that scholar- torate alongside my career. Today I ity and integration policies, my ships are not for them. When I talk teach at the Hamburg University eyes were opened to a completely to them because I think they are of Applied Sciences (HAW) and new world. gifted, they tell me about their manage Competence Consulting Thanks to the scholarship, I remarkable achievements, about in Potsdam. had no fi nancial worries – a libe- being socially involved (after all, rating experience for somebody not everyone has to be like me and who comes from a family in which engage in politics). From the very every last penny counted. I was no outset, students from the lower longer haunted by the fact that classes or those who are migrants I would have to pay back my do not think that scholarships student loan. I no longer had to could be something for them and take on backbreaking jobs as a do not have the confi dence to sub-

FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG 59 WOMEN – MEN – GENDER

Women and the women’s movement in India

FES: Zubaan is a publishing house ex- There are now many women clusively centred around development entrepreneurs in India; they head issues and, especially, gender concerns; large corporations and businesses in your view as a woman entrepreneur and are very successful. We are in India, how different is it from other small but, we hope, signifi cant. publishers? When we started there were fewer women in business, and the Urvashi Butalia: Zubaan is different struggle was to be taken seriously, from other publishers in many to be seen as a professional and to ways: it is set up on a non-profi t fi ght off men who thought you basis – this does not mean we do were always sexually available! But not make a profi t, we do, but that now, things are much better, and is not our prime motive, and for us the real challenge is not that whatever profi ts we make go right we are not taken seriously, we are, back into our books, as for us, but to learn – still after 23 years! – publishing books about and by how to be a feminist and an entre- women is like a mission. So, in preneur, and for me personally, many ways, we are publishers who how to be a feminist boss! are not frightened of being political, and feminist. This is also what FES: How are India’s changing realities makes us different as entrepre- refl ected in the kind of books you pub- neurs: you know, entrepreneurs lish? are only supposed to think about money, but we maintain a fi ne bal- Urvashi Butalia: We try always to ance between our politics and sus- keep track of the changing realities tainability, which means earning of women in India and to refl ect enough to keep going. them in our books. It is because of

60 FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNGFriedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Urvashi Butalia

Feminist, author and Director of Zubaan, a publishing house for women’s books in New Delhi

this that we have started to publish strategies and their successes and militant, fundamentalist, extre- books for and by young women, failures. In India, at least, it has be- mist woman (particularly Hindu which was, until recently, a huge come very important – it always and Muslim women) has thrown gap in publishing in India. Because was but there is an increased up many questions for feminism, we are so closely connected with awareness of this now – for femi- which has always celebrated the women’s movement, we are nists and women activists to ally women’s agency as something aware of issues as they develop on with other civil rights movements, positive. the ground. So, for example, we such as the environmental move- were the fi rst publishers to bring ment and the movement against FES: It is said that India is positioned to out a book on the Hindu right- caste discrimination. There is also be a global player by 2020. Do you see wing and women; we were the fi rst a greater awareness of the need to this happening, and what effect will (and are still the only) publishers involve men. Issues that earlier this have for men and women in to bring out a book on women in seemed straightforward are now India? Kashmir; we have done books on seen to be much more complex – gender and architecture (again a for example, the debate on censor- Urvashi Butalia: I think India is al- new issue), as well as on confl ict, ship and freedom of expression, or ready well on its way to becoming the north east of India, disaster on law or on ‘choice’ in marriage a global player and undoubtedly, management and so on. It is very and relationships. There is, as this will have an impact on men important for us to be in touch everywhere, a greater institutio- and women in India; in some cases with issues on the ground; other- nalisation of the movement. Fur- it will open up job opportunities wise there is no reason for us to thermore, the modes of resistance for women in areas that they have exist. have begun to change – the street not had access to before. For level protest, the placard, the stra- example, in Indian cities these FES: Where does the women’s move- tegy of ‘shaming’ the offenders, or days you see many more young ment in India currently stand? What blockading them in their homes or women from lower middle class have been its major achievements and offi ces, all these have begun to homes working as, say, salesgirls, setbacks in the last decade or so? change. But I think it’s a change petrol pump attendants, and so for the better – we may have lost on. This would not have happened Urvashi Butalia: Well, feminism something, but we have also ten or fi fteen years ago – not only and the women’s movement have gained (for example, in India no would there not have been jobs, changed a great deal in recent policy or planning document, no but their families would have been years. For the new generation of party manifesto can ignore wom- much more conservative. At the women, the battles fought by their en), and I think the only way now same time, I think it is best to be mothers have opened up spaces is forward. You asked about set- cautious about this business of In- that they now take for granted. For backs – there have been some, but dia as a global player – there’s a lot ‘old world’ feminists, this is a time there have also been many chal- of excitement among rich or to refl ect on their history, their lenges, for example the rise of the middle class Indians about this,

Friedrich-Ebert-StiftungFRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG 61 WOMEN – MEN – GENDER

because they can see the benefi ts. many ways, we have set an examp- lot, and all the time, professional- But go a little way out of the main le to the world in the way we have ly, personally – reading is my job, cities, and you see a very different dealt with democracy. To really and my relaxation. I read in Hindi India, poor, illiterate, with no faci- make this deep and meaningful, and English and occasionally in lities, with rampant hunger. How we need to be willing and able to French! But I do want to mention can we forget all this in the glitter deal with poverty. Then we can one book that has really impressed of becoming a global player? Sure- stand up before the world and be me, more for what it stands for ly the benefi ts must be shared by proud of being Indian, but not than for its literary merit (although everyone in this country, and tru- before. it has that too). It is the auto- ly, my feeling is that until we can biography of a young woman, a say that we have removed poverty, FES: Which recent book has particular- domestic worker who was married that everyone in India now has a ly impressed you? at the age of 12 and became a chance to live a life of dignity and mother at the age of 13. She went a life free from hunger, we will not Urvashi Butalia: I’m never im- through a violent marriage, had become a true global player. In pressed by only one book. I read a three children, and then, fi nally,

62 FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNGFriedrich-Ebert-Stiftung EDUCATION AND TRAINING

when she could stand it no longer, she decided to leave her husband. She took her children with her and boarded a train to Delhi where, after much difﬁ culty, she found a job as a domestic worker. Her em- ployer, a retired professor, noticed that she spent a lot of time in the room with books and one day he asked her if she could read. She then told him of her desire to study, and described how she had been pulled out of school at a young age. This man then started to lend her books and encouraged her to read. One day he gave her a notebook and a pen, and she wrote her life story. The book that resulted is called A Life Less Ordi- nary, and it has now been translated into 23 languages. I translated this book (the author’s name is Baby Halder) from Hindi into En- glish, and now it has become an international bestseller! It will because it tells the story of Interviewed by Renate Tenbusch soon appear in German from thousands of other women like and Damyanty Sridharan, Draupadi Verlag. I love this book her, and because it is a book about FES India because it is the story of someone books and reading, and it is writ- who would not normally have a ten by a woman! What could be voice, a marginalised person, and better?

Friedrich-Ebert-StiftungFRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG 63 WOMEN – MEN – GENDER

FROM THE WORK OF FES

BERLIN Women in science and research: the glass ceiling frustrates careers

What about equal opportunities in the German research landscape? A meeting with and for scientists in Berlin concluded that the picture is still rather grim, despite efforts to professionalise women in research and teaching, as well as career training for prospective women university teachers. The glass ceiling remains intact. There is also the eternal complaint of antiquat- ed ideas harboured by researchers a concerted effort to move up the many lags far behind by interna- that impede women from making career ladder. Consequently, Ger- tional comparison.

BONN / BERLIN BONN Public speaking for women Teachers: exude confi dence, be pro-active when representing interests Women and men have different and FES Berlin, offer seminars on styles of communication and they public speaking for young women Twenty-eight young women but are not always compatible. In pub- in an attempt to train them for dis- only two young men seized the lic discourse, academic and polit- cussions and to study their beha- opportunity offered by a profes- ical, young women fi nd it more viour in academic and political sional development project for diffi cult to prove themselves in debate. It is important to make prospective teachers in Bonn to a male-dominated discussion cli- women aware of their strengths, which they had been invited by mate. Hence many FES offi ces, in- and the focus is therefore on dea- the Forum NRW. They were trained cluding the Forum NRW in Bonn ling with one’s own ‘feminine’ above all to exude confi dence. On- style of communication in a self- ly if you can argue convincingly confi dent and pro-active manner. can you assert yourself in political As women are often more consen- discourse. And precisely these skills sus-oriented and open to discus- are required by young women and sion than men, there is an oppor- men, as good teachers, if they want tunity here for genuine exchange. to succeed in representing the Making women aware of this skill interests of the children and young is one of the goals of these semi- people entrusted to them in poli- nars. tics and in public debate.

64 FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG EDUCATION AND TRAINING

HAMBURG / KOCHEL / ERFURT FREIBURG Boys are the losers Sons need fathers

To some extent, girls outshine boys ‘What does today’s man want?’ in school today. Boys get poorer was the rather desperate question grades and are often obliged to re- posed at an event organised by the peat a year. Two thirds of all school Fritz Erler Forum, Baden-Württem- drop-outs and three quarters of berg, in Freiburg. The subject was special needs children are boys, gender justice from men’s point of whose social behaviour in class view, a subject in the spotlight of poses a constant challenge to the many notable events the previous teachers. For decades, girls from year. The participants in the panel conservative rural families were discussion warned that if men do education’s problem children, but not change for themselves and they have been replaced by city their partners, they should do so at boys from migrant or underprivi- least for their sons who, like many leged families with little or no edu- of their fathers, are also caught in a cational background. This was the crisis. conclusion drawn in 2007 by Ute Drug abuse, a propensity to Erdsiek-Rave, President of the Edu- violence, failure at school – all this cation Ministers Conference, and affects sons far more than daugh- education minister for Schleswig- ters. At particular risk are the sons Holstein, during an FES education from seven German states for ex- of authoritarian or absentee fa- forum in Hamburg. The theme of tended periods of co-educational thers. Boys need male role models, the forum was the ‘Gendered De- learning were compiled in a study. which can be provided only by a velopment of Boys and Girls in It was striking that the fi rst expe- father who is physically present Society and School’. riences with the new community and helps with the house work. This subject was also spot- schools were positive across the The men among the panellists lighted at a seminar organised by board. Other interesting results were understanding and pointed the Georg von Vollmar Academy showed that the number of stu- out that although top positions in in Kochel am See with the provo- dents fi nishing the Hauptschule business and politics continue to cative title ‘Construction Site (general secondary school, com- be distributed largely among men, School – Open for Renovation’. In pulsory for all pupils who do not today’s man suffers more than the participants’ view, the construc- transfer to other secondary schools) before because he is an outsider in tion site that needs urgent atten- is declining, while the number of his family. Work–life balance was a tion is current pedagogy for boys students obtaining an Abitur (high key word in the discussion. and girls, with boys as the losers. school diploma) is on the rise. Ex- The Erfurt offi ce has also dealt with perts believe that this is explained the subject of ‘School Today, School exclusively by the need for young of the Future’, wherein concepts girls to prove themselves.

FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG 65 WOMEN – MEN – GENDER

BERLIN BERLIN / SCHWERIN Vocational education at a time of Muss Familie neu erfunden werden? change: a study

Forty per cent of all students who fi nish school in Germany and would like to go on to higher education are no longer able to obtain regular admission and end up in transitional systems. This is the outcome of an alarming study conducted by professors Martin Baethge and Heike Solga at the University of Göttingen. The study analysed the dire situation of the German education system. Dual higher education structures are increasingly losing importance, and the assurance that dual systems can serve as a model to be replicated is being questioned as supply Iris Radisch in conversation with Dr Erik Gurgsdies, FES Schwerin continues to fall. Consequently, the majority of school leavers have colossal problems when starting More time for children, more time mands placed on them as fathers. their professional lives, end up in for family life, is what the literary What is needed is a corporate cul- long queues and, instead of proper editor Iris Radisch demands in her ture that does not disregard the further education, are offered var- book Die Schule der Frauen – Wie family and is willing to fi nance ious measures to prepare them for wir die Familie neu erfi nden [The family time. working life. School of Women – How to Re-in- At another event, treading a vent the Family]. The Forum for fi ne balance between career and Berufsbildung im Umbruch: Signale Politics and Society discussed the family was discussed from a wom- eines überfälligen Aufbruchs, Martin theory with the author. For her, an’s perspective. In contrast to Baethge, Heike Solga and Markus the crux lies in the ‘lack of examp- other European countries, it is still Wieck; Berlin: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, les of successful love in modern not normal in Germany for mo- 2007. http://library.fes.de/pdf-fi les/ life’. However, even the rhythm of thers to want to pursue a career stabsabteilung/04258/index.html modern working life is incom- and to have a family. The model of patible with the time demanded a self-sacrifi cing super-mum – for by family life. Fathers feel growing many, a typically German myth of pressure to fulfi l their role as bread- motherhood – remains deep-root- winners besides meeting the de- ed.

66 FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNGFriedrich-Ebert-Stiftung BILDUNG UND QUALIFIZIERUNG

Iris Radisch

Literary editor

Protected time zones for a threatened species: the family

FES: In your book you depict a family Iris Radisch: Because we have a FES: In your book you write that our un- destroyed by divorce and separation, completely obsolete and rigid work derstanding of happiness is materialis- now a species on the brink of extinction. culture. It is based on the pattern tic and therefore utterly shallow – reduc- [...] What must be done to save the of a man’s working life in which a ed to a simple formula: happiness family from extinction? man could always rely on the sup- equals pleasure. How does this materia- port of a housewife or somebody listic understanding of happiness im- Iris Radisch: One must create pro- else if he had children. But this is pact on the family? tected areas, or, to be more precise, no longer the case. [...] One must protected time zones for the fami- give families the option of choos- Radisch: In my observation, effi - ly. The family needs time more ing from a range of part-time mo- ciency-oriented thinking – in other than anything else. Of course it dels according to the lives they words, economic thinking – has also has material needs, but in my live; in other words, to choose a considerably corroded the family view the central problem is that model for the decisive years and be structure. Even in families, maxi- we have far too little time for each free to switch to something else mum results must be attained in other. The 30- to 60-minute family later. the minimum possible time. This that we have when father and It is therefore unacceptable that leaves one with less and less time mother are working is really sui- most women have to take part- for natural processes, for expe- cide for the family, a kamikaze time jobs and are not re-integrated riences that set in only with time. mission. into the work process later on. In The increasing pace of working life What we need instead is a fl e- other words, they continue with has now entered family life too. xible work culture that enables fa- part-time work even when the Hence, in your free time you try to ther and mother to spend a few children have grown up. This is an create a perfectly-timed pro- afternoons looking after their extremely rigid and immobile sys- gramme packed with experiences, children. If, for example, the tem; for a start, one must loosen either with the children or on your father’s and mother’s working time the screws in one’s head, the men- own, because you can no longer was reduced by 20 per cent, res- tality must change, followed by free yourself of the thought that pectively, this would result in 40 the work culture. Otherwise fami- everything must be worth it, must per cent more family time for the lies will continue to be destroyed. have added value, and therefore children. I believe this would be an One can set up as many child-care even pleasure should have added ideal solution. centres as one wants and offer value. But genuine happiness can- fi n-ancial assistance, but without not be based on this. This is why I FES: But why is that so terribly diffi - these protected time zones, the say that we need to take a critical cult? Everybody is born in a family and family has no chance of survival. look at the concept of happiness, if should be aware of the problems. we are to rediscover a deeper hap-

Friedrich-Ebert-StiftungFRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG 67 WOMEN – MEN – GENDER

piness; after all: happiness based NEW ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY purely on efﬁ ciency – that’s not what it’s all about. Women in history in the FES archives

FES: To conclude: what do you think of the sentence, ‘To bring about a human society you must ﬁ rst overcome the male society?’

Iris Radisch: [smiling] Yes, but male only in the sense of the old, traditional understanding of strong man, weak woman, superior man, inferior woman. I believe that a new manliness, and especially a new fatherliness, can be extremely rewarding for men too. If more and more men are discovering their softer side, it in no way means a loss of manliness – although some people may interpret it that way – but an increase in human- ity. The FES Archives of Social Dem- Archive webpage carries informa- Interviewed by ocracy preserve, maintain and tion and visual material on Wom- Dr Erik Gurgsdies, present the historical legacy of the en in History. FES Schwerin social democratic movement. In addition to fi les, there are also Centre for Historical Research – photographs, posters and leafl ets, Archive of Social Democracy: www. as well as fi lm and audio clips. The fes.de/archiv/_projekte/projektset.htm

68 FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNGFriedrich-Ebert-Stiftung EDUCATION AND TRAINING

COURAGE digitised

The Berlin women’s magazine new women’s movement in the RECOMMENDED READING COURAGE was published for nine early 1980s. Then the magazines Gisela Notz (Hrsg.) years from 1976 to 1984. Women and special editions disappeared Als die Frauenbewegung wrote for women on hitherto ta- into libraries and archives. The FES noch Courage hatte Die „Berliner Frauenzeitung Courage“ und die autonomen Frauenbewegungen boo subjects, initially every month library, with ﬁ nancial assistance der 1970er und 1980er Jahre and then every week: violence from the Centre for Historical Re- against women, women’s medici- search, has now made the diverse ne, women’s history, women’s po- articles accessible, digitised the Reihe Gesprächskreis Geschichte litics, sexuality, women’s art, texts for the internet and put them Heft 73 discrimination against women at into readable form. The visitor can work, the abortion law in Germa- conduct a search using key words ny, discovering one’s own body, or the name of the author; it is also trade union work, rape, women in possible to enter a particular period opposition in Eastern Europe, fe- in time. COURAGE can be acces- male genital mutilation in Africa, sed at: http://library.fes.de/courage/ women’s literature. The auto- A brochure entitled When the nomous, left-wing feminist COU- Women’s Movement still had RAGE and EMMA (Germany’s ﬂ ag- COURAGE is available free of char- ship feminist magazine) were the ge from [email protected] most prominent platforms for the RECOMMENDED READING

5 Jahre Gender Mainstreaming Women and gender in the library in NRW

Eine Zwischenbilanz Gender equality is a priority area Library and research networks help in the Foundation’s work in Ger- to signiﬁ cantly expand the reach many and abroad. Thanks to an of publications on this central so- online catalogue, the digital libra- cial issue. ry and theme-based offerings from the library, the results of the work, FES net source: History and in the form of print and online pu- politics: http://library.fes.de/ blications, can reach a very wide library/netzquelle/frauen/index. national and international public. html

FES T 5 Jahre Gender 1 08.06.2007 9:23:03 Uhr

Friedrich-Ebert-StiftungFRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG 69 WOMEN – MEN – GENDER

A conversation between generations

with Elke Ferner, MP and chairperson ASF and Franziska Drohsel, Federal chairperson of the Young Socialists (Jusos)

Pulling together in the same direction

FES: A hundred years ago the ﬁ rst international socialist women’s conference was held in Stuttgart, which gave birth to the Socialist Women’s International. This anniversary was the focus of the FES event organised to celebrate International Women’s Day 2007. Ninety years ago, women in Germany were granted the active and passive right to vote. Keeping these two dates in mind, Elke, how did you experience the active years of the women’s movement in the 1970s and 1980s – the time of ‘lilac dungarees’? Is there still a women’s movement today, or are we witnes- sing a rollback?

Elke Ferner: There was one event that made a particular impression on me. That was the campaign by women in Stern in which they stated, ‘I have aborted’. A taboo subject at the time, even for us young women. However, we weren’t completely new to the subject because, after all, someone we knew would have been in such a situation and had to ﬁ nd a way out, despite the stringent abortion law of the time. The women of the 1970s and 1980s are largely responsible for the subsequent quantum leap in the women’s movement. I do believe that we are seeing a rollback today. Unfortunately, in all areas, and not just politics, we feel that we were once much further ahead. This is also true of a number of discussions in which one thinks: after 30 years of women’s policies, do we still have to go over that again? First and foremost, my generation must ensure that it does not squander the successes of the previous generation; at the same time we must make the younger generation aware that nothing happens by itself. The party conference in Hamburg was encouraging. Together with Jusos, we succeeded in taking equality a bit further. Perhaps not as much as we would have liked, but nevertheless, we got quite a long way. To this end, the Jusos initiative ’A New Chapter in Equality’ was of course extremely helpful.

FES: Franziska, you are a member of the next generation. What do you and your peers associate with ‘emancipation’ and ‘feminism’? What should the women’s movement do today to prevent a rollback?

Franziska Drohsel: The reason that women of my age, or even younger women, are engaging less with feminist issues, or at least are aligning themselves less with the women’s movement, than was earlier the case, is because we did not discover how society discriminated against us until later. I joined Jusos when I was 15. Until then I hadn’t cared much for

70 FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNGFriedrich-Ebert-Stiftung GENERATIONEN-GESPRÄCH

From left: Anne Seyfferth, Franziska Drohsel, Elke Ferner and Alina Fuchs

feminism. The party and Jusos made me a feminist. For the fi rst time, I felt there was a difference when one goes to fi nd work as a woman or a man. The feeling of being discriminated against begins when, for example, a working woman is fi red because she is pregnant. One realises that while about half the students at university are women, there are fewer in business and they are rare at management level. And then there is still the tiresome question of combining a family and a career. When starting a family, it is obvious that we do not yet live in an equal society.

FES: Today we no longer speak only of women’s policy, but consciously also of gender policy, aware that gender stereotypes must change. Does successful gender mainstreaming render women’s policy superﬂ uous?

Elke Ferner: Gender mainstreaming can only complement what has gone before. If handled properly, it starts with the existing structures. Unfortun- ately, gender policy does not necessarily imply gender mainstreaming! As before, we need active women’s advancement policies, otherwise dispel- ling prejudice will be a slow process. Take the example of women in leading positions: German business ranks bottom among industrialised nations. This is not because women in Germany are less intelligent, less qualiﬁ ed, less motivated or less committed, but because men’s networks still function better than women’s networks, which unfortunately are still in their infancy. Second, recruiting a potential mother is still considered risky. This is not true of potential fathers. Male managers have more children than their female counterparts. Across the board, the partners of women managers are also gainfully employed and often occupy higher positions, while this is more of an exception when it comes to the partners of male managers. This classic role allocation is still extant and means that more men are represented in working life. Hence, we need not only a law governing equal rights, but several building blocks in terms of afﬁ rmative action for women – building blocks that cannot be replaced by gender policy.

FES: Franziska, do we need more active men’s policies?

Franziska Drohsel: From a gender standpoint, both sexes should be taken into account and such an approach is worth supporting. Of course one has to start with the men, so that they spend more time bringing up their

FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG 71 WOMEN – MEN – GENDER

A conversation between generations

children. Socialisation plays a crucial role here. Therefore, one should start thinking about ﬁ ghting for equal co-existence in the education sector. However, I also have the impression that gender mainstreaming is expected to serve as a panacea, as a consequence of which nothing much is likely to happen. One must beware of losing the original women’s advancement policies and feminist policies in the process.

FES: In 2008, it will be 20 years since the decision taken at the SPD party conference to introduce a quota for women. The representation of neither men nor women may fall below 40 per cent in all functions and mandates. The quota ruling was not uncontroversial at the time. Elke, how do you feel today about the quota? Did you ever see yourself as a ‘quota woman’, as ‘Quothilda’?

Elke Ferner: At the outset, it should be mentioned that the time limitation on quotas in the Constitution was abolished at the last party conference. This was the best time at which to do this. Whether one could still do it today is questionable. At my ﬁ rst Jusos women’s conference, I was vehe- mently opposed to quotas because I did not see the necessity – which is probably true of many younger women today. If you are good, you succeed. That was what I believed at the time. Real life showed me that one very good woman after another fails against an utterly useless man. I would also like to be allowed to choose among women and not just have to elect women so that they are well represented in the committees. Se- condly, as long as we can afford to have so many bad men, I am also prepared to put up with one or two bad women. As a rule, women have more than proved themselves, have surpassed themselves in their jobs and have achieved much in ofﬁ ce. In my case, I would probably never have been in the Bundestag without the quota system, as, at the time, the second place on the party list from my sub-district would certainly never have been occupied by a woman. I stand by quotas, as long as women ultimately also prove what they are capable of, and that they are at least as good as men. Then I have absolutely no problem with wearing the ‘quota woman’ badge in my lapel.

FES: Franziska, in your opinion, do we still need a quota today? How do you judge the political participation of women and what can be done to fan the enthusiasm of young women for politics and taking up political positions?

Franziska Drohsel: I think quotas are still indispensable. Even in Jusos, and that means the young generation, women make up just 30 per cent of the members. We therefore deﬁ nitely need instruments such as the

72 FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNGFriedrich-Ebert-Stiftung GENERATIONEN-GESPRÄCH

quota system to increase the percentage of women in important positions. When I started to be politically active, I was sceptical, too. How- ever, reality within the party and in politics showed me exactly how deeply entrenched male culture is. Far too often, politics does not work according to objective and qualitative criteria, but is conducted over a glass of beer by men who have their own style of communication. As a woman, one feels out of place and has no desire to be politically active in such conditions. Therefore, I believe it is right and important to have the quota system. As more and more women assume top positions, it serves as an example and motivates other women to be more politically engaged. In my case, I would possibly not have been given certain positions had there been no quotas. But I have always been pro-active in my position and never perceived the quota as demeaning. In general, of course, we must ﬁ ght to encourage more young women to take up politics. Katrin Münch, Jusos President, and I hope that two women at the top will bring in more women. We must also develop new concepts to appeal to women, such as the mentoring programme for women and must fundamentally change the culture of political associations so that young women are not discouraged. In any case, there is still much to be accomplished.

FES: The world of work is a core area as regards an equal society. The General Law on Equal Treatment has been in force since August 2006, and 2007 was the Euro- pean Year of Equal Opportunity. Elke, how do you judge the year 2007 in terms of gender justice at the workplace? What additional measures do we need?

Elke Ferner: In brief, the instruments mentioned have not taken us very far. There is still no law governing equality in the private sector. With regard to Europe, it is extremely unfortunate that the German contribution to the European Year of Equality was, quite honestly, em- bodied solely in the person of Ursula von der Leyen (German Minister for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth). In substantive terms, she did absolutely nothing for the politics of equality. We need more measures! Much will depend on how the Equal Treatment Law is applied and the extent to which the authorities responsible for equality manage to have an impact on the public and sensitise it to discrimination. The initial impact of the law is already apparent in job advertisements. The critical question, however, is whether women who apply for a job actually stand a chance. In cases of discrimination, we need more support for the women affected. Women must be given more self-conﬁ dence so that they can actively ﬁ ght against discrimination. Above all, we must make

FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNGFriedrich-Ebert-Stiftung 73 FRAUENPOLITIK & GENDERPOLITIK

it clear in politics that we no longer accept the inactivity of the business sector in the ﬁ ght against discrimination. After all, the voluntary agreement of 2001 has by no means been adhered to. I would call on the minister not just to bear the title but also to fulﬁ l the task. Likewise, the authorities responsible for equality must make gender discrimination a priority.

FES: Franziska, discrimination is often perpetuated by set patterns of behaviour. For instance, many young women still choose ‘classic’ women’s jobs. How do you explain this? How can one give women the conﬁ dence to take up jobs often considered male domains?

Franziska Drohsel: This stereotypical behaviour when choosing a job can be explained by the fact that, in German society, certain kinds of work continue to be gender-specifi c, a phenomenon that is transferred to the younger generation through socialisation. Stereotypes, such as the woman as a caring housewife and the man as the one who repairs the car, still exist, at least under the surface. This puts the onus on education policy, from kindergarten to school. The curriculum, textbooks and other teaching material must always be consistent with gender justice. The gender dimension must be an integral part of instruction as a whole and students encouraged to refl ect on it. There are also concrete instruments that support girls and young women in choosing a different job. An example is the annual Girl’s Day, when girl students accompany a working woman for a day and obtain a fi rst-hand impression of all that young women can do. The job consultancy service has the responsibility of informing young women that all sectors are open to them.

FES: To conclude, we would like to look ahead: Franziska, what is your vision for 2020 in terms of women’s policy and what do you expect from the generation of pioneers?

Franziska Drohsel: I hope that we can continue to work closely and exchange experiences with the generation of pioneers. We young women can learn much from the debates conducted by the women before us. I also ﬁ nd it encouraging that generations of women have fought before us and that we, as young women, continue this struggle today. For 2020,

74 FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNGFriedrich-Ebert-Stiftung A CONVERSATION BETWEEN GENERATIONS

A conversation between generations

I would of course wish that we make substantial progress in the matter of equality; that it becomes natural for women and men to divide family and professional work equally. And my vision in terms of political work is that more women should participate in politics, that we have a genuinely balanced relationship between the sexes in politics and that women no longer have to ﬁ ght against that annoying male culture.

FES: Elke, what is your vision for 2020 and what do you expect of the current young generation as regards the continuation of the women’s movement?

Elke Ferner: For 2020, I would like to see far more women in management positions in the German business sector – even in large companies. When hiring staff, I would like the skills that are acquired in bringing up children and in family work to be regarded as solid qualiﬁ cations, for men too. Because if you can manage the ‘family business’, as the advertisements put it, you certainly have some management skills. And I would also wish that the structural discrimination that still exists in our society be greatly reduced. My expectations of the younger generation are clear: do not give up, don’t let go, keep going, always be aware that nothing comes from nothing and what has been achieved is never secure. You must defend what has been achieved and press forward at the same time. I am sure that the younger women will meet these challenges with ﬂ ying colours. In contrast to my generation, young women today become aware of this issue perhaps a little later because conditions are not quite as bad as they once were, thank God. But the hurdles remain as high and the situation demands committed action across the generations. I therefore hope we continue to work well together, not only to exchange experiences, but also in substantive terms to pull together in the same direction.

Interviewed by Anne Seyfferth and Alina Fuchs

FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNGFriedrich-Ebert-Stiftung 75 WOMEN – MEN – GENDER

The Friedrich Ebert Stiftung worldwide

New York Washington D.C.

Mexiko City Kingston Santo Domingo

Guatemala Tegucigalpa San Salvador Managua Caracas San José Panama

Bogotá Quito

Lima La Paz

São Paulo

Santiago Montevideo Buenos Aires

76 FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNGFriedrich-Ebert-Stiftung AREAS OF ACTIVITY

Stockholm Tallin Riga Moskau Berlin Vilnius Minsk London Brüssel Warschau Prag Bonn Kiew

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FES Zentralen in Bonn und Berlin

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Stand: April 2008

Friedrich-Ebert-StiftungFRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG 77 WOMEN – MEN – GENDER

Political education

Political education is the core of the Foundation’s work. It is the thread that runs through all areas of activity. There are three departments dedicated exclusively to educational work, with the goal of intervening in and infl uencing the socio-political debate in Germany, training people to be involved in political and social change and playing an active role in shaping reality creatively: the Politische Dr Roland Schmidt, Executive Director, FES, Günter Verheugen, EU Commissioner and Bärbel Dieckmann, Mayor of Bonn Akademie (Academy of Political Education), Gesellschaftspolitische ment. Various work units will run tion, the gender dimension is in- Information (Department for So- a total of about 70 projects to tegrated in the key area ‘An Equit- cio-Political Information) and Dia- achieve these goals. The work line able Society and Social Cohesion’. log Ostdeutschland (Dialogue East ‘Justice, Participation and Social As the regional focus of the Germany). Cohesion’ will expressly address department’s work is North Rhine- Political education is primarily the gender dimension. Given the Westphalia, Hesse, Rhineland-Pa- concerned with providing infor- economic, social and demographic latinate and Lower Saxony, and mation. The objective is not only challenges, infl uential social stake- the work is essentially demand- to keep people informed about the holders have institutionalised driven, the issue of gender is also latest developments and to gene- equity, equal opportunity and so- addressed at regional level. To this rate debate, but also to refl ect on cial cohesion as the guidelines for end, a conference on gender issues future developments. This means policy reform. The potential for is held annually in all three states. identifying emerging trends and social innovation in education and Of special importance in 2007 was foreseeable developments, and family policy, as well as in gender a conference organised throughout providing the most accurate des- and cross-generational relation- the state in collaboration with the cription possible of the logic un- ships is being intensely discussed Gender Network NRW (North derlying such prognoses, even if it and further refi ned. The interna- Rhine-Westphalia), which took means elaborating on assumptions tional conference ‘Women in Is- stock of the women’s movement that have yet to be fully proven. lam – Between Oppression and and its activities. But political education can also set (Self-)Empowerment’ (page 56), trends, and the process of gender with participants from Africa, Asia, The political education program- mainstreaming is, without doubt, America and Europe, analysed the mes offered by Dialogue East an example of this. approaches being pursued by Mus- Germany, which is active in the lim women’s movements in the eastern states of Germany and in The Academy of Political Educa- confl ict between religion, political Berlin, have priority areas: on the tion has identifi ed 14 subject or systems and legislation. one hand, work in east German target-group-specifi c projects with states is largely determined by the strategic objectives for 2008–2010; As part of the work of the Depart- specifi c situation that determines this will apply to the entire department for Socio-political Informa- their respective life situations, in-

78 FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNGFriedrich-Ebert-Stiftung AREAS OF ACTIVITY

societal, social and cultural stereotypes of women and men. Accor- dingly, the EU authorities use concepts such as ‘equality-oriented policy’ or ‘equality policy’. In other words, gender mainstreaming refers to ‘a strategy with which one can systematically take account of different life situations of women and men and possibly the different ways in which measures impact on men and women.’ terests and attitudes. In 2007, the The FES political education The gender mainstreaming pro- state offi ces of Dialogue East Ger- programme also offers a broad pa- cess, understood as a cross-sectoral many therefore focused once again lette of themes that can be worked task in all spheres and areas of life, on a range of political education on in different ways, including se- continues to be a pivotal task, all programmes dealing with the pro- minars, public dialogue events, the more so because the new gene- motion of democracy, as well as learning projects, skills training, ration, with different role models, social and political involvement. expert talks, policy papers or stu- will increasingly shape social af- Gender and women’s policy are dies that support the work or offer fairs. Against this background, the well established as a cross-sectoral suggestions and invite discussion. paramount goal of political edu- theme in the work of all the offi ces The thematic catalogue covers cation must be to reinforce and and are the topic of discussion at more than 40 individual themes, guide. numerous events. The second pri- including the issue of women/ ority area is the work of the Berlin gender. sections of Dialogue East Germany, The assignment of the gender which is targeted at themes at fe- aspect to the fi eld of women is RECOMMENDED READING deral level. Gender and women’s symptomatic of the status of the policy is institutionalised as a work debate within the Foundation, too. Nr. 11 POLICYPolitische Akademie line in its own right in the ‘Forum True, gender mainstreaming is a for Politics and Society’. Across the product of the women’s move- Vollbeschäftigung und Globalisierung – country, the section supports dis- ment and women’s policy, but its ein Widerspruch? cussions and decision-making pro- aim is to integrate the gender di- Erwerbsarbeit bleibt eine zentrale Bedin- In allen Gesellschaften, die dem Ziel der gung für die gleichberechtigte Teilhabe Vollbeschäftigung nahegekommen sind, aller am gesellschaftlichen Leben. Erwerbs- spielen Arbeitsplätze im Dienstleistungs- arbeit sichert nicht nur Einkommen und bereich, auch in den Berufen mit geringer cesses on gender and women’s po- mension in all fi elds and so pro- damit die Chance auf ein selbstbestimmten Qualifi kation, eine Schlüsselrolle. In skan- Leben, sie gewährleistet auch gesellschaft- dinavischen Ländern sind solche Arbeits- liche Anerkennung und Selbstachtung. Gibt plätze öffentlich fi nanziert, in den USA licy by holding public conferences mote gender justice in all walks of es Alternativen zur Erwerbsarbeit, die auf führen sie in der Regel zu sozial unakzep- anderen Wegen zum selben Ziel führen tablen Niedrigstlöhnen. Wie soll der deut- können? Oder gibt es aussichtsreiche neue sche Weg aussehen? Können Mindest- Wege, die Vollbeschäftigung unter den oder Kombilöhne bei wenig produktiven and background talks and by issu- life. durch Globalisierung und Wissensökono- Dienstleistungsberufen der Weg aus der mie veränderten Bedingungen in absehba- Arbeitslosigkeitsfalle sein? ing publications. A highpoint was Gender mainstreaming is often rer Zeit erreichbar erscheinen lassen? the event to commemorate Inter- equated with affi rmative action for national Women’s Day 2007, which women. However, this is not the coincided with the 100th anni ver- case. The German Ministry for Fa- sary of the Socialist Women’s In- mily, Senior Citizens, Women and ternational. Young People defi nes gender as the

Friedrich-Ebert-StiftungFRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG 79 WOMEN – MEN – GENDER

International Work

To promote democracy and deve- inforcement of civil society and political or economic policyma- lopment across the world, to con- government structures that pro- king. Top positions are held almost tribute to peace and security, to mote democracy, human rights exclusively by men. join hands in shaping globalisa- and social justice, as well as strong Gender mainstreaming, which tion and to support EU enlarge- and free trade unions. We under- integrates the gender dimension ment and consolidation: these are stand gender equality to be a in each phase of project manage- the guiding principles of the constituent element of democracy ment and reviews the results, sup- Foundation’s international work. and social justice and therefore in- plements specifi c affi rmative ac- With projects in more than 100 tegral to the task of promoting tion for women. countries, the Foundation actively democracy, to which the Founda- In the context of the internati- supports the development and re- tion contributes with political ed- onal work undertaken by FES, ge- ucation, political development nder mainstreaming entails: and political consulting, through ➜ identifying the different needs seminars, conferences and research and interests of women and studies. men; Dialogue between different so- ➜ analysing the gender-specifi c cial stakeholders, different cultures implications of a policy, for and societal models, between North example economic, social or and South, EU countries and acces- security policy; sion candidates and international ➜ putting mechanisms in place to institutions is indispensable if ensure equity; fragile social and governmental ➜ promoting the participation of structures are to be stabilised and women in institutions, particu- overarching regional and global larly in management positions. problems resolved. In their activities, the departments of Interna- In IEZ projects, there are two tional Development Cooperation aspects to gender mainstreaming: (IEZ) and International Dialogue equal opportunity (I) as a political (ID) are guided by the principle of goal and (II) as a methodological the equal participation of women approach, differentiating target and men in shaping democratic groups in project work according and equitable structures. to sex and incorporating different In most project countries, dis- interests and needs into project crimination against women per- management. With the introduc- sists in all social sectors and there tion of the gender approach, the is therefore a wide discrepancy in department appointed its own terms of access to resources and gender team to oversee the pro- political participation. Women cess. The team is responsible for

Matilde Ribeiro, Brazil’s Minister work considerably longer but earn monitoring, conceptual develop- of the Special Secretariat for Racial and own considerably less than ment and advising colleagues in Equality Policies. men. They play virtually no role in projects worldwide. A series of in-

80 FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNGFriedrich-Ebert-Stiftung AREAS OF ACTIVITY

the concept. We also enable qualifi ed personnel from Central and Eastern Europe to undertake study tours to Brussels, with the aim of acquiring in-depth knowledge of the EU’s gender equality policy and to familiarise themselves with the debate at the European level. FES also uses its network of offi ces to discuss women’s issues at regional level, to promote networking among the various stakeholders and to facilitate a cross-country learning process. In terms of content, the work concentrates on training and further education for Anke Fuchs, FES chairperson on a visit to Africa women in top political positions, sensitisation to discrimination and struments have since been deve- fi eld of gender could be used to sexism in different sectors of so- loped and tested in order to inte- improve the instruments and me- ciety, and support and advice for grate the gender dimension in the thods specifi c to the department; women in precarious economic project management process and however, if required, other depart- and social situations. to evaluate the results. This struc- ments can also draw on the IEZ’s ture is supplemented by local offi - vast experience in the institutional cers responsible for gender issues integration of the gender dimensi- in several state offi ces. They ensure on. that gender policy activities are ad- In the ID department, women’s apted to the regional and cultural advancement and gender main- environment. streaming are the core themes in In recent years, deliberations the bilateral dialogue with leaders on gender integration have thrown from the socio-political sphere in up many questions about quality the Foundation’s Central and East management in general that are European offi ces. The projects vary currently being discussed and in form and content depending on compiled at different levels within the situation and conditions in the the department. Discussions on partner country. For instance, the quality of our work, evaluation many Central and East European of the output and the management countries rarely apply gender of knowledge as regards different mainstreaming. With our partners themes and methods will continue in the host country and with the to play an important role in the fu- support of experts from Germany, ture. The experience gained in the we help to discuss and publicise

Friedrich-Ebert-StiftungFRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG 81 WOMEN – MEN – GENDER

Research

FES conducts its own research be- tres if laid end to end. There are LEKTÜRETIPP sides actively promoting academic also photographs, posters, leafl ets, research. For example, studies and fi lms and audio material that are Anke Fuchs Ein politisches policy papers for academics and also available in digital form for re- Leben in Bildern decision-makers are produced in- search. Last year, holdings (post- ternally and externally, and im- humous papers and deposits) of portant research projects within politically active women could be the framework of the Foundation’s newly acquired and/or expanded: graduate development programme for example, those of the lawyer receive fi nancial and specialist sup- Barbara Degen, the journalist Sy- port. Competent policy framing bille Plogstedt and Monika Wulf- and consultancy are essential in all Mathies, former member of the the Foundation’s areas of activity European Commission. The histo- and are introduced in podium dis- rical photographs in this annual cussions, seminars and training report are from the AdsD collec- Women’s studies has traditionally sessions, for instance. Research at tion. been a priority area of the depart- FES is conducted primarily by the ment of Social and Contemporary Centre for Historical Research and With over 800,000 volumes, the History. Besides publications, the the department of Economic and FES library is considered the lar- Centre for Historical Research or- Social Policy. The work of young gest specialist library on the histo- ganises exhibitions, for example researchers and politicians is sup- ry of both the German and the in- on women who paved the way for ported by the FES scholarship pro- ternational workers’ movement. A social democracy or the intro- gramme. All three departments large specialist collection on the duction of voting rights, specialist contribute to the advancement of proletarian women’s movement is lectures, seminar concepts and women and research into women’s also available for purposes of re- tours for an interested public. With issues or impart and support ge- search into women’s and gender a series of events, the Karl Marx nder mainstreaming. issues, in addition to diverse litera- House in Trier attracted attention ture of and about the middle-class to the role of women in the life of The FES Centre for Historical Re- women’s movement, as well as all Karl Marx. search comprises the Department the publications of parties and tra- of Social and Contemporary His- de unions in Germany and Europe In the department of Economic tory, the Karl Marx House in Trier on family, women and gender and Social Policy, the focus on ge- and the library and Archives of policy. The catalogue can be ac- nder and women’s policy (director: Social Democracy (AdsD). It is cessed online at http://library.fes.de; Dr Barbara Stiegler) is at the inter- here that FES preserves, maintains, it also includes the latest publica- face between research and poli- presents and analyses the historical tion on Anke Fuchs (Anke Fuchs. cy: drawing on the knowledge legacy of the entire social democ- Ein politisches Leben in Bildern). gleaned from research into wom- ratic movement (SPD, trade uni- New FES publications are available en’s and gender issues, arguments, ons, workers’ cultural movement). in full text from the digital library concepts and solutions are ela- http://library.fes.de/library/fr-digbib. borated that support the (women) The AdsD currently houses fi les html, for example, all FES publica- stakeholders who advocate gender that would stretch for 40 kilome- tions on gender budgeting. equality and also shape gender

82 FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNGFriedrich-Ebert-Stiftung AREAS OF ACTIVITY

policy discourse. Political consultancy is offered in lectures, workshops and at podium discussions, book discussions and through contributions in civil society media in

Germany and abroad. In 2007, the FES-STUDIENFÖRDERUNG MEHR ALS EIN STIPENDIUM importance of diversity and the question of utilising gender-policy strategies such as affi rmative action for women and gender main- www.fes.de/studienfoerderung streaming were repeatedly discussed. Experts’ reports on the falling birth rate were the subject of fre- German Foreign Offi ce (AA), it was support through a successful quent discussion from the gender possible to take on 800 new stu- course of studies. This includes the perspective. Gender analyses were dents in our programme for 2007. personal support of FES staff, over generated on the ‘caring social The scholarship programmes were 400 tutors in universities, the state’ and on child-care concepts also opened up especially for fi rst- active university group work of for children under three. Care semester and two-semester courses. FES scholars and mentors across work was identifi ed as a new prio- To increase the percentage of stu- the country. The scholarship pro- rity area, that is, person-related dents from low-income families gramme’s internal online plat- work that involves looking after and/or migrants in the develop- form also facilitates networking people, bringing up children and ment programme, a new pro- between current and former scho- nursing. The analyses of this sub- gramme was initiated in the form larship holders. They interact ject not only highlight the particu- of the ‘scholarship on probation’. during exchange programmes for lar involvement of women, but As several high school leavers from students doing a practical year, as also study care work in economic low-income families in Germany they do at the numerous reunions terms. Work in this area of activity are prevented from going to uni- organised by the department includes collaborating in networks versity for fi nancial reasons, this throughout Germany. Of particu- in NRW, in Germany and at inter- programme should make it easier lar help for FES scholars is a paral- national level. for them to decide in favour of lel seminar programme on impor- university because it offers fi nanci- tant socio-political themes that The FES scholarship programme al and academic support from the challenges the students in terms of awards grants to especially talen- fi rst semester itself. The fi rst stu- their subjects, while also fostering ted young people who are also in- dents were admitted in December their social and political involve- volved in socio-political activities 2007, and outstanding applicants ment. The students play a major to pursue post-graduate and docto- from the identifi ed target groups role in planning the programme ral programmes of study. In 2007, were accepted. The proportion of and implementing these semi- just under 2,000 German and fo- women was well above 50 per nars. reign students were given grants. cent. Thanks to additional funds from The scholarship department of- the German Ministry for Educa- fers its scholars comprehensive tion and Research (BMBF) and the

Friedrich-Ebert-StiftungFRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG 83 WOMEN – MEN – GENDER

The latest FES publications

A selection of FES publications on women’s and gender policy 2007

5 Jahre Gender Mainstreaming in NRW: eine Zwischenbilanz. Hg. Abteilung Gesellschaftspolitische Information, Ursula Clauditz. Bonn, 2007. ISBN 978-3-89892-658-4 http://library.fes.de/pdf-fi les/gpi/04392-20070615.pdf Anke Fuchs: ein politisches Leben in Bildern. Hg. von Dieter Dowe. Bonn, 2007. ISBN 978-3-89892-699-7 Background: Mona Sahlin – Swedish social democrats elect a woman leader. Hg. von Roger Hällhag und Uwe Optenhögel. Electronic ed. Stockholm: 2007. http://library.fes.de/pdf-fi les/bueros/stockholm/04390.pdf La democracia necesita más mujeres / FLACSO. Hg. von Marcela Rios. Electronic ed. Santiago 2007 http://library.fes.de/pdf-fi les/bueros/chile/04620.pdf Droht der Kindergarten zu verschulen?: Dokumentation zur Tagung der Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung in Zusammenarbeit mit der GEW Baden-Württemberg und dem Bundesverband ev. ErzieherInnen und SozialpädagogInnen. Hg. von Wigbert Draude. Stuttgart: Fritz-Erler-Forum Baden Württemberg der Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, 2007. http://library.fes.de/pdf-fi les/bueros/stuttgart/04839.pdf Un dur labeur: les consequences de la libéralisation du commerce international d‘un pont de vue du genre sur notre système alimentaire, sur les marchés agricoles et sur les droits de la femme. Geneva 2007. Electronic ed. http://library.fes.de/pdf-fi les/bueros/genf/04378.pdf Europa unter Beweis stellen / Ségolène Royal. Paris 2006. Electronic ed. http://library.fes.de/pdf-fi les/bueros/paris/04101.pdf Färber, Christine: Gender budgeting in der Bürgergesellschaft. Bonn 2007. Arbeitskreis Bürgergesellschaft und Aktivierender Staat, Albrecht Koschützke. http://library.fes.de/pdf-fi les/kug/04782.pdf Forum Frauen, Männer – Gender: Veranstaltungsreihe zu den Themen „Jungen, Männer, Väter“ am 23. Juni 2006 in Stuttgart, am 29. Juni 2006 in Heilbronn, am 24. Juli 2006 in Stuttgart. Hg. vom Fritz-Erler-Forum Baden- Württemberg. Stuttgart, 2007. http://library.fes.de/pdf-fi les/bueros/stuttgart/04842.pdf Frauenpolitik & Genderpolitik in der Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. Jahresbericht 2006/Perspektiven 2007. Hg. von Albrecht Koschützke. Bonn, 2007. Electronic ed. ISBN 3-89892-679-9 http://library.fes.de/pdf-fi les/frauen/04551.pdf Gender budgeting: neue Perspektiven für die Gleichstellungspolitik. Hg. Forum Politik und Gesellschaft, Anja Wehler-Schöck. Berlin, 2007. ISBN 978-3-89892-665-2 http://library.fes.de/pdf-fi les/do/04423.pdf Gender justice and reconciliation / Nahla Valji. Berlin, 2007. Dialogue on Globalization, 35. Electronic ed. ISBN 978-3-89892-683-6. http://library.fes.de/pdf-fi les/iez/05000.pdf Gleich am Ziel?: Chancengleichheit in der Privatwirtschaft durch die freiwillige Vereinbarung und das AGG; Dokumentation einer Fachtagung der Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung und des Bereichs Gleichstellungs- und Frauenpolitik des DGB-Bundesvorstandes. Hg. vom DGB-Bundesvorstand, Rena Fehre. Berlin, 2007. „Her mit dem Frauenwahlrecht!“: Vortrag anlässlich des Internationalen Frauentages am 9. März 2007 in der Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung in Bonn. Hg. von Gisela Notz. Mit einer Übersetzung ins Persische von Hossein Pur Khassalian. Electronic ed. Bonn, 2007. http://library.fes.de/pdf-fi les/kug/04594.pdf

84 FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNGFriedrich-Ebert-Stiftung PUBLICATIONS

Konferenz Frauen – Migration – Lebenswelten. Dokumentation vom 25. September 2006 des Büros Niedersachsen. Hannover, 2007. Lange, Marianne: Mehr Gleichstellung für ein stärkeres Europa!: internationale Tagung vom 30. Oktober 2006. Hg. Forum Politik und Gesellschaft, Marianne Lange. Berlin 2007. ISBN 978-3-89892-627-0 http://library.fes.de/pdf-fi les/do/04291.pdf Un largo camino que recorrer: el impacto de género en la liberalización del comercio de nuestro sistema alimentario, los mercados agricolas y los derechos humanos de las mujeres. Geneva, 2007. Electronic ed. ISBN 978-3-89892-606-5, ISBN 3-89892-606-0. http://library.fes.de/pdf-fi les/bueros/genf/04377.pdf Notz, Gisela: Familien und bürgerschaftliches Engagement. Bonn, 2007. Arbeitskreis Bürgergesellschaft und Aktivierender Staat, Albrecht Koschützke. http://library.fes.de/pdf-fi les/kug/04936.pdf Notz, Gisela: Mehr als bunte Tupfen im Bonner Männerclub: Sozialdemokratinnen im Deutschen Bundestag 1957– 1969. Bonn, 2007: J.H.W. Dietz Nachf. ISBN 978-3-8012-4175-9 Politisches Handeln und Verantwortung: Gesine Schwan und Anke Fuchs im Gespräch am 26. März 2007 in Freiburg. Hg. vom Fritz-Erler-Forums Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart, 2007. http://library.fes.de/pdf-fi les/bueros/stuttgart/04850.pdf Report of the study on women councilors in urban local governments: avenues for effective participation in governance in Karnataka, South India (April – September – 2005). Urban Research Centre, New Delhi, 2007. Report of the study on women councilors in urban local governments . Text in kanaresischer Sprache und Schrift. http://library.fes.de/pdf-fi les/bueros/indien/04456-57/index.html Rüling, Anneli: Familienpolitik aus der Gleichstellungsperspektive: ein europäischer Vergleich. Anneli Rüling und Karsten Kassner. Forum Politik und Gesellschaft, Berlin 2007. ISBN 978-3-89892-611-9. http://library.fes.de/pdf-fi les/do/04262.pdf Spieldoch, Alexandra: A row to hoe: a study on the gendered impact of trade liberalization on our food system, on agricultural markets and on women‘s human rights. Geneva, 2007. ISBN 978-3-89892-606-5, ISBN 3-89892-606-0 http://library.fes.de/pdf-fi les/bueros/genf/04377.pdf Stiegler, Barbara: Kapital und Kinderkrippen: Betreuungskonzepte für Kleinkinder aus der Geschlechterperspektive. Abt. Wirtschafts- und Sozialpolitik (WISO direkt). Bonn, 2007. ISBN 978-3-89892-721-5 Stiegler, Barbara: Taschengeld für Mutter oder Krippenplatz fürs Kind?: Eine Genderanalyse zum Betreuungsgeld. Barbara Stiegler und Katharina Oerder. Abt. Wirtschafts- und Sozialpolitik (WISO direkt). Bonn, 2007. ISBN 978-3-89892-848-9 Stiegler, Barbara: Vorsorgender Sozialstaat aus der Geschlechterperspektive. Abt. Wirtschafts- und Sozialpolitik (WISO direkt). Bonn, 2007, ISBN 978-3-89892-623-2 http://library.fes.de/pdf-fi les/fo-wirtschaft/04321.pdf Die Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie in den USA: Aspekte und politische Perspektiven. Hg. von Ariane Hegewisch. Washington, DC, 2007. Electronic ed. http://library.fes.de/pdf-fi les/bueros/usa/04410.pdf Das Wahlprogramm von Ségolène Royal. Hg. von Etienne Dubslaff. Paris, 2007. Electronic ed http://library.fes.de/pdf-fi les/bueros/paris/04327.pdf

Friedrich-Ebert-StiftungFRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG 85 WOMEN – MEN – GENDER

A selection of FES-funded doctoral projects 2007

English/North American studies and literature

Leila Rahimi Bahmany: The Image of the Modern Woman by Sylvia Plath and Frrugh Farrokhzad. A Comparative Study. Yafa Shanneik: Transkulturalität, Transformationsprozesse und Genderforschung. Das Bild der arabisch-musli- mischen Frau in der deutsch- und englischsprachigen interkulturellen Literatur

Arabic studies and literature

Hanane El Boussadani: Frauenbewegung und Eherecht im Königreich Marokko. Eine Studie über die Entwicklung des Frauenrechts seit der Unabhängigkeit

Education, Pedagogy

Lena Irmler: Gender in der Kita? Wie sehen Interaktionen zwischen Erzieherinnen und Jungen und Mädchen in Kindertagesstätten aus? Thomas Kleynen: Fächer der Geschlechter. (Fotograﬁ sche) Selbstdarstellungen zum Zusammenhang von Ge- schlecht, Habitus und Fächerwahl zukünftiger Lehrer. Männlichkeit und Kunst

German studies and literature

Magdalena Gebala: Das Mutterbild in Hermann Hesses Prosawerk zwischen 1900 und 1930

History

Nicole Kramer: Frauen an der Heimatfront. Die NS-Kriegsgesellschaft in geschlechtergeschichtlicher Perspektive Yvonne Pulla: Käthe Kollwitz – eine Biographie Sven Trösch: Männlichkeit und Konsum in Deutschland 1890 – 1930

Art history

Kia Vahland: Bildnisse schöner Frauen bei Sebastiano del Piombo. Zum Schönheits- u. Liebesideal in der Frühen Neuzeit Andrea Stahl: Surrealistische Inszenierungen des Körpers bei Claude Cahun. Parallelübersetzung ihrer Texte ins Deutsche

86 FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG FES-FUNDED DOCTORAL PROJECTS

Media

Natalia Romanova: Das Frauenbild in den Medien der 80er Jahre. Einﬂ uss der sowjetischen Berichterstattung auf die Frauenpolitik der DDR.

Political science

Annette Huland: Frauenhandel und Abschiebungspolitik in der EU Beyhan Sentürk: Kann man die deutsche und türkische Kopftuchdebatte miteinander vergleichen? Eine Analyse

Law

Hanna Kappstein: Das Verfahren in Scheidungssachen in Deutschland, Frankreich und Österreich Nora Markard: Herausforderungen an die Flüchtlingskonvention: Neue Kriege und geschlechtsspeziﬁ sche Verfol- gung Crescence Nga Beyeme: Das internationale Frauenrecht und seine Durchsetzung im Rahmen der Gesetzgebung afrikanischer Länder: Der Fall der Genitalverstümmelung

Romance languages and literature

Artur Budnik: Die Wende in der lateinamerikanischen Aids-Literatur der 90er Jahre Alice Julia Otto: Religiosität von Frauen als weiblicher Diskurs in den portugiesischen Cantigas des Mittelalters

Sociology

Eva Berger: Der Zusammenhang zwischen der Erwerbstätigkeit von Müttern, der mütterlichen Gesundheit und der Entwicklung von Kindern – Analyse auf der Basis repräsentativer Microdaten Alexandra Geisler: Gehandelte Romafrauen – zur Bedeutung des Menschenhandels zum Zweck der sexuellen Ausbeutung mit Frauen der ethnischen Romaminderheiten in Mittel- und Osteuropa Matilde Heredia: Subjektkonstituierung von Frauen, die während der argentinischen Militärdiktatur (1976-1983) in Gefangenschaft gelebt haben Elena Stirbu: The advantages and disadvantages of circular labour migration from a gendered perspective. The case of Moldova Angela Greulich: Gleichheit durch Wachstum? Frauenspeziﬁ sche Aspekte makroökonomischen Wachstums: ökonomische Theorie und empirische Befunde im Ländervergleich

FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG 87 WOMEN – MEN – GENDER

Contact persons

Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Godesberger Allee 149 Hiroshimastraße 17 Kommunikation D-53175 Bonn D-10785 Berlin & Grundsatzfragen Tel. ++49 (0)228/ 883-0 Tel. ++49 (0)30/ 26935-6 Albrecht Koschützke Fax ++49 (0)228/ 883-432 www.fes.de [email protected]

Political education International work Research work

Academy of Political Education International Dialogue Economic and social policy Brigitte Juchems Alina Fuchs Dr. Barbara Stiegler [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Bonner Dialog Gisela Zierau International Scholarship programme [email protected] development cooperation Katrin Dapp [email protected] Astrid Ritter-Weil Socio-political information [email protected] Jochen Reeh-Schall Centre for Historical Research [email protected] Africa Florian Dähne Social and contemporary history Dialog East Germany [email protected] and Karl Marx House Dr. Anja Kruke Forum Politik und Gesellschaft Asia [email protected] (Forum for Politics and Society) Sven Schwersensky Anne Seyfferth Sven.Schwersensky @fes.de Archives of social democracy Anne [email protected] Gabriele Lutterbeck Latin America [email protected] Anja Wehler-Schöck Hilmar Ruminski [email protected] [email protected] Library Regine Schoch Near and Middle East, [email protected] North Africa Ingrid Ross Status: April 2008 [email protected]

88 FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG www.fes.de ISBN 978-3-89892-874-8

90 Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung