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The Postwar Transformation of German Protestantism

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The Postwar Transformation of German Protestantism View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Carolina Digital Repository FAITH AND DEMOCRACY: POLITICAL TRANSFORMATIONS AT THE GERMAN PROTESTANT KIRCHENTAG, 1949-1969 Benjamin Carl Pearson A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History. Chapel Hill 2007 Approved by: Dr. Konrad H. Jarausch Dr. Christopher Browning Dr. Chad Bryant Dr. Lloyd Kramer Dr. Terence McIntosh ©2007 Benjamin Carl Pearson ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT BENJAMIN CARL PEARSON: Faith and Democracy: Political Transformations at the German Protestant Kirchentag, 1949-1969 (Under the direction of Konrad H. Jarausch) In the decades following World War II, German Protestants worked to transform their religious tradition. While this tradition had been previously characterized by rigidly hierarchical institutional structures, strong nationalist leanings, and authoritarian political tendencies, the experiences of dictatorship and defeat caused many Protestants to question their earlier beliefs. Motivated by the desire to overcome the burden of the Nazi past and by the opportunity to play a major role in postwar rebuilding efforts, several groups within the churches worked to reform Protestant social and political attitudes. As a result of their efforts, the churches came to play an important role in the ultimate success and stability of West German democracy. This study examines this transformation at the meetings of the German Protestant Kirchentag, one of the largest and most diverse postwar gatherings of Protestant laity. After situating the Kirchentag within the theological and political debates of the immediate postwar years, it focuses on changing understandings of the role of the church in society, the pluralization of Protestant political attitudes, and the shift from national to international self-understandings within the churches. It closes with the challenges posed to this new consensus by the youth revolt and the rise of New Left politics in the late 1960s. iii By examining the important role of the Kirchentag and of the Protestant churches in the democratization and political transformation of West Germany, this study asserts the continued relevance of religious categories of analysis in the Federal Republic. Focusing on the churches’ landmark contributions—including the promotion of democratic political activity, work toward East-West reconciliation, and the peace movement—it also argues for a broader, more complex conceptualization of postwar political transformations. In particular, rather than focusing on the work of any one faction or movement within the churches, it highlights the constructive roles played by different groups with different priorities and motivations. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation could not have been completed without the support, help, and encouragement of numerous individuals and organizations. I would like to express my gratitude to those who have aided me throughout this process. The Berlin Program for Advanced German and European Studies, jointly administered by the Free University of Berlin and the Social Science Research Council, provided generous financial support for my research in Berlin between September 2004 and June 2005. Over the course of my research and writing, I also received financial support from the History Department and the Center for European Studies at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and from the Foreign Language and Area Studies program of the United States Department of Education. Without these funds, this dissertation could not have been completed, and I wish to express my gratitude to these programs and their administrators. I would also like to thank the Evangelisches Zentralarchiv in Berlin for providing access to their Kirchentag materials. I owe special thanks to Ruth Pabßt and the rest of the EZA staff for helping me to navigate their collections. My advisor Konrad Jarausch deserves more thanks than I can offer in this short space. Without his expert guidance, I would never have embarked upon this project. His support, encouragement, suggestions, and advice have been invaluable at every stage along the way. I also owe special thanks to my dissertation committee members, v Christopher Browning, Chad Bryant, Lloyd Kramer, and Terence McIntosh, whose comments have shaped this project throughout. Many other professors and colleagues have offered additional support and feedback. In particular, I would like to thank Judith Bennett, Harald Wenzel, Jochen-Christoph Kaiser, Michaela Hoenicke-Moore, and Roland Löffler. I am also grateful to my fellow graduate students in the history department at UNC, who have provided a lively and supportive intellectual community. In particular, I would like to single out Annika Frieberg, Jennifer Walcoff, Kathy Nawyn, and Laurence Hare. Finally, I must thank my family whose support, encouragement, and patience has been remarkable. My parents David and Carol Pearson and my in-laws Donald and Carole Van Dyke have been nothing but supportive throughout the entire process. My sister and brother-in-law, Katie and Casey Hartman, and my sister-in-law, Rachel Van Dyke, also deserve thanks. Lastly, I offer my gratitude to my wife, Alicia. Her contributions to this project—both direct and indirect—are in evidence on every page. Without her love, patience, and support its completion would not have been possible. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................1 PART ONE: 1945-1954.....................................................................................................15 Chapter I. RECONSTRUCTING GERMAN PROTESTANTISM, 1945-1949.................17 The Multiple Legacies of the Church Struggle...................................................19 The Hour of the Churches...................................................................................27 Reconstructing Church Life....................................................................29 Guilt and National Self Assertion...........................................................33 Protestants and Postwar Politics.............................................................41 II. THE LAY APOSTOLATE.................................................................................47 Reinold von Thadden-Trieglaff..........................................................................50 The Kirchentag Idea............................................................................................57 The 1949 German Protestant Woche...................................................................67 From the Protestant Woche to the Kirchentag....................................................73 Success and Consolidation..................................................................................86 III. “WE ARE STILL BROTHERS!”.......................................................................89 The Spiritual and Social Dimensions of the Nation............................................92 Christian Brotherhood and Political Symbolism................................................98 A Self-Critical Turn..........................................................................................108 vii Political Division..............................................................................................115 Conclusion........................................................................................................122 IV. PUBLIC RESPONSIBILITY AND PROTESTANT POLITICS....................127 Laying the Foundation......................................................................................130 Powers and Authorities.....................................................................................136 The Difficulties of Democratic Politics............................................................144 An Inward Turn.................................................................................................156 Conclusion........................................................................................................160 PART TWO: 1955-1961..................................................................................................163 V. “REALITY TODAY”.......................................................................................165 Institutional Reform..........................................................................................168 The Church in the World..................................................................................178 Conclusion........................................................................................................196 VI. POLITICAL PLURALISM..............................................................................199 Toward Coexistence..........................................................................................202 Overcoming Political Illusions.........................................................................216 A New Foundation............................................................................................222 Conclusion........................................................................................................235 VII. CONFRONTING THE PAST..........................................................................239 The Turning Point.............................................................................................241
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