Gender, Power and Identity in the Early Modern House of Orange-Nassau

How do gender and power relationships affect the expression of family, House and dynastic identities? The present study explores this question using a case study of the House of Orange-Nassau, whose extensive visual, material and archival sources from both male and female members enable us to trace their complex attempts to express, gain and maintain power: in texts, material culture and spaces, as well as rituals, acts and practices. The book adopts several innovative approaches to the history of the Orange- Nassau family, and to familial and dynastic studies generally. Firstly, the authors analyse in detail a vast body of previously unexplored sources, including correspondence, artwork, architectural, horticultural and textual commissions, ceremonies, practices and individual actions that have, surprisingly, received little attention to date individually, and consider these as the collective practices of a key early modern dynastic family. They investigate new avenues about the meanings and practices of family and dynasty in the early modern period, extending current research that focuses on dominant men to ask how women and subordinate men understood ‘family’ and ‘dynasty’, in what respects such notions were shared among members, and how it might have been fractured and fashioned by individual experiences. Adopting a transnational approach to the Orange-Nassau family, the authors explore the family’s self-presentation across a range of languages, cultures and historiographical traditions, situating their representation of themselves as a ruling family within an international context and offering a new vision of power as a gendered concept.

Susan Broomhall is Professor of Early Modern History at The University of Western Australia.

Jacqueline Van Gent is Associate Professor in History at The University of West- ern Australia. This page intentionally left blank Gender, Power and Identity in the Early Modern House of Orange-Nassau

Susan Broomhall and Jacqueline Van Gent First published 2016 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2016 Susan Broomhall and Jacqueline Van Gent The right of Susan Broomhall and Jacqueline Van Gent to be identified as authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Broomhall, Susan, author. | Van Gent, Jacqueline, author. Title: Gender, power and identity in the early modern House of Orange-Nassau / by Susan Broomhall and Jacqueline Van Gent. Description: Farnham, Surrey, England : Ashgate, [2016] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2015042127 (print) | LCCN 2015046243 (ebook) | ISBN 9781409451464 (hardcover : alkaline paper) Subjects: LCSH: Orange-Nassau, House of—History. | Royal households— Netherlands—Case studies. | Women—Netherlands—Case studies. | Sex role—Netherlands—Case studies. | Power (Social sciences)— Netherlands—Case studies. | Identity (Psychology)—Netherlands— Case studies. | Netherlands—History—1648–1795. Classification: LCC DJ150 .B76 2016 (print) | LCC DJ150 (ebook) | DDC 949.2/040922—dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015042127 ISBN: 978-1-4094-5146-4 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-58414-0 (ebk) Typeset in Times New Roman by Apex CoVantage, LLC Contents

List of figures vi List of plates viii Notes on naming conventions xii Acknowledgements xiii

Introduction 1

PART 1 Familial structures, hierarchies and power 13

1 Leadership, governance and complicit roles 15 2 Horizontal, vertical and dynastic alliances 63

PART 2 Transitions 101

3 Born Orange, made Orange: children in the House of Orange-Nassau 103 4 Love and marriage: individual, house and dynasty 137 5 Conversion: choices, conflicts, consequences 178 6 Death and dynasty: sacrifice, intimacy and individuality 214

Conclusion 244

Bibliography 249 Index 271 Figures

1.1 Pieter Claesz. Soutman, Portrait of Johann Moritz, Count of Nassau-Siegen, 1647, engraving, 412mm × 304mm. Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum, RP-P-1938-499. 26 1.2 Willem Jacobsz. Delff, Portrait of Louise de Coligny, 1627, engraving, 419mm × 298mm. Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum, RP-P-1918-1726. 32 1.3 Willem Jacobsz. Delff, Portrait of Amalia von Solms, 1629, engraving, 422mm × 300mm. Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum, RP-P-OB-50.094. 33 1.4 Philippus Endlich, Portrait of Anne of Hanover, 1731–48, engraving, 254mm × 188mm. Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum, RP-P-OB-50.219. 35 1.5 Pieter van Gunst, François Halma, Portrait of Marie Louise, Princess of Orange-Nassau, 1709–31, engraving, 588mm × 435mm. Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum, RP-P-1967-1015. 45 3.1 Simon Fokke, Doop van prins Willem V [Baptism of Prince Willem V], 1748, etching, 174mm × 262mm. Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum, RP-P-OB-50.788. 118 4.1 Claes Jansz. Visscher (II), Portrait of Enno Lodewijk, Count of East Friesland, and Henriëtte Catharina, Princess of Orange, 1645–52, engraving, 392mm × 512mm. Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum, RP-P-OB-104.370. 155 6.1 Romeyn de Hooghe and Pieter Persoy, Queen Mary II Stuart on Her Deathbed, 1695, 1695, etching, 470mm × 591mm. Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum, RP-P-OB-67.728. 219 6.2 Gottfried Christian Leygebe, Medal of Remembrance, obverse, showing Louise Henriëtte in profile, 1668. Amsterdam, De Nederlandsche Bank, National Numismatic Collection, Inv.Nr. P 0185. 221 6.3 Gottfried Christian Leygebe, Medal of Remembrance, reverse, showing two orange branches growing from an electoral hat, 1668. Amsterdam, De Nederlandsche Bank, National Numismatic Collection, Inv.Nr. P 0185. 222 Figures vii 6.4 Simon Fokke and Pieter van Swart, Parade Room with Side View of Bed of State with Princess Anne, 1759, etching, 183mm × 330mm. Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum, RP-P-OB-84.518. 223 Plates

1 Circle of Dirck Barendsz., Portrait of Willem I Prince of Orange, called Willem the Silent, 1582–92, oil on panel, 49cm × 33cm. Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum, SK-A-2164. 2 Workshop of Jan Antonisz. van Ravesteyn, Portrait of Count Johann of Nassau, known as Johann the Old, c. 1610–20, oil on panel, 30.3cm × 24.7cm. Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum, SK-A-538. 3 Michiel Jansz. van Mierevelt, Portrait of Prince Filips Willem of Orange, c. 1608, oil on canvas, 122.3cm × 108.3cm. Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum, SK-A-256. 4 Workshop of Jan Antonisz. van Ravesteyn, Portrait of Justinus of Nassau, Illegitimate Son of Prince Willem I and Eva Elinx, c. 1609–33, oil on panel, 29.4cm × 24.1cm. Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum, SK-A-536. 5 Michiel Jansz. van Mierevelt, Portrait of Maurits, Prince of Orange, c. 1613–30, oil on panel, 220.3cm × 143.5cm. Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum, SK-A-255. 6 Workshop of Jan Antonisz. van Ravesteyn, Portrait of Philip, Count of Hohenlohe-Neuenstein, c. 1609–33, oil on panel, 30cm × 25cm. Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum, SK-A-544. 7 Workshop of Michiel Jansz. van Mierevelt, Portrait of Count Wilhelm Ludwig of Nassau, Nicknamed Our Father in West Frisian, 1609, oil on panel, 29.8cm × 24.1cm. Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum, SK-A-525. 8 Workshop of Michiel Jansz. van Mierevelt, Frederik Hendrik, Prince of Orange, c. 1632, oil on canvas, 111.5cm × 87.7cm. Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum, SK-A-254. 9 Caspar Netscher, Portrait of Willem III, Prince of Orange and Stadtholder, c. 1680–84, oil on canvas, 80.5cm × 63cm. Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum, SK-C-194. 10 Jan van Huchtenburg, Hendrik Casimir II, Prince of Nassau-Dietz, in Battle, 1692, oil on canvas, 121cm × 165cm. Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum, SK-C-1226. Plates ix 11 Anonymous, Portrait of Willem IV, Prince of Orange, c. 1750, oil on canvas, 82.5cm × 70.5cm. Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum, SK-A-887. 12 Johann Georg Ziesenis, Portrait of Willem V, Prince of Orange-Nassau, 1763–76, oil on canvas, 92cm × 71cm. Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum, SK-A-882. 13 Jan Mijtens, Albertine Agnes of Orange-Nassau, Princess of Nassau-Dietz (1634–1696), c. 1666–70, oil on canvas, 127.5cm × 94cm. Dessau, Anhaltische Gemäldegalerie, Inventar-Nr 127. 14 Charles Melchior Descourtis, Rudolf Samuel Hentzy, Portrait of Wilhelmine von Preußen, Princess of Orange–Nassau, 1791, paper, 432mm × 319mm. Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum, RP-P-OB-5388A. 15 Daniël van den Queborn, Louisa Juliana, Princess of Orange, Countess of Nassau, c. 1581, oil on wood, 101cm × 75cm. Verein der Freunde und Förderer des Siegerlandmuseums Siegen e.V., Inv. A 3496. 16 Daniël van den Queborn, Elisabeth, Princess of Orange, Countess of Nassau, c. 1581, oil on wood, 100cm × 75cm. Verein der Freunde und Förderer des Siegerlandmuseums Siegen e.V., Inv. A 3497. 17 Anonymous, Portrait of a Boy, Possibly Lodewijk of Nassau, Later Lord of Beverweerd, De Leck, Odijk and Lekkerkerk, Illegitimate Son of Maurits, Prince of Orange, and Margaretha van Mechelen, 1604, oil on panel, 90cm × 69cm. Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum, SK-A-956. 18 Anthonis van Dyck, Prince Willem II, 1631/36, oil on canvas, 123cm × 102.5cm. Schloss Mosigkau, Kulturstiftung DessauWörlitz. Photograph: Heinz Fräβdorf. 19 Willem van Honthorst, Princess Maria of Orange, 1648, oil on canvas, 127cm × 160cm. Stiftung Preußische Schlösser und Gärten Berlin-Brandenburg, GKI 2566. Photograph: Wolfgang Pfauder. 20 Adriaen Hanneman, Willem III, Prince of Orange, as a Child, 1654, oil on canvas, 135cm × 95cm. Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum, SK-A-3889. 21 Robert Mussard, Willem V (1748–1806), Prince of Orange- Nassau, as a Child, 1751, parchment (animal material), 5.8cm × 7.7cm. Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum, SK-A-4340. 22 Robert Mussard, Wilhelmina Carolina (Carolina, 1743–87), Princess of Orange-Nassau, Daughter of William IV and Sister of William V, as a Child, 1743–55, 5.6cm × 7.5cm. Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum, SK-A-4342. x Plates 23 Jan Mijtens, Portrait of Maria of Orange (1642–1688), with Hendrik van Zuijlestein (d. 1673) and a Servant, c. 1665. The Hague, Maurithuis. 24 Jan Mijtens, The Four Orange Princesses, 1666, oil on canvas, 350.3cm × 355.9cm. Schloss Mosigkau, Kulturstiftung DessauWörlitz. Photograph: Heinz Fräβdorf. 25 Flinck, Govert, Allegory on the Birth and Death of Prince Elector Wilhelm Heinrich, c. 1648/49, oil on canvas, 111.5cm × 82.5cm. Stiftung Preußische Schlösser und Gärten Berlin-Brandenburg, GKI 5249. Photograph: Roland Handrick. 26 Jan de Baen, Prince Karl Emil of Brandenburg, c. 1667, oil on canvas, 68cm × 50cm. Stiftung Preußische Schlösser und Gärten Berlin-Brandenburg, GK I 7417. Photograph: Roland Handrick. 27 Nederlandish (1668/1669, with additions c. 1673 and c. 1677), Henriëtte Catharina of Orange-Nassau (1637–1708) with Her Six Children, oil on canvas, 140cm × 113.5cm, Dessau, Anhaltische Gemäldegalerie, Inventar-Nr 131. 28 (unknown), Henriëtte Catharina van Nassau with Her Three Children, 1677, oil on canvas, 96.8cm × 145.2cm. Schloss Wörlitz, Kulturstiftung DessauWörlitz. Photograph: Heinz Fräβdorf. 29 W.F. Lange, The Five Oldest Daughters of Johann Georg II Duke of Anhalt-Dessau and Henriëtte Catharina of Orange-Nassau, c. 1681, oil on canvas, 86cm × 99cm. Schloss Mosigkau, Kulturstiftung DessauWörlitz, Inv. Nr. 86. Photograph: Heinz Fräβdorf. 30 Anthonis van Dyck, Willem II, Prince of Orange, and His Bride, Mary Stuart, 1641, oil on canvas, 182.5cm × 142cm. Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum, SK-A-102. 31 Adriaen Pietersz. van der Venne, Marriage Lottery at the Kermes in The Hague, 1646. Apeldoorn, Paleis Het Loo National Museum, on permanent loan to Geschiedkundige Vereniging Oranje-Nassau, Inv. Nr A 1919. 32 Jan Mijtens, The Marriage between the Great Elector and Louise Henriëtte of Orange on 7 December 1646 (27 November), 1647. Rennes, Musée des Beaux Arts de Rennes. © MBA, Rennes, Dist. RMN-Grand Palais / Jean-Manuel Salingue. 33 Diego Velázquez, The Surrender of Breda, c. 1635. © Madrid, Museo Nacional del Prado, Inv. Nr P01172. 34 Anonymous, Roemer with the Arms and the Motto of Prince Maurits, 1606, glass, 11.1cm × 9cm. Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum, BK-NM-10754–47. 35 Anonymous, Ernst Casimir of Nassau-Dietz’s Hat with a Bullet Hole, in or before 1632, felt, 16cm × 45.5cm. Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum, NG-NM-7445. Plates xi 36 Monument for Maria van Nassau and Philip von Hohenlohe-Neuenstein, Öhringhen. Photograph © Peter Schmelzle (Creative Commons 2.5). Cover Image: Gerrit van Honthorst, Double Portrait of Prince Willem III (1650–1702) and his Aunt Maria, Princess of Orange (1642–1688), as Children, 1653. The Hague, Mauritshuis. Notes on naming conventions

In a work that covers three centuries and a wide geographic span of Western Europe, it is desirable that we establish name conventions for the protagonists of this study. No one language appeared suitable to represent individuals who operated across the Netherlands, German, French, English and Scottish lands, as well as the wider world. We have thus chosen to identify individuals typically by the lands in which they were born and/or associated. This means that Willem’s brother Johann von Nassau-Dillenburg is referred to using German conventions, for, although he occupied positions in the Netherlands, such as Stadtholder of Gelderland, in the context of this work he appears largely as a German influence. By contrast, his brother Willem is referred to using the Dutch spelling since, although born at Dillenburg, the majority of his dynastic and political activities operated in the sphere of the Low Countries. Likewise, William III of England and II of Scotland is primarily analysed here in terms of behaviours oriented to his Dutch and House of Orange-Nassau affiliation. He is thus styled Willem. For women, we have generally chosen to employ the name used in the loca- tion of their birth. Thus, Louise Henriëtte, Princess of Orange, who married into Brandenburg lands remains styled as she was in the Netherlands. Similarly, Anne of Hanover and Wilhelmine von Preußen retain the spelling of their natal lands rather than their Dutch equivalents Anna and Wilhelmina. At first usage, we have also noted in brackets the full name of individuals who were largely known in their lifetime by a shortened form. Thus, the daughters of Willem I and Charlotte de Bourbon, (Marie) Elisabeth and (Charlotte) Flandrina, become simply Elisa- beth and Flandrina, and the daughter of Wilhelmine and Willem V, (Frederica) Louise (Wilhelmina), is styled Louise, as she was in life. Although complex, by selecting this method, we hope to elucidate the international breadth of the continental connections of the House of Orange-Nassau and to enable readers to recognise protagonists by names with which they are familiar. Acknowledgements

This research was funded by a grant of the Australian Research Council, and we are very grateful to the Council for its financial support. We would like to thank our project team members, Susie Protschky at Monash University and Michaela Hohkamp at Hanover University, for their fellowship, exchange of ideas and support, and their research in cognate areas that has enlightened ours. Scholars in many varied research institutions, archives, libraries, galleries and historic sites have supported and enabled our work. In particular, we are sincerely grateful for the generous assistance of staff at the Koninklijk Huis Archief in The Hague (especially Mrs Hélène J. de Muij-Fleurke (now retired), Ms Krista van Loon and Mrs Charlotte Eymael), the Museum Buren en Oranje, the VVV Tour- ist Office Breda, Hessisches Hauptstaatsarchiv Wiesbaden (Dr Rouven Pons), Stiftung Preuβische Schlösser und Gärten–Sanssouci, Schloβ Charlottenburg, Oranienburg, Archiv Oranienbaum in Landeshauptarchiv Sachsen-Anhalt in Dessau; Jean-Luc Tulot, the Archives nationales de France; and Archivist Jane Anderson at Blair Castle, Scotland. For permission to reproduce images, we thank the Rijksmuseum, the Maurithuis, De Nederlandsche Bank, the Dessau Anhaltische Gemäldegalerie, the Verein der Freunde und Förderer des Sieger- landmuseums Siegen e.V, the Stiftung Preußische Schlösser und Gärten Berlin- Brandenburg, the Kulturstiftung DessauWörlitz, the Paleis Het Loo National Museum, Musée des Beaux Arts de Rennes, the Museo Nacional del Prado and Peter Schmelzle. Many colleagues have shared ideas and thoughts on emerging research. We would like to thank the Umeå University Graduate Centre for Gender Studies Visiting Fellowship 2012–2014 which provided Jacqueline with the opportunity to present our emerging work in May 2012. We are grateful to Nadine Akker- mann, Jane Davidson, James Daybell, Yasmin Haskell, Andrew Lynch, Jeremy Martens, Philippa Maddern, Svante Norrhem, Jenny Spinks, Stephanie Tarbin and Bob White for their support and friendship over the years. In Perth, we would not have been able to achieve this work without the enthu- siastic and dedicated editorial and research assistance of Lisa Elliott, Sarah Finn, Joanne McEwan, Lesley O’Brien and tireless work of The University of Western Australia library staff. The doctoral research of Sandy Riley on Charlotte de La Trémoille helped remind us of the ever-widening networks of the Nassau dynasty. xiv Acknowledgements Jacqueline and Sue both thank the other—we could not have undertaken such a work without a strong friendship and respect for each other’s ideas, insights and contributions. Finally, in a study of the importance of family, we cannot neglect the debts of gratitude owed to our own. We dedicate this study to you, with all our love and thanks. Introduction

How do gender and power relationships affect the expression of family, House and dynastic identities? Our book explores this question using a case study of the House of Orange-Nassau, whose extensive and diverse extant sources make possible an analysis of differing forms of expression in correspondence, artistic representations of the family and its individual members, architectural precincts, naming patterns, and colonial endeavours. In the early modern period, Willem ‘the Silent’ was the acknowledged political leader of the fledging Republic of the Seven United Netherlands, and his family one of the most prominent in the early modern Netherlands and Protestant Europe. Despite their influence across France, the German States, England, Scotland, Ire- land and the Low Countries, and also further afield within colonial exploration and claims of lands in North and South America, Asia, Africa, and Australia, no comprehensive analysis of the operation of gender, power and identity within the Orange-Nassau family exists. Few book-length studies in English examine even the ‘founding father’ of the Dutch nation and Orange-Nassau branch, Willem I, Prince of Orange (1533–84).1 Other monograph studies proceed from biographi- cal analyses of key Orange-Nassau men as individuals or as a princely collective,2 including Maurits (1567–1625),3 Frederik Hendrik (1584–1647)4 and Willem III (1650–1702), for whom interest extends to his reign as William III of England and Ireland, and as William II of Scotland),5 subordinates to the Orange-Nassau branch such as Johann Moritz von Nassau-Siegen (1604–79),6 and, more recently, the Friesian stadtholder Willem Frederik van Nassau-Dietz (1613–64),7 as well as influential affiliates and retainers such as Constantijn Huygens (1628–87).8 Another focus has been Orangism as a political movement in literary and visual forms.9 In general, the lens of analyses applied in recent scholarship has been demar- cated according to national historiographical traditions. Articles by feminist scholars such as Jane Couchman and Eugénie Pascal have examined selected French-language letters of women connected to the Orange-Nassau family, high- lighting the significance of this approach and correspondence for feminist studies of the family, but as yet there is no comprehensive analysis of the whole family’s writing practices available for scholars to consult.10 Other, scattered sources from later descendants of the House of Orange-Nassau in France have been identified 2 Introduction recently in the work of Sonia Kmec, especially as they highlight their religious politics, but as yet these individuals have not been embedded in a wider narrative of the House’s strategies of power.11 German scholarship has recognised the leading political role and the cultural patronage of the dynasty in the Netherlands and in German lands, and has provided several detailed studies of the artistic patronage and collections of female Orange-Nassau family members resident in Germany. But thus far, it has failed to conceptualise how gender determined power hierarchies within the House of Orange-Nassau.12 The rich extant sources of the House of Orange-Nassau allow us to consider these questions of gender and power in a case study of its opera- tions over the early modern period. This House had particular political reasons to develop strategies to advance its status over the period, after its leader rose to prominence during the years of the Dutch Revolt, where our focus begins. It was not a royal House in the early modern period, but negotiated an ever-shifting political landscape in which Orange-Nassau fortunes waxed and waned. How- ever, many of its concerns and approach to the accrual of power were shared or later adopted by other contemporary dynasties. The House of Orange-Nassau’s achievements, moreover, have left extensive visual, material and archival remains from both its male and female members that enable us to trace its complex attempts to gain and maintain a power that was never assured in this period, and which thus make it ideal for such a study.

Understanding family, house and dynasty In this study, through a close study of the House of Orange-Nassau, we investigate new avenues about the meanings and practices of family and dynasty in the early modern period. What is dynasty as opposed to family? How do individuals relate to family, House and dynasty, and which identities are prioritised in different contexts? The book explores how thinking, acting and feeling within a collective identity as a household, family, House or dynasty might involve distinct practices and notions, particularly in the way power is conceptualised through dynastic members and is in turn used to uphold status and concepts of identity. In thinking of these as collective identities, we do not mean to imply that the policies, modes and strategies of advancement were entirely shared by those who considered themselves a part of this cohort. Indeed, debate and even contestation of the House’s aims and objectives were a key part of how members understood their participation and contribution to the family. They did, however, understand themselves as deriving benefits and personal interests from affiliation to this and other collective and individual identities. As David Sabean has argued regard- ing the idea of community, ‘What is common in community is not shared values or common understanding so much as the fact that members of a community are engaged in the same argument, the same raisonnement, the same Rede, the same discourse, in which alternative strategies, misunderstandings, conflicting goals, and values are threshed out’.13 More recent scholarship has highlighted gendered distinctions in the meanings and practices of personal identities and Introduction 3 community memberships, as well as forms of gendered alliances, particularly between women.14 In considering the practice and expression of distinct collective identities among individuals connected to the House of Orange-Nassau, we hope to extend current research that focuses primarily on dominant men to ask how women and subordinate men understood ‘family’, ‘House’ and ‘dynasty’, in what respects such notions were shared among members, and how these concepts and practices might have been fractured and fashioned by individual experiences. We also adopt a transnational approach to the Orange-Nassau family, exploring their activities across a range of languages and cultures, and situating their representation of themselves as a ruling family within Dutch and European contexts. We use the term ‘House of Orange-Nassau’ across this study and its early modern time period, with awareness that the later Princes of Orange, Johan Willem Friso (1687–1711), Willem IV (1711–51) and Willem V (1748–1806), were drawn from the Nassau- Dietz branch of the dynasty. Nonetheless, in the context of our study, their actions and strategies as Princes of Orange were designed to align and represent themselves as a continuation of the House of Orange-Nassau in the Netherlands as it had been established under Willem I. Our analysis distinguishes between multiple identities which operated for, and were expressed by, individuals in a variety of contexts. These include familial identities as mothers and fathers, sisters and brothers, sons and daughters, aunts and uncles and nieces and nephews among them. In considering these, we are reminded by feminist anthropologists of the ways in which both gender ideolo- gies and practices on the one hand, and culturally specific social relationships that were understood as the structuring units of kinship on the other, might have been mutually constitutive.15 We also study attachment to a shared identity of those who married into the House of Orange-Nassau, whether from other branches of the Nassau dynasty or from other prestigious aristocratic dynasties of Europe. Although those born or married into the House are our primary focus, we also explore the complex identities of particular individuals who were members of the wider Nassau dynasty but not of the House of Orange-Nassau. Through study of the interactions of selected members of the other Nassau branches, from Dietz and Siegen for example, who worked for (and sometimes against) the advancement of the House of Orange-Nassau, we can better understand the complex interacting identity dynamics and strategic demands of family, House and dynasty. Our study aims to tease out the nuances of power and meaning in such identities as they are expressed in specific moments and contexts, focussing particularly on distinctions between family, House of Orange-Nassau and the broader Nassau dynasty, in the sources examined here. Moreover, our study also entails exploration of still other forms of identities. These include a sense of self as legitimate and illegitimate family members, Nas- sau dynastic kin in either the maternal and paternal line, the generational identities of descendants of the House of Orange-Nassau, and the complicated identities of those who married into the House. After all, many of those who participated in building the House of Orange-Nassau equally held blood ties and maintained 4 Introduction alliances with other aristocratic dynasties that they prioritised and developed in different contexts. Recent scholarship has highlighted the importance of the court as both a form of government and household in which hierarchies of attendants moved in inner and more distant circles of proximity to the ruler, as well as the operation of gender in dynastic affiliations and support.16 As such, we consider also the identities of affiliates, retainers and clients of the House of Orange-Nassau. We note also the potential importance of positional identities, confessional beliefs, internal hierarchies, external relations, and processes of subordination at work in the formation and expression for particular individuals of such collective identities. These distinctions will help us to discern how specific identities and roles as they were understood, prioritised and performed by a wide variety of women and men allowed for political action within and beyond the family, House and dynasty over the early modern period.

A new interpretation of power The analysis of power, in its gendered dimensions particularly, runs throughout the book. Like Sarah Hanley and Julia Adams, we see family as critical to political structures in early modern Europe.17 Burgeoning interest in the notion of patrimonialism in the early modern Netherlands has typically ignored gendered dimensions of the family principles upon which this political system is founded, as Adams has argued. However, even Adams maintains that ‘[t]he family values of dominant men . . . are of predominant interest here, because they mattered more than women’s subcultures for high politics’.18 This work offers an opportunity to compare how women and subordinate men (as well as dominant men) understood ‘family’, ‘House’, ‘dynasty’ and power, and to examine in what respects this notion was shared among members and how it might have been fractured, fashioned and diverged by individual experiences. We explore how traditional divisions such as public or private, used to describe a range of political activities and objects, might be reconsidered. For example, letter-writing, though it could be private, was also often a very public affair. Let- ters were read and often written by secretaries, who played a key role in dynastic representation, in self-consciously ‘public’ rhetorical genres. Moreover, for a very important ruling family, matters which might be more ‘private’ for ordinary people (experiences such as marriage consummation or birth, or practices such as gift exchange) had immense ‘public’ and political ramifications. We suggest that these divisions are not a sufficient analytical tool to interpret the operation of power in a dynastic family such as the Orange-Nassau. With this study, we trace a long history of the relationship between the House of Orange-Nassau, as a dynastic family confronting the challenges and changes of the early modern period, and power, and analyse particular Nassau dynastic members as individuals in varied ‘political communities’, in the sense that they contributed to the construction and manipulation of elite social power relations. In this analysis, we argue that identities were crucial to the forms of access to power and types of political action that women and men could achieve, and explore how Introduction 5 this operated in practice. In doing so, it is necessary that we pay close attention to the emotional, social and political community formations that different identities made possible, and the operation of power for the different individuals that they consequently entailed. As a result, we argue that a nuanced definition of power is required, one that allows us to discern and investigate its function across multiple contexts. We thus interpret power in this book in a range of important and yet understudied ways. We understand power here as the capacity to achieve a wide range of individual, family, House and dynastic interests. These relate, from the perspective of our focus here on the House of Orange-Nassau in relation to these other interests and identities, to:

• preserving, protecting, and propagating the House; • advancing the House; • determining its trajectory, its aims and objectives; • having the right to represent it; • and finally, asserting its interests and influence over others.19

These distinctions in the forms of power that could be practised within an early modern family allow us a broad scope in which to analyse the varied kinds of opportunities and abilities of individuals to represent themselves and their family, House and dynasty in particular contexts. They are, moreover, key to expanding the kinds of sources that we might then value to write this narrative of the early modern House of Orange-Nassau.

Expanding the sources This study adopts several new approaches to the history of this family, and to familial and dynastic studies generally. Significant among them is our use of a wide variety of source types—textual, material, spatial, as well as rituals, acts and practices—to understand the expression of identities and power in one of the leading families of the continental Protestant world, and arguably the most important family in the early modern Netherlands. Our study incorporates a vast body of correspondence, artwork, architectural, horticultural and textual commissions, ceremonies, practices and individual actions that have, surprisingly, received little attention to date individually, and no scholarly analysis as the collective practices of a key early modern dynastic family. We argue that both male and female members of the House of Orange-Nassau made adaptive use of a range of representational tools of monarchy, as well as inventing and innovating new mechanisms for princely display, in their attempts to develop ever-increasing status and secure their authority to dominate, and ultimately rule, in the northern Netherlands. We contend that traditional divisions such as public or private must be reconsidered in light of the men’s and women’s experiences and opportunities for self-representation in the early modern period. Letter-writing, portraits, architectural projects and names bestowed upon children and lands might have 6 Introduction been informed by personal choices but, importantly, they also self-consciously expressed contemporary rhetorical genres and artistic styles. Some practices took place before the eyes of a limited audience or were enjoyed by an inner circle at court or abroad, while other acts such as ceremonial events and military actions received far-reaching publicity in either celebratory or critical visual documentation in paintings, prints and texts. An aim of our analysis is thus to examine expressions of identities through the visual presentation, nomen- clature, networks, acts and communications of an elite House in early modern Europe, in a study attentive to the importance of such aspects as gender, age, status, political, religious and linguistic identity markers. We compare how women as well as subordinate men and children in the family were able to posi- tion themselves, and to what extent men and women used similar genres in their self-representations (correspondence, naming, built environment, portraits and so on). In so doing, we argue for a more nuanced understanding of the way that these forms of expression functioned as gendered strategies in fostering and organising family identity. Through our analysis, we work to expand the definition of ego-documents, or documents revealing personhood, by bringing together a range of source types to study as individual and familial representation strategies. Sources usually analysed in this approach are written records, yet we argue that the wider range of sources to be studied here can be examined through the lens of the ego-document criteria established by Dekker, Ulbrich and others.20 Moreover, we also examine the display of artworks and material collections, in accessible and more restricted settings within the residences and dynastic spaces of Orange-Nassau individuals, and the political, social and emotional meanings of these acquisitions and placements.21 Broomhall has argued else- where that women’s material object collections can be an important means for the expression of personal identities.22 Similarly, Mieke Bal’s analysis of collecting, a common pursuit among early modern European elites, offers scope to approach collections of objects and visual images as sources that provide insight into the collector’s notions of self and identity.23 The patronage of some individuals within the House of Orange-Nassau has been examined in such light.24 Even traditional sources such as letters are now also studied as forms of gift exchange and as objects with ‘material meanings’.25 Not only does correspondence reveal networks, but as the sociologist Paul D. McLean has argued, one may also create a personal concept of self ‘through the accumulation of multiple network ties and participation in social interaction coursing across multiple networks and diverse cultural domains’.26 Throughout, we pay close attention to the gendered uses of such early modern forms—material, visual, textual—by contemporaries.27 Feminist anthropologists have called for further attention to distinctions between men and women in their views of such social relationships and cultural practices, in order to produce a richer analysis of the diversity among such collectives in their views, interests and strategies, and in how they interact with other social units beyond as a result.28 Introduction 7 Investigating emotional lives Our work is vitally engaged with the emotional lives of the House of Orange- Nassau and how emotions were expressed and practised between individuals and collectives in strategic, dynamic and disruptive ways.29 Through the chapters of this work, we pose a range of questions about the relationship between affective experiences, expressions and performances, and power and selfhood for women and men in particular households, families, branches, dynasties, and in specific contexts, texts and spaces. We consider particularly how emotions themselves created or defined power structures among individuals and shaped experiences of inclusion and exclusion from specific collective formations.30 As Joanna Bourke has argued, ‘emotions align people with others within social groups, subjecting them to power relations’,31 while Monique Scheer has sug- gested a view of emotions as the ‘embodied effect of our ties to other people’.32 Scholars have argued that collectives created accepted modes of emotional artic- ulation, and were shaped by contemporary conventions and group dynamics such as gender, race, faith and social status, in coexisting, dominant, subordinate, competitive and conflictual modes of emotional expression, which may help to explain the range of engagements of any one individual in particular contexts, times and places.33 We consider also how emotions were performed by individuals to make meaning for the House according to the generic conventions of particular sites of practice, whether these were letters, artworks or ritualised events. Moreover, we do not limit the study of emotions to family members. Our sources reveal both close and strained relationships with a wide variety of kin and non-kin affiliates with whom the individuals identified with the Houseof Orange-Nassau interacted over their lifetime. We thus explore the significance of blood ties, relationships emerging from domestic or working arrangements, and experiences of domination and subordination. This analysis is attentive to the possibilities of distinct source types to reveal the kinds of emotional relationships or disruptions that could be created within varied living arrangements and conceptu- alisations of collective identities.

Book structure The work to follow is divided into five chapters. We begin in Section 1, ‘Familial Structures, Hierarchies and Power’, by considering leadership and subordination not just as relations of power, but also as models of behaviour and conceptual tools with which to understand early modern identities and their gendered mani- festations. The ways in which gender informs models of leadership and subordination, and the ways in which access to power held the potential to equalise women and men in certain contexts, are examined. We look at the ways in which individuals also moved between leading and subordinate roles throughout their lives. Thus, we delve inside the structure of the House, examining familial hierarchies, networks and structures that created, enabled and shaped power within 8 Introduction the House. In Chapter 1, recognised positions of leadership for both women and men are examined. Chapter 2 investigates the horizontal, vertical and dynastic alliances forged by siblings and individuals of the House of Orange-Nassau with wider Nassau dynastic branch members. Here the interplay of gender, birth order and legitimacy is explored for the potential to exercise or disrupt practices of power for siblings as well as the significant role of dynastic branch individuals, through their own involvement in the rise to power of the House of Orange- Nassau, sometimes in their own right and at other times via their connections to House members. Section 2, ‘Transitions’, examines the exercise of power through social, familial and ritual practices in the House of Orange-Nassau. Looking at individual, religious, family, House and dynastic identities, these chapters investigate their formation and negotiation through ritual, ceremony, and rites of passage. They explore how individuals became Orange-Nassau through such rites of passage, and how that identity was flexible. In Chapter 3, we study expressions of power and inculcation of House interests through birth and baptism rituals, ceremonies, imagery, childhood training, education and networking within the family. Chap- ter 4 explores how marriage acted as a life moment that strongly shaped power relations within the family, House and dynasty for many individuals beyond the marital couple, and the power of emotional expression in shaping identity, affiliations and dynastic strategy. Chapter 5 examines moments of religious conversion that saw individuals attached to the wider Nassau dynasty rendered more distant or drawn into proximity with the House of Orange-Nassau. We investigate the political, social, emotional and economic motivations and interests of converts, and the power and significance of familial, House and dynastic identity in such events. Finally, Chapter 6 explores gendered rituals of family and dynasty surrounding death and mourning, as they are enacted by individuals affiliated to the House of Orange-Nassau as representations of grief in material and textual forms. Through this analysis, we hope to provide a new vision of power as a gendered concept, practised in many ways by individuals strategically harnessing distinct identities to serve a collective unit from which they perceived that they derived benefits and shared interests; that is, the House of Orange-Nassau.

Notes 1 With the exception of C.V. Wedgewood, William the Silent: William of Nassau, Prince of Orange 1533–1584 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1944). For Dutch monograph studies, see J.G. Kikkert, Willem van Oranje (Soesterberg: Aspekt, 2006); M.G. Schenk, Willem de Zwijger (Baarn: Kern, 1984); K.W. Swart, Willem van Oranje en de Nederlandse Opstand 1572–1584 (The Hague: SDU Uitgeverij Koninginnegracht, 1994); Hubrecht Klink, Opstand, politiek en religie bij Willem van Oranje. Een thematische biografie (Heerenveen: Groen en Zoon, 1998); Arie van Deursen, Willem van Oranje: Een biografisch portret (Amsterdam: Bet Bakker, 1995); and in German, Olaf Mörke, Wilhelm von Oranien (1533–1584): Fürst und ‘Vater’ der Republik (Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer, 2007). There are some articles on personal aspects of his political Introduction 9 rule such as L. Blok, ‘Wilhelm von Oranien und die Entstehung des Nordniederländis- chen Staates’, Jahrbuch für Geschichte des Feudalismus 10 (1986): 275–82; S. Morse, ‘William the Silent: The first tolerant prince’,Historian 77 (2003): 13–21. 2 Nassau en Oranje in de Nederlandse geschiedenis, ed. H.P.H. Jansen and C.A. Tamse (Alphen a/d Rhijn: A.W. Sijthoff, 1979); Herbert H. Rowen, The Princes of Orange: The Stadholders in the Dutch Republic (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988). 3 Arie van Deursen, Maurits van Nassau 1567–1625: De winnaar die faalde (Amster- dam: Bakker, 2000); J.G. Kikkert, Maurits van Nassau (Soesterberg: Aspekt, 2008). 4 Petrus Johannes Blok, Frederik Hendrik, Prins van Oranje (Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1924); J.J. Poelhekke, Frederik Hendrik. Prins van Oranje. Een biografisch drieluik (Zutphen: De Walburg Pers, 1978). 5 Tony Claydon, William III: Profiles in Power (London: Routledge, 2002); Wouter Troost, William III the Stadholder-king: A political biography (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005); E. Mijers and D. Onnekink, Redefining William III: The impact of the king- stadholder in international context (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007). 6 H.R. Hoetink, ed., Zo wijd de wereld strekt (The Hague: Mauritshuis, 1979); E. van den Boogaart, H.R. Hoetink and P.J.P. Whitehead, eds, Johan Maurits van Nassau-Siegen 1604–1679: Essays on the Occasion of the Tercentenary of his Death (The Hague: The Johan Maurits van Nassau Stichting, 1979); G. de Werd, ed., Soweit der Erdkreis reicht: Johann Moritz van Nassau-Siegen 1604–1679 (Kleve: Städtisches Museum Haus Koekkoek Kleve, 1979). For recent German scholarship, see I. Hantsche, ed., Johann Moritz von Nassau-Siegen (1604–1679) als Vermittler. Politik und Kultur am Niederrhrein im 17. Jahrhundert, (Münster: Waxmann Verlag, 2005); G. Brunn and C. Neutsch, eds, Sein Feld war die Welt. Johann Moritz von Nassau-Siegen (1604–1679) (Münster: Waxmann Verlag, 2008). 7 Luuc Kooijmans, Liefde in opdracht. Het hofleven van Willem Frederik van Nassau (Amsterdam: Bakker, 2000); Geert H. Janssen, Princely Power in the Dutch Republic: Patronage and William Frederick of Nassau (1613–64), trans. J.C. Grayson (Manches- ter: Manchester University Press, 2008). 8 For Huygens, see Hendrik Arie Hofman, Constantijn Huygens (1596–1687): een christelijk-humanistisch bourgeois-gentilhomme in dienst van het Oranjehuis (Utre- cht: Hes, 1983); Leendert Strengholt, Constanter. Het leven van Constantijn Huygens (Amsterdam: Querido, 1987); Lisa Jardine, The reputation of Sir Constantijn Huy- gens: Networker or virtuoso? (Wassenaar: NIAS, 2008), and on his son, Rudolf Dek- ker, Family, culture and society in the diary of Constantijn Huygens Jr, secretary to Stadholder-King William of Orange (Leiden: Brill, 2013). On Brederode, see Adrienne J.M. Koenhein, P. Brederoo, Chr. Will, J. Heniger, H. L. Ph. Leeuwenberg and P. T. Den Hertog, Johan Wolfert van Brederode, 1599–1655: een Hollands edelman tussen Nas- sau en Oranje (Zuytphen: Walburg, 1999). 9 See J. Stern, Orangism in the Dutch Republic in Word and Image, 1650–75 (Manches- ter: Manchester University Press, 2010). 10 Jane Couchman, ‘La Lecture et le lectorat dans la correspondance de Louise de Col- igny’, and Eugénie Pascal, ‘La Lectrice devenue scriptrice: Lecture épistolaire dans les réponses d’Elisabeth à Charlotte-Brabantine de Nassau’, in Lectrices d’Ancien Régime, ed. Isabelle Brouard-Arends (Rennes: Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2003), 399– 408, and 409–18; Susan Broomhall, Women’s Medical Work in Early Modern France (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004), 232–56; Jane Couchman, ‘ “Give birth quickly and then send us your good husbands”: Informal Political Influence in the Letters of Louise de Coligny’, in Women’s Letters across Europe, 1400–1700: Form and persuasion, ed. Jane Couchman and Ann Crabb (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005), 163–84; Jane Couchman, ‘Lettres de Louise de Coligny aux membres de sa famille’, and Susan Broomhall, ‘Lettres de Louise-Julienne, d’Elisabeth et d’Amelie de Nassau 10 Introduction à Charlotte-Brabantine de Nassau (1595–1601)’, in Lettres de Femmes: Texts inédits et oubliés du XVIe au XVIIIe siècle, ed. Elizabeth C. Goldsmith and Colette H. Winn (Paris: Honoré Champion, 2005), 89–99 and 135–77; Eugénie Pascal, ‘Princesses epis- tolières au tournant du XVIe au XVIIe siècle: Consommatrices de culture, mécènes et/ ou propagandistes?’, in Patronnes et mécènes en France à la Renaissance, ed. Kath- leen Wilson-Chevalier with the collaboration of Eugénie Pascal (Saint-Etienne: Pub- lications de l’universite de Saint-Etienne, 2007), 101–31; Simon Hodson, ‘The Power of Female Dynastic Networks: a brief study of Louise de Coligny, Princess of Orange, and her stepdaughters’, Women’s History Review 16 (2007): 335–51. 11 S. Kmec, Across the Channel: noblewomen in seventeenth-century France and Eng- land (Trier: Kliomedia, 2010). 12 H. Lademacher, ed., Oranien-Nassau, die Niederlande und das Reich. Beiträge zur Geschichte einer Dynastie (Münster: Lit, 1995); H. Lademacher, ed., Onder den Oranje boom. Dynastien in der Republik. Das Haus Oranien-Nassau als Vermittler niederländischer Kultur in deutschen Territorien des 17. und 18. Jahrhundert, Text volume accompanying the exhibition at Kaiser Wilhelm Museum Krefeld, Schloss Oranienburg and Palais Het Loo (Munich: Hirmer, 1999); Katharina Bechler, Schloss Oranienbaum: Architektur und Kunstpolitik der Oranierinnen in der zweiten Hälfte des 17. Jahrhunderts (Halle: Mitteldeutscher Verlag, 2002); Astrid Wehser, Anna Wil- helmine von Anhalt und ihr Schloss in Mosigkau: Idee und Gestaltung eines Gesamt- kunstwerks (Kiel: Ludwig, 2002). 13 David Sabean, Power in the Blood: Popular culture and village discourse in early modern Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), 29; Alexandra Shep- ard and Phil Withington, eds, Communities in Early Modern England: Networks, place, rhetoric (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000); Michael J. Halvorson and Karen E. Spierling, eds, Defining Community in Early Modern Europe (Aldershot: Ashgate 2008). 14 See, for example, ‘female culture’ as discussed by Patricia Crawford and Sara Mendel- son, Women in Early Modern England, 1550–1720 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 202–55; Susan Frye and Karen Robertson, eds, Maids and Mistresses, Cousins and queens: women’s alliances in early modern England (Oxford: Oxford Univer- sity Press, 1999); Stephanie Tarbin and Susan Broomhall, eds, Women, Identities and Communities in Early Modern Europe (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2008); Amanda E. Her- bert, Female Alliances: Gender, identity, and friendship in early modern Britain (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2014). 15 Sylvia Junko Yanagisako and Jane Fishbourne Colier, ‘Toward a Unified Analysis of Gender and Kinship’, Gender and kinship. Essays towards a unified analysis, ed. Jane Fishbourne Colier and Sylvia Junko Yanagisako (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1987), 14–50, 29–30. 16 Jeroen Duindam, ‘Royal Courts in Dynastic States and Empires’, in Royal Courts in Dynastic States and Empires: A global perspective, ed. Jeroen Duindam, Tülay Artan, and Metin Kunt (Leiden: Brill, 2011), 1–23; Nadine Akkerman and Birgit Houben, eds, The Politics of Female Households. Ladies-in-waiting across early modern Europe (Leiden: Brill, 2013). 17 Sarah Hanley, ‘Engendering the State: Family formation and state building in early modern France’, French Historical Studies 16 (1989): 4–27, and Julia Adams, The Familial State: Ruling families and merchant capitalism in early modern Europe (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2005). 18 Julia Adams, ‘The Familial State: Elite family practices and state-making in the early modern Netherlands’, Theory and Society 23, no. 4 (1994): 511. 19 Here the considerations of Anthony Giddens on power have been useful: power as the transformative capacity of human action to intervene in events, and as relational in the sense of domination over others. Anthony Giddens, New Rules of Sociological Introduction 11 Method: A positive critique of interpretative sociologies, 2nd edition (Stanford: Stan- ford University Press, 1993), 117–18. See also H. Lorraine Radtke and Hendrikus J. Stam, eds, Power/Gender: Social relations in theory and practice (London: Sage, 1994). 20 For recent criticism of the specific terminology of ‘ego-document’, see Kaspar von Greyerz, ‘Ego-documents—The Last Word?’, German History 28, no. 3 (2010): 273–82. For the studies underpinning the approach, see Claudia Ulbrich, ‘Zeugin- nen and Bittstellerinnen. Űberlegungen zur Bedeutung von Ego-Dokumenten für die Erforschung weiblicher Selbstwahrnehmung in der ländlichen Gesellschaft des 18. Jahrhunderts’, in Ego-Dokumente. Annäherung an den Menschen in der Geschichte, ed. Winfried Schulze (Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 1996), 207–26; Rudolf Dekker, ed., Egodocuments and History: Autobiographical writing in its social context since the Middle Ages (Hilversum: Verloren, 2002); Claudia Ulbrich and David Sabean, ‘Person- enkonzepte in der frühen Neuzeit’, in Etablierte Wissenschaft und feministische Theo- rie im Dialog, ed. C. von Braunmühl (Berlin: Wissenschafts-Verlag, 2003), 99–112; Lotte C. Van der Pol, ‘Research of egodocuments in the Netherlands: Some thoughts on individuality, gender and text’, in Vom Individuum zur Person. Neue Konzepte im Spannungsfeld von Autobiographietheorie und Selbstzeugnisforschung, ed. Claudia Ulbrich and Gabriele Jancke (Berlin: Wallstein Verlag, 2005), 233–40. 21 A more detailed study of the interactions of the House of Orange-Nassau with materiality can be found in Susan Broomhall and Jacqueline Van Gent, Dynastic Colonial- ism: Gender, materiality and the early modern House of Orange-Nassau (London: Routledge, 2016). 22 Susan Broomhall, ‘Imagined Domesticities in Early Modern Dutch Dollhouses’, Par- ergon 24, no. 2 (2007): 47–67; Susan Broomhall and Jennifer Spinks, Early Mod- ern Women in the Low Countries: Feminizing sources and interpretations of the past (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2011). 23 Mieke Bal, ‘Telling objects: A narrative perspective on collecting’, in The Cultures of Collecting: From Elvis to antiques—Why do we Collect Things?, ed. John Elsner and Roger Cardinal (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1994). 24 See, for example, the foundational work on some Nassau members by Peter van der Ploeg and Carola Vermeeren, eds, Princely Patrons: The collection of Frederick Henry of Orange and Amalia of Solms in The Hague (Zwolle: Waanders, 1997); Marika Keblusek and Jori Zijlmans, eds, Vorstelijk Vertoon. Aan het hof van Frederik Hendrik en Amalia (Zwolle: Waanders, 1997), Rebecca Joslyn Tucker, ‘ The art of living nobly: The patronage of Prince Frederik Hendrik (1584–1647) at the palace of Honselaarsdijk during the Dutch Republic’ (PhD dissertation, New York University, 2002); Janssen, Princely Power in the Dutch Republic; Todd Jerome Magreta, ‘The Development of Orange-Nassau Princely Artistic Activity, 1618–1632’ (PhD dissertation, City Univer- sity of New York, 2008), and two very recent theses of interest here: Virginia Clare Treanor, ‘Amalia van Solms and the Formation of the Stadhouder’s Art Collection, 1625–1675’ (PhD dissertation, University of Maryland, 2012); and Saskia Beranek, ‘Power of the Portrait: Production, Consumption and Display of Portraits of Amalia van Solms in the Dutch Republic’ (PhD dissertation, University of Pittsburgh, 2013). 25 On materialism and early modern letters see James Daybell, ‘Material Meanings and the Social Signs of Manuscript Letters in Early Modern England’, Literature Compass 6, no. 3 (2009): 647–67; James Daybell and Peter Hinds, Material Readings of Early Modern Culture: Texts and social practices, 1580–1730 (New York: Palgrave Macmil- lan, 2010); Herbert, Female Alliances. 26 Paul D. McLean, The Art of the Network: strategic interaction and patronage in Renaissance Florence (Durham N.C.: Duke University Press, 2007), 2. 27 A recent study of importance to this approach is Giulia Calvi and Isabelle Chabot, eds, Moving Elites: Women and Cultural Transfers in the European Court System 12 Introduction (EUI Working Papers HEC, 2; 2010); Anne J. Cruz and Maria Galli Stampino, eds, Early Modern Habsburg Women: Transnational contexts, cultural conflicts, dynastic continuities (Farnham: Ashgate, 2013). 28 Yanagisako and Colier, ‘Toward a Unified Analysis of Gender and Kinship’, 25–6. 29 Broomhall, ‘Lettres de Louise-Julienne de Nassau, d’Elisabeth de Nassau, et d’Amelie de Nassau à Charlotte-Brabantine de Nassau (1595–1601)’; Susan Broomhall and Jac- queline Van Gent, ‘In the name of the father: Conceptualising pater familias in the letters of William the Silent’s children’, Renaissance Quarterly 62 (2009): 1130–66; Susan Broomhall and Jacqueline Van Gent, ‘Corresponding Affections: Emotional exchange among siblings in the Nassau family’, Journal of Family History 34, no. 2 (2009): 143–65; Susan Broomhall, ‘Letters make the family: Nassau family correspondence at the turn of the seventeenth century’, in Crossing Borders: Early modern women and communities of letters, ed. Julie Campbell, Anne Larsen and Gabriella Eschrich (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2009). See also Hans Medick and David W. Sabean, eds, Interest and Emotion: Essays on the study of family and kinship (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984); Barbara H. Rosenwein, ‘Worrying about Emo- tions in History’, The American Historical Review 107, 3 (2002): 821–45; and Susan Broomhall, ‘Emotions in the Household’, in Emotions in the Household, 1200–1900, ed. Susan Broomhall (Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), 1–37. 30 Judith Butler, The Psychic Life of Power (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997). 31 Joanna Bourke, ‘Fear and Anxiety: Writing about Emotion in Modern History’, His- tory Workshop Journal 55, no. 1 (2003): 125. 32 Monique Scheer, ‘Are Emotions a Kind of Practice (and is that what makes them have a history)? A Bourdieuian approach to understanding emotion’ History and Theory 51 (2012): 207. 33 Barbara H. Rosenwein, Emotional Communities in the Early Middle Ages (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2006); Benno Gammerl, ‘Emotional Styles—concepts and challenges’, Rethinking History: The Journal of Theory and Practice 16, no. 2 (2012): 161–75. Bibliography

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