2016 Annual Report for the North Dakota State University Extension Plant Diagnostic Lab

January 1 through December 31, 2016

Available on-line at http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/pdl

Compiled by Jesse Ostrander and Kelsie Mettler NDSU Plant Diagnostic Lab Department of Plant Pathology

College of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Natural Resources

Annual Report of the Plant Diagnostic Laboratory at North Dakota State University

Table of Contents

About the Lab ...... 3 PERSONNEL ...... 3 NATIONAL PLANT DIAGNOSTIC NETWORK AND NPDN FIRST DETECTOR TRAINING ...... 3 ACTIVITIES OF THE NDSU PLANT DIAGNOSTIC LAB ...... 4 2016 ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND HIGHLIGHTS ...... 4

Services and Fees ...... 5

Fee Waivers for Extension Personnel ...... 5

Turn-Around Time ...... 6

Lab Statistics ...... 7 TOTAL SAMPLES RECEIVED BY YEAR, 1991 THROUGH 2016 ...... 7 MONTHLY SAMPLE SUBMISSION 2013 THROUGH 2016 ...... 8 NORTH DAKOTA SAMPLES BY COUNTY 2016 ...... 9 OUT-OF-STATE SAMPLES 2016 ...... 9 TOTAL NUMBER OF SAMPLES RECEIVED BY SAMPLE CATEGORY, 2016...... 10 ROUTINE DIAGNOSES RECEIVED IN 2016 ...... 11 ROUTINE DIAGNOSES SAMPLES IN 2016 ...... 12 NUMBER OF DIAGNOSES AND CAUSAL AGENT TYPE BY ROUTINE DIAGNOSIS SUBCATEGORY 2016 ...... 13 NUMBER OF ROUTINE SAMPLE SUBMISSIONS BY SAMPLE SOURCE 2016 ...... 14 DUTCH ELM DISEASE IN ND AND MN ...... 15 SEED HEALTH AND PHYTOSANITARY SAMPLES OF 2016 ...... 16

2016 Sample Details ...... 17

Specialists consulted ...... 35

Page 2 of 36 NDSU Plant Diagnostic Lab Annual Report 2016

About the Lab For over 40 years, the NDSU Plant Diagnostic Lab has helped individuals and professionals in agriculture and horticulture identify plant pests, diseases, cultural and environmental problems. Before submitting a sample to the NDSU Plant Diagnostic Lab, consider referring to local experts (such as county extension agents/educators) within your own state or county, since they may be more familiar with the types of plant problems that are common in your region, and will recommend submitting a sample to the PDL if necessary. If you submit a sample to the NDSU Plant Diagnostic Lab for seed health testing, phytosanitary testing, or routine diagnosis, a modest fee applies to offset the costs of lab technicians and supplies. Current fee rates for commonly requested services are available online at https://www.ag.ndsu.edu/pdl/services-and-fees . Other services or bulk pricing may be available on request. Personnel The lab supports up to three full-time personnel and several hourly students. Lab technicians and hourly help (as well as supplies and equipment) are supported with funds generated by the lab. For all of 2015, Kasia Kinzer, (Ph.D. in Plant Pathology) was the director of the lab. Jesse Ostrander (MS, Plant Pathology) is the plant diagnostician (since 2013) and current director of the lab. Kelsie Mettler (BS, Horticulture and Urban Forestry) joined the lab in September of 2015 as the seed health technician. Aimee Thapa (BS, Horticulture) is the extension administrative assistant who supports the lab. National Plant Diagnostic Network and NPDN First Detector Training The NDSU Plant Diagnostic Lab is a member of the Great Plains Diagnostic Network (GPDN), a 9-state region of the National Plant Diagnostic Network (NPDN). The NPDN was established in 2002 and consists of five regions. The NPDN provides critical diagnostic training for plant diagnosticians around the country as well as a means of secure communication among plant diagnosticians and regulatory personnel if high risk plant pest threats occur. Its mission stresses the importance of early detection of pests that can negatively impact our agricultural, forestry, natural, or horticultural resources, and to this end the NPDN, via the NDSU PDL, offers NPDN First Detector training in North Dakota through face-to-face training events or online training. County extension agents: For a programming idea for your county, consider offering NPDN First Detector training. Learn how by contacting the Plant Diagnostic Lab. A registered NPDN First Detector is any individual in agriculture, horticulture, or forestry who has undergone NPDN First Detector training and who has volunteered to become registered with the NPDN. Professionals and master gardeners who are involved in some way with agriculture, forestry, or horticulture are especially encouraged to consider becoming registered NPDN First Detectors. Self-directed training, via on-line training modules, is available at http://firstdetector.org/. After successfully completing three or more of the online modules, individuals may call the NDSU Plant Diagnostic Lab to become registered in the NPDN First Detector national database, although registration is optional/not required. Occasionally, face-to-face NPDN First Detector training is offered, and it may be possible to arrange a session near you if enough interest exists. Contact the lab if you would like to become a registered NPDN First Detector (phone: 701-231-7854; email: [email protected]). More information about the Great Plains Diagnostic Network is available at www.gpdn.org. For more information on the National Plant Diagnostic Network please visit www.npdn.org.

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Activities of the NDSU Plant Diagnostic Lab Our goal is to provide economical, unbiased plant and pest diagnostic services to agricultural professionals, the horticulture/turf/forestry industries, homeowners, and individuals in North Dakota. We can accept samples from throughout the United States including Alaska and Hawaii, as well as from Canada. 2015 Accomplishments and Highlights • A personnel change occurred in the lab in 2015:

o The lab welcomed Kelsie Mettler in September, 2015, as the new seed health technician. • The lab once again processed a higher-than average number of samples in 2015. • The lab maintained USDA certification to test for bacterial ring rot to fulfill requirements of the Canadian Seed Potato Certification Program, for seed destined to be sold as certified seed in Canada. • We continued to support the Master Gardener program and other horticultural community programs. • In addition to offering routine diagnostic services, we continued to provide:

o seed health testing for seed growers o phytosanitary testing to support the efforts of the North Dakota Department of Agriculture to facilitate exportation of ND crops

o research support services for faculty and private entities

Page 4 of 36 NDSU Plant Diagnostic Lab Annual Report 2016

Services and Fees For a list of our most common services and their current fee rates, please visit our webpage at: https://www.ag.ndsu.edu/pdl/services-and-fees or contact us by phone. Please contact the lab (phone: 701.231.7854; email [email protected]) for information on special tests, bulk pricing, or research/survey support options not listed – the lab is flexible and may be able to offer the services necessary to fulfill your needs. Fee Waivers for Extension Personnel The lab offers fee waivers for Extension Personnel. In 2015, samples referred (or submitted) to the lab by Extension Personnel for non-commercial clients usually qualified for a fee waiver. The purpose of these waivers is to help foster relationships between extension personnel and their stakeholders. These waivers were used to waive the following fees: • routine diagnosis • culture (including the Dutch elm disease culture test) • herbicide injury evaluation (visual only; NDSU Plant Diagnostic Lab does not offer wet chemistry residue analysis) • plant/insect/fungus identification • some serological tests (ELISA/immunostrip predominately used for virus detection)

Note: The fee waiver cannot be applied to seed health/phytosanitary tests, the potato spindle tuber viroid test, DNA-based tests, most serological testing and certain other tests. If you have any questions, please contact the lab. Fee waivers and other information are typically distributed during the annual extension conference.

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Turn-Around Time The NDSU PDL is a first-come first-serve lab, with some exceptions. Under certain circumstances, some samples, particularly commercial ones or those suspected to be infected by a ‘high risk’ pest (as defined by USDA-APHIS or the National Plant Diagnostic Network), may be given priority, especially if a very narrow window of time for treatment or response exists. While some of the samples are easily diagnosed the same day they are received, many samples have uncommon or unusual symptoms that are not routinely encountered by the diagnosticians or supporting experts. As a result, be prepared for longer turn-around times.

The table below provides a guideline of expected turnaround times for various sample types. These guidelines are based on one sample (not multiple samples from the same client). Actual turnaround times may vary, depending on complexity of the problem, availability of expert consultants, types of tests needed, number of tests needed, number of samples, knowledge of the crop, type of problem suspected, priority, availability of reagents, availability of PDL staff, and so on.

Often, by the time a sample is submitted to the lab, corrective measures for the current season may not be available; thus, the problem may be a management issue for subsequent seasons. These times are maximum turn-around times; often, less time is needed. All submitters should contact the lab with any concerns regarding turn-around times. Estimated turnaround times for routine samples: Estimated turnaround time (business days from Sample Type time of sample receipt) Field Crops 1-14 days Tree/Shrub 1-14 days ELISA testing 1-3 days PCR2 testing 2-3 days 1-4 weeks (varies depending on pathogen growth Culturing a sample rate) Nematode 1-7 days Fruits/Vegetables 1-14 days Ornamentals 1-14 days Turf/Lawn 1-14 days Plant/Insect ID 1-7 days Fungus/Mold ID 1 week Seed Health 1 day to over 3 weeks - highly variable based on requested test Phytosanitary 1 day to over 3 weeks - highly variable based on requested test

Notes: Turn-around times for PCR/ELISA are based on consecutive business days; if received later in the week, this time is based off the following Monday. PCR testing may be done same-day in some circumstances, if primers are immediately available and tissue preparation is minimal. Phytosanitary and seed health testing samples are processed immediately or next day; some protocols require a 3 week incubation period.

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Lab Statistics Total samples Received by Year, 1991 through 2016 A historical perspective of total number of samples received by the lab is presented in the graph below. The total number of samples received per year includes routine diagnosis, phytosanitary certification, seed health, research, and survey samples. The average total sample number has been steadily on the rise, albeit inconsistently. The large increase in sample numbers for 2014 is due to over 1,500 research samples being received in spring 2014, rather than December 2013 when such samples are normally received. A historical average of 1,836 samples have been processed per year (dotted red line).

Number of Samples Annually, 1991-2016 6000

4904 5000 4515

4000 3854 3857

3124 3000 2762 2790

2260 2334 2062 2000 1398 1186 1213 1028 1049 960 957 884 926 955 840 1000 792 783 729 740 835

0

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Monthly Sample Submission 2013 through 2016 Samples submitted for routine diagnosis, seed health testing, phytosanitary testing, surveys, and research support are received throughout the year. A large proportion of samples received during June, July, and August are those for routine diagnosis, although survey samples and phytosanitary samples are also received during this time. Samples received in December, January, and February are predominantly research samples. Phytosanitary samples are received throughout the year and seed health testing occurs largely during fall, winter, and spring. The numerical data labels in the chart below correspond to 2016 data only.

Number of Samples By Month from 2013 - 2016 2500

2000

2013 1500 2014 2015 1000 2016

555 595 563 398 500 335 286 243 258 162 124 169 169

0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

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North Dakota Samples by County 2016 Includes Routine Diagnosis, Phytosanitary, Research, Seed Health, and Survey samples.

Divide Pembina Burke Renville Bottineau Rolette Towner Cavalier 134 13 16 48 9 5 51 5 Williams Walsh Pierce 1 27 376 228 Ward McHenry 3 Ramsey Mountrail 104 Benson 12 McKenzie 3 Nelson Grand Forks 1 16 McLean Eddy 0 3 126 Sheridan Wells 4 1

1 Traill Dunn 1 Foster 13 Griggs Steele Mercer 82 Billings 14 57 1 Oliver 1 4 Golden Burleigh Kidder Stutsman Barnes Cass Morton Valley Stark 16 26 1 44 17 1302 6 7 Slope 2 Logan 4 LaMoure 15 Ransom Hettinger 2 Grant Richland Emmons 10 34 6 2 6 92 Bowman Adams 17 McIntosh Dickey 8 Sargent 7 Sioux

Out-of-State samples 2016 (Includes routine diagnosis, seed health, and phytosanitary samples)

# of # of Location Samples Location Samples

Arizona 7 North Carolina 1

Colorado 4 Nebraska 8 Iowa 1 New Hampshire 88 Idaho 17 New York 2 Illinois 2 Oregon 1 Kansas 2 South Dakota 20 Maine 1 Tennessee 1 Michigan 55 Texas 1 Minnesota 350 Utah 30 Montana 7 Washington 4 Wisconsin 44 Total out of state 646 Page 9 of 36

Total Number of Samples Received By Sample Category, 2016 Samples processed by the lab are separated into five main categories: 1. Survey 2. Research 3. Routine Diagnosis 4. Seed Health 5. Phytosanitary A total of 3857 samples were submitted in 2016. The pie chart below summarizes the total number of samples submitted by main category.

All Sample by Category, 2016

846 1256

404

694 657

Pytosanitary Seed Health Research Survey Routine Diagnosis

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Routine Diagnoses Received in 2016 The following figure details sample numbers for Routine Diagnosis only (Phytosanitary, Seed Health, and Research samples are NOT included). The ten-year average is 708 (dotted red line). While numbers were at the highest in 2014, they were close to average in 2015.

Number of Sample Received for Routine Diagnoses, 2007-2016 900

800 846 800 810 700 740 710 680 600 675 661 580 578 500

400

300

200

100

0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

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Routine Diagnoses samples in 2016 Samples submitted for Routine Diagnosis are further divided into three subcategories. Soil/Nematode samples, as usual, comprise the largest portion of samples submitted for routine diagnoses, followed by field crop samples and horticultural samples.

ROUTINE DIAGNOSIS SUB-CATEGORIES, 2015

Field Crop

40% Horticultural Samples 53% Soil/Nema

7%

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Number of Diagnoses and Causal Agent Type by Routine Diagnosis Subcategory 2016 The table below summarizes the type of diagnosis applied to samples submitted for routine diagnosis. Since samples often have more than one diagnosis applied to them, the number of diagnoses exceeds the number of samples submitted. The table excludes data for phytosanitary, seed health, research, and survey samples.

Confirmed or Suspected Causal Agent Type

(Insect)

Subcategory Virus Other Abiotic Fungus Detected Unknown Pathogen Pathogen Nematode Bacterium No Pest or Chemical Injury Chemical Total Diagnoses Total Arthropod Insufficient sample Insufficient

Field Crop 265 0 1 261 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0

Ornamental 5 1 2 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

Small 17 3 4 6 0 0 1 2 0 1 0 0 Fruit/Vegetable Soil (SCN or 349 0 0 0 0 349 0 0 0 0 0 0 bioassay)

Tree/Shrub 20 7 5 1 4 0 1 1 0 0 0 1

Turf/Lawn 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0

Total Diagnoses 661 12 12 268 5 349 2 11 0 1 0 1

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Number of Routine Sample Submissions by Sample Source 2016 The table below summarizes the proportion of samples submitted by extension personnel and non-extension, and whether the samples were for a commercial and noncommercial entity. Extension samples comprise 76% of samples received for routine diagnosis (this excludes Phytosanitary, Research, Seed Health, and Survey samples). Use of the lab by extension personnel is encouraged, and the large proportion of Routine Diagnosis samples submitted by extension personnel demonstrates their continued support of the lab.

Number of Samples for Submitter Type Routine Diagnosis Only Extension - Total 501 Commercial 0 Non-commercial 501 Non-Extension - Total 160 Commercial 90 Non-commercial 70 Not Indicated - Total 0 Total: 661

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Dutch Elm Disease in ND and MN Dutch elm disease continues to infect American elm trees throughout the Red River Valley and the state of ND. The data presented here is limited to samples submitted to the Diagnostic Lab and as such cannot fully indicate whether incidence has risen or lowered from one year to the next. While symptoms of Dutch elm disease are fairly diagnostic by experienced tree health professionals, only a laboratory test can confirm the presence of the Dutch elm disease pathogen. Keeping American elm trees healthy is the best defense against infection. An NDSU Extension bulletin is available with more information on managing Dutch elm disease. An electronic version of this publication is available online at: http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/publications/landing-pages/gardens-lawns-trees/dutch-elm-disease-in-nd-pp- 1635 A PDF version is available at: http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/pubs/plantsci/trees/pp1635.pdf

Dutch Elm Disease Samples by ND County, 2011 - 2015

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 County,

Number submitted Not Not Not Not Not Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Detected Detected Detected Detected Detected

Burleigh ------1 0 ------Cass 4 0 4 1 8 0 2 0 5 2 Clay, MN ------2 0 0 1 Eddy ------1 0 -- -- Griggs ------1 0 Grand ------1 1 -- -- Forks Kidder ------1 0 ------Morton 0 1 ------Mountrail ------1 0 -- -- Richland ------1 0 ------Sheridan -- -- 1 0 ------Stark 1 0 1 0 0 1 ------Stutsman -- -- 0 1 ------Wells -- -- 1 0 ------Total: 5 1 7 1 11 2 7 1 6 3

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Seed Health and Phytosanitary Samples of 2016 Samples for seed health testing are usually submitted during the winter months, typically beginning in September. Phytosanitary tests fulfill export requirements and occur year-round. The numbers below do not necessarily reflect unique samples – some samples are submitted for more than one seed health or phytosanitary test.

Seed Health and Phytosanitary Samples Number of Test Type Samples Nematode test – export (pulses) 472 Nematode test – export (soil) 251 Dome (dry bean, bacterial) 7 Dry bean anthracnose 2 Bunt teliospore seed wash 2 Potato bacterial ring rot 408 Potato viruses 389 Potato Late Blight 15

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2016 Sample Details The table below summarizes selected diagnoses by the NDSU Plant Diagnostic Lab, sorted by host or habitat. Note that the level of confidence of the diagnosis is included, where Confirmed or Suspected indicates that the pest or pathogen was keyed out (morphology) or verified with serological or genetic testing, or based on general morphology, microscopy, or other evidence; Not Detected or Inconclusive means that the pathogen was not detected using one or more tests such as microscopy, culture, serology, or PCR; or test results were contradictory or unresolved. Not Inconclus Confirmed Host Diagnosis (Pathogen) Detected Suspected ive Adzuki Bean (Vigna angularis) Chemical Injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 0 1 Alder (Alnus sp./spp) Woolly alder aphid (Prociphilus 1 0 0 0 (Paraprociphilus) tessellatus) Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) Alfalfa Mosaic (AMV) (Alfamovirus Alfalfa Mosaic 1 0 0 0 Virus) Mineral; Elemental Toxicity (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 American (linden) basswood (Tilia americana) Transplant Shock; Stress (Abiotic disorder) 1 0 0 0 American Plum (Prunus americana) Maple Bladdergall Mite (Vasates quadripedes) 0 0 1 0 Ash (Fraxinus sp./spp.) Chemical injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 Cottony Ash Psyllid (Psyllopsis discrepans) 1 0 0 0 Freeze; Frost; Cold Damage (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 Leafcurl Ash Aphid (Prociphilus fraxinifolii) 0 0 1 0 Lilac Borer; Ash Clearwing (Podosesia syringae) 0 0 1 0 Blach, Ash (Fraxinus nigra) Cottony ash psyliid (Psyllopsis discrepans) 0 0 1 0 Green, Ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica lanceolate) Freeze; Frost; Cold Damage (Abiotic disorder) 1 0 0 0 Barley (Hordeum sp./spp.) Bacterial Leaf Streak (Xanthomanas sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0 Bacterial Strip (Pseudomonas sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0 Bacterial Strip; Black Chaff (Xanthomonas 1 0 0 0 capestris pv. translucens) Barley Stripe Mosaic (Barley Stripe Mosaic Virus 0 1 0 0 (BSMV)) Barley Yellow Dwarf (BYDV-PAV) (Luteovirus 0 3 0 0 Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus PAV) Barley Yellow Dwarf (BYDV) (Luteovirus Barley 0 5 0 0 Yellow Dwarf Virus) Barley Yellow Dwarf Strain 1 (Barley Yellow 0 7 0 0 Dwarf Virus (BYDV-MAV)) Barley Yellow Dwarf Strain 2 (Barley Yellow 2 5 0 0 Dwarf Virus (BYDV-PAV)

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Not Inconclus Confirmed Host Diagnosis (Pathogen) Detected Suspected ive Cereal Yellow Dwarf (Cereal Yellow Dwarf Virus) 0 4 0 0 Cereal Yellow Dwarf (CYDV) (Polerovirus Cereal 0 3 0 0 Yellow Dwarf Virus) Chemical Injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 0 3 Dwarf bunt (Tilletia controversa) 0 4 0 0 Environmental Stress; Problem (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 Freeze; Frost; Cold Damage (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 High Plains Disease (High Plains Virus (HPV)) 1 3 0 0 Wheat Streak Mosaic (Wheat Streak Mosaic 1 4 0 0 Virus (WSMV)) Basswood (Tilia sp./spp.) Cankerworms (Family Geometridae) 0 0 1 0 Freeze; Frost; Cold Damage (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 Basswood, Linden (Tilia sp./spp.) Chemical injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 Eriophyid gall mite (Aceria sp./spp.) 0 0 1 0 Insect damage (Unidentified insect) 0 0 1 0 Insufficient sample (Identification Analysis) 1 0 0 0 Bean (Phaseolus sp./spp.) Alternaria Leaf Spot (Alternaria sp./spp.) 0 0 1 0 Chemical injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 0 1 Bean, Dry (Phaseolus vulgaris) Bean Halo Blight (Bacterial) (Pseudomonas 1 0 0 0 syrinage pv. phaseolicola) Bulb; Stem nematodes (Ditylenchus sp./spp.) 0 2 0 0 Chemical injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 2 0 0 Cyst nematodes (Heterodera sp./spp.) 0 2 0 0 Dome Test 1 0 0 0 White leaf spot (Pseudocercosporella albida) 1 0 0 0 Bean, Kidney Common Bacterial Blight (Xanthomonas 1 0 1 0 campestris pv. phaseoli) Bean; Peas; dolichos (Dolichos sp./spp.) Ascochyta Blight (Peyronellaea pinodes) 0 0 1 0 Bell Pepper (Capsicum annuum grossum) Freeze; Frost; Cold Damage (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 No pathogen found (Identification Analysis) 1 0 0 0 Rizoctonia Crown and Stem Rot (Rizoctonia 0 0 1 0 sp./spp.) Birch (Betula sp./spp.) Leaf scorch (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 Black Raspberry (Rubus occidentalis) Purple Blotch; Stem Spot Disease (Septocyta 0 0 1 0 ruborum) Blackberry (Rubus sp./spp.)

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Not Inconclus Confirmed Host Diagnosis (Pathogen) Detected Suspected ive Cane blight (Leptosphaeria coniothyrium) 1 0 0 0 Blueberry (Vaccinium sp./spp.) Mold (Unidentified Fungus) 1 0 0 0 Bluegrass; Kentucky Bluegrass (Poa pratensis) Melting out (Drechslera poae) 0 0 1 0 Cherry (Prunus sp./spp.) Coryneum Blight (Shot Hole) (Wilsonomyces 1 0 0 0 (Stigmina) carpophilus (carpophila) Cherry Tomato (Lycopersicon cerasiforme) Freeze; Frost; Cold Damage (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 2 0 No pathogen found (Identification Analysis) 2 0 0 0 Chickpea; Garbanzo (Cicer arietinum) Ascochyta Blight (Asochyta sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0 Bulb; stem nematodes (Ditylenchus sp./spp.) 0 29 0 0 Cyst nematodes (Heterodera sp./spp.) 0 29 0 0 Chokeberry (Aronia sp./spp.) Transplant shock; Stress (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 Clematis (Clematis sp./spp.) Winter injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 Common Apple (Malus sylvestris) Alternaria Blotch (Apple) (Alternaria mali) 1 0 0 0 Common Evening Primrose (Oenothera biennis) Rose Rosette Disease (Rose Rosette Virus 1 0 0 0 (RRV)) Common Honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthos) Bacterial wetwood; Slime flux (Various 0 0 1 0 pathogens) Compass plant (Silphium laciniatum) Fusarium oxysporum 0 0 1 0 No pathogen found (Identification analysis) 1 0 0 0 PhytoplasmaNo pathogen found (Identification analysis) 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

Corn (Zea mays) Bacterial Leaf Blight (Pseudomonas sp./spp.) 0 1 0 0 Bacterial Leaf spot (Acidovorax sp./spp.) 0 1 0 0 Chemical injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 0 2 Corn Rhizoctonia 0 0 2 0 Corn Stalk Rot (Fusarium oxysporum) 0 13 16 0 Corn Wireworm (Melanotus communis) 1 0 0 0 Crown Rot (Unidentified fungus) 1 0 0 0 Fusarium ear rot (Fusarium sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0 Fusarium oxysporum 1 0 0 0 Fusarium Root; Crown Rot (Fusarium sp./spp.) 1 0 1 0

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Not Inconclus Confirmed Host Diagnosis (Pathogen) Detected Suspected ive Goss (Blight; Bacterial) Wilt (Clavibacter 0 0 0 0 michiganensis nebrakensis) Holcus Spot (Pseudomonas syringae) 0 1 0 0 Insufficient sample (Identification analysis) 1 0 0 0 Corn (Zea mays) Cont. Nematode Damage (Unidentified Analysis) 0 0 1 0 No Pathogen Found (Identification Analysis) 22 0 1 0 Nutrient Imbalance (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 3 0 Nutritional Deficiency (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 Physiological responses (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 0 2 Pseudomonas syringae (holcus spot) 0 0 1 0 Pythium Root and/or Crown Rot (Pythium 1 0 2 0 sp./spp.) Seedcorn Maggot (Delina (Hylemya) platura) 1 0 0 0 Unknown Abiotic Disorder (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 Cowpea; Sitao (Vigna sp./spp.) Azuki bean weevil (Callosobrucus chinensis) 1 0 0 0 Crabapple (Malus sp./spp.) Apple Black Rot (Diplodia seriata) 0 0 1 0 Apple Scab 0 0 0 1 Apple Scab (Venturia (Spilocaea) inaequalis 0 0 1 0 (pomi)) Crown gall (Agrobacterium sp./spp.) 0 0 1 0 Insufficient light (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 Nutrient Deficiency (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) Anthracnose; Colletotrichum leaf spot 0 0 1 0 (Colletotrichum sp./spp.) Bacterial Wilt (erwinia sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0 Crown and Stem Rot (Fusarium sp./spp.) 0 0 1 0 Unidentified Virus 0 0 1 0 Wind Damage (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 Dahlia (Dahlia sp./spp.) Crown and Root Rot (Phytophthora sp./spp.) 0 1 0 0 Fusarium Root Rot (Fusarium sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0 Pythium Wilt (Pythium sp./spp.) 0 0 1 0 Rhizoctonia Root; Crown Rot (Rhizoctonia 1 0 0 0 sp./spp.) Domestic Apple (Malus domestica) Honeycrisp Chlorosis (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 Insufficient sample (Identification Analysis) 1 0 0 0 Phoma Leaf Spot (Identification Analysis) 0 0 1 0 Unidentified caterpillar 1 0 0 0 Dracanena (Dracaena sp./spp.)

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Not Inconclus Confirmed Host Diagnosis (Pathogen) Detected Suspected ive No pathogen found (Identification Analysis) 1 0 0 0 Unknown abiotic disorder (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 Dry Field Peas (Pisum sativum) Asochyta Blight (Ascochyta sp./spp.) 3 0 0 0 Bacterial Leaf Blight (Pseudomonas sp./spp.) 3 0 0 0 Bacterial Leaf Blight (Psedomonas sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0 Bulb; Stem Nematode (Ditylenchus sp./spp.) 0 525 0 0 Chemical Injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 0 1 Crown and Stem Rot (Fusarium sp./spp.) 7 1 0 0 Crown Rot (Rhizoctonia sp./spp.) 0 0 1 0 Cyst Nematodes (Heterodera sp./spp.) 0 525 0 0 Fusarium Crown Rot (Fusarium oxysporum) 1 0 0 0 Fusarium Root Rot (Fusarium sp./spp.) 2 0 0 0 Fusarium Root; Crown Rot (Fusarium sp./spp.) 0 0 1 0 Minor Root Rot (Fusarium acuminatum) 2 0 0 0 No Pathogen Found (Identification Analsis) 1 0 0 0 Pea leaf weevil (Sitona lineatus) 1 0 0 0 Pea Seed-Borne Mosaic (Pea Seed-borne 7 24 0 0 Mosaic Virus (PSBMB)) Pea Seed-Borne Mosaic (PSBMV) (Potyvirus 0 5 0 0 Pea Seed-borne Mosaic Virus) Unspecified Pathology (Fusarium sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0 Dumbcane (Dieffenbachia sp./spp.) Bacterial Leaf Spot (Unidentified Bacteria) 1 0 0 0 Eggplant (Solanum melogena) Low pH; Nutrient Imbalance (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 No pathogen Found (Identification Analysis) 0 0 1 0 Elm (Ulmus sp./spp.) Ash Flower Gall Mite (Eriophyes fraxiniflora) 1 0 0 0 Dutch Elm Disease 3 3 1 0 Elm, American (Ulmus americana) Dutch Elm Disease (Ophiostoma sp./spp.) 0 1 0 0 Transplant Shock; Stress (Abiotic disorder) 1 0 0 0 Elm, Siberian (Ulmus pumila) Dutch Elm Disease (Ophiostoma sp./spp.) 0 1 0 0 Freeze; Frost; Cold Damage (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 Fava (broad) Bean (Vicia faba) Ascochyta blight (Ascochyta sp./spp.) 0 0 1 0 Fir (Abies sp./spp.) Woolly Aphids (Family Aphididae; Adelgidae) 0 0 1 0 Flax (Linum usitatissimum)

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Not Inconclus Confirmed Host Diagnosis (Pathogen) Detected Suspected ive Chemical injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 1 0 Damping off (Fusarium oxysporum) 1 0 0 0 No Pathogen Found (Identification Analysis) 2 0 0 0 Soil Compaction (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 2 0 Flowering crabapple (Spring Snow) Transplant Shock; Stress (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 Flowering Dogwood (Cornus florida) Insufficient Light (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 Not Pathogen; Saprophyte (Secondary Agents; 0 0 1 0 Sapophytes; Unspecif.) Fremont Cottonwood (Populus fremontii) Wood Decay Fungi 1 0 0 0 Fungal ID – See Mold ID Garden Petunia (Petunia x hybrida) Pythium Root and/or Crown Rot (Pythium 1 0 0 0 sp./spp.) Rhizoctonia Root; Crown Rot (Rhizoctonia 1 0 0 0 sp./spp.) Salt Damage (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 0 1 Geranium (cultivated) (Pelargonium sp./spp.) Botrytis Blight (Botrytis sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0 No Pathogen Found (Identification Analysis) 1 0 0 0 No Virus Found (No Virus Found) 1 0 0 0 Potassium Deficiency (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 Glycine Max Crown Rot; Root Rot; Stem Rot (Phytophthora 0 1 0 0 sp.spp.) Pythium Root and/or Crown Rot (Pythium 0 0 1 0 sp./spp.) Grape (Vitis sp./spp.) Botrytis Blight (Botrytis sp./spp.) 0 0 0 1 Chemical injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 Grape anthracnose; Birds-eye rot (Elsinoe 0 0 1 0 (Sphaceloma) ampelina (ampelinum)) Grape Downy Mildew (Plasmopara vitiola) 1 0 0 0 Jumping spider (Phidippus viticola) 1 0 0 0 Leaf Scorch (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 Leaf Spot (Phyllosticta (Guignardia) ampelicida 0 0 0 1 (bidwellii) (f. parthenocissi) Trichome explosion 2 0 0 0 Twospotted Spider Mite (Tetranychus urticae) 0 0 1 0 Hackberry (Celtis sp./spp.) Freeze; Frost; Cold Damage (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 Highblush Cranberry (Viburnum edule) Viburnum bacterial blight (Pseudomonas 1 0 0 0 syringae pv. viburnii)

Page 22 of 36 NDSU Plant Diagnostic Lab Annual Report 2016

Not Inconclus Confirmed Host Diagnosis (Pathogen) Detected Suspected ive Hops (Humulus lupulus) Insufficient sample (Identification Analysis) 1 0 0 0 Leaf scorch (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 No pathogen found (Identification Analysis) 1 0 0 0 Potato leafhopper (Empoasca fabae) 0 1 0 0 Twospotted Spider Mite (Tetranychus urticae) 1 0 0 0 Impatiens Pythium Root and/or Crown Rot (Pythium 0 0 1 0 sp./spp) Insect Id Acarid mites (Family Acaridae) 1 0 0 0 Bed Bug (Cimex lectularius) 1 0 0 0 Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Halyomorpha 1 0 0 0 halys) Carabid Beetle (Pterostichus sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0 Click Beetle Larvae (Family Elateridea) 1 0 0 0 Confused Flour Beetle (Tribolium confusum) 2 0 0 0 Drugstore Beetle (Stegobium paniceum) 1 0 0 0 Eriophyid Bud Mite (Acalitus new sp. FL ’08) 0 0 1 0 Fisher spider (Dolomedes tenebrous) 1 0 0 0 German Cockroach (Blattella germanica) 0 0 1 0 Head Louse (Pediculus humanus) 0 1 1 0 House centipedes (Scutigera sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0 Larder Beetle (Dermestes lardarius) 2 0 0 0 Longhorn Beetle (Sarosesthes fulminans) 1 0 0 0 No insect found (Identification Analysis) 1 0 0 0 Northern Fowl Mite (Ornithonyssus sylviarum) 0 1 0 0 Pillbugs; Sowbugs (Order Isopoda) 0 0 1 0 Red Flour Beetle (Tribolium castaneum) 1 0 0 0 Sawtoothed Grain Beetle (Oryzaephilus 2 0 0 0 surinamensis) Slendar springtails (Family Entomobryidae) 0 0 0 1 Thrips Damage (Unidentified Thrips) 1 0 0 0 Varied Carpet Beetle (Anthrenus verbasci) 1 0 0 0 Japanese Tree Lilac (Syringa reticulata) Pseudomonas Canker (Pseudomonas sp./spp.) 0 0 1 0 Juniper (Juniperus sp./spp.) Kabatina Tip Blight; Needle Blight (Kabatina 1 0 0 0 juniperi) Kohlrabi; Wild cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. gongylades) Crucifer Clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae) 1 0 0 0 Lentil (Lens culinaris)

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Not Inconclus Confirmed Host Diagnosis (Pathogen) Detected Suspected ive Barley Cyst Nematode (Heterodera hordecalis) 0 2 0 0 Bulb; Stem Nematode (Ditylenchus sp./spp.) 0 607 0 0 Carrot Cyst Nematode (Heterodera carotae) 0 1 0 0 Chemical Injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 0 1 Crown and Stem Rot (Fusarium sp./spp.) 3 0 2 0 Cyst Nematode (Heterodera sp./spp.) 0 604 0 0 Fusarium sp./spp. 0 0 0 1 No Pathogen Found (Identification anaylsis) 1 0 0 0 Pea Seed-Borne Mosaic (Pea Seed-borne 0 7 0 0 Mosaic Virus (PSBMV)) Phoma Leaf Spot (Phoma sp./spp.) 0 0 1 0 Pseudomonas Canker (Pseudomonas sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0 Sclerotinia Stem Rot (Sclerotinia sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0 Unknown Abiotic Disorder (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 Lilac (Syringa sp./spp.) Powdery mildew 1 0 0 0 Lobelia (Lobelia sp./spp.) Bacterial Leaf Spot (Unidentified Bacteria) 1 0 0 0 Maple (Acer sp./spp.) Eriophyid Mites (Family Eriophyidae) 1 0 0 0 Fungal Leaf Spot (Cercospora hydrangea) 1 0 0 0 Iron Deficiency (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 Maple Bladdergall Mite (Vasates quadripedes) 0 0 1 0 Verticillium Wilt (Verticillium sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0 Misc. (Potting media) pH and EC normal range 1 0 0 0 Salt Damage (Abiotic disorder) 1 0 0 0 Mixture; Elm; Ash; Cottonwood (Ulmus; Fraxinus;

Populus sp./spp.) Aphids 1 0 0 0 Mixture; Spruce; Fir (Picea; abies sp./spp.) Spider Mites (Family Tetranychidae) 0 0 1 0 Mold and Fungal ID Aspergillus (Aspergilus sp./spp.) 0 0 1 1 Astragalus sp./spp. 1 0 0 0 Aureoasidium 0 0 1 0 Black Mold (Alternaria sp./spp.) 0 0 1 0 Black Mold; Toxic Mold (Stachybotrys 0 0 1 0 chartarum) Common Mullein (Verbascum thapsus) 2 0 0 0 No Mold Detected 1 0 0 0 No Fungus Detected 1 0 0 0 Purple Milkvetch (Astragalus agrestis) 0 0 1 0

Page 24 of 36 NDSU Plant Diagnostic Lab Annual Report 2016

Not Inconclus Confirmed Host Diagnosis (Pathogen) Detected Suspected ive Sooty Mold; Black Dot (Epicoccum sp./spp.) 0 0 1 0 Wood Rot/ Wood Decay Fungus (Unidentified 0 0 1 0 fungus) Plant ID Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) 1 0 0 0 Biennial Wormwood (Artemisia biennis) 0 0 1 0 Bluegrass (Poa sp./spp.) 0 0 1 0 Common Lilac (Syringa vulgaris) 1 0 0 0 Common Mullein (Verbascum Thapsus) 1 0 0 0 Common Russian Thistle (Salsola tragus) 0 0 1 0 Common Waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) 1 0 0 0 Crabapple (Malus sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0 Earthsmoke (Fumaria vaillantii) 1 0 1 0 Foxtail Barley (Hordeum jubatum) 0 0 2 0 Honeysuckle (Lonicera sp./spp.) 4 0 0 0 Kentucky Bluegrass (Poa pratensis pratensis) 1 0 0 0 Medow Salsify; Yellow Goatsbbeard 1 0 0 0 (Tragopogon pratensis) Nanking Cherry (Prunus tomentosa) 0 0 1 0 Northern Bedstraw (Gallium boreale) 1 0 0 0 Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne) 1 0 0 0 Pulsatilla Patens (American Pasqueflower) 1 0 0 0 Quackgrass (Agropyron repens) 1 0 0 0 Rough Cinquefoil (Potentilla norvegica) 1 0 0 0 Smooth Crabgrass (Digitaria ischaemum) 2 0 0 0 Stickeywilliy; Catchweed Bedstraw (Galium 0 0 1 0 aparine) Wild Mustard (Sinapis arvensis) 1 0 0 0 White Panicle Aster (Symphyotrichum 1 0 0 0 lanceolatum) Oak (Quercus sp./spp.) Callirhytis Oak Gall Wasp (Callirhytis sp./spp.) 0 0 1 0 Cynipid Gall Wasp (Andricus quercuslanigera) 0 0 1 0 Cynipid Gall Wasp (Neuroterus sp./spp.) 0 0 1 0 Oak Leaf Gall 1 0 0 0 Oak, Bur (Quercus macrocarpa) Woodpeckers (Family Picidae) 0 0 1 0 Oats (Avena sativa) Bacterial Stripe (Pseudomonas sp./spp.) 2 0 0 0 Onion (Allium cepa) Bulb rot (Undetermined pathology) 4 0 0 0 Ornamentals; Forest Trees; All (General) Japanese Beetle (Popillia japonica) 1 0 0 0

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Not Inconclus Confirmed Host Diagnosis (Pathogen) Detected Suspected ive Pea Shrub; Pea Tree (Caragana sp./spp.) No pathogen found (Identification Analysis) 1 0 0 0 Unknown abiotic disorder (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 Pear (Ornamental) (Pyrus sp./spp.) Freeze; Frost; Cold Damage (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 Penstemon; Beard-Tongue (Penstemon sp./spp.) Insufficient Sample (Identification Analysis) 1 0 0 0 Pepper (Capsicum sp./spp.) Low pH; Nutrient Imbalance (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 No Pathogen Found (Identification Analysis) 1 0 0 0 Pine (Pinus sp./spp.) Insufficient Sample (Identification Analysis) 1 0 0 0 No pathogen found (Identification Analysis) 1 0 0 0 Pine, Ponderosa (Pinus ponderosa) Diplodia Blight (Sphaeropsis sapinea) 1 0 0 0 Unknown Abiotic Disorder (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 Pine; Red; Norway (ornamental) (Pinus resinosa) Diplodia Blight (Sphaeropsis sapinea) 1 0 0 0 Pomegranate (Punica granatum) Drought Stress Damage (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 Nutrient Imbalance (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 Poplar (Populus sp./spp.) Apioplagiostoma populi 0 0 0 1 Potato (Solanum tuberosum) Alfalfa Mosaic (Alfalfa Mosaic Virus (AMV)) 0 1 0 0 Andean Potato Latent (Andean Potato Latent 0 412 0 0 Virus (APLV)) Bacterial Rot; Bacterial Blight (Dickeya sp./spp.) 2 165 0 0 Bacterial Soft Rot (Dickeya (Erwinia) 0 694 0 0 (Pectobacterium) chrysanthemi) Bacterial Soft Spot (Pectobacterium sp./spp.) 0 2 1 0 Potato (Solanum tuberosum) Cont. Bulb; Stem Nematodes (Ditylenchus sp./spp.) 0 3 0 0 Cyst Nematodes (Heterodera sp./spp.) 0 3 0 0 Dry rot (Fusarium cerealis) 1 0 0 0 Early Blight; Leaf Spot (Alternaria solani) 0 0 1 0 Fusarium Dry Rot (Fusarium oxysporum) 3 0 0 0 Fusarium Dry Rot (Fusarium sambucinum) 1 0 0 0 Fusarium Dry Rot (Fusarium solani f.sp. 1 0 0 0 caeruleum) Fusarium Rot (Fusarium sp./spp.) 0 0 1 0 Fusarium Wilt (Fusarium oxysporum) 0 0 1 0 Globodera sp. 0 1 0 0

Page 26 of 36 NDSU Plant Diagnostic Lab Annual Report 2016

Not Inconclus Confirmed Host Diagnosis (Pathogen) Detected Suspected ive Herbicide Injury; Exposure (Abiotic disorder) 1 0 0 0 Late Blight (Phytophthora infestans) 1 0 0 0 No Nematode Found 1 0 0 0 Physiological Responses (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 Potato Bacterial Ring Rot (Clavibacter 2 1 0 0 michiganensis sepedonicus) Potato Bacterial Ring Rot (Clavibacter 4 1172 0 0 michiganensis sepidonicum) Potato Black Dot (Colletotrichum coccodes) 1 0 0 4 Potato Black Leg (Erwinia (Pectobacterium) 0 694 0 0 carotovora atroseptica) Potato Canker and Black Scurf (Rhizoctonia 4 1 0 0 solani) Potato Common Scab (Streptomyces scabies) 0 3 0 0 Potato Late Blight 0 6 0 0 Potato Latent Virus 0 282 0 0 Potato Leaf Roll (PLRV) (Luteovirus Potato Leaf 3 7 0 0 Roll Virus) Potato Leaf Roll (Potato Leaf Roll Virus (PLRV)) 0 694 0 0 Potato Mop-Top (PMTV) (Pomovirus Potato 1 6 0 0 Mop-Top Virus) Potato Mop-Top (Potato Mop-Top Virus (PMTV)) 1 695 0 0 Potato Powdery Scab (Spongospora 2 0 0 0 subterranean) Potato Spindle Tuber (Potato Spindle Tuber 0 697 0 0 Viroid) Potato Virus A (Potato Virus A (PVA)) 1 694 0 0 Potato Virus M (Potato Virus M (PVM)) 2 692 0 0 Potato Virus S (Potato Virus S (PVS)) 151 543 0 0 Potato Virus X (Potato Virus X (PVX)) 12 683 0 0 Potato Virus X (PVX) (Potexvirus Potato Virus X) 0 10 0 0 Potato Virus Y (Potato Virus Y (PVY)) 132 586 0 0 Potato Virus Y (PVY) (Potyvirus Potato Virus Y) 0 20 0 0 Sample Transferred 1 0 0 0 Silver Scurf (Helminthosporium solani) 3 0 0 0 Tobacco Rattle (TRV) (Tobravirus Tomato 0 1 0 0 Spotted Wilt Virus) Tomato Spotted Wilt (TSWV) (Tospovirus 0 1 0 0 Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus) Unknown Abiotic Disorder (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 4 0 Soakate, Potato Potato Bacterial Ring Rot (Calvibacter 2 0 0 0 michiganensis sepidonicum) Purpleleaf Sand Cherry (Prunus x cisterna) Leaf Blight and Spot; Shothole (Blumeriella 0 0 1 0 jaapii) Rape; Canola (Brassica napus var. napus) Abnormal Plant Growth (Abiotic disorder) 1 0 0 0

Page 27 of 36

Not Inconclus Confirmed Host Diagnosis (Pathogen) Detected Suspected ive Chemical Injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 1 Hail Damage (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 No Pathogen Found (Identification Analysis) 1 0 0 0 Nutrient Imbalance (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 Soil Compaction (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 Raspberry (Rubus sp./spp.) Armillaria root rot (Armillaria sp./spp.) 0 0 1 0 Spotted wing Drosophila (Drosophila suzukii) 0 0 0 1 Rhubarb (Rheum rhabarbarum) Cultural/Environmental Problem (Abiotic 0 0 1 0 disorder) Freeze; Frost; Cold Damage (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 No Pathogen Found (Identification Analysis) 1 0 0 0 Ryegrass (Lolium sp./spp.) Rust; (Puccinia sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0 Serviceberry (Amelanchier sp./spp.) Powdery Mildew 0 0 1 0 Small Seeded False Flax (Camelina microcarpa) Alternaria Leaf Blight (Alternaria sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0 Snap Bean; Green Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) Bacterial Blight (Xanthomonas axonopodis) 1 0 0 0 Insufficient Sample (Identification Analysis) 1 0 0 0 No Pathogen Found (Identification Analysis) 1 0 0 0 Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0 Soil (habitat) Earthworms (Phylum Annelida; Subclass 1 0 0 0 Oligochaeta) Golden Nematode (Globodera rostochiensis) 0 1 0 0 No Nematode Found (No Nematode Found) 1 0 0 0 Pale cyst Nematode (Globodera pallida) 0 1 0 0 Potato Powdery Scab (Spongospora 1 0 0 0 subterranea) Potato Root Rot Bioassay (Aphanomyces 0 2 0 0 cochlioides) Soil, SCN Test Sample (habitat) Soybean Cyst Nematode (SCN) (Heterodera 499 51 1 3 glycines) Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) Chemical; Environmental Injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 No Pathogen Found (Identification Analysis) 1 0 0 0 Soybean (Glycine max) Aerial Stem Blight (Phytophthora sp./spp.) 0 1 0 0 Alternaria Leaf Spot (Alternaria sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0 Bacterial Blight (Pseudomonas savastanoi) 1 0 0 0

Page 28 of 36 NDSU Plant Diagnostic Lab Annual Report 2016

Not Inconclus Confirmed Host Diagnosis (Pathogen) Detected Suspected ive Charcoal Rot (Macrophomina phaseolina) 2 0 0 0 Charcoal Rot (Macrophomina sp./spp.) 2 0 0 0 Chemcial Injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 6 8 Chemical; Environmental Injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 Common Bacterial Blight (Xanthomonas 1 0 0 0 campestris pv. phaseoli) Crown and Root Rot (Phytophthora sp./spp.) 0 1 0 0 Crown and Stem Rot (Fusarium sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0 Crown Rot (Rhizoctonia sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0 Crown Rot; Root Rot; Stem Rot (Phytophthora 1 0 0 0 sp./spp.) Diaporthe Dry Rot (Diaporthe sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0 Diaporthe Stem Rot (Diaporthe sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0 Fusarium sp./spp. 0 0 1 0 Fusarium Wilt (Fusarium oxysporum) 1 0 0 0 Growth Regulator Effect (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 Herbicide Injury; Exposure (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 Insufficient Sample (Identification Analysis) 3 0 0 0 Iron Deficiency (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 2 0 Moisture Stress (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 No Pathogen Found (Identification Analysis) 8 0 1 0 Nutrient Imbalance (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 9 0 Phomopsis Stem Canker (Diaporthe 0 0 0 1 (Phomopsis) sp./spp.) Phytophthora Canker (Phytophthora sp./spp.) 0 1 0 0 Pod and Stem Blight; Root Rot (Pythium 0 0 0 1 spinosum) Pythium Blight; Root Rot (Pythium spinosum) 0 0 0 1 Pythium Root and/or Crown Rot (Pythium 0 0 3 3 sp./spp.) Rhizoctoniza Crown and Stem Rot (Rhizoctonia 1 0 0 0 sp./spp.) Rhizoctonia Root; Crown Rot (Rhizoctonia 0 0 0 1 sp./spp.) Sclerotinia Blight (Sclerotinia sp./spp.) 0 0 1 0 Sclerontinia Stem Rot (Sclerotinia sp./spp.) 2 0 0 0 Soil Compaction (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 Soybean Cyst Nematode (Heterodera glycines) 0 4 0 0 Soybean Phytophthora root and stem rot 0 0 0 0 (Phytophthora sojae) Soybean Pod and Stem Blight (Diaporthe 0 0 2 0 (Phomopsis) phaselorum sojae) Soybean Stem Canker (Diaporthe phaseolorum) 2 0 0 0 Unknown Abiotic disorder (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 Wildfire (Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci) 0 0 1 0 Spruce (Picea sp./spp.)

Page 29 of 36

Not Inconclus Confirmed Host Diagnosis (Pathogen) Detected Suspected ive Chemical Injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 Cultural/Environmental Problem (Abiotic 0 0 2 0 disorder) Cytospora Canker; Dieback (Cytospora sp./spp.) 0 0 1 0 Excessive Water (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 No Pathogen Found (Identification Analysis) 3 0 0 0 Spruce Spider Mite (Oligonychus ununguis) 0 0 5 0 Stigmina needle blight (Stigmina lautii) 2 0 0 0 Transplant Shock; Stress (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 Unknown Abiotic Disorder (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 Spruce, Black Hills (Picea glauca densata) Chemical; Environmental Injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 Transplant Shock; Stress (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 Spruce, Black (Picea mariana) Insufficient rootball (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 Spruce, Blue (Picea pungens) Cytospora Canker; Dieback (Cytospora sp./spp.) 0 0 1 0 Hail Damage (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 Insect Damage (Unidentified Insect) 0 0 1 0 No Pathogen Found (Identification Analysis) 1 0 0 0 Rhizosphaera Needle Cast (Rhizosphaera 1 0 0 0 sp./spp.) Spider Mites (Family Tetranychidae) 0 0 1 0 Spruce bud scale (Physokermes sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0 Stigmina Needle Blight (Stigmina lautii) 3 0 0 0 Spruce, Colorado Blue Spruce (Picea pungens fastigiata) Growth Regulator Effect (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 Herbicide Drift (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 Unknown Abiotic Disorder (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 Spruce, Norway (Picea abies) Insect Damage (Unidentified insect) 1 0 0 0 Pine Needle Scale (Chionaspis pinifoliae) 0 0 1 0 Rhizosphaera Needle Cast (Rhizosphaera 1 0 0 0 sp./spp.) Strawberry (Fragaria sp./spp.) Freeze; Frost; Cold Damage (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 June Yellows 0 0 1 0 Ramularia Leaf Spot (Ramularia sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0 Sclerotinia Blight (Sclerotinia sp./spp.) 0 0 0 1 Sudangrass (Sorghum x drummondii) Scald (Rhynchosporium secalis) 0 0 1 0 Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris vulgaris var. altissima) Fusarium Root Rot (Fusarium sp./spp.) 3 0 1 0

Page 30 of 36 NDSU Plant Diagnostic Lab Annual Report 2016

Not Inconclus Confirmed Host Diagnosis (Pathogen) Detected Suspected ive Fusarium Root; Crown Rot (Fusarium sp./spp.) 3 0 0 0 Rhizoctonia Crown and Root Rot (Thanatephorus (Rhizoctonia) cucumeris 3 0 0 0 (solani)) Rhizoctonia Crown and Stem Rot (Rhizoctonia 1 0 0 0 sp./spp.) Rhizoctonia Root Rot (Rhizoctonia sp./spp.) 0 0 1 0 Rhizoctonia Root; Crown Rot (Rhizoctonia 5 0 0 0 sp./spp.) Rhizoctonia solani 1 0 0 0 Root Rot (Aphanomyces cochlioides) 0 0 1 0 Verticillium Wilt (Verticillium sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0 Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) Banded Sunflower Moth (Cochylis hospes) 1 0 0 0 Chemical Injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 Phomopsis stem cancker (Diaporthe 1 0 0 0 (Phomopsis) helianthi) Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe sp./spp.) 0 0 1 0 Rhizopus Head Rot (Rhizopus sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0 Sunflower Bud Moth (Suleima helianthana) 1 0 0 0 Swamp Milkweed (Asclepias incarnata) Unidentified Fungus (Unidentified fungus) 0 0 1 0 Tomato (Lycopersicon sp./spp.) Alternaria Fruit Rot and Spot (Alternaria sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0 Alternaria Stem Canker (Alternaria alternate) 0 0 0 1 Bacterial canker (Clavibacter michiganensis 0 0 1 0 michiganensis) Chemcial Injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 2 0 Crown and Stem Rot (Fusarium sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0 Cucumber Mosaic (CMV) (Cucumovirus 1 0 0 0 Cucumber Mosaic Virus) Early Blight; Leaf Spot (Alternaria solani) 3 0 0 0 Fertilizer Injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 Herbicide Injury; Exposure (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 Leaf Mold (Sporodesmium sp./spp.) 0 0 1 0 Low pH; Nutrient Imbalance (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 Potyvirus Group (Potyvirus sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0 Septoria Leaf Spot (Septoria sp.spp.) 1 0 0 0 Tobacco Mosaic (TMV) (Tobamovirus Tobacco 2 0 0 0 Mosaic Virus) Tomato Bacterial Speck (Pseudomonas tomato) 1 0 0 0 Tomato Spotted Wilt (TSWV) (Tospovirus 2 0 0 0 Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus) Verticillium Wilt (Verticillium sp./spp.) 0 1 0 0 Turfgrass (Turfgrass mixed species) Dense thatch layer (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 2 0

Page 31 of 36

Not Inconclus Confirmed Host Diagnosis (Pathogen) Detected Suspected ive Dollar spot (Sclerotinia homeocarpa) 1 0 0 0 Environmental Stress; Problem (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 Fairy Ring (Various fungi) 0 0 1 0 Hydrophobic soil/planting mix/media (Abiotic 0 0 1 0 disorder) Leaf rust; Rust (Puccinia sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0 No Pathogen Found (Identification Analysis) 2 0 0 0 Patch Disease (Unidentified fungus) 0 0 0 0 Powdery Mildew (Blumeria graminis) 1 0 0 0 Red Thread (Laetisaria fuciformis) 0 0 1 0 Rhizoctonia Leaf Spot and/or Leaf Blight 1 0 0 0 (Rhizoctonia sp./spp.) Root Decay of Turfgrass (Unidentified fungus) 1 0 0 0 Soil Compaction (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 Summer Patch (Harpophora graminicola) 0 1 0 0 Turfgrass Necrotic Ring Spot (Ophiosphaerella 0 0 2 0 korrae) Unknown Abiotic Disorder 0 0 1 0 Wheat, Spring (Triticum aestivum) Bacterial Leaf Streak (Xanthomonas sp./spp.) 1 0 1 0 Barley Yellow Dwarf (BYDV-MAV) (Luteovirus 0 7 0 0 Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus MAV) Barley Yellow Dwarf (BYDV-PAV) (Luteovirus 1 6 0 0 Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus PAV) Barley Yellow Dwarf (Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus 0 7 0 0 (BYDV)) Barley Yellow Dwarf (BYDV) (Luteovirus Barley 0 32 0 0 Yellow Dwarf Virus) Barley Yellow Dwarf Strain 1 (Barley Yellow 0 3 0 0 Dwarf Virus (BYDV-MAV)) Barley Yellow Dwarf Strain 2 (Barley Yellow 0 3 0 0 Dwarf Virus (BYDV-PAV)) Cereal Yellow Dwarf (Cereal Yellow Dwarf Virus) 0 22 0 0 Cereal Yellow Dwarf (CYDV) (Polerovirus Cereal 1 25 0 0 Yellow Dwarf Virus) Chemical Injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 Chemical; Environmental Injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 0 1 Fusarium Crown Rot (Fusarium oxysporum) 0 0 1 0 Fusarium Root; Crown Rot (Fusarium sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0 Fusarium sp./spp. Head Blight 1 0 0 0 High Plains Disease (High Plains Virus (HPV)) 5 34 0 0 High Plains Disease (HPV) (Emaravirus High 2 14 0 0 Plains Wheat Mosaic Virus) Insufficient Sample (Identification Analysis) 2 0 0 0 Pythium Root and/or Crown Rot (Pythium 0 0 3 0 sp./spp.) Spot Blotch (Cochliobolus sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0 Tan Spot (Drechslera sp./spp.) 0 0 1 0 Wheat Gall Nematode (Anguina tritici) 0 2 0 0

Page 32 of 36 NDSU Plant Diagnostic Lab Annual Report 2016

Not Inconclus Confirmed Host Diagnosis (Pathogen) Detected Suspected ive Wheat Streak Moasic (Trtimovirus Wheat Streak 1 3 0 0 Mosaic Virus) Wheat Streak Mosaic (Wheat Streak Mosaic 46 7 0 0 Virus (WSMV)) Wind Damage (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 Wheat, Winter (Triticum aestivum) Barley Yellow Dwarf (Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus 0 17 0 0 (BYDV) Barley Yellow Dwarf (BYDV) (Luteovirus Barley 0 3 0 0 Yellow Dwarf Virus) Barley Yellow Dwarf Strain 1 (Barley Yellow 0 24 0 0 Dwarf Virus (BYDV-MAV)) Barley Yellow Dwarf Strain 2 (Barley Yellow 1 23 0 0 Dwarf Virus (BYDV-PAV)) Cereal Yellow Dwarf (Cereal Yellow Dwarf Virus) 1 41 0 0 Cereal Yellow Dwarf (CYDV) (Polerovirus Cereal 0 2 0 0 Yellow Dwarf Virus) Fusarium Crown Rot (Fusarium sp./spp.) 0 0 1 0 High Plains Disease (High Plains Virus (HPV)) 7 36 0 0 High Plains Disease (HPV) (Emaravirus High 0 3 0 0 Plains Wheat Mosaic Virus) Leaf Blight (Alternaria triticina) 1 0 0 0 Tan Spot (Drechslera sp./spp.) 0 0 0 1 Wheat Streak Mosaic (Wheat Streak Mosaic 38 9 0 0 Virus (WSMV)) Wheat Streak Mosaic (WSMV) (Tritimovirus 0 2 0 0 Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus) Durum (Triticum turgidum) Bacterial Leaf Streak (Xanthomonas sp./spp.) 2 0 0 0 Bacterial Stripe (Pseudomonas sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0 Barley Yellow Dwarf (BYDV-MAV) (Luteovirus 0 2 0 0 Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus MAV) Barley Yellow Dwarf (BYDV-PAV) (Luteovirus 0 2 0 0 Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus) Barley Yellow Dwarf (Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus 0 6 1 0 (BYDV)) Barley Yellow Dwarf (BYDV) (Luteovirus Barley 0 1 0 0 Yellow Dwarf Virus) Bunt (Tilletia sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0 Cereal Yellow Dwarf (Cereal Yellow Dwarf Virus) 0 10 0 0 Cereal Yellow Dwarf (CYDV) (Polerovirus Cereal 0 14 0 0 Yellow Dwarf Virus) Crown and Stem Rot (Fusarium sp./spp.) 2 0 2 0 Fusarium Crown Rot (Fusarium oxysporum) 0 0 0 1 Fusarium Crown Rot (Fusarium sp./spp.) 0 0 5 0 High Plains Disease (High Plains Virus (HPV)) 0 18 0 0 High Plains Disease (HPV) (Emaravirus High 0 9 0 0 Plains Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus) Insect Damage (Unidentified insect) 1 0 0 0 No Pathogen Found (Identification Analysis) 5 0 0 0

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Not Inconclus Confirmed Host Diagnosis (Pathogen) Detected Suspected ive Nutrient Imbalance (Abiotic Disorder) 0 0 0 0 Pythium Root and/or Crown Rot (Pythium 0 0 2 0 sp./spp.) Unknown Abiotic Disorder (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 Wheat Streak Mosaic (Wheat Streak Mosaic 26 11 0 0 Virus (WSMV)) Willow (Salix sp./spp.) Stem Canker (Unidentified canker) 1 0 0 0 Winter Squash Nutrient Imbalance (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0

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Specialists consulted Given the broad nature of the samples that we accept at the NDSU Plant Diagnostic Lab, accurate diagnoses often rely on collaboration with members of the Department of Plant Pathology, other departments at NDSU, and industry experts. We would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge all faculty and specialists associated with NDSU as well as experts in private industry for their continued support of the lab. Without the expertise of a wide range of individuals, the quality of diagnoses from the lab would suffer tremendously. The table below is an attempt to acknowledge the diagnostic assistance and other contributions of various faculty, specialists, and other professionals to the NDSU Plant Diagnostic Lab, and represent every individual who assisted with at least one sample (although most of you helped with multiple samples and we are extremely grateful!). Due to the nature of entering these ‘consultants’ into the database, a few people may have been inadvertently overlooked. For those who were mistakenly omitted from the list, please accept our sincere apologies. If you feel a name should be added to this list, PLEASE inform us so we can add it immediately.

Name Department Aaron Bergdahl ND Forest Service Aimee Thapa NDSU Extension Plant Pathology Alan Zuk NDSU Plant Sciences Andrew Friskop NDSU Extension Plant Pathology Andrew Robinson NDSU Extension Agronomist Asunta Thompson NDSU Plant Sciences Berlin Nelson NDSU Plant Pathology Brad Schmidt NDSU Plant Sciences Chiwon Lee NDSU Plant Sciences David Franzen NDSU Soil Sciences Deying Li NDSU Plant Sciences Ester McGinnis NDSU Extension Plant Sciences Gary Secor NDSU Plant Pathology Gerry Fauske NDSU Entomology Hans Kandel NDSU Plant Sciences Harlene Hatterman-Valenti NDSU Plant Sciences Jack Rasmussen NDSU Plant Pathology Jan Knodel NDSU Extension Entomology Jay Goos NDSU Soil Sciences Jim Walla NDSU Plant Pathology Joe Zeleznik NDSU Plant Sciences Julianna Franceschi NDSU Plant Pathology Julie Pasche NDSU Plant Pathology Kimberly Zitnick NDSU Plant Pathology Kirk Howatt NDSU Plant Sciences Marisol Berti NDSU Plant Sciences Melanie Ziegler NDSU Agriculture and Biosystems Mohamed Khan NDSU Plant Pathology Pat Beauzay NDSU Extension Entomology Presley Mosher NDSU Plant Sciences

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Name Department Richard Zollinger NDSU Plant Sciences Ron Smith NDSU Plant Sciences Robin Lamppa NDSU Plant Pathology Rod Lym NDSU Plant Sciences Sam Markell NDSU Plant Pathology NDSU Natural Resources Shawn (Edward) Dekeyser Management Stan Stancyk NDSU Plant Sciences Ted Helms NDSU Plant Sciences Tom Peters NDSU Plant Science Vern Hoffman NDSU Extension Ag Engineer Viviana Rivera-Varas NDSU Plant Pathology

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