Nazionalismo E Localismo a Gorizia by Chiara Sartori MA, Università Di
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Identità Forti: Nazionalismo e Localismo a Gorizia By Chiara Sartori M.A., Università di Trieste, 2000 A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Italian Studies at Brown University Providence, Rhode Island May, 2010 iv © Copyright 2010 by Chiara Sartori v This dissertation by Chiara Sartori is accepted in its present form by the Department of Italian Studies as satisfying the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Date_____________ _________________________________ (Prof. David Kertzer), Advisor Recommended to the Graduate Council Date_____________ _________________________________ (Prof. Massimo Riva), Reader Date_____________ _________________________________ (Prof. Claudio Magris), Reader Approved by the Graduate Council Date_____________ _________________________________ (Sheila Bonde), Dean of the Graduate School vi CURRICULUM VITAE Chiara Sartori was born in Gorizia (Italy) on May 11, 1973. While in high school and in college, she worked as freelance journalist for various local media sources (newspapers, radio, private television channels). After she earned the Laurea in Philosophy from the University of Trieste in 2000, she started a career as teacher. She was hired and worked for two years as an elementary teacher in the public school. Contemporarily, she was attending a Master in Philosophical Counseling in Turin. After her wedding in 2002 she followed her husband in Providence. She attended different English classes at Brown University and Drawing classes at RISD. She was then hired as visiting lecturer at Brown University. For one semester she taught three undergraduate-level Italian language courses. In 2003 she started the graduate program in the Department of Italian Studies at Brown University. Her funding support was provided by several teaching assistantships (she taught classes of Italian at Brown University and RISD) and by research assistantships (she participated in David Kertzer‟s research). During her graduate work she had the opportunity to attend to graduate conferences and to publish different manuscripts independently from her advisor. In 2006 she advanced to candidacy and performed one year of fieldwork in Gorizia. She finally wrote her dissertation in Tuebingen (Germany) where she lives with her husband and little Anna born in 2009. Book chapter: Trieste, a borderline city (2006) in E. Bellina (Ed.) Stato di Eccezione. Cultural Answers to the Fear (pp. 62-70), Cambridge: Cambridge Scholar Press. Conference paper: Identità e Conflitto a Gorizia (2009) in B. M. Da Rif (Ed.) Civiltà italiana e geogra fie d‟Europa (pp. 290-293), Trieste: Edizioni Università di Trieste. vii Conferences presentations: Identità nazionale e Localismo nell‟Italia contemporanea. Brown-Harvard Graduate Student Conference “Chiasmi”, March 15-16, 2008. Trieste e la Frontiera. NYU Graduate Student Conference “Stato d‟eccezione. La retorica della paura”, April 21, 2005. Moja Meja, my Borders. Colloquia of the Italian Studies Department, Brown University, March 24, 2006. Identità e Conflitto a Gorizia. XIX Congresso Internazionale AISLLI, Trieste, Capodistria, Padova, Pola, September 19-24, 2006. viii PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation belongs to many people. First, it belongs to my family – the old one and the new one. In fact, it belongs to my wonderful husband Massimiliano Di Luca (who supported and helped me since we met at the University of Trieste), but also to my parents (who always believed in me, even when I was not able to do it myself). Then, it belongs to my friend Erika who pointed out the beauty and mystery surrounding Gorizia and suggested looking into this topic. But also it belongs to my advisor, Professor David Kertzer, who helped me understanding what I really wanted to do in this research. His mentoring was invaluable and his professionality and punctuality were fundamental in leading me to the conclusion of this work. This dissertation belongs to Professor Massimo Riva, who gave me the opportunity to do this reasearch and inspired me through his teaching. It belongs to Professor Claudio Magris, to which I always turn as a reference for sharpness of communication and who made me realize that… I just did it! It belongs also to all the Brown community, my fellow graduate students, and the professors and staff of the Department of Italian Studies. They all contributed by helping and supporting me in many ways. I‟ll be always extremely grateful for the aid they gave and thus this work belongs to them as much as to me. But I especially hope that this dissertation could one day belong to people of Gorizia to whom this work is especially dedicated. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS Curriculum Vitae .................................................................................................................... vii Preface and Acknowledgments .......................................................................................... ix Table of Contents ...................................................................................................................... 1 0. Introduzione ................................................................................................................... 3 0.1 Identità, etnia, nazione .......................................................................................................... 7 0.2 Il localismo e la crisi dell’identità nazionale in Italia .............................................. 17 0.3 Il caso del Trentino Alto Adige: l’approccio di Cole-Wolf e Stacul ...................... 29 1. Il territorio..................................................................................................................... 37 1.1 Mappatura ............................................................................................................................... 38 1.2 I Friulani .................................................................................................................................. 47 1.3 Gli Italiani ................................................................................................................................ 63 1.4 Gli Sloveni ................................................................................................................................ 72 2. Il localismo goriziano tra chiesa cattolica e Mitteleuropa ............................ 83 2.1 Patriarcato e diocesi ............................................................................................................ 85 2.2 I cattolici a Gorizia fino all’irredentismo ..................................................................... 92 2.3 Concetto di Mitteleuropa e mito asburgico ............................................................... 117 2.4 Il mito Asburgico: cenni di letteratura ....................................................................... 131 2.5 Conclusioni del capitolo secondo ................................................................................. 143 1 3. L’invasione dei nazionalismi ................................................................................ 146 3.1 Irredentismo ........................................................................................................................ 148 3.2 Dalla Grande Guerra al Fascismo ................................................................................. 165 3.3 Dalla fine della Seconda Guerra Mondiale al confine ............................................ 183 3.4 Contrapposizioni nazionali e politiche a Gorizia .................................................... 201 3.5 Conclusioni del capitolo terzo ....................................................................................... 225 4. Verso l’oggi, brez meja ............................................................................................ 232 4.1 La nascita della Regione Friuli Venezia Giulia ......................................................... 234 4.2 La cultura di confine .......................................................................................................... 246 4.3 Gorizia e Nova Gorica ........................................................................................................ 286 4.4 Conclusioni del capitolo quarto .................................................................................... 306 5. Conclusioni ................................................................................................................. 308 6. Appendici .................................................................................................................... 315 7. Bibliografia ................................................................................................................. 317 2 0. INTRODUZIONE Gorizia é piena di muri, alcuni evidenti, di cemento e mattoni, altri invisibili a segnare il confine tra identità forti e paure. Ma é anche piena di scale che cercano, se non di abbattere i muri, di superarli in qualche maniera. Questo lavoro si occupa di entrambi, scale e muri. Il mio intento é di cercare di comprendere, attraverso l‟esempio di Gorizia, come il possesso di una o più forme di identità collettiva consenta od escluda l‟interazione tra esseri umani quando essi condividano un territorio conteso. Questa ricerca, come chiarirò nei paragrafi seguenti, vuole essere un tentativo di investigare il principio di identità di confine come “identità mobile”, presentato da Fredrick Barth per dimostrare che