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National Security Agency
Coordinates: 39°6′32″N 76°46′17″W National Security Agency The National Security Agency (NSA) is a national-level intelligence agency of the United National Security Agency States Department of Defense, under the authority of the Director of National Intelligence. The NSA is responsible for global monitoring, collection, and processing of information and data for foreign and domestic intelligence and counterintelligence purposes, specializing in a discipline known as signals intelligence (SIGINT). The NSA is also tasked with the protection of U.S. communications networks and information systems.[8][9] The NSA relies on a variety of measures to accomplish its Seal of the National Security Agency mission, the majority of which are clandestine.[10] Originating as a unit to decipher coded communications in World War II, it was officially formed as the NSA by President Harry S. Truman in 1952. Since then, it has become the largest of the U.S. intelligence organizations in terms of Flag of the National Security Agency personnel and budget.[6][11] The NSA currently conducts worldwide mass data collection and has been known to physically bug electronic systems as one method to this end.[12] The NSA is also alleged to have been behind such attack software as Stuxnet, which severely damaged Iran's nuclear program.[13][14] The NSA, alongside the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), maintains a physical presence in many countries across the globe; the CIA/NSA joint Special Collection Service (a NSA Headquarters, Fort Meade, Maryland highly classified intelligence team) inserts eavesdropping devices in high value targets (such Agency overview as presidential palaces or embassies). -
ABSTRACT Title of Document: from the BELLY of the HUAC: the RED PROBES of HOLLYWOOD, 1947-1952 Jack D. Meeks, Doctor of Philos
ABSTRACT Title of Document: FROM THE BELLY OF THE HUAC: THE RED PROBES OF HOLLYWOOD, 1947-1952 Jack D. Meeks, Doctor of Philosophy, 2009 Directed By: Dr. Maurine Beasley, Journalism The House Un-American Activities Committee, popularly known as the HUAC, conducted two investigations of the movie industry, in 1947 and again in 1951-1952. The goal was to determine the extent of communist infiltration in Hollywood and whether communist propaganda had made it into American movies. The spotlight that the HUAC shone on Tinsel Town led to the blacklisting of approximately 300 Hollywood professionals. This, along with the HUAC’s insistence that witnesses testifying under oath identify others that they knew to be communists, contributed to the Committee’s notoriety. Until now, historians have concentrated on offering accounts of the HUAC’s practice of naming names, its scrutiny of movies for propaganda, and its intervention in Hollywood union disputes. The HUAC’s sealed files were first opened to scholars in 2001. This study is the first to draw extensively on these newly available documents in an effort to reevaluate the HUAC’s Hollywood probes. This study assesses four areas in which the new evidence indicates significant, fresh findings. First, a detailed analysis of the Committee’s investigatory methods reveals that most of the HUAC’s information came from a careful, on-going analysis of the communist press, rather than techniques such as surveillance, wiretaps and other cloak and dagger activities. Second, the evidence shows the crucial role played by two brothers, both German communists living as refugees in America during World War II, in motivating the Committee to launch its first Hollywood probe. -
Harrison Salisbury, the Vietnamese Enemy, and Wartime
From Behind Enemy Lines: Harrison Salisbury, the Vietnamese Enemy, and Wartime Reporting During the Vietnam War A thesis presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts Annessa C. Stagner June 2008 2 © 2008 Annessa C. Stagner All Rights Reserved 3 This thesis titled From Behind Enemy Lines: Harrison Salisbury, the Vietnamese Enemy, and Wartime Reporting During the Vietnam War by ANNESSA C. STAGNER has been approved for the Department of History and the College of Arts and Sciences by Chester J. Pach, Jr. Associate Professor of History Benjamin M. Ogles Dean, College of Arts and Sciences 4 ABSTRACT STAGNER, ANNESSA C., M.A., June 2008, History From Behind Enemy Lines: Harrison Salisbury, the Vietnamese Enemy, and Wartime Reporting During the Vietnam War (165 pp.) Director of Thesis: Chester J. Pach, Jr. On December 24, 1966, Harrison Salisbury became the first mainstream American journalist to report from North Vietnam during the Vietnam War. From his position behind enemy lines, the New York Times reporter revealed that America’s bombing campaign was causing many more civilian casualties than the Johnson administration had acknowledged. Additionally, he challenged how Americans perceived their enemy by portraying North Vietnam’s culture and political ideology as legitimate. Evaluation of governmental and public responses to his stories reveals the significance of these reports. They sparked controversy that undermined American and international confidence in the Johnson administration’s credibility, decreased support for U.S. policies towards North Vietnam, and put increased pressure on the Johnson administration to increase efforts towards peace. -
Doherty, Thomas, Cold War, Cool Medium: Television, Mccarthyism
doherty_FM 8/21/03 3:20 PM Page i COLD WAR, COOL MEDIUM TELEVISION, McCARTHYISM, AND AMERICAN CULTURE doherty_FM 8/21/03 3:20 PM Page ii Film and Culture A series of Columbia University Press Edited by John Belton What Made Pistachio Nuts? Early Sound Comedy and the Vaudeville Aesthetic Henry Jenkins Showstoppers: Busby Berkeley and the Tradition of Spectacle Martin Rubin Projections of War: Hollywood, American Culture, and World War II Thomas Doherty Laughing Screaming: Modern Hollywood Horror and Comedy William Paul Laughing Hysterically: American Screen Comedy of the 1950s Ed Sikov Primitive Passions: Visuality, Sexuality, Ethnography, and Contemporary Chinese Cinema Rey Chow The Cinema of Max Ophuls: Magisterial Vision and the Figure of Woman Susan M. White Black Women as Cultural Readers Jacqueline Bobo Picturing Japaneseness: Monumental Style, National Identity, Japanese Film Darrell William Davis Attack of the Leading Ladies: Gender, Sexuality, and Spectatorship in Classic Horror Cinema Rhona J. Berenstein This Mad Masquerade: Stardom and Masculinity in the Jazz Age Gaylyn Studlar Sexual Politics and Narrative Film: Hollywood and Beyond Robin Wood The Sounds of Commerce: Marketing Popular Film Music Jeff Smith Orson Welles, Shakespeare, and Popular Culture Michael Anderegg Pre-Code Hollywood: Sex, Immorality, and Insurrection in American Cinema, ‒ Thomas Doherty Sound Technology and the American Cinema: Perception, Representation, Modernity James Lastra Melodrama and Modernity: Early Sensational Cinema and Its Contexts Ben Singer -
What Americans Thought of Joseph Stalin Before and After World War II
A Thesis entitled “Uncle Joe”: What Americans Thought of Joseph Stalin Before and After World War II by Kimberly Hupp A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of The Masters of Liberal Studies ______________________________ Advisor: Dr. Michael Jakobson ______________________________ College of Graduate Studies University of Toledo May 2009 1 2 An Abstract of “Uncle Joe”: What Americans Thought of Joseph Stalin Before and After World War II by Kimberly Hupp A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of The Master of Liberal Studies University of Toledo May 2009 A thesis presented on the American public opinion of Josef Stalin before and after World War II beginning with how Russia and Stalin was portrayed in the media before the war began, covering how opinions shifted with major events such as the famine, collectivization, the Great Terror, wartime conferences, the Cold War and McCarthyism. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ................................................................................................................ii Table of Contents................................................................................................iii Acknowledgements .............................................................................................v List of Figures……………………………………………………………….vii List of Abbreviations……………………………………………………… .viii Introduction......................................................................................................... -
Alwood, Edward, Dark Days in the Newsroom
DARK DAYS IN THE NEWSROOM DARK DAYS in the NEWSROOM McCarthyism Aimed at the Press EDWARD ALWOOD TEMPLE UNIVERSITY PRESS Philadelphia Temple University Press 1601 North Broad Street Philadelphia PA 19122 www.temple.edu/tempress Copyright © 2007 by Edward Alwood All rights reserved Published 2007 Printed in the United States of America Text design by Lynne Frost The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1992 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Alwood, Edward. Dark days in the newsroom : McCarthyism aimed at the press / Edward Alwood. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 13: 978-1-59213-341-3 ISBN 10: 1-59213-341-X (cloth: alk. paper) ISBN 13: 978-1-59213-342-0 ISBN 10: 1-59213-342-8 (pbk.: alk. paper) 1. Anti-communist movements—United States—History—20th century. 2. McCarthy, Joseph, 1908–1957—Relations with journalists. 3. Journalists— United States—History—20th century. 4. Journalists—United States— Political activity—History—20th century. 5. Press and politics—United States—History—20th century. 6. United States—Politics and government— 1945–1953. 7. United States—Politics and government—1953–1961. I. Title. E743.5.A66 2007 973.921—dc22 2006034205 2 4 6 8 9 7 5 3 1 In Memoriam Margaret A. Blanchard Teacher, Mentor, and Friend Do the people of this land . desire to preserve those so carefully protected by the First Amendment: Liberty of religious worship, freedom of speech and of the press, and the right as freemen peaceably to assemble and petition their government for a redress of grievances? If so, let them withstand all beginnings of encroachment. -
EXTENSIONS of REMARKS HERB HOFFMAN-A DEDICATED I Joined Hundreds of Others Who Bade Mittee on the Judiciary, Succeeds Donald E
June 7, 1974 EXTENSIONS OF. REMARKS 1832i Upon the disposition of the Jackson cordance with the previous order, that Jeremiah J. Donahue Demetria F. Aspiras amendment, any rollcall votes ordered on the Senate stand in adjournment until Kenneth F. Dalton Carl D. Maddy Dale W. Croteau Howard E. Hall the Kennedy-Cranston amendment the hour of 10 a.m. Monday next. Thomas J. Jozwiak Norman L. M. would occur. The motion was agreed to; and at 4: 30 Donald E. Sapp Peleholani At the hour of 1 o'clock p.m. on Tues p.m. the Senate adjourned until Mon Charles R. Blanar Lonnie L. Hyatt day, the so-called ceiling amendment day, June 10, 1974, at 10 a.m. William W. Arrington Richard E. Rainville will be called up by Mr. HUMPHREY, on Eugene Lister James A. Irwin which there is a time limitation of 1 Robert C. Jacobson John C. Leith III hour and 15 minutes. NOMINATIONS Robert L. Ferguson Larry H. Oliszewski Dennis G. Johnson Thurman G. Upon the disposition of the Humphrey Executive nominations received by the Junius S. Clemmons Fogelstrom amendment the Senate will proceed to Senate June 7, 1974: William J. Gural Denis J. Mayberry vote on the final passage of the military IN THE COAST GUARD Robert S. Tekesky Ronald E. Curtis procurement bill. That will also be a The. following officer of the U.S. Coast Donald A. Perillo Norvie S. Gillikin rollcall vote. Guard for promotion to the grade of lieute Kenneth R. Land Gary L. Perry Upon the disposition of that bill, in the nant (junior grade): Jack E. -
Communicator
DOCID: 3682074 SECRET Vol III, No. 40 10October1995 A Note From the Director (U} fPO~ Presidential Decision Directive (PDD) 35, signed earlier this year, represents the President's highest national intelligence priorities and is intended to chart the course of Intelligence Community (IC) actions in programming, collection, analysis, reporting, resource allocation, and other related areas. During his Town Meeting here in August, the DC!, Dr. Deutch. echoed these objectives as he discussed his perception of the post-Cold War priorities of the IC. tFOUOf It is critical that every member of the NSA workforce be familiar with the provisions of PDD-35, and understand its impact on the Agency's mission. Furthermore, every effort should be made to ensure that all overview briefings, background papers, mission statements, etc., are updated to reflect a focus consistent with the Directive. 1'POU01 The following article highlights key provisions of PDD-35. I urge you to review it carefully and contact N5P, 963-3247s, with any related questions. Very Respecifully, VADM J.M. McConnell ~As INTELLIGENCE national security takes on a broader definition in the post-Cold War era, intelligence must address a wider range of threats and policy needs. PRIORITIES - In addition to maintaining its global perspective, the Intelligence Community EXCERPTS must refine and focus its collection on information unavailable to the policymaker by other means or from other sources. The Community's tactical FROM PDD-35 and strategic analytic efforts should provide a coherent framework that (u) systematically incorporates intelligence to help senior U.S. officials identify and overcome potential challenges to the nation's military. -
"Racial and Religious Democracy"
Stanford Law Review Volume 72 June 2020 ARTICLE “Racial and Religious Democracy”: Identity and Equality in Midcentury Courts Elizabeth D. Katz* Abstract. In our current political moment, discrimination against minority racial and religious groups routinely makes headlines. Though some press coverage of these occurrences acknowledges parallels and links between racial and religious prejudices, these intersections remain undertheorized in legal and historical scholarship. Because scholars typically study race and religion separately, they have overlooked the legal significance of how race and religion coexist in both perpetrators and victims of discrimination. By contrast, this Article demonstrates that the intersection of racial and religious identities has meaningfully influenced legal and political efforts to achieve equality. Drawing from extensive archival research, this Article unearths forgotten yet formative connections between racial and religious antidiscrimination efforts, at the local through federal levels, from the 1930s through the 1950s. To examine these links, this account * Associate Professor of Law, Washington University in St. Louis. For helpful comments and conversations, I thank Gregory Ablavsky, Susan Appleton, Tomiko Brown-Nagin, Kevin Collins, Nancy F. Cott, Danielle D’Onfro, Daniel Epps, Edwin M. Epstein, Trudy Festinger, Estelle B. Freedman, Trevor Gardner, Smita Ghosh, Robert W. Gordon, David A. Hollinger, Darren Hutchinson, John Inazu, Howard H. Kaufman, Zachary D. Kaufman, Amalia D. Kessler, Pauline Kim, Michael Klarman, David Lieberman, Kenneth W. Mack, Wilson Parker, Kyle Rozema, Debra Bradley Ruder, Rachel Sachs, Mark Storslee, Brian Tamanaha, Steve Tulin, Michael Wald, and participants in the Washington University in St. Louis School of Law Faculty Workshop, the Stanford Law and History Workshop, the Berkeley Law and History Workshop, Stanford Law School’s Fellows Workshop, the Stanford University Department of History’s U.S. -
Historical Dictionary of International Intelligence Second Edition
The historical dictionaries present essential information on a broad range of subjects, including American and world history, art, business, cities, countries, cultures, customs, film, global conflicts, international relations, literature, music, philosophy, religion, sports, and theater. Written by experts, all contain highly informative introductory essays on the topic and detailed chronologies that, in some cases, cover vast historical time periods but still manage to heavily feature more recent events. Brief A–Z entries describe the main people, events, politics, social issues, institutions, and policies that make the topic unique, and entries are cross- referenced for ease of browsing. Extensive bibliographies are divided into several general subject areas, providing excellent access points for students, researchers, and anyone wanting to know more. Additionally, maps, pho- tographs, and appendixes of supplemental information aid high school and college students doing term papers or introductory research projects. In short, the historical dictionaries are the perfect starting point for anyone looking to research in these fields. HISTORICAL DICTIONARIES OF INTELLIGENCE AND COUNTERINTELLIGENCE Jon Woronoff, Series Editor Israeli Intelligence, by Ephraim Kahana, 2006. Russian and Soviet Intelligence, by Robert W. Pringle, 2006. Cold War Counterintelligence, by Nigel West, 2007. World War II Intelligence, by Nigel West, 2008. Sexspionage, by Nigel West, 2009. Air Intelligence, by Glenmore S. Trenear-Harvey, 2009. Middle Eastern Intelligence, by Ephraim Kahana and Muhammad Suwaed, 2009. German Intelligence, by Jefferson Adams, 2009. Ian Fleming’s World of Intelligence: Fact and Fiction, by Nigel West, 2009. Naval Intelligence, by Nigel West, 2010. Atomic Espionage, by Glenmore S. Trenear-Harvey, 2011. Chinese Intelligence, by I. C. -
Project VENONA: Breaking the Unbreakable Code
Georgia Southern University Digital Commons@Georgia Southern University Honors Program Theses 2020 Project VENONA: Breaking the Unbreakable Code Cassandra Hankin Georgia Southern University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/honors-theses Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Hankin, Cassandra, "Project VENONA: Breaking the Unbreakable Code" (2020). University Honors Program Theses. 471. https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/honors-theses/471 This thesis (open access) is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons@Georgia Southern. It has been accepted for inclusion in University Honors Program Theses by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@Georgia Southern. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Project VENONA: Breaking the Unbreakable Code An Honors Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Honors in History. By Cassandra Hankin Under the mentorship of Dr. Bill Allison ABSTRACT Project VENONA was a top-secret counterintelligence program initiated by the United States Army Signals Intelligence Service during World War II. VENONA was established to decipher intercepted Soviet communications and break the “unbreakable” Soviet code system. Examining Project VENONA and its discoveries is vital to understanding the history of the early Cold War. Thesis Mentor:________________________ Dr. Bill Allison Honors Director:_______________________ Dr. Steven Engel April 2020 Department of History University Honors Program Georgia Southern University 2 Acknowledgements There are many people I’d like to thank for helping me during the year and a half I worked on this project. For helping me through the research and writing process, I would like to thank Dr. Bill Allison, who never gave up on me or my project. -
An Inside History of the American Presidency by David Greenberg © 2016
Republic of Spin: An Inside History of the American Presidency by David Greenberg © 2016 BIBLIOGRAPHY This bibliography lists all the works cited and significant works consulted for Republic of Spin: An Inside History of the American Presidency (New York: W.W. Norton, 2016). Its sections are (I) Archives; (II) Books and Articles; and (III) Periodicals. Routine newspaper and magazine articles are not individually cited but included in the Periodicals section. Websites used can be found in the book’s endnotes. I. ARCHIVES Oral History Project, Columbia University, New York, NY Arthur W. Page Oral History Eric Sevareid Oral History George W. Ball Oral History James C. Hagerty Oral History James Wechsler Oral History L. Richard Guylay Oral History Milton Eisenhower Oral History Sigurd Larmon Oral History Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Abilene, KS President’s Personal Files White House Central Files William E. Robinson Papers Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library, Austin, TX National Security Files Office Files of Fred Panzer Office Files of George Christian Vietnam Reference File White House Central Files William C. Westmoreland Papers John F. Kennedy Presidential Library, Boston, MA 1 Frank Stanton Oral History John F. Kennedy, Pre-Presidential Papers Pierre E. G. Salinger Oral History Pierre E. G. Salinger Papers, White House Staff Files Robert F. Kennedy Papers, Political Files Library of Congress, Washington, DC Archibald MacLeish Papers Calvin Coolidge Papers Daniel J. Boorstin Papers Edward L. Bernays Papers Edward T. Clark Papers George B. Cortelyou Papers George Creel Papers George H. Gallup Papers Hannah Arendt Papers James A. Farley Papers Joseph Alsop and Stewart Alsop Papers Motion Picture, Broadcasting, And Recorded Sound Division Raymond Clapper Papers Robert Woolley Papers Theodore Roosevelt Papers New York Public Library, New York, NY Institute for Propaganda Analysis Papers Richard M.