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Swastikas and Silver Shirts: the Dawn of American Nazism

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Swastikas and Silver Shirts: the Dawn of American Nazism ABSTRACT SWASTIKAS AND SILVER SHIRTS: THE DAWN OF AMERICAN NAZISM by Austin Carter Hall From 1922-1936, there was a considerable effort by Americans, German-Americans, and Germans to spread Nazi ideology throughout the United States. Figures such as Henry Ford who owned the anti-Semitic newspaper the Dearborn Independent was one of the first people to exert a concerted, nation-wide effort to fund anti-Semitic literature aimed at the common folk of America. With the NSDAP forming in 1920, some Nazis looked to the United States as a place outside of Germany where Nazism could flourish. Numerous organizations emerged in an attempt to spread hateful ideological stances. Alongside the rise of the “Second Klan,” American Nazism began to rear its head culminating in 1933 with the formation of the two groups that are prevalent in this study: William Dudley Pelley’s Silver Shirt Legion of America and Heinz Spanknöbel’s Friends of New Germany. A failed Hitleresque Beer Hall Putsch attempt by the San Diego Silver Shirts, the smuggling in of Nazi propaganda by the Friends of New Germany, and the ensuing Congressional investigations into these two groups demonstrates the lengths that some organizations and their leaders went in order to provide anti-Semitic, anti-democratic, pro-Hitler, and pro-fascist literature, ideals, and ideas throughout the United States in the interwar era. SWASTIKAS AND SILVER SHIRTS: THE DAWN OF AMERICAN NAZISM Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Miami University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts by Austin Carter Hall Miami University Oxford, Ohio 2019 Advisor: Dr. Erik Jensen Reader: Dr. Mila Ganeva Reader: Dr. Steven Conn ©2019 Austin Carter Hall This thesis titled SWASTIKAS AND SILVER SHIRTS: THE DAWN OF AMERICAN NAZISM by Austin Carter Hall has been approved for publication by College of Arts and Sciences and Department of History ___________________________________________________ Dr. Erik Jensen ___________________________________________________ Dr. Mila Ganeva ___________________________________________________ Dr. Steven Conn Table of Contents I. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................1 II. DECADES OF HATRED: ANTI-SEMITIC CONNECTIONS OF GERMANY AND THE UNITED STATES............................................10 III. THE BEER HALL PUTSCH OF SAN DIEGO: THE SILVER SHIRTS STEP INTO THE NATIONAL SCENE..................................................31 IV. “STARS AND STRIPES WITH SWASTIKAS:” THE FRIENDS OF NEW GERMANY AND THE SPREAD OF NATIONAL SOCIALISM AND ITS TENNETS...............................................................................46 V. CONCLUSION........................................................................................64 VI. APPENDICIES........................................................................................67 VII. BIBLIOGRPHY.......................................................................................69 iii Dedication This project is dedicated to those who fought against Nazism from the beginning to bring the movement to its knees. Never forget. iv Acknowledgments There are many whom I must acknowledge and thank for their support throughout this process. Please bear with me. Miami University To my committee: Thank you for the endless amount of support from all you. I also must give a special thanks to Dr. Erik Jensen, for without your support and guidance, this project would not exist. I also wish to thank the all the members of the History Department for their tireless work in guiding the next generation through to a new and ever-changing world. To the Miami University Librarians: From the beginning of our endeavor as a historian and many librarians, I have paved a difficult path. One full of grateful submissions of requests for all likes of material, of difficulties regarding the amount of materials requested, and of the difficulties processing the myriad requests that I so sought. I am forever in your debt. Your exceeding helpfulness, kindness, and tolerance in the face of my unholy amount of library requests and, eventual, acquisitions, was and is not forgotten nor repaid. Thank you, all of you, for everything that you did and continue to do for the students, like me, at Miami University. Thiel College To my advisers: Dr. Mary Theresa Hall, Dr. James Koshan, and Dr. Peter Rydberg, I would be remiss if I did not thank you all for your guidance throughout my undergraduate endeavors. You taught me to compose, research, and perform, all of which aided me greatly in the enterprise that is this project. You all believed in me from the beginning, shaped the way that I think, and helped me become an ardent researcher, historian, and scholar. I can never thank you enough for all that you have done for me and for your continued support throughout my academic career. I would also be remiss if I did not thank my English and history teachers—Dr. Jared Johnson, Dr. Christopher Moinet, Dr. Melissa Borgia-Askey, Brenda DelMaramo, Dr. David Buck, and Dr. Curt Thompson. You all helped to shape my education in a way that allowed me to venture on in my academic career. To the Thiel College Librarians: Like the Miami University Librarians, you, Allan Morril and Tressa Snyder, know of the arduous requests that a researcher like I cause. From research papers to working with me to research materials for Berlin ist Gefallen to just talking and hearing me out about the trials and tribulations of the life of an undergrad, you both truly helped me to develop my skills at navigating a library, finding resources, and opening the door for me to the power of the library—the power to transmit knowledge to any individual. Riverside Kindergarten, Elementary, Middle, and High School Many writers, researchers, and scholars forget to include thanks to the humble beginnings in their education. Many forget to thank the teachers that shaped their formative years, guided their minds, and aided their efforts to become a professional. I have not reached the mountaintop yet, but I am on my way thanks to you. From my graduation party in the summer of 2013, I was told v something that I never fathomed—the early teachers get forgotten, and the high school teachers get forgotten within a year after high school ends. I have not forgotten anyone. Teachers, librarians, coaches, and administrators. You all shaped my life and led me to this point where I have the chance to complete a work of which I could only dream growing up. This may be long- winded, but it is completely worth it. I have not forgotten the influences, the aid, the guidance, or the faith that you so graciously gave me. They say that a soul never dies if it is placed in print. For the unwavering support you gave me, I am forever grateful, thankful, and humbled. Mrs. Smail Mrs. Stagno Mr. Knabb Mrs. Salvetti Mr. Cavett Mr. Hand Mrs. Naar Mr. Agostinelli Mr. “G” Hall Mrs. Huth Coach Greg Williams Mrs. Smith Mrs. Best Coach Joseph Fisher Mrs. Milton Mrs. Meyers Mrs. Young Mr. Bonner Ms. Cochenour Mrs. Frank Mr. Saul Mr. Nocera Mrs. Pilarski Mr. Rosenberger Ms. Kazer Mrs. Boots Mrs. “Mom” Pinchott Mrs. Dietrich Mrs. Householder Mr. Felder Mrs. Richards Mrs. Hoyman And the Teacher of My Lifetime – Mr. “J” Hall Family and Friends To my fiancée: I could never thank you enough for your support of my chosen career path. The life of an academic is not easy, but harder still is to be the supporter of a struggling academic. Therefore, I must extend my undying gratitude to my—now—fiancée Ashely Faith Mojica Torres for being the support structure throughout this process, the reminder that I could finish, at the least, a draft, and the one person who saw the struggles in the attempt to take on this project. I hope that you stick around for round three with my dissertation. Thank you for being the strong, intelligent woman I have come to know and love. To my family: From birth, I have had the good fortune of coming from a loving family, a big family, a supportive family. To my parents—James and Lori Hall—education has always mattered to all of us. You pushed me to be the best I could possibly be at whatever I decided to do. Be it academics, sports, theater, or jobs, you were always there to support me, to mentor me, and to guide me. I love you both and could not have asked for better role-models for me. My sister, Ashley S. Hall pushed me in my childhood and adulthood to try to be a better, more understanding person, a person that I hope, one day, will be the fulfillment of that push. My grandparents—Wayne Larry Hall I, Anna Mae Hall, James Rosenmund Palmer, Sr., and Darlene Marion Palmer—provided more than can be said in words. Their kindness, toughness, and loving hearts I will forever treasure and from which I will forever learn. vi Future Students, Scholars, and Academics “You just gotta relax.”1 Albeit a vague, if not, seemingly hopeless tidbit of advice, it is the educator’s job to pass on knowledge to the next wave of scholars attempting to make their way in this confusing, rigorous, and somewhat cantankerous world. However, educators, from the teachers, mentors, and, now, close friends from whom I have had the pleasure to learn, to observe, and to question, work through those challenges, obstacles, and disheartening situations. Your primary mission, of which some seem to have lost sight, is to educate your students. But you must remember that education is not merely the classroom, tests, and research papers. It is to help every student—every student—to strengthen their resolve, focus on their skills, and send them out into the world with confidence, not in that they will get a job immediately (although that would certainly be cause for celebration and absolutely ideal), but confidence in themselves and their abilities. This may seem like an impossible task, but we signed up for the job. Fulfil it to the best of your ability, but you must always remember: You just gotta relax.
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