The historical dictionaries present essential information on a broad range of subjects, including American and world history, art, business, cities, countries, cultures, customs, film, global conflicts, international relations, literature, music, philosophy, religion, sports, and theater. Written by experts, all contain highly informative introductory essays on the topic and detailed chronologies that, in some cases, cover vast historical time periods but still manage to heavily feature more recent events. Brief A–Z entries describe the main people, events, politics, social issues, institutions, and policies that make the topic unique, and entries are cross- referenced for ease of browsing. Extensive bibliographies are divided into several general subject areas, providing excellent access points for students, researchers, and anyone wanting to know more. Additionally, maps, pho- tographs, and appendixes of supplemental information aid high school and college students doing term papers or introductory research projects. In short, the historical dictionaries are the perfect starting point for anyone looking to research in these fields. HISTORICAL DICTIONARIES OF INTELLIGENCE AND COUNTERINTELLIGENCE Jon Woronoff, Series Editor Israeli Intelligence, by Ephraim Kahana, 2006. Russian and Soviet Intelligence, by Robert W. Pringle, 2006. Cold War Counterintelligence, by Nigel West, 2007. World War II Intelligence, by Nigel West, 2008. Sexspionage, by Nigel West, 2009. Air Intelligence, by Glenmore S. Trenear-Harvey, 2009. Middle Eastern Intelligence, by Ephraim Kahana and Muhammad Suwaed, 2009. German Intelligence, by Jefferson Adams, 2009. Ian Fleming’s World of Intelligence: Fact and Fiction, by Nigel West, 2009. Naval Intelligence, by Nigel West, 2010. Atomic Espionage, by Glenmore S. Trenear-Harvey, 2011. Chinese Intelligence, by I. C. Smith and Nigel West, 2012. Signals Intelligence, by Nigel West, 2012. British Intelligence, Second Edition, by Nigel West, 2014. World War I Intelligence, by Nigel West, 2014. United States Intelligence, Second Edition, by Michael A. Turner, 2014. Intelligence Failures, by Glenmore S. Trenear-Harvey, 2015. International Intelligence, Second Edition, by Nigel West, 2015. Historical Dictionary of International Intelligence Second Edition Nigel West ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD Lanham • Boulder • New York • London Published by Rowman & Littlefield A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.rowman.com Unit A, Whitacre Mews, 26-34 Stannary Street, London SE11 4AB, United Kingdom Copyright © 2015 by Nigel West All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote passages in a review. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data West, Nigel. Historical dictionary of international intelligence / Nigel West. — Second edition. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4422-4956-1 (cloth : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-4422-4957-8 (electronic) 1. Intelligence service—History—Dictionaries. 2. Espionage—History—Dictionaries. 3. Spies—Biography—Dictionaries. 4. Intelligence officers—Biography—Dictionaries. I. Title. UB250.W48 2015 327.1203—dc23 2014049846 ™ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992. Printed in the United States of America Contents Editor’s Foreword Jon Woronoff vii Preface ix Acronyms and Abbreviations xi Chronology xvii Introduction 1 THE DICTIONARY 7 Bibliography 377 Index 411 About the Author 461 v Editor’s Foreword Although war and civil unrest have been around for as long as recorded his- tory, it is only in the past century or so, and especially within the past few decades, that intelligence and counterintelligence have come into their own. Almost every country has an intelligence agency and operatives, and their ac- tivities have become increasingly varied and sophisticated. With the passing of the Cold War, it was hoped that worldwide intelligence operations would be scaled back. Alas, with the emergence of failed countries engulfed in con- tinuous turmoil, rogue countries acquiring ever more dangerous weapons, and terrorists committing increasingly bloody atrocities, the need has not disap- peared. While high-tech gadgetry is often employed today, old-fashioned hu- man intelligence is more often than not the key to success. But even success seems to be harder to achieve nowadays. Given the constantly shifting situation, it is good to have a second edition of the Historical Dictionary of International Intelligence to bring things up to date. In the chronology, it traces the accelerating spiral of intelligence and counterintelligence activities from their relatively modest beginnings to the consolidation of agencies with dozens, hundreds, and even thousands of employees. The list of acronyms and abbreviations then indicates the explod- ing constellation of organizations, most better known by a few letters than the often ponderous names. The introduction explains both how the field has evolved and what special constraints it faces as an indispensable but often unavowable form of government activity. The dictionary contains hundreds of entries on espionage techniques, categories of agents, crucial operations and those who ran them, the main intelligence outfits, and a broad circle of countries that have dabbled both effectively and ineffectively in this very tricky area. The most intriguing entries, however, are those on specific spies, defectors, moles, double and even triple agents, and the tradecraft they ply. The bibliography then points readers in the right direction for further, in- depth information. Note that all of these sections have been not only updated but also substantially expanded with dozens of new entries. This volume, like the previous edition, was written by Nigel West. No one has studied intelligence and counterintelligence more exhaustively and writ- ten on it more extensively. In fact, he has written over two dozen books, not vii viii • EDITOR’S FOREWORD counting his nine other historical dictionaries. He is known for the quality of his contacts in the field as well as his understanding of what makes the key players tick. While somewhat specialized in British, American, and Soviet intelligence, he has a broad knowledge of the field, including even some rather small and obscure agencies and countries. Recognized as the “experts’ expert” by a panel of spy writers assembled by the Observer and awarded the U.S. Association of Former Intelligence Officers’ first Lifetime Literature Achievement award, Nigel West would seem to be the ideal author for this cornerstone book of the series of Historical Dictionaries of Intelligence and Counterintelligence. Jon Woronoff Series Editor Preface This volume is an updated and greatly expanded edition of the original His- torical Dictionary of International Intelligence, which was originally pub- lished in 2005. Much has happened in the intervening decade, especially with the declassification and release of secret documents and the changing role of some intelligence agencies that occasionally have acted as a back channel to terrorist groups, thereby establishing a plausibly deniable line of communica- tion for negotiations to be conducted. This hidden diplomacy, conducted by George Tenet in Jerusalem, Michael Oatley in Belfast, and Alastair Crooke in Beirut, gives historians a new avenue to pursue when assessing the recent past. I am grateful for the editorial support I have received from Jon Woronoff. I also owe a debt of gratitude to those academics and others who have assisted my research, among them Peer Hansen, Morten Storm, and Rui Araujo. In order to facilitate the rapid and efficient location of information and to make this book as useful a reference tool as possible, extensive cross- references have been provided in the dictionary section. Within individual entries, terms that have their own entry are in boldface type the first time they appear. Related terms that do not appear in the text are indicated in the See also. See refers to other entries that deal with this topic. ix Acronyms and Abbreviations AFOSI Air Force Office of Special Investigations AFSA Armed Forces Security Agency AIC Aden Intelligence Centre AISE Agenzia Informazioni e Sicurezza Esterna (Italy) AISI Agenzia Informazioni e Sicurezza Interna (Italy) AIVD Algemene Inlichtingen en Veiligheidsdienst (Netherlands) ANIC Agencia Nacional de Inteligencia de Colombia (Colombia) ANSP Agency for National Security Planning (Republic of Korea) AQ Al-Qaida ASD Australian Signals Directorate ASIO Australian Security Intelligence Organization AVH Allami Vedélmi Hatosag (Hungary) BAKIN Badan Koordinasi Intelijen Negara (Indonesia) BCA Bo Cong An (Vietnam) BCRA Bureau Central de Renseignements et d’Action (France) BfV Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz (Federal Germany) BIN Badan Intelijen Negara (Indonesia) BIS Bezpecnostni Informachi Sluzba (Czech Republic) BND Bundesnachrichtendienst (Federal Republic of Germany) BOSS Bureau of State Security (South Africa) BSC British Security Coordination BUPO Bubespolizei (Switzerland) BVD Binnenlandse Veiligheidsdienst