Kommenden Des Deutschen Ordens INHALT
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Military Orders (Helen Nicholson) Alan V. Murray, Ed. the Crusades
Military Orders (Helen Nicholson) activities such as prayer and attending church services. Members were admitted in a formal religious ceremony. They wore a religious habit, but did not follow a fully enclosed lifestyle. Lay members Alan V. Murray, ed. The Crusades. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2006, pp. 825–829. predominated over priests in the early years, while the orders were still active in military affairs. The military order was a form of religious order first established in the first quarter of the twelfth The military orders were part of a religious trend of the late eleventh and early twelfth century toward century with the function of defending Christians, as well as observing the three monastic vows of wider participation in the religious life and more emphasis on action as against contemplation. The poverty, chastity, and obedience. The first military order was the Order of the Temple, formally Cistercian Order, founded at the end of the eleventh century, allowed laity from nonnoble families to established in the kingdom of Jerusalem in January 1120, while the Order of the Hospital (or Order of enter their order to perform manual tasks; orders of canons, founded in the late eleventh and early St. John of Jerusalem) began in the eleventh century as a hospice for pilgrims in Jerusalem and later twelfth centuries, could play an active role in society as priests working in the community, unlike on developed military responsibilities, perhaps as early as the mid-1120s. The Templars and traditional monks who lived enclosed lives in their monasteries. In the same way, the military orders Hospitallers became supranational religious orders, whose operations on the frontiers of Christendom did not follow a fully enclosed lifestyle, followed an active vocation, and were composed largely of laity: were supported by donations of land, money, and privileges from across Latin Christendom. -
Forschungen Und Quellen Zur Kirchen- Und Kulturgeschichte Ostdeutschlands
FORSCHUNGEN UND QUELLEN ZUR KIRCHEN- UND KULTURGESCHICHTE OSTDEUTSCHLANDS IM AUFTRAGE DES INSTITUTES FÜR OSTDEUTSCHE KIRCHEN- UND KULTURGESCHICHTE HERAUSGEGEBEN VON PAUL MAI Band 45 Unauthenticated Download Date | 1/21/16 12:49 PM Unauthenticated Download Date | 1/21/16 12:49 PM CURA ANIMARUM Seelsorge im Deutschordensland Preußen Herausgegeben von Stefan Samerski 2013 BÖHLAU VERLAG KÖLN WEIMAR WIEN Unauthenticated Download Date | 1/21/16 12:49 PM Gefördert vom Beauftragten der Bundesregierung für Kultur und Medien aufgrund eines Beschlusses des Deutschen Bundestages Die kirchliche Druckerlaubnis wird für die Veröffentlichung erteilt. Coloniae, die 8 martii 2013 Jr. Nr. 106 250 I90 Dr. Stefan Heße vic. Gen. Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek: Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. Umschlagabbildung: Domkapitelsburg Marienwerder/Kwidzyn [Foto: Christofer Herrmann] © 2013 by Böhlau Verlag GmbH & Cie, Köln Weimar Wien Ursulaplatz 1, D-50668 Köln, www.boehlau-verlag.com Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Dieses Werk ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung außerhalb der engen Grenzen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes ist unzulässig. Gesamtherstellung: WBD Wissenschaftlicher Bücherdienst, Köln Gedruckt auf chlor- und säurefreiem Papier ISBN 978–3–412–21027–4 Unauthenticated Download Date | 1/21/16 12:49 PM INHALT PAUL MAI Geleitwort ........................................................................................................... -
History of the Crusades. Episode 290. the Baltic Crusades. the Samogitian Crusade Part XXII
History of the Crusades. Episode 290. The Baltic Crusades. The Samogitian Crusade Part XXII. Grand Master Konrad von Wallenrode. Hello again. Last week we followed the Crusaders on campaign to Lithuania, where the Crusaders attacked the Lithuanian town of Vilnius with the ultimate aim of securing the town, defeating Jogaila and Skirgaila, and elevating their man Vytautas to the position of ruler of Lithuania. None of these events came to pass, but it did result in one crusader, Henry Bolingbroke, the future King of England, drinking a lot of beer with his men. We also saw last week the death of Grand Master Konrad Zollner von Rothenstein and his replacement by another Konrad: Konrad von Wallenrode. Now, William Urban points out in his book "The Samogitian Crusade" that, as the current Grand Commander of the Teutonic Order, Konrad von Wallenrode was the obvious standout candidate to be elected as the next Grand Master. The Wallenrode family had played prominent roles inside the Teutonic Order for some time, and Konrad von Wallenrode had enjoyed success as Grand Commander. Despite this though, there were apparently significant misgivings inside the Teutonic Order about the appointment of Konrad von Wallenrode are to the position of Grand Master. Why? Well, because Konrad von Wallenrode was a military man, through and through. In fact, to say that Konrad von Wallenrode had little or no interest in religion wasn't too much of an exaggeration, and William Urban reports that Konrad took so little notice of priests and God that he was once accused of heresy. The worst fears of the religious men of the Order seemed to have been realised when, after being elected as Grand Master, one of Konrad von Wallenrode first acts was to reform the command structure inside the Order to increase his authority. -
Kaplica Św. Anny Na Zamku Wysokim W Malborku : Zarys Dziejów Rekonstrukcji Na Przełomie XIX I XX W
Ryszard Rząd Kaplica św. Anny na Zamku Wysokim w Malborku : zarys dziejów rekonstrukcji na przełomie XIX i XX w. Ochrona Zabytków 47/2 (185), 185-196 1994 KOMUNIKATY, DYSKUSJE Ryszard Rząd KAPLICA SW. ANNY NA ZAMKU WYSOKIM W MALBORKU — ZARYS DZIEJÓW REKONSTRUKCJI NA PRZEŁOMIE XIX I XX W. Kaplica pw. św. Anny powstała w czasie wielkiej Zamkowym oraz Archiwum Państwowym w Elblągu rozbudowy Zamku Wysokiego w latach 1334-1344. z siedzibą w Malborku. Wśród nich znajduje się seria Od chwili wzniesienia traktowana była jako miejsce albumów fotograficznych, zwanych Mańenburg pochówków wielkich mistrzów Zakonu Niemieckie Baujahr z lat 1882-19204, kilka wydanych drukiem go. Od 1457 r. prawdopodobnie nie pełniła już fun sprawozdań rocznych, nieliczne inwentaryzacje (rzu kcji kultowych. W związku z tym popadała stopnio ty i przekroje) oraz kilka projektów do poszczegól wo w zapomnienie. Odbiło się to także na jej stanie, nych detali wyposażenia5. Niezbyt bogaty jest zestaw który pogarszał się z biegiem lat. Jej dzieje w tym literatury na ten temat. Stosunkowo dużo informacji okresie mogłyby być tematem osobnego opracowa znaleźć można jedynie w pracy B. Schmida Die Wie nia. Jednak w niniejszym szkicu pragnę jedynie zre derherstellung der Mańenburg wydanej w Królewcu lacjonować przebieg prac konserwatorskich z przeło w 1941 r. Pomocniczą rolę spełnia polska powojenna mu XIX i XX w. i opisać ówczesny wygląd obiektu dokumentacja opracowana na początku lat sześćdzie i jego bogaty wystrój, poważnie zniszczony w czasie siątych przez gdański oddział Pracowni Konserwacji II wojny światowej1. Zabytków6. W 1882 r. kierownikiem Zarządu Odbudowy Zam Poniższe rozdziały zawierają dane historyczne na ku w Malborku (Schlossbauverwaltung Mańenburg) temat najważniejszych elementów wystroju wnętrza został architekt Konrad Steinbrecht (1849-1923). -
Uniwersytet Warszawski Wydział Neofilologii Instytut Germanistyki
Uniwersytet Warszawski Wydział Neofilologii Instytut Germanistyki Adriana Pogoda-Kołodziejak Zakon Krzyżacki w literaturze polskiej i niemieckiej XIX i pierwszej połowy XX wieku Rozprawa doktorska napisana pod kierunkiem prof. dra hab. Lecha Kolago Warszawa 2011 Spis treści SPIS TREŚCI .................................................................................................................... 2 I. WSTĘP I METODOLOGIA BADAŃ....................................................................... 4 1. WPROWADZENIE ........................................................................................................ 4 2. POWIEŚĆ HISTORYCZNA, DRAMAT HISTORYCZNY, NOWELA HISTORYCZNA ................ 7 2.1. Próba zdefiniowania pojęcia ‘powieść historyczna’ ......................................... 7 2.1.1 Zarys genezy i rozwoju powieści historycznej ............................................... 12 2.1.2. Zarys rozwoju powieści historycznej w Polsce w XIX i w pierwszej połowie XX wieku. ................................................................................................................ 15 2.1.3. Zarys rozwoju powieści historycznej w Niemczech w XIX i w pierwszej połowie XX wieku .................................................................................................... 22 2.2. Próba zdefiniowania pojęcia ‘dramat historyczny’ ......................................... 30 2.2.1. Zarys genezy i rozwoju dramatu historycznego ............................................ 34 2.2.2. Zarys rozwoju dramatu historycznego w -
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DER KONFLIKT ZWISCHEN DEN HERZÖGEN VON POMMERN- STETTIN… STUDIA MARITIMA, VOL. XXXII (2019) | ISSN 0137-3587 | DOI: 10.18276/SM.2019.32-06 Rafał Simiński Uniwersytet Szczeciński [email protected] ORCID: 0000-0002-3533-0566 DER KONFLIKT ZWISCHEN DEN HERZÖGEN VON POMMERN-STETTIN UND DEM DEUTSCHEN ORDEN IN PREUßEN UM DIE BESETZUNG DES ERZBISTUMS RIGA IN DEN JAHREN 1394–1403 IM LICHTE NEUESTER STUDIEN Schlüsselwörter: Herzöge von Pommern-Stettin, Erzbistum Riga, Deutschorden in Preußen, Livland, Deutsches Reich, Swantibor I., Otto II., Johannes von Sinten, Johannes von Wallenrode, Konrad Zöllner von Rotenstein, Konrad von Jungingen, Wenzel IV. Das Problem der Rivalität zwischen den Erzbischöfen von Riga und dem livländi- schen Zweig des Deutschen Ordens im Mittelalter ist in der Fachliteratur bereits sehr gut geforscht. Mit den Ursachen, dem Verlauf und den Folgen der Auseinanderset- zung zwischen dem livländischen Meister Wennemar von Brüggenei (1389–1401) und Erzbischof Johannes von Sinten (1374–1393), darunter mit den Bemühungen der Herzöge von Pommern-Stettin, die vakante Stelle des Rigaer Metropoliten durch sol- che Kandidaten wie Otto II., Sohn von Swantibor I. zu besetzen, haben sich Johannes Voigt,1 Friedrich Wilhelm Barthold,2 Antoni Prochaska,3 Paul Girgensohn,4 Hans 1 Johannes Voigt, Geschichte Preußens von den ältesten Zeiten bis zum Untergange der Herrschaft des Deutschen Ordens, Bd. VI: Die Zeit des Hochmeisters Konrad von Jungingen, von 1393 bis 1407. Verfassung des Ordens und des Landes (Königsberg: Bornträger, 1834), 41–52. 2 Friedrich Wilhelm Barthold, Geschichte von Rügen und Pommern, Bd. 3: Vom Tode Barnims I. (1278) bis zum Auftreten der Hohenzollern in der Mark Brandenburg (1411) (Hamburg: Perthes, 1842), 553–556. -
St. Christopher at Lochstedt
TEUTONIC HIEROTOPY: ST. CHRISTOPHER AT LOCHSTEDT Florin Curta1, Gregory Leighton2 Il y a bien des choses dans cette légende, et ces choses sont d’un genre à part. Il semble qu’elle porte non pas tant sur les vertus de saint Christophe, et qu’elle nous déclare mysté- rieusement, symboliquement, prophétiquement peut-être, une exception extraordinaire. Saint Christophe déclare qu’il n’est pas apte à ce qu’on lui demande d’abord. Il a le senti- ment d’une nature exceptionnelle, entraînant une volonté exceptionnelle et une vocation exceptionnelle. Sa vocation sera la bonté et il le sent bien, la bonté d’avoir égard à la nature. Il passera les hommes d’une rive à l’autre, et parmi les passagers se trouvera Jésus-Christ. Qui peut donc compter les sens de ce mot: passer les hommes d’une rive à l’autre?3 Abstract: This collaborative article provides the first in-depth analysis of the fresco of St Christopher in the castle of the Teutonic Order at Lochstedt. It first contextualizes the placement of the Christopher fresco in relation to the other images in the castle, followed by a new dating of the image to c. 1420–1430, not the late fourteenth century. Based on these findings, a specific patron of the fresco emerges, Heinrich von Plauen, Grand Master of the Teutonic Order. The fresco is then analyzed within the context of Alexei Lidov’s theory of hierotopy (the creation of sacred spaces). Using the links between the iconography of the image, its popularity in late medieval Germany and the events surrounding the Heinrich von Plauen’s tenure as Grand Master, the article suggests the reasons for which Heinrich chose the image to decorate his private quarters in the castle. -
Rdsg 2010.Indd
ROCZNIKI DZIEJÓW SPOŁECZNYCH I GOSPODARCZYCH Tom LXX – 2010 MARCIN GRULKOWSKI CŁO FUNTOWE A DZIAŁALNOŚĆ KANCELARII GŁÓWNEGO MIASTA GDAŃSKA W XIV–XV W. Cło funtowe pobierane było w portach hanzeatyckich od kupców, transportujących swoje towary drogą morską lub śródlądowymi szla- kami wodnymi. Uchwalane na zjazdach hanzeatyckich w XIV–XV w., stanowiło ono najważniejsze źródło środków fi nansowych, które po- zwalało Hanzie stać się nie tylko konkurentem handlowym dla in- nych ośrodków miejskich, ale przede wszystkim stwarzało możliwo- ści rywalizacji politycznej z organizmami państwowymi (zwłaszcza ze Szwecją, Danią i Anglią) o dominację w basenie Morza Bałtyckiego i Północnego1. W miastach, które przyjęły na siebie obowiązek poboru cła funtowego, zaobserwować można było dwa równolegle przebiegają- ce procesy, stanowiące przejawy biurokratyzacji władzy miejskiej2. Po pierwsze – wspólnotowy charakter cła funtowego sprawił, że miasta hanzeatyckie musiały wykształcić na poziomie Związku Hanzeatyc- kiego podobne procedury uiszczania i rozliczania uzyskanych tą dro- gą środków fi nansowych. Procedura ta miała wieloetapowy charakter, a każdej formie działania administracyjnego odpowiadało określo- ne działanie kancelaryjne. Po drugie zatem – ogólnohanzeatycki po- czątkowo charakter cła funtowego spowodował również wykształcenie się w tym obszarze działalności kancelarii miejskich podobnych form 1 S. Jenks, England, die Hanse und Preußen. Handel und Diplomatie 1377–1474, Köln–Wien 1992 (Quellen und Darstellungen zur hansischen Geschichte, Neue Folge, 38); T. Riis, Die preußischen Städte und Dänemark im 14. Jahrhundert, w: Die preußischen Hansestädte und ihre Stellung im Nord- und Ostseeraum des Mittelalters, red. Z.H. Nowak, J. Tandecki, Toruń 1998, s. 133–152. 2 Na ten temat zob. K. Skupień s k i, Biurokracja w średniowiecznej kancelarii?, w: Drogą historii. -
A Copper Alloy Light Cannon from Grodno – an Example of Early Firearms from Eastern Europe
A Copper Alloy Light Cannon From Grodno – An Example of Early Firearms From Eastern Europe Grzegorz Żabiński ( [email protected] ) Uniwersytet Humanistyczno-Przyrodniczy im Jana Dlugosza w Czestochowie https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3091-1035 Piotr Strzyż University of Lodz Faculty of Philosophy and History: Uniwersytet Lodzki Wydzial Filozoczno Historyczny Tomasz Goryczka Uniwersytet Slaski w Katowicach Wydzialu Informatyki i Nauki o Materialach Krzysztof Aniołek Uniwersytet Śląski w Katowicach Wydziału Informatyki i Nauki o Materiałach: Uniwersytet Slaski w Katowicach Wydzialu Informatyki i Nauki o Materialach Ewelina Miśta-Jakubowska National Centre for Nuclear Research Świerk Research Article Keywords: archaeometallurgy, copper alloys, Middle Ages, rearms, Grodno, Eastern Europe Posted Date: March 8th, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-267813/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Version of Record: A version of this preprint was published on June 5th, 2021. See the published version at https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494- 021-00534-z. Page 1/32 Abstract The paper discusses a recent nd of a copper alloy light cannon discovered at the Old Castle in Grodno, Belarus. First, the archaeological and historical contexts of the discovery are dealt with. Then, the morphology and typochronology of the cannon are discussed and relevant analogies are proposed. Next, the technology of manufacture of the cannon is dealt with on the basis of metallographic examinations and EDS analyses of the metal’s elemental composition. It was found out that the artefact had been made of leaded copper. The cannon can be dated to the late 14th c., as implied both by the nd context, the morphology and the chemical composition of the artefact. -
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History of the Crusades. Episode 291. The Baltic Crusades. The Samogitian Crusade Part XXIII. Vytautas Victorius. Hello again. Last week we saw the Teutonic Order install Vytautas in a fortress at Kaunas, with instructions to conquer strongholds along the Nemunas River in Samogitia for the Teutonic Order. Vytautas managed to complete this task successfully, and in January of 1391 some Crusaders arrived to assist Vytautas to make a push into Lithuania. This campaign was wildly successful, so successful in fact, that it forced Jogaila to totally rethink his current strategy. He has now reluctantly concluded that he can't force Vytautas out of Lithuania and Samogitia using only military means, so Jogaila has now come up with a bold plan. His plan was to get a message to Vytautas, telling him that Jogaila would give all the lands which were once ruled by Kestutis and Algirdas to Vytautas. In short, this meant placing not only Lithuania but Samogitia and the Russian Principalities under the future leadership of Vytautas. Now this, you would have to say, was a pretty tempting offer. If it came to pass, it would mean that Vytautas would be the ruler over a vast amount of territory, not as a vassal of the Teutonic Order, but in his own right. It would also mean that Skirgaila, Vytautas' number one rival inside Lithuania, would be left with no territory whatsoever. There were two problems, however, which Vytautas spotted immediately. Firstly, the Teutonic Order had already guessed that something like this may happen, so it had forced Vytautas to hand over a number of hostages when it had allied the Order to him, and those hostages, which included Vytautas' brother in law, were now being held in castles across Prussia. -
Piotr Gotówko
Zapiski Historyczne t. 86, 2021, z. 1, s. 5 – 27 ISSN 0044-1791 http://dx.doi.org/10.15762/ZH.2021.01 PIOTR GOTÓWKO* https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3221-9344 Von Preußen ins Reich Der Burgdorfer Krieg und die Heimatreise der einfachen Ordensbrüder Rudolf und Konrad von Kyburg aus dem Jahre 1383 Abstract From Prussia to the Reich: The Burgdorf War and the Journey Home by Two Ordinary Teutonic Knights – Rudolf and Konrad von Kyburg in 1383 Not many primary sources document the lives of ordinary Teutonic Knights who were not among the highest officials of the Order. Therefore, the preserved mentions from the town of Burgdorf, modern-day Switzerland, prove to be of great importance. These refer to two Teutonic Knights, Konrad and Rudolf von Kyburg, who returned to their homeland during the summer of 1383. It is all the more interesting due to the fact that the older of the two – Konrad – was referred to in a document of 1375 as an ordinary Teutonic Knight staying in Balga. His younger brother is also likely to have served in the Teutonic Order in Prussia. The reason for their journey home was the Burgdorf War, which was started in November of 1382 by their nephew Rudolf II von Kyburg, who made an unsuccessful attempt at capturing the town of Solothurn. It resulted in a conflict with Bern, which was the most powerful city in that region. The return of Konrad and Rudolf to their homeland would not have been possible without the approval of their superiors, including the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order. -
Project Aneurin
The Aneurin Great War Project: Timeline Part 3 - Royal Wars (With Gunpowder), 1273 to 1602 Copyright Notice: This material was written and published in Wales by Derek J. Smith (Chartered Engineer). It forms part of a multifile e-learning resource, and subject only to acknowledging Derek J. Smith's rights under international copyright law to be identified as author may be freely downloaded and printed off in single complete copies solely for the purposes of private study and/or review. Commercial exploitation rights are reserved. The remote hyperlinks have been selected for the academic appropriacy of their contents; they were free of offensive and litigious content when selected, and will be periodically checked to have remained so. Copyright © 2013-2021, Derek J. Smith. First published 09:00 BST 9th October 2013. This version 09:00 BST 7th July 2021 [BUT UNDER CONSTANT EXTENSION AND CORRECTION, SO CHECK AGAIN SOON] This timeline supports the Aneurin series of interdisciplinary scientific reflections on why the Great War failed so singularly in its bid to be The War to End all Wars. It presents actual or best-guess historical event and introduces theoretical issues of cognitive science as they become relevant. UPWARD Author's Home Page Project Aneurin, Scope and Aims Master References List BACKWARD IN TIME Part 1 - (Ape)men at War, Prehistory to 730 Part 2 - Royal Wars (Without Gunpowder), 731 to 1272 FORWARD IN TIME Part 4 - The Religious Civil Wars, 1603-1661 Part 5 - Imperial Wars, 1662-1763 Part 6 - The Georgian Wars, 1764-1815 Part 7 - Economic Wars, 1816-1869 Part 8 - The War Machines, 1870-1894 Part 9 - Insults at the Weigh-In, 1895-1914 Part 10 - The War Itself, 1914 Part 10 - The War Itself, 1915 Part 10 - The War Itself, 1916 Part 10 - The War Itself, 1917 Part 10 - The War Itself, 1918 Part 11 - Deception as a Profession, 1919 to date ********** THE HABSBURGS ARE BORN ********** 1273 [24th October] Having intrigued wisely for 30 years, Rudolph I, Count of Habsburg [<=1255] is now elected and crowned "King of the Romans".