The St. Gallen – Haggenberg armorial Introduction and edition by Steen Clemmensen from Sankt Gallen Stiftbibliothek (Schweiz) Cod.sang. 1084 The St. Gallen-Haggenberg armorial CONTENTS 1. Introduction and summary 3 2. Manuscript, authorship and handicraft 3 3. Church and dioceses 8 4. Imaginary arms (Ternionen and Quaternionen) 9 5. Imperial princes 11 6. German nobles and tournament societies 13 7. Later inserts 16 Appendices A Segmentation 17 B Members of the Bodensee group of armorials 19 C Examples of drawing styles in SGH 21 D Scripting hands in SGH 24 The St. Gallen-Haggenberg 25 Bibliography 225 Index Armorum 233 Index Nominorum 251 © 2012 Steen Clemmensen, www.armorial.dk, Farum, Denmark, 2 1. Introduction and summary During the years 1925-1928 the armorists Erich Fhr. von Berchem, David L. Galbreath and Otto Hupp reviewed and dated 80 German armorials, which they revised in 1939 for volume D of the 'Neue Siebmacher'. Of these about a dozen have their origin in workshops in the Bodensee area of Southern Germany. They are not copies of each other, but can be described as a group for two reasons: first, they have a number of 'marker items' in common, and secondly, several appear to have used common wooden blocks for prestamping the outlines of the arms (as noted in Waldstein ING 4-7). They also have a large number of common arms, which comes as no surprise as they are primarily concerned with the nobility of Southern Germany. The members of this group were presumably painted over a comparatively long period, from about 1430 to 1500, though this is open for revision. The core of the St.Gallen-Haggenberg (SGH) has a number of features in common with the group mentioned above. It must be classified as a composite armorial with arms of German nobles, bishops and fictitious persons in separate segments. In its present form the armorial is highly disorganized (App. A) and has a considerable number of later entries with arms and names of Swiss nobles and burghers. The particulars of the Swiss items were reviewed in Bodmer SGH, and are reproduced without individual reference to Bodmer. The core of the armorial was probably made or finished by unknown artisans in 1470, a date that recurs several times and is supported by internal evidence. It is linked to the Ingeram (ING) and Berliner (BLW) armorials through the common use of woodblocks, a 60 % overlap in toto (rather than the 30 % with some other armorials) and a 15 % overlap in paired items, compared to nil for these in others. In common with the BLW it has an unusual listing of grand masters of the Teutonic Order. It appears that in 1488 a specialist in mural decoration, Hans Haggenberg, added a text (not included), a rebus and some pages of arms – mostly displays supplementing the hagiography of the ruling imperial house of the Habsburgs. Haggenberg might have had the use of the book for some time, entering drafts of other work in it. Additions were added at least until 1522. 2. The manuscript, authorship and handicraft The 1611 numbered items in SGH, mostly coats-of-arms with crested helmets, discussed here are from a manuscript currently known as St. Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek, Cod. Sang. 1084, and painted on paper, 300 x 220 mm, 338 pp., with index of names and pagination from the 18th century. No information on watermarks or quire structure was available at the time of writing. Some pages were probably lost, others miscut and some transposed during successive rebindings. Bodmer SGH 51 mentions that 30 French and English names are present in the index, but without corresponding arms. The legends to the items are in various hands, and the arms were painted by several artisans. From the exlibris on the inside of the cover it appears to have belonged to Ulrich Rösch (1426- 1491), abbot of St.Gallen from 1463. The present pagination has the odd numbers as verso and the even numbers on the recto side. Page numbers are here noted as 15n with item numbers in square brackets []. The manuscript is available in colour facsimile from e-codices, the Virtual Manuscript Library of Switzerland on http://www.e-codices.unifr.ch, the basis of this edition. 3 The manuscript was described by Albert Bodmer in 1941 with reference to Berchem, Galbreath & Hupp (BGH / Sieb D 50) as part of the Ingeram-group (noted as ING, BLW, SGH, WNW, EIC and GMW) – all having their core items painted 1460-1480 – which ought to be called the Bodensee- group (see App.B), which also includes the KCR, GRU, DWF, STU, UFF, MIL, RUG and probably ANS as well. As is the case for several other members of this group, the manuscript must be a product from an illustrator's workshop, where the artisan(s) have prestamped the outlines of the shields, helmets and mantling with woodblocks. The present manuscript must not be confused with the similarly named Wappenbuch (or Wappentafel) des Abts Ulrich in St.Gallen (SGU), which has 121 arms and crests painted in 3 rows on canvas (220 x 40 cm) showing the arms of popes, emperor, the four ancestors of St.Benedict, dynasten, nobles from around the Bodensee and ministeriales of the abbey of St.Gallen (Popoff BH #2238; Archives Héraldiques Suisse, 1935, 49:31). As presently ordered, the items may be divided into 24 segments with a number of later inserts (see App. A). Among the items is a number of rare features: ancestral trees for the maisons Habsburg and Luxembourg and their possessions [1-51; 1n-4n], a 'tower of David' [94-110; 15n], a curious display of arms of the then incumbent Pope Paul II (Barbo, r.1464-1471) and what appears to be displays of princely possessions, e.g. of the MGf.Baden and the Hz.Württemberg [1040-1052, 1053-1072; 208n-209n]. There are two segments with the imaginary arms of the Ternionen and Quaternionen, and one of southern German dioceses. The remaining core items are southern German nobles, presumably representing members of various tournament societies (Bodmer SGH 55). Among the core items and later additions are 93 arms of Swiss families (according to Bodmer). The manuscript has four instances of the date 1470 (one corrected 1466/1470), and also 1488 (by Haggenberg, p.6), 1499 and 1522. The former date is supported by the occupation of office of Pope Paul [147; 23n], Johan von Werdenberg Bp.Augsburg 1469-1486 [79-80; 12n] and Herman von Landenberg Bp.Konstanz 1466-1474 [62-63; 10n]. 2.1 Authorship The named author Hans Haggenberg (fl.1471, d.1511) is known as a citizen of the Swiss town of Winterthur. He might have been trained as a painter of murals in the Konstanzer workshop of Balthasar Sünders, and was employed as such in many northern Swiss towns (Bodmer SGH 50). There is little evidence of his prowess as a book illustrator or armorial painter. His own arms are added as [1601; 335n4]. He is probably the artisan responsible for the laudatory poem and rebus dated 1488 and mentioning his name (pp. 6-7) and for some of the later additions, e.g. the alliance arms of the Winterthurer town clerk Gebhard Hegner (fl.1490-1510) and his wife Sibille Zscheggenbürlin [1604-1605; 336n3-4], but not for the core items. He was probably employed before 1483 for painting frescoes in the renovated St.Gallener Minster, including a frieze of arms (Bodmer SGH 50). There is a short biography by Dorothee Eggenberger-Billerbeck on www.sikart.ch . The name of the painter(s) and scribes responsible for the majority of the items is unknown, and neither have proposals for a named workshop been offered. 4 2.2 Drawing style, prestamps and layouts Apart from the ancestral trees in segment 1, the drawing of figures in the core appears to be in an uniform style and made by a single (unknown) artisan. But most, if not all, of the figures were painted on outlines prestamped with woodblocks of various forms, some of which had been used in the Codex Cotta or Ingeram armorial (ING) probably finished in 1459, in the Berliner armorial (BLW) probably c.1460, or in the Stuttgarter armorial (STU) probably finished before 1450. Some might even have been cut for the Donaueschinger armorial (DWF) usually dated to 1433, but also claimed as late as 1470. For this preliminary survey seven different types of woodblocks have been identified (SGH-A to SGH-G, see App. C). Three types have not been found in other armorials: the double-shield SGH-D used for the bishops in segment 2 [52-92; 9n-13n]; the large single targe type SGH-G used for the counts in segment 19 [1074-1101; 212n-239n], and SGH-F, without crests, probably applied as a row of 3 vertical shields for the ternionen in segment 3 [94-146; 15n-21n]. The 4 x 3 (no crests) layout for the quaternionen in segment 5 [152-264; 25n-35n] appears to be hand-drawn. The 3 x 2 (crests, pageant helmets) layout type K was used for 745 items in segment 9 [526-693; 88n-115n], segment 11 [785-929; 145n-171n] and segments 20-24 [1107-1570; 244n-323n], i.e. less the transposed pages 296-299 and the later inserts using or imitating this layout. The type K page may be reduced to two stampings with a woodblock of the dexter facing type SGH-A, probably identical to the ING-B stamp, and very similar, but hardly identical to STU-B and DWF- A.