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Norske Selvbilder Og Norsk Utenrikspolitikk
Norske selvbilder og norsk utenrikspolitikk Halvard Leira [red.] Axel Borchgrevink Nina Græger Arne Melchior Eli Stamnes Indra Øverland Norwegian Institute Norsk of International Utenrikspolitisk Affairs Institutt Norske selvbilder og norsk utenrikspolitikk 1 Norske selvbilder og norsk utenrikspolitikk Halvard Leira [red.] Axel Borchgrevink Nina Græger Arne Melchior Eli Stamnes Indra Øverland Norsk Norwegian Institute Utenrikspolitisk of International Institutt Affairs NUPI | APRIL 07 2 Forord Utgiver: NUPI Copyright: © Norsk Utenrikspolitisk Institutt 2007 ISBN: 978-82-7002-157-4 Redaktør: Halvard Leira Tel.: 22 99 40 00 Fax: 22 36 21 82 E-post: [email protected] Internett: www.nupi.no Adresse: Postboks 8159 Dep. 0033 Oslo Besøksadresse: C.J. Hambros plass 2 Design: Ole Dahl-Gulliksen Omslagsbilde: Scanpix NUPI | APRIL 07 Norske selvbilder og norsk utenrikspolitikk 3 Innhold 5 Forord 7 Innledning 7 Utenrikspolitikk og selvbilder 9 Norske selvbilder 10 God samaritan og hjelp til selvhjelp – dominante selvbilder 11 Norge er en fredsnasjon 16 Norge er en bistandskjempe 20 Norge er FNs beste venn 22 Utenforskap eller multilateralitet? Selvbilder i motsetning 23 Handelspolitikken og WTO: Et tilfelle av tung schizofreni? 28 Norge er en ansvarlig ishavs-forvalter 32 Norge er sine venners venn, men seg selv nok 37 Konklusjon 39 Bibliografi NUPI | APRIL 07 4 Forord NUPI | APRIL 07 Norske selvbilder og norsk utenrikspolitikk 5 Forord Når vi med foreliggende publikasjon kan Denne publikasjonen ble planlagt før presentere et bredt bilde av norsk utenriks- sittende regjering kom til makten, og den politikk, kommer det som resultat både av er derfor ikke et svar på utenriksminister ytre inspirasjon, en lang intern prosess og Jonas Gahr Støres invitasjon til debatt,1 men en aktiv historisk hukommelse. -
“Norway Is a Peace Nation”
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives “Norway is a Peace Nation” Discursive Preconditions for the Norwegian Peace Engagement Policy Øystein Haga Skånland M.A.Thesis, Peace and Conflict Studies Faculty of Social Science UNIVERSITY OF OSLO 20th June, 2008 ii Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisor Halvard Leira for his insightful feedback, suggestions, and encouraging comments. Without him keeping me on track and gently prodding me in the right direction, carrying out the analysis would undoubtedly have been an overwhelming task. I am also grateful to Iver B. Neumann, who has read through and given valuable comments on a draft in the finishing stages of the process. I would also like to thank Prof. Jeffrey T. Checkel for an excellent introduction to social constructivism in International Relations, Prof. Werner Christie Mathisen for his course on textual analysis, and Sunniva Engh for introducing me to Norwegian development aid history. You have all inspired me in the choice of perspective and object of study. Writing this thesis would not be possible without support and encouragement to overcome the many small and big challenges I have encountered. I am indebted to my fellow students, particularly Jonathan Amario and Ruben Røsler; my friends; and my parents. Last, but not least, Synnøve deserves my most heartfelt thanks for her patience and loving support. All the viewpoints presented, and all errors and inconsistencies, are solely my own responsibility. Øystein Haga Skånland Oslo, June 2008 iii Table of Content Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................. -
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xxxui CHRONOLOGY í-i: Sudan. Elections to a Constituent Assembly (voting postponed for 37 southern seats). 4 Zambia. Basil Kabwe became Finance Minister and Luke Mwan- anshiku, Foreign Minister. 5-1: Liberia. Robert Tubman became Finance Minister, replacing G. Irving Jones. 7 Lebanon. Israeli planes bombed refugee camps near Sidon, said to contain PLO factions. 13 Israel. Moshe Nissim became Finance Minister, replacing Itzhak Moda'i. 14 European Communities. Limited diplomatic sanctions were imposed on Libya, in retaliation for terrorist attacks. Sanctions were intensified on 22nd. 15 Libya. US aircraft bombed Tripoli from UK and aircraft carrier bases; the raids were said to be directed against terrorist head- quarters in the city. 17 United Kingdom. Explosives were found planted in the luggage of a passenger on an Israeli aircraft; a Jordanian was arrested on 18 th. 23 South Africa. New regulations in force: no further arrests under the pass laws, release for those now in prison for violating the laws, proposed common identity document for all groups of the population. 25 Swaziland. Prince Makhosetive Dlamini was inaugurated as King Mswati III. 26 USSR. No 4 reactor, Chernobyl nuclear power station, exploded and caught fire. Serious levels of radio-activity spread through neighbouring states; the casualty figure was not known. 4 Afghánistán. Mohammad Najibollah, head of security services, replaced Babrak Karmal as General Secretary, People's Demo- cratic Party. 7 Bangladesh. General election; the Jatiya party won 153 out of 300 elected seats. 8 Costa Rica. Oscar Arias Sánchez was sworn in as President. Norway. A minority Labour government took office, under Gro 9 Harlem Brundtland. -
Who Needs Norwegians?" Explaining the Oslo Back Channel: Norway’S Political Past in the Middle East
Evaluation Report 9/2000 Hilde Henriksen Waage "Norwegians? Who needs Norwegians?" Explaining the Oslo Back Channel: Norway’s Political Past in the Middle East A report prepared by PRIO International Peace Research Institute, Oslo Institutt for fredsforskning Responsibility for the contents and presentation of findings and recommendations rests with the author. The views and opinions expressed in the report do not necessarily correspond with the views of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Preface In September 1998, I was commissioned by the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs to carry out a preliminary study looking into Norway’s role in the Middle East. According to the agreement with the Ministry, the study should focus on the years prior to 1993 and examine whether Norway’s political past in the Middle East – and, not least, the mediating and confidence-building efforts of Norwegians prior to the opening of the secret Oslo Back Channel – had had any influence on the process that followed. The study should also try to answer the question ‘Why Norway?’ – that is, what had made Norway, of all countries, suitable for such an extraordinary task? The work on the study started on 15 September 1998. The date of submission was stipulated as 15 April 2000. This was achieved. The following report is based on recently declassified and partly still classified documents (to which I was granted access) at the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the verbatim records of the Parliamentary Foreign Affairs Committee, records of government proceedings and the Norwegian Parliament, Labour Party Archives, documents from the US State Department and the Socialist International – to mention the most important. -
November 16,1979 Wing Gains in Local Elections
November 16,1979 KEESING'S CONTEMPORARY ARCHIVES 29939 A. NORWAY Cabinet Reshuffle following punishment - Right_ had been abolished under ordinary criminal law in wing Gains in Local Elections - Complete Abofido; of 1905, the dealh penalry could still be Capital invoked in iime of war Punishment - Extension of Barents Sea Fishing u-nder.tne,mrhtary penal code (as it was after the Second Wtrld Agreement with Soviet Union War in the case of certain collaborators *iif, if,. German occupying forces). Following a serious setback for the Labour party in local ..Grey electionselecnons:ctions heldnetd on sept.Sept. l6-1716-17 andand corresponding gains for the Extension of Barents Sea Zone" Fishins Asreement wilh rigtrt, an extensive reshuffle of the minority Libour Cabinet Soviet Union - Crash of Soviet \4'arplane dn forwegian Territory Ied bybv Mr Odvar Nordli was announcedennnrrnned ^-on Oct.A^r 5.< TheTl,- ^h-----changes constituted the first major reorganization of the Cabinet siice . T!.e Noryggian-Soviet provisional agreement on fishing in the disputed Mr Nordli assumed the premiership in January 1976 [see "grey zone" of the Barents Sea-which had blen signed in January 1978 ?75-!p A!, although_following the September 1977 elections fsee [see 2890j A) and which had been 28670 Al certain adjustments had been made in Januarv and extended for a l2-month period from July l, 1978-was December 1978 [see 28833 B; 29445 B]. extended-for a further year under an exchange of letters be- tween officials in Oslo on July 19'19. Sincelhe signature In the local elections the Labour Party's share the vote fell l, of of to the provisional fishing agreement, negotiations 36.5 per cent compared with 38.1 per cent in the corresponding elec- had continued tions in 1975 and 42.4 per cent in the 1977 general election,-while on the substantive issue of the delimitation of the Barents Sea that of the Conservatives increased to 29.2 per cent from 22.6 per {see also 276m A), but by mid-October 1979 no agreement cent in 1975 and 24.7 per cent in 1977. -
6 Norsk Utenrikspolitikk Og Den Latinamerikanske «Venstrebølgen»: Mellom Ideologi Og Realpolitikk Benedicte Bull
6 Norsk utenrikspolitikk og den latinamerikanske «venstrebølgen»: mellom ideologi og realpolitikk Benedicte Bull En vårkveld i 2011 stod ikke mindre enn fem ministre samtidig på podiet på Litteraturhuset. De overgikk hverandre i superlativer for å beskrive betydnin- gen av samarbeidet med et latinamerikansk land. Anledningen var lanseringen av regjeringens nye Brasil-strategi. Daværende utenriksminister Jonas Gahr Støre skrev at: «Hvorfor skal Norge satse på Brasil? Kortversjonen er at økt tilstedeværelse i dette nye maktsenteret er i vår egen interesse og i vår felles interesse. Brasil-strategien er ikke bare regjeringens strategi, den er blitt til i tett samspill med alle interesserte i Norge – fra næringsliv til kultur, fra akade- mia til frivillige organisasjoner og urfolks organisasjoner. Dermed er dette Norges strategi for norske aktører og interesser med nedslagsfelt i Brasil. Vår ambisjon er å bli en foretrukket og naturlig samarbeidspartner for Brasil» (Støre 2011: 57). Brasil-strategien kom fem år etter Utenriksdepartementets første Latin- Amerika-strategi. I løpet av de fem årene hadde statsministeren og ulike ministre vært i hektisk reisevirksomhet til regionen, mens fire presidenter og en rekke ministre på den latinamerikanske venstresiden hadde kommet den 161 kapittel 6 andre veien.1 Mens Latin-Amerika historisk verken hadde hatt særskilt stor politisk eller økonomisk betydning for Norge, hadde regionen plutselig krab- bet oppover på den norske utenrikspolitiske agendaen. Opposisjonen hevdet at Latin-Amerika-satsingen var et resultat av en ideo- logisk basert nyorientering mot en region som hadde tatt et klart skritt til ven- stre. Allerede i en utviklingspolitisk debatt i 2006 sa Høyre-leder Erna Solberg at: ”Norge er ikke tjent med ideologisk basert støtte til autoritære regimer i Latin-Amerika. -
Bremer, L. Paul “Jerry”
The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project AMBASSADOR L. PAUL “JERRY” BREMER, III Interviewed By: Charles Stuart Kennedy Initial interview date: June 16, 2008 Copyright ADST 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS Background Born in Hartford, CT Raised in New Canaan, CT Yale University – undergraduate, 1963 Harvard University – MBA, 1966 Paris Institute of Political Studies, Paris, France Entered Foreign Service 1966 Kabul, Afghanistan 1966-1968 General Services Officer Blantyre, Malawi 1968-1971 Deputy Chief of Mission Washington, DC 1971-1976 Operations Center (several weeks) National Military Command Center (NMCC) (4-5 months) Assistant to Secretary of State Bill Rogers (1.5 years) Assistant to Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, October 1973-February 1976 Oslo, Sweden 1976-1979 Deputy Chief of Mission Washington, DC 1979-1981 Deputy Executive Secretary of the Department of State Washington, DC 1981-1983 Executive Secretary and Special Assistant to Secretary of State Alexander Haig The Netherlands 1983-1986 Ambassador 1 Washington, DC 1986 Ambassador-at-Large for Counterterrorism and Coordinator of Counterterrorism Retired from the Foreign Service 1989 Washington, DC, 1989 (3 months) Director, Foreign Service Personnel System Task Force Private Industry: Kissinger Associates 1989-2003 Washington, DC 1999 Appointed Chairman of the National Commission on Terrorism by Congressional House Speaker Dennis Hastert Washington, DC 2003 Presidential Envoy to Iraq Bagdad, Iraq 2003-2004 Director of the Office for Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance (became Coalition Provisional Authority) Coalition Provisional Authority, Chief Executive Officer INTERVIEW Q: What is your full, official name? BREMER: L. Paul Bremer, III. Q: How did Jerry come out of Bremer? BREMER: I was named after my grandfather who was alive when I was born. -
Bomb Target Norway
Bomb target Norway About Norwegian political history in a tragic background, the background to the Norwegian fascism. Militarism and na- tionalism are the prerequisites for fas- cism. By Holger Terpi Norway is a rich complex country with a small wealthy militarist and nationalist upper class, a relatively large middle class and a working class. The little known Norwegian militarism has always been problematic. It would censorship, war with Sweden, occupy half of Greenland1, was opponent of a Nordic defense cooperation, garden Norway into NATO2 and EEC, would have plutonium and nuclear weapons3, as well as, monitor and controlling political opponents, in- cluding the radical wing of the labor movement, pacifists and conscientious objectors. And they got it pretty much as they wanted it. One example is the emergency law or emergency laws, a common term for five laws adopted by the Storting in 1950, which introduced stricter measures for acts that are defined as treacherous in war, and also different measures in peacetime, such as censorship of letters, phone monitoring etc.4 1 Legal Status of Eastern Greenland (Den. v. Nor.), 1933 P.C.I.J. (ser. A/B) No. 53 (Apr. 5) Publications of the Per- manent Court of International Justice Series A./B. No. 53; Collection of Judgments, Orders and Advisory Opinions A.W. Sijthoff’s Publishing Company, Leyden, 1933. 2 Lundestad , Geir: America, Scandinavia, and the Cold War 1945-1949. Oslo, University Press, 1980. - 434 pp. Paradoxically, according to Lundestad, the U.S. preferred socialist governments in Scandinavia rather than conservative, the reason was that they were perceived as "the strongest bulwark" against communism 3 Forland, Astrid: Norway’s nuclear odyssey: from optimistic proponent to nonproliferator. -
FORMAL COMPLAINT VS the KINGDOM of NORWAY 1 by Wilh
United Nations petition — incomplete report Date: April ……. , 2009 Plaintiff: Surname: Winther First names: Wilhelm Werner Gender: Male Birthplace/-date: NO-Ålesund — May 17, 1963 Nationality: Norwegian Present address: Åsen 4, NO-6270 Brattvåg, Norway Contact information: Norwegian authorities should send their communications/representatives etc to my counsellor in NO-Ålesund, Mr Johs. A ASPEHAUG (P.O Box 837, 6001 Ålesund [PRV: Kipervikg. 5 — ―Grimmergården‖ — Ålesund]). Due to persistent, dangerous and totally illegal harassment and interference from Norwegian authorities, representatives from foreign governments, human rights organizations and tribunals etc should apply couriers satisfyingly identifying themselves as authentic messengers — no letters should be forwarded through, e.g, the official postal services of Norway (i.e ―Posten Norge BA‖) or DHL, and no confidential information should be transferred by telecommunication or direct consultation with aforesaid counsellor (Mr Aspehaug is trustworthy enough, but his office etc ‘ve been unlawfully surveilled by Norwegian author- ities for years). Norwegian authorities are much likely to v.g; obstruct phone calls, steal telefac- similes/letters, erase e-mails and to bug/surveil/eavesdrop clothes, luggage, PCs, calculators, cellular phones, hotel rooms, restaurants, shops, public health facili- ties, libraries, closed sessions, cars/taxicabs, parks and — pet animals etc. 1 FORMAL COMPLAINT VS THE KINGDOM OF NORWAY 1 by Wilh. Werner WINTHER, Norway United Nations petition — incomplete -
Bosnia-Hercegovina 41 Sri Lanka 43 Sudan 44
02 INSTITUTT FOR FORSVARSSTUDIER (IFS) Skippergata. 17c, 0152 Oslo. Norge Institutt for forsvarsstudier (IFS) er en del av Forsvares høgskole (FHS). Som faglig uavhengig høgskole utøver FHS sin virksomhet i overensstemmelse med anerkjente vitenskapelige, pedagogiske og etiske prinsipper (jf. Lov om universi- teter og høyskoler § 1-5). Direktør: Professor Rolf Tamnes Oslo Files on Defence and Security tar sikte på å være et uformelt og fleksi- belt forum for studier innenfor instituttets arbeidsområder. Alle synspunkter, vurderinger og konklusjoner som fremkommer i denne publikasjonen, står for forfatteren(e)s egen regning. Hel eller delvis gjengivelse av innholdet kan bare skje med forfatterens samtykke. Redaktør: Anna Therese Klingstedt NORWEGIAN INSTITUTE FOR DEFENCE STUDIES (IFS) Skippergata 17c, N-0152 Oslo. Norway The Norwegian Institute for Defence Studies (IFS) is a part of the Norwegian Defence University College (FHS). As an independent university college, FHS conducts its professional activities in accordance with recognised scientific, pe- dagogical and ethical principles (pursuant to the Act pertaining to Universities and University Colleges, section 1-5). Director: Professor Rolf Tamnes Oslo Files on Defence and Security aims to provide an informal and flexible forum for studies within the fields of activity of the Norwegian Institute for Defence Studies. All views, assessments and conclusions which appear in this publication are the author’s own. The author’s permission is required for any reproduction, wholly or in part, of the contents. Editor: Anna Therese Klingstedt 04 LENE KRISTOFFERSEN Interesser i norsk engasjementspolitikk OSLO FILES ON SECURITY AND DEFENCE – 04/2009 LENE KRISTOFFERSEN (f. 1979) er forsker og doktorgradsstipendiat ved Institutt for forsvarsstudier (IFS). -
Intervju Fra 14.12.2005
Forum for Samtidshistories Intervjuprosjekt Utskrift av intervju med EIVIND BOLLE 14. desember 2005 Intervjuere: Hallvard Tjelmeland Pål Christensen Edgar Hovland Helle Rønne deltok på intervjuet som organisator Transkribert av Mia Harlyng og Helle Rønne Redigert av Jan Gausemel Forum for Samtidshistorie Institutt for arkeologi, konservering og historiske studier Universitetet i Oslo Mai, 2006 Merknad fra FoSams intervjuprosjekt v. Helge Danielsen: Ved oppstarten av intervjuet griper Bolle ordet og gjør oppmerksom på at han, som han selv sier, merker at han er mellom 80 og 90 år, både når det gjelder hørsel og hukommelse. Han forteller også at han har vært i tvil om han skulle holde avtalen om å stille til intervju, og kommer inn på hvorfor han tross alt har ønsket å gjøre det. Utskriften begynner i forlengelsen av at han har slått fast dette. Start intervju: Eivind Bolle: Dere får jo forsøke å se om dere får mest mulig ut av det. Jeg skjønner jo opplegget. Jeg har tenkt over at det her er jo veldig positivt, for jeg var jo så heldig at jeg var i den situasjonen at jeg var en av dem som satt lengst i en regjering i sammenheng. Åtte år. Og det er klart at det – Men du vet at for ti år siden, da husket jeg alt. For det han Storholt, nei, han Skoglund sier i boka, da husket jeg alt, det er borte nå. Masse av det er borte nå, dessverre. Og det er synd. Men jeg er på den annen side igjen tilfreds med at jeg selv har registrert det nå slik at jeg ikke begir meg ut på noe. -
Hydrocarbons and Jurisdictional Disputes in the High North
FNI Report 11/2008 Hydrocarbons and Jurisdictional Disputes in the High North Explaining the Rationale of Norway’s High North Policy Håvard Figenschou Raaen Hydrocarbons and Jurisdictional Disputes in the High North Explaining the Rationale of Norway’s High North Policy Håvard Figenschou Raaen [email protected] October 2008 Copyright © Fridtjof Nansen Institute 2008 Title Hydrocarbons and Jurisdictional Disputes in the High North: Explaining the Rationale of Norway's High North Policy Publication Type and Number Pages FNI Report 11/2008 80 Author ISBN Håvard Figenschou Raaen 978-82-7613-538-1-print version 978-82-7613-539-8-online version Project ISSN 1504-9744 Abstract This report is a case study of Norwegian foreign policy in the High North since the year 2000. There has been an increasing interest towards the region’s hydrocarbon resources in recent years, and the current Norwegian government has initiated a High North Policy and made the region its most important strategic priority. Norway claims sovereignty to thirty percent of European land and sea areas, but some of its claims over maritime areas are disputed. This report seeks to explain the rationale of Norway’s High North Policy concerning three cases where Norway’s claims are challenged, and examine how it conflicts and converges with the interests of other states in the region. The three cases are: the disputed area in the Barents Sea, the Svalbard shelf and the areas concerned in the Norwegian continental shelf submission to the UN. The report is based on written sources as well as nine in-depth interviews with officials of the Norwegian ministries of foreign affairs and defence, as well as Oslo-based diplomats of the European Commission, France, Germany, Great Britain, the Russian Federation and the USA Key Words Norway's High North Policy, Russo-Norwegian energy relationship, Barents Region, arctic oil and gas, Svalbard Orders to: Fridtjof Nansen Institute Postboks 326 N-1326 Lysaker, Norway.