Ecocleantm HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio Scotrail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines

EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines

Authors: O.J. Rumford-Warr (Fuelcare Ltd), W. Pang, M. Wheeler (Innospec Inc.), D. Keaveney, M. Goldie, M. Sarvar (Abellio ScotRail) Draft: PU002 Customer: Abellio ScotRail, Transport for Scotland Date: July 2019

EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines

Participants

Abellio are the parent company of ScotRail and provide

transportation services across Scotland.

ScotRail are a T.O.C. (Train Operating Company) that provides

both diesel and electric services across Scotland.

Fuelcare a UK company specialising in the distribution & dosing of fuel additives to the rail sector, including EcoCleanTM HSDI.

Innospec Inc., is a global specialty chemical company, responsible for the development & manufacture of EcoCleanTM HSDI.

EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines. This document, any 2 electronic file and the intellectual property rights relating to this project are the property of Abellio Group, Fuelcare Ltd & Innospec Inc. and shall not be used, reproduced or disclosed in whole or in part without their written consent. EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines

Contents

1.0 Background 2.0 Executive Summary 3.0 Test Methodology 4.0 Results 5.0 Summary of Findings 6.0 References 7.0 Appendix

EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines. This document, any 3 electronic file and the intellectual property rights relating to this project are the property of Abellio Group, Fuelcare Ltd & Innospec Inc. and shall not be used, reproduced or disclosed in whole or in part without their written consent. EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines

1.0 Background

§ Abellio Transport Group are committed to Greenhouse Gas reduction through reducing the energy consumption of its rail operation. § ScotRail has a franchise obligation, working in partnership with Transport for Scotland, to reduce Carbon emissions. § EcoClean™ HSDI fuel additive has long been known to ScotRail, and has been successfully evaluated by TransPennine Express & Govia Thameslink, the results of which were a deciding factor in choosing this product. § Innospec Inc. develop and manufacture EcoClean™ HSDI, a fuel additive for diesel, designed to return engine performance to a ‘like-new’ status. § EcoClean™ HSDI works by cleaning engine injectors & fuel systems. Whilst EcoClean™ technology is used heavily in the forecourt sector (commonly found in premium retail fuels) it is now available for fleet users. § Cleaner engines have various benefits to diesel fleet operators, most notably fuel economy improvements. § Fuelcare Ltd distribute EcoClean™ HSDI to the U.K. rail sector as part of a long-term commitment to Innospec Inc. § Abellio Group & ScotRail decided to evaluate EcoClean™ HSDI for potential use on their Class 43, 15x & 170 diesel units. § The Class 43, 15x & 170 diesel units feature MTU 4000, MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 engines respectively. § Only the MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 engines were selected for evaluation based on fleet diesel usage by engine, engine size and ease of evaluation. § The test was designed primarily to illustrate the fuel-saving benefits of EcoClean™ HSDI (and ancillary benefits of Torque & Power performance). § Cummins NT855 & MTU 183TD diesel rail engines nearing end of life were tested at Millbrook Leyland between January and June 2019 with EcoClean™ HSDI. § Millbrook Leyland is an independent, accredited engine testing facility. Data produced by Millbrook Leyland is available to supplement this document and its’ findings. § A test cell was made available with a dynamometer to illustrate any performance benefits from using EcoClean™ HSDI. § Test cycles were performed before the use of EcoClean™ HSDI, after 100 hours conditioning with EcoClean™ and finally after 200 hours conditioning with EcoClean™. § Whilst both trials achieved their aims, the Cummins NT855 began to exhibit low fuel pressure fluctuations between 100 and 200 hours as a result of fuel pump malfunction unconnected to EcoClean™ HSDI. Data was disregarded after 100 hours.

EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines. This document, any 4 electronic file and the intellectual property rights relating to this project are the property of Abellio Group, Fuelcare Ltd & Innospec Inc. and shall not be used, reproduced or disclosed in whole or in part without their written consent. EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines

2.0 Executive Summary

During the two engine tests, a wide range of data was collected. Torque, Power and Fuel Economy were deemed the most prudent measurements for building a use-case for EcoClean™ HSDI.

Data available shows clear, unambiguous performance improvement as a result of the introduction of EcoClean™ HSDI into both engines. The MTU 183TD performance was analysed up to 200 hours and the Cummins NT855 to 100 hours, where unrelated fuel pump failure prematurely ended the test.

As EcoClean™ HSDI is designed primarily to clean up fuel injectors, prior to the trial, fresh injectors were tested for measuring the potential of EcoClean™ HSDI. Key data points from this test indicate continued improvement even after the conclusion of the trial. Once dirty injectors were reinserted, no plateau in performance were reached at the end of each trial, so further benefits are likely.

Benefits were highest at maximum & minimum load, where the engines spend most time in service. Throttle and engine speed were adjusted to match a modified ISO8178 ‘F’ duty cycle. ISO 8178 Cycle F is an independently recognised test procedure used to determine engine performance that matches real world, in-service locomotive behaviour. Using the ISO 8178 Cycle F weighting at the conclusion of the trial, the following benefits were identified:

Corrected Torque Corrected Power Corrected BSFC/Fuel Economy

MTU 183TD +21.70% +21.40% -3.41%

Cummins NT855 +14.02% +12.42% -2.66%

Weighted Average* +16.76% +17.60% -3.06%

* Weighted based on ScotRail engine split by fuel consumption - 46% Cummins NT855, 53% MTU 183TD.

Finally, when considering the real-world benefits of EcoClean™ HSDI, it is important to consider that fuel economy results are a direct result of a mixture of driving profile, engine power output, engine efficiency & transmission efficiency.

Considering a fleet fuel usage of 67.3m litres of Gas Oil per year, the considered benefit to the ScotRail fleet from the use of this product would therefore be a 3.06% reduction in energy usage and 1 thus CO2e reduction, which currently would equate to 5,680 tonnes of CO2e per year. This consists

of 5,610 tonnes of Carbon Dioxide (CO2), 6.03 tonnes of Methane (CH4) & 64.07 tonnes of Nitrous

Oxide (N2O). Finally, based on current Gas Oil prices, an annual gross cost saving in fuels would be £1.25m.

EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines. This document, any 5 electronic file and the intellectual property rights relating to this project are the property of Abellio Group, Fuelcare Ltd & Innospec Inc. and shall not be used, reproduced or disclosed in whole or in part without their written consent. EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines

3.0 Test Methodology

• Prior to commencing the test programme, a batch of BS2869:A2 Gas Oil from Millbrook stock was set aside in IBC containers, intended for use through the whole programme. The batch was analysed, found to be free of Biodiesel and within normal specification. • Following delivery from Wabtec/LH Group, each engine was installed into Millbrook Leyland Test Bed 13. • Each engine was instrumented to monitor and record parameters for safe operation whilst in the test cell.

Fig. 1 – MTU 183 TD Test Cell Installation. View of charge cooler, exhaust and coolant out connections.

• Initial shakedown runs were carried out and approved by Innospec. • EcoClean™ HSDI was then blended into the stock Gas Oil at 1000ppm by volume. • The EcoClean™ HSDI test programme was conducted as shown in the table below.

EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines. This document, any 6 electronic file and the intellectual property rights relating to this project are the property of Abellio Group, Fuelcare Ltd & Innospec Inc. and shall not be used, reproduced or disclosed in whole or in part without their written consent. EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines

Gas Oil + EcoClean™ Test Description Number of Tests HSDI

1. Baseline Performance 3, 2, 2, 2 curves Power curves 100%, 75%, 50%, 25% Gas Oil 6 cycles Emissions ISO 8178 Cycle F (Clean Injectors)

2. Baseline Performance 3, 2, 2, 2 curves Power curves 100%, 75%, 50%, 25% Gas Oil 6 cycles Emissions ISO 8178 Cycle F (Dirty Injectors)

3. Fuel Trial Conditioning Gas Oil + EcoClean™ 0 -100 hours ISO 8178 Cycle F (Dirty Injectors) HSDI

4. Power Curves 100%, 75%, 50%, 25% Gas Oil + EcoClean™ 3, 2, 2, 2 curves Emissions ISO 8178 Cycle F (Dirty Injectors) HSDI 6 cycles

5. Fuel Trial Conditioning Gas Oil + EcoClean™ 100 - 200 hours ISO 8178 Cycle F (Dirty Injectors) HSDI

6. Power Curves 100%, 75%, 50%, 25% Gas Oil + EcoClean™ 3, 2, 2, 2 curves Emissions ISO 8178 Cycle F (Dirty Injectors) HSDI 6 cycles

Table 1 – EcoClean™ HSDI Test Program

• The conditioning phases of the fuel trial were conducted by cyclic repeats of three operating modes for speed, load and duration, based on ISO 8178 Cycle F. • Engine servicing during typically involved daily stops for oil level and hardware checks. • Oil consumption measurements were performed pre-trial and again during the initial stages of the trial to monitor engine health. No significant increases were noted during the trial. • During the conditioning tests (Table 1) data was recorded at the end of the mode for every cycle. The conditioning data was recorded during short stage run times (2-3 minutes) and whilst this provides a general idea on engine performance trends, is not used for final results. • Final results are gathered by longer run stages (10 minutes) of the ISO8178 Duty Cycle F. • Fuel measurements were gathered from a Coriolis-Effect flow meter manufactured by Endress & Hauser. These were calibrated prior to the trial with an accuracy of +/- 0.1% and do not drift. Coriolis meters are amongst the most accurate means of identifying fuel flow and are highly repeatable.

EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines. This document, any 7 electronic file and the intellectual property rights relating to this project are the property of Abellio Group, Fuelcare Ltd & Innospec Inc. and shall not be used, reproduced or disclosed in whole or in part without their written consent. EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines

3.1 ISO8178 Cycle F Analysis

ISO 8178 is an international standard for exhaust emissions measurement from non-road engine applications. The ISO 8178 standard includes a collection of engine dynamometer test cycles designed for different classes of engines and equipment. For the purposes of this analysis, test cycle ‘F’ was specified prior to the trial, which is used for locomotive engine emission certification.

Discussion of train usage patterns with Abellio ScotRail as well as updated analyses of locomotive duty cycles helped shape the ISO 8178 Cycle F. These modifications consider increased idling times on depot (overnight cleaning/maintenance), shunting patterns, new HST’s (with no shore supply and inability to turn off overnight) and updated duty cycle models2.

Engine Speed (RPM) Load (Nm) %

Idle/N1 800 Residual 75

Intermediate 1425 50% 10

Full (N4 + N5) 1900 Max 15

Table 2 – Modified 24 Hour ISO 8178 Duty Cycle ‘F’

EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines. This document, any 8 electronic file and the intellectual property rights relating to this project are the property of Abellio Group, Fuelcare Ltd & Innospec Inc. and shall not be used, reproduced or disclosed in whole or in part without their written consent. EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines

4.0 Results

The data produced at the test facility at Millbrook was wide ranging. However, some measurements were critical to the success or failure of the trial. Corrected Torque, Corrected Power & Corrected BSFC are the most important to any business case development and these are focussed on in this report.

Furthermore, the key engine states used to calculate success or failure were a) max, b) 50% & c) residual load. These are based on ISO 8178 Duty Cycle F, closest to mirroring real-world scenarios for ScotRail and therefore offering the most insight into how EcoClean™ would perform in fleet usage.

From a business case perspective, ScotRail were most interested in fuel savings, emissions & prevention of engine degradation from the introduction of biodiesel into UK rail fleets. Fuel represents one of the highest costs for diesel engine operators. Any reduction in fuel volume can represent a major saving to running costs and reduction in regulated emissions. As such, ‘Corrected BSFC’ (Brake Specific Fuel Consumption) is the most important measurement, and any results should be supported by causal data from Corrected Torque, Corrected Power as well as analysis of fuel injector performance and engine cylinder borescope imagery before & after the trial.

Whilst emissions data was collected for this trial, its impact should be limited. Trials are typically designed either for fuel saving alone or, in the event of a successful trial, emissions saving as a consequence of lower fuel usage. In the second example, engines are installed in order to limit fuel usage based on improved fuel economy, then monitor emissions reduction. In this trial, fuel saving

was chosen as key and any emissions savings are driven as a result of reduced carbon usage (CO2e).

The CO2e results are made up of CO2 (Carbon Dioxide), CH4 (Methane), and N2O (Nitrous Oxide) improvements.

The two engines produced over 1.1 million data points during the trial with 7,011 test cycles on the MTU 183TD and 7,136 test cycles on the Cummins NT855. As with any large data set basic analysis of data quality is required. Following advice from statistician Dr. Michael Zeidan, the following basic rules were used to improve data quality based on statistical guidelines as well as the engineering hypotheses that a) engines dirty up over time and b) fuel detergents clean up engines over time:

1. Removal of outliers e.g. Cummins NT855 data from 100 hours due to a faulty fuel pump. This method uses the Grubbs’ outlier test5 with a Z value > 1. 2. If a clear trend exists in the data, use the latest valid data point e.g. MTU 183TD improves in BSFC consistently from baseline to 200 hours. 3. If no trend exists, use a standard mean e.g. MTU 183TD Baseline BSFC.

EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines. This document, any 9 electronic file and the intellectual property rights relating to this project are the property of Abellio Group, Fuelcare Ltd & Innospec Inc. and shall not be used, reproduced or disclosed in whole or in part without their written consent. EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines

As above, it should be noted that due to engine stability issues for the Cummins NT855, only data from 0 to 100 hours running has been used (see 7.1 for more information). Subsequent data (to 200 hours) was not considered accurate and discarded. The fuel pump was at end of life and produced fluctuating in fuel pressure. All parties in the trial including Millbrook concluded the fuel pump was irreparable and not caused by EcoClean™.

All measurements irrespective of engine, load or test measurement highlight some consistent patterns:

• Rapid improvements 0 to 100 hours (Both engines). • Sustained improvements between 100 and 200 hours (MTU 183TD). • Continued improvement trends at the 100-hour mark with further benefits likely (NT855). • Continued improvement trends at the 200-hour mark with further benefits likely (MTU 183TD).

Fig. 2 – MTU 183TD Fuel Economy (BSFC) at Idle Speed vs. % Improvement

Final Results were performed as a baseline (prior to conditioning with EcoClean™), 100 hours and finally at 200 hours. Millbrook Report Data shows improved performance as a result of the introduction of EcoClean™ HSDI for both engines. Different benefits were seen at different engine speeds on the ISO8178 Duty Cycle F.

EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines. This document, any 10 electronic file and the intellectual property rights relating to this project are the property of Abellio Group, Fuelcare Ltd & Innospec Inc. and shall not be used, reproduced or disclosed in whole or in part without their written consent. EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines

Whilst this data is a good indicator of performance, ‘causal’ data should always verify or corroborate any results. This can be verified with the following evidence from both engines:

• Initial clean injector test results. • Historical evidence from prior trials with heavy duty diesel engines. • Cleaner engine internals (Borescope/Injectors) • Increased Carbon emissions (short term) likely as a result of Carbon clean up within the engine. • Increased Carbon in returned fuel (before vs. after fuel tests).

EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines. This document, any 11 electronic file and the intellectual property rights relating to this project are the property of Abellio Group, Fuelcare Ltd & Innospec Inc. and shall not be used, reproduced or disclosed in whole or in part without their written consent. EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines

4.11 Corrected BSFC (Fuel Economy) Analysis – MTU 183TD

Corrected BSFC (Brake Specific Fuel Consumption) is a measurement of fuel economy in Grams per Kilowatt Hour (g/kWh). This is a ratio of fuel weight (grams) versus power output over time (Kilowatt Hour). It is ‘Corrected’ to remove the effects of temperature, humidity and absolute barometric pressure and thus enable a fair test.

Linear Trendline highlighting improvements and potential for further benefits Baseline, without EcoCleanTM HSDI

Final Result with EcoCleanTM HSDI showing total improvement during test

1st Result with EcoCleanTM HSDI showing immediate improvement in Fuel Economy

Fig. 3 – Corrected BSFC, Baseline vs. 200 hours with EcoCleanTM HSDI (Combined Engine Speeds)

As can be seen in the graph, fuel economy improvements are noticeable immediately following dosed- fuel being introduced into the engine and continue through 100 hours to 200 hours. Fuel economy improvements do not match those of Torque and Power as precisely as each other.

When determining fuel economy performance, calculations must be performed in relation to not just ISO 8178 Cycle F weightings, but also to the measured fuel flow. During the trial, fuel flows are calculated during the baseline tests and used to calculate the real-world efficiency savings on the engine.

The below table highlights the BSFC performance improvements using ISO 8178 Duty Cycle F and the baseline fuel flow for each engine speed:

EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines. This document, any 12 electronic file and the intellectual property rights relating to this project are the property of Abellio Group, Fuelcare Ltd & Innospec Inc. and shall not be used, reproduced or disclosed in whole or in part without their written consent. EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines

Baseline (g/kWh) 200 Hours (g/kWh) % Improvement

Idle 593.63 471.24 +20.62

1425 rpm 207.62 205.52 +1.01

1900 rpm 224.99 222.57 +1.07

Table 3 – Performance at 200 hours (Corrected BSFC)

Baseline ISO 8178 Weighted ISO 8178 Weighted Fuel Flow Baseline Fuel Flow % Improvement 200 Hours Fuel (kg/hr) (kg/hr) Flow (kg/hr)

Idle 2.38 1.78 +20.62 1.41

1425 rpm 28.87 2.88 +1.01 2.85

1900 rpm 67.74 10.15 +1.07 10.04

Total ISO 8178 Total ISO 8178 Weighted Baseline 14.83 Weighted 200 Hours 14.32 Fuel Usage (kg/hr) Fuel Usage (kg/hr)

Final Engine Performance Improvement -3.41%

Table 4 – Performance at 200 hours (Corrected BSFC)

The tests show highest improvements at either end of the power curves where the engine spends most time but most particularly at idle. This translates into a good improvement in fuel economy performance in real-world Abellio ScotRail conditions.

Following improved BSFC, trains can then accelerate faster and increase the time spent in lower power modes (i.e. lower ‘notches’ for longer). Considering increased fuel flow to the engine as well as increased Torque & Power (i.e. volume of fuel per kWh), the final real-world expected Fuel Economy performance is 3.41%. This result is similar to other trials previously conducted by Innospec Inc. & Fuelcare Ltd (TransPennine Express, Govia Thameslink, FirstBus – reports available at https://www.fuelcare.com/research-development).

EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines. This document, any 13 electronic file and the intellectual property rights relating to this project are the property of Abellio Group, Fuelcare Ltd & Innospec Inc. and shall not be used, reproduced or disclosed in whole or in part without their written consent. EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines

4.12 Corrected BSFC (Fuel Economy) Analysis – Cummins NT855

Linear Trendline highlighting improvements and potential for further benefits Baseline, without EcoCleanTM HSDI

Final Result with EcoCleanTM HSDI showing total improvement during test

1st Result with EcoCleanTM HSDI showing immediate improvement in Fuel Economy

Fig. 4 – Corrected BSFC, Baseline vs. 100 hours with EcoCleanTM HSDI (Combined Engine Speeds)

As with the MTU 183TD, fuel economy improvements are noticeable immediately following dosed- fuel being introduced into the engine and continue through to 100 hours.

The below table highlights the BSFC performance improvements using ISO 8178 Duty Cycle F and the baseline fuel flow for each engine speed:

Baseline (g/kWh) 100 Hours (g/kWh) % Improvement

Idle 745.18 639.94 +14.12

1400 rpm 227.91 226.08 +0.80

2100 rpm 230.96 230.59 +0.16

Table 5 – Performance at 100 hours (Corrected BSFC)

EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines. This document, any 14 electronic file and the intellectual property rights relating to this project are the property of Abellio Group, Fuelcare Ltd & Innospec Inc. and shall not be used, reproduced or disclosed in whole or in part without their written consent. EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines

Baseline ISO 8178 Weighted ISO 8178 Weighted Fuel Flow Baseline Fuel Flow % Improvement 100 Hours Fuel (kg/hr) (kg/hr) Flow (kg/hr)

Idle 2.90 2.17 +14.12 1.87

1400 rpm 26.38 2.63 +0.80 2.61

2100 rpm 53.39 8.00 +0.16 7.99

Total ISO 8178 Total ISO 8178 Weighted Baseline 12.83 Weighted 100 Hours 12.48 Fuel Usage (kg/hr) Fuel Usage (kg/hr)

Final Engine Performance Improvement -2.66%

Table 6 – Performance at 100 hours (Corrected BSFC)

The tests also show highest improvements at the lower end of the power curve where the engine spends most time but most particularly at idle. This translates into a good improvement in fuel economy performance in real-world Abellio ScotRail conditions.

Considering increased fuel flow to the engine as well as increased Torque & Power (i.e. volume of fuel per kWh), the final real-world expected Fuel Economy performance is 2.66%.

EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines. This document, any 15 electronic file and the intellectual property rights relating to this project are the property of Abellio Group, Fuelcare Ltd & Innospec Inc. and shall not be used, reproduced or disclosed in whole or in part without their written consent. EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines

4.21 Corrected Power Analysis – MTU 183TD

Corrected Power is a measurement of the peak power output produced by the engine in kW (Kilowatts). It is ‘Corrected’ to remove the effects of temperature, humidity and absolute barometric pressure.

1st Result with EcoCleanTM HSDI showing immediate improvement in Power

Final Result with EcoCleanTM HSDI showing total improvement during test

Linear Trendline highlighting improvements and potential for further benefits

Baseline, without EcoCleanTM HSDI

Fig.5 – Corrected Power, Baseline vs. 200 hours with EcoCleanTM HSDI, Combined Engine Speeds, ISO 8178 Duty Cycle F

Torque has a direct impact on Power output from the engine and in turn, this effects fuel economy. Torque and Power therefore closely align in terms of performance and both metrics saw a mean average +21.6-21.7% performance improvement between the baseline and 200-hour results.

The highest improvement in Power output was at idle where 28.54% benefits were measured. The lowest improvement was at 1425rpm with 0.55%, however the engine rarely spends much time at this speed.

EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines. This document, any 16 electronic file and the intellectual property rights relating to this project are the property of Abellio Group, Fuelcare Ltd & Innospec Inc. and shall not be used, reproduced or disclosed in whole or in part without their written consent. EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines

A mean improvement of 21.62% was identified using ISO8178 Cycle F weighted data:

Baseline (kW) 100 Hours (kW) 200 Hours (kW) 200 Hour Performance

Idle 4.03 4.73 5.18 28.54%

1425 rpm 139.05 139.27 139.81 0.55%

1900 rpm 301.06 303.15 304.27 1.07%

ISO8178 Cycle F Statistically 21.62% Weighted Average

Table 7 – Performance at 200 hours (Corrected Power)

As can be seen in the graph (Fig. 5), and similar to Torque, Power improvements are noticeable immediately following the introduction of EcoCleanTM HSDI. Benefits accrue at continuously at 100 hours and again at 200 hours, with no flattening of performance trends, again highlighting the potential for further improvements.

As with Torque, improvement in Power from the engine reduces time at higher engine speeds, thereby improving fuel economy and associated emissions.

EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines. This document, any 17 electronic file and the intellectual property rights relating to this project are the property of Abellio Group, Fuelcare Ltd & Innospec Inc. and shall not be used, reproduced or disclosed in whole or in part without their written consent. EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines

4.22 Corrected Power Analysis – Cummins NT855

1st Result with EcoCleanTM HSDI showing small drop in Power but recovers

Linear Trendline highlighting improvements and potential for further benefits Final Result with EcoCleanTM HSDI showing total improvement during test

Baseline, without EcoCleanTM HSDI

Fig.6 – Corrected Power, Baseline vs. 100 hours with EcoCleanTM HSDI, Combined Engine Speeds, ISO 8178 Duty Cycle F

Similar to the MTU 183TD, Torque and Power therefore closely align in terms of performance and both metrics saw a mean average +12-14% performance improvement between the baseline and 100-hour results. A mean improvement of 12.42% was identified using ISO8178 Cycle F weighted data:

Baseline (kW) 100 Hours (kW) 100 Hour Performance

Idle 3.90 4.55 16.58%

1400 rpm 115.79 116.41 0.53%

2100 rpm 231.26 230.18 -0.47%

ISO8178 Cycle F Statistically Weighted 12.42% Average

Table 8 – Performance at 100 hours (Corrected Power)

EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines. This document, any 18 electronic file and the intellectual property rights relating to this project are the property of Abellio Group, Fuelcare Ltd & Innospec Inc. and shall not be used, reproduced or disclosed in whole or in part without their written consent. EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines

Power improvements are noticeable immediately following the introduction of EcoCleanTM HSDI. Benefits accrue at continuously to 100 hours, with no flattening of performance trends, again highlighting the potential for further improvements.

4.31 Corrected Torque Analysis – MTU 183TD

Corrected Torque is the rotational force of the engine in Nm (Newton metres), any increase or decrease will have a proportional effect on fuel economy, the key metric for a successful trial. Torque also has a direct impact on Power output from the engine and in turn, this directly effects fuel economy. This metric is then corrected to remove the effects of temperature, humidity and absolute barometric pressure and thus enable a fair test.

As stated, we have looked specifically at the data from ISO 8178 Duty Cycle F to identify any improvements in engine performance as it most closely resembles real-world locomotive usage.

1st Result with EcoCleanTM HSDI showing immediate improvement in Torque

Final Result with EcoCleanTM HSDI showing total improvement during test

Linear Trendline highlighting improvements and potential for further benefits

Baseline, without EcoCleanTM HSDI

Fig. 7 – Corrected Torque, Baseline to 200 hours with EcoCleanTM HSDI, Combined Engine Speeds, ISO 8178 Duty Cycle F

As can be seen in the graph, improvements are noticeable immediately as EcoCleanTM HSDI dosed fuel is combusted in the engine. Following the baseline tests, there is a steady improvement in

EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines. This document, any 19 electronic file and the intellectual property rights relating to this project are the property of Abellio Group, Fuelcare Ltd & Innospec Inc. and shall not be used, reproduced or disclosed in whole or in part without their written consent. EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines

performance after 100 hours, and then again after 200 hours conditioning. There is a strong trend improving Corrected Torque and no smoothing, highlighting further potential benefits after 200 hours.

Baseline (Nm) 100 Hours (Nm) 200 Hours (Nm) 200 Hour Performance

Idle 48.04 56.40 61.80 28.64%

1425 rpm 931.82 933.20 936.90 0.55%

1900 rpm 1513.14 1523.60 1529.40 1.07%

ISO8178 Cycle F Statistically 21.70% Weighted Average

Table 9 – Performance at 200 hours (Corrected Torque)

Translating this into ‘real-world’ conditions, ultimately, improvement in Torque provides more power available to the engine and reduces time at higher engine speeds, thereby improving fuel economy.

EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines. This document, any 20 electronic file and the intellectual property rights relating to this project are the property of Abellio Group, Fuelcare Ltd & Innospec Inc. and shall not be used, reproduced or disclosed in whole or in part without their written consent. EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines

4.32 Corrected Torque Analysis – Cummins NT855

1st Result with EcoCleanTM HSDI showing immediate improvement in Power

Linear Trendline highlighting improvements and potential for Final Result with EcoCleanTM HSDI further benefits showing total improvement during test

Baseline, without EcoCleanTM HSDI

Fig. 8 – Corrected Torque, Baseline to 100 hours with EcoCleanTM HSDI, Combined Engine Speeds, ISO 8178 Duty Cycle F

As can be seen in the graph, improvements are noticeable immediately as EcoCleanTM HSDI dosed fuel is combusted in the engine. Following the baseline tests, there is a steady improvement in performance throughout 100 hours, barring test point 4 that may be an outlier. There is a strong trend improving Corrected Torque up to 100 hours.

Baseline (Nm) 100 Hours (Nm) 100 Hour Performance

Idle 44.60 52.95 18.72%

1400 rpm 789.80 794.02 0.53%

2100 rpm 1051.60 1046.67 -0.47%

ISO8178 Cycle F Statistically Weighted 14.02% Average

Table 10 – Performance at 100 hours (Corrected Torque)

EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines. This document, any 21 electronic file and the intellectual property rights relating to this project are the property of Abellio Group, Fuelcare Ltd & Innospec Inc. and shall not be used, reproduced or disclosed in whole or in part without their written consent. EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines

4.41 Emissions Analysis – MTU 183TD

The main design of the trial was to measure the improvement in fuel economy across the power curve of the engine. During the testing of the power curves, gaseous emissions were also measured for reference.

The cleaning effect of EcoClean™ HSDI allows a larger amount of fuel to enter the combustion chamber with an improved spray pattern. This then provides a better air/fuel mix and a more efficient

combustion, creating more power, and consequently an increase of CO2 follows.

In real-world operation, the extra power available through the use of EcoClean™ HSDI would allow the locomotive to reach the required speed sooner, allowing a lower throttle notch to be selected

earlier, and thus reducing the overall CO2 output of the engine. This is shown by the reduction in BSFC, indicating a more efficient combustion for the same volume of fuel.

When employing U.K. Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy conversion factors against an expected 3.41% reduction in fuel usage, this equates to the following emissions reductions per year:

CO2e Saving (kg) CO2 Saving (kg) CH4 Saving (kg) N2O Saving (kg)

MTU 183TD 1,311,607 1,295,420 1,393 14,794

Table 11 – Emissions Savings from MTU 183TD

4.42 Emissions Analysis – Cummins NT855

When employing U.K. Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy conversion factors against an expected 2.66% reduction in fuel usage, this equates to the following emissions reductions per year:

CO2e Saving (kg) CO2 Saving (kg) CH4 Saving (kg) N2O Saving (kg)

Cummins 893,080 882,058 949 10,073 NT855

Table 12 – Emissions Savings from Cummins NT855

EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines. This document, any 22 electronic file and the intellectual property rights relating to this project are the property of Abellio Group, Fuelcare Ltd & Innospec Inc. and shall not be used, reproduced or disclosed in whole or in part without their written consent. EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines

4.51 Injector Analysis – MTU 183TD

Injectors from the MTU 183TD engine were examined before and after the Millbrook trial. Analysis is used to provide corroborating physical data to any statistical changes.

Fig. 9 – MTU 183TD Injectors Removed prior to EcoClean™ HSDI Trial

EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines. This document, any 23 electronic file and the intellectual property rights relating to this project are the property of Abellio Group, Fuelcare Ltd & Innospec Inc. and shall not be used, reproduced or disclosed in whole or in part without their written consent. EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines

Fig. 10 – MTU 183TD Injectors Removed before EcoClean™ HSDI Trial Pre-Trial

Prior to the start of the trial, a set of injectors were removed from another engine in the same fleet and sent to Innospec for analysis – the engine used was typical of the fleet. These injectors were dismantled and the Needle and Nozzles examined with Scanning Electron Microscope (S.E.M.) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (E.D.S.)2.

All injectors were found to have a heavy build-up of carbonaceous deposits around the Nozzle holes. The E.D.S. analysis also showed high amounts of Oxygen in the deposits which are likely to have been derived from the intake air due to poor combustion.

EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines. This document, any 24 electronic file and the intellectual property rights relating to this project are the property of Abellio Group, Fuelcare Ltd & Innospec Inc. and shall not be used, reproduced or disclosed in whole or in part without their written consent. EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines

Fig. 11 – MTU 183TD Injector 6 Nozzle Hole S.E.M. (Pre-Trial). Note deposition and orifice blocked causing reduced injector performance.

EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines. This document, any 25 electronic file and the intellectual property rights relating to this project are the property of Abellio Group, Fuelcare Ltd & Innospec Inc. and shall not be used, reproduced or disclosed in whole or in part without their written consent. EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines

Fig. 11 – MTU 183TD Injector 6 Nozzle Hole S.E.M. (Pre-Trial). Note deposition and orifice blocked causing reduced injector performance.

As noted by Innospec Research Fellow Dr. Jim Barker: “the orifices and needle were covered with carbonaceous material and lube oil degradation products. The orifices were blocked or partly blocked resulting in very poor spray patterns.”

EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines. This document, any 26 electronic file and the intellectual property rights relating to this project are the property of Abellio Group, Fuelcare Ltd & Innospec Inc. and shall not be used, reproduced or disclosed in whole or in part without their written consent. EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines

Post-Trial

**INJECTOR RESULTS TO GO HERE AWAITING FROM INTERTEK**

The injectors used in the trial were removed from the engine at the end of the trial. These were dismantled and again examined by S.E.M. and E.D.S.2 The post-trial injectors had significantly less deposition and were in better condition than those taken prior to the trial.

4.52 Injector Analysis – Cummins NT855

Injectors from the Cummins NT855 engine were examined before and after the Millbrook trial. Analysis is used to provide corroborating physical data to any statistical changes.

Fig. 13 – Cummins NT855 Injectors Removed prior to EcoClean™ HSDI Trial

EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines. This document, any 27 electronic file and the intellectual property rights relating to this project are the property of Abellio Group, Fuelcare Ltd & Innospec Inc. and shall not be used, reproduced or disclosed in whole or in part without their written consent. EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines

Fig. 14 – Cummins NT855 Injectors Removed before EcoClean™ HSDI Trial

Pre-Trial

Similar to the MTU engine, prior to the start of the trial, a set of injectors were removed from another engine in the same fleet and sent to Innospec for analysis – the engine used was typical of the fleet. These injectors were dismantled and the Needle and Nozzles examined with Scanning Electron Microscope (S.E.M.) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (E.D.S.)2.

EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines. This document, any 28 electronic file and the intellectual property rights relating to this project are the property of Abellio Group, Fuelcare Ltd & Innospec Inc. and shall not be used, reproduced or disclosed in whole or in part without their written consent. EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines

Fig. 15 – Cummins NT855 Injector 1 Nozzle Hole S.E.M. (Pre-Trial). Note deposition and orifice blocked causing reduced injector performance.

EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines. This document, any 29 electronic file and the intellectual property rights relating to this project are the property of Abellio Group, Fuelcare Ltd & Innospec Inc. and shall not be used, reproduced or disclosed in whole or in part without their written consent. EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines

Fig. 16 – Cummins NT855 Injector 1 Nozzle Hole S.E.M. (Pre-Trial). Note deposition and orifice blocked causing reduced injector performance.

EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines. This document, any 30 electronic file and the intellectual property rights relating to this project are the property of Abellio Group, Fuelcare Ltd & Innospec Inc. and shall not be used, reproduced or disclosed in whole or in part without their written consent. EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines

As noted by Innospec Research Fellow Dr. Jim Barker: “The data shows blocked nozzle holes and the orifice area covered with a material which was shown by E.D.S. to be mainly carbonaceous deposits. Data show blocked orifice and the composition of the material to be carbon and oxygen in nature.” On the needle: “There is a band of deposit, which is clearly carbonaceous in nature and further down the shaft more deposit with a variety of elements present.”

Post-Trial

**INJECTOR RESULTS TO GO HERE AWAITING FROM INTERTEK**

4.61 Borescope Analysis – MTU 183TD

Similar to the injector analysis, images were taken of the engine cylinders before & after the trial using a Borescope. This is also used to provide ‘causal’ analysis of the statistical improvements noted from the introduction of EcoCleanTM HSDI.

Fig. 17 – Post-Trial Borescope Analysis

EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines. This document, any 31 electronic file and the intellectual property rights relating to this project are the property of Abellio Group, Fuelcare Ltd & Innospec Inc. and shall not be used, reproduced or disclosed in whole or in part without their written consent. EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines

All photographs illustrate a cleaning effect on the engine cylinders as a result of EcoCleanTM HSDI- treated fuel. Please consult with Fuelcare for a full copy of each photograph and cylinder before & after the trial. Millbrook noted that in each case, each engine ‘definitely looked cleaner’ (D. Bunker). A small selection of cylinder photos is available below:

Cylinder 1

Fig. 18 – A selection of Borescope Images of Cylinder 1 highlighting the clean-up effect from EcoCleanTM HSDI. For full albums of photographs contact Fuelcare.

4.62 Borescope Analysis – Cummins NT855

Cylinder 3

Fig. 19 – A selection of Borescope Images of Cylinder 3 highlighting the clean-up effect from EcoCleanTM HSDI. For full albums of photographs contact Fuelcare.

EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines. This document, any 32 electronic file and the intellectual property rights relating to this project are the property of Abellio Group, Fuelcare Ltd & Innospec Inc. and shall not be used, reproduced or disclosed in whole or in part without their written consent. EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines

4.7 Overall Results

The Abellio ScotRail fleet includes the Class 43 HST power car (with MTU 4000 series engine) which, at the time of the trials, were just being introduced and could not be trialled using traditional engine test cells. This engine is a more modern design, with higher injector temperatures and pressures than the engines tested in this report. However, with more modern engines there is an increased likelihood of injector fouling, subsequent increased fuel usage and emissions production. There is therefore potential for further performance improvement as a result of the use of EcoCleanTM HSDI.

Furthermore, the ongoing regulatory increases in Biodiesel (See 4.3) will likely exacerbate engine issues and further reduce fuel economy performance without a preventive action such as introducing EcoCleanTM HSDI.

As is highlighted in the various result graphs, nearly all performance improvement trends in the engines show no flattening; i.e. performance was likely to continue and the test was prematurely ended without seeing the full benefits of EcoCleanTM HSDI.

Finally, the overall engine results are included below.

Corrected Torque Corrected Power Corrected BSFC/Fuel Economy

MTU 183TD +21.70% +21.40% -3.41%

Cummins NT855 +14.02% +12.42% -2.66%

Weighted Average* +16.76% +17.60% -3.06%

Translating this to real-world, fleet-wide usage using a fuel price of 61p/litre, offers the following benefits:

Fleet Fuel Usage (litres/yr): 67.3m Fleet Fuel Economy Benefit: 3.06% Gross Fuel Savings (£/yr): £1,256,309.87

CO2e Reduction (kg/yr): 5,680,600

CO2 Reduction (kg/yr): 5,610,494

CH4 Reduction (kg/yr): 6,024

N2O Reduction (kg/yr): 64,071

EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines. This document, any 33 electronic file and the intellectual property rights relating to this project are the property of Abellio Group, Fuelcare Ltd & Innospec Inc. and shall not be used, reproduced or disclosed in whole or in part without their written consent. EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines

4.8 Biodiesel

Additional research was carried out into the possible effects of increased Biodiesel (F.A.M.E.) content on Abellio ScotRail’s fuel. The U.K. Department for Transport Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation (‘R.T.F.O.’) legislation will introduce Biodiesel into U.K. Off Road Transport Gas Oil fuel supply in 2020 of up to 20% (‘B20’).

Biodiesel has a range of consequences for Abellio ScotRail. These include poorer energy content, poor cold weather performance, increased oxidisation (and therefore reduced shelf life), increased water content and increased wear on engine components.

Quantifying this effect for Abellio ScotRail is difficult without further comprehensive studies. Whilst some biodiesel standardisation exists (BS EN 14211 and ASTM D6751) variance in biodiesel makes any assumptions on its’ effect for Abellio ScotRail challenging. These variances are primarily due to the heterogeneity of biodiesel feedstock varieties, the ‘batch to batch’ differences of the biodiesel itself, different storage practices, different production systems and insufficient knowledge of which feedstock will be used by U.K. fuel suppliers. For example, different biodiesel feedstocks produce different F.A.M.E. components and different proportions of these components, even between batches of the same feedstock. Their make-up and effects on fuel quality characteristics are therefore unpredictable.

However, it is possible to determine some general side-effects of biodiesel inclusion into U.K. locomotive fuels using academic research papers. Primarily from the automotive sector, these studies have investigated real-world engine field studies, dynamometer engine studies and laboratory fuel quality testing of different biodiesel feedstocks. Whilst the issues faced by fleet operators of using biodiesel are varied, for brevity we will only review those which may impact fuel deposition and any effect of EcoCleanTM HSDI. The research papers only include major sources of existing biodiesel feedstocks and their associated F.A.M.E. products, they do not consider the effect of the makeup of individual feedstocks; only their products. Municipal Waste Water treatment for example produces a specific set of F.A.M.E. components whose proportions vary significantly, even between batches. In academic papers and research, only those F.A.M.E. components are tested and not the feedstock material itself.

Fuel storage has traditionally only caused issues to fleet operators in extreme cases (i.e. Microbial Growth). However due to the solvent-like nature of biodiesel, there is high potential for poor storage practices to cause engine depositions and ongoing fleet combustion problems: “biodiesel will have a tendency to dissolve the accumulated particulates and sediments found in Gas Oil storage and engine fuel systems. These dissolved sediments may plug fuel filters or injectors.”3

EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines. This document, any 34 electronic file and the intellectual property rights relating to this project are the property of Abellio Group, Fuelcare Ltd & Innospec Inc. and shall not be used, reproduced or disclosed in whole or in part without their written consent. EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines

Furthermore, biodiesel blends require increased water content to ensure components remain in suspension. Coupled with improved organic energy content (for microbes), then microbiological growth is likely to increase in frequency. This ultimately leads to increased filter blinding and a knock-on effect to overall fleet performance (and in extreme cases exacerbate engine deposition).

Production methods of biodiesel may also have an impact on engine deposition. For example, Alkali metals such as Sodium and Potassium are used as catalysts in the biodiesel production process and are sometimes not removed during processing: “Residual alkaline metals can form deposits in fuel injection system components and poison emission control systems.” 6

The key determining factor from the introduction of biodiesel and its effect on engine deposition however is Thermal and Oxidisation stability. There is a directly proportional relationship between the level of biodiesel and the production of insoluble deposits as a result of oxidisation: “Fuel oxidation stability tests show a predominantly linear relation between biodiesel fraction and insolubles produced.” 7 Additionally, Oxidisation can also be considered to be the ‘shelf life’ of the fuel; when kept in storage for long periods of time its’ components frequently fall out of suspension leading to increased deposition; i.e. it’s expiration shelf life has been exceeded at a much faster rate than traditional hydrocarbon fuels.

Thermal instability causes the same issues as Oxidative instability. Extremely low operating temperatures for trains can cause the drop out of suspended components in typical hydrocarbon fuels (Cold Flow problems), however the introduction of biodiesel exacerbates this issue, once again leading to increased engine deposition and ultimately poorer combustion characteristics. Biodiesel is proven to have significantly poorer thermal stability irrespective of feedstock or make up.

As stated, quantifying the reduced engine performance on Abellio ScotRail’s fleet from the introduction of biodiesel is difficult. However, a reasonable assumption would be a 0.5 - 1% reduction in fuel economy with a range of related issues including increase engine wear, reduced fuel shelf life and reduced energy content. No academic papers directly support this conjecture due to lack of evidence or knowledge of future feedstock supply, for this reason it has not been included in the final fuel economy calculations.

EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines. This document, any 35 electronic file and the intellectual property rights relating to this project are the property of Abellio Group, Fuelcare Ltd & Innospec Inc. and shall not be used, reproduced or disclosed in whole or in part without their written consent. EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines

5.0 Summary of Findings

• EcoCleanTM HSDI has demonstrated a clear & unambiguous improvement on both engines. • Data from using clean injectors shows a large potential for clean-up performance improvement with consistent running. • Real-world benefits of EcoClean™ HSDI on the MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855, when considering driving profile, engine power output, engine efficiency & transmission efficiency highlight a 3.06% improvement. • Benefits to the Class 43, 15x & 171 fleets would begin around 10 days after dosing begins. • Considering a fleet fuel usage of 67.3m litres of Gas Oil per year, the considered benefit to the ScotRail fleet from the use of this product would therefore be a 3.06% reduction in energy 1 usage and thus CO2e reduction, which currently would equate to 5,680 tonnes of CO2e per year. • Data from fuel and injector analysis provides background information to highlight that these improvements are as a direct result of EcoCleanTM HSDI. • Further benefits are likely based on continuing trend analysis, introduction of Biodiesel into ScotRail’s fleet and the use of modern HST MTU 4000 Series engines.

EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines. This document, any 36 electronic file and the intellectual property rights relating to this project are the property of Abellio Group, Fuelcare Ltd & Innospec Inc. and shall not be used, reproduced or disclosed in whole or in part without their written consent. EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines

6.0 References

[1] U.K. Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy. Greenhouse Gas Reporting: Conversion Factors 2019 https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/8 06025/Conversion-Factors-2019-Condensed-set-for-most-users.xls

Note: Equivalent CO2 (CO2e) is the concentration of CO2 that would cause the same level of radiative forcing as a given type and concentration of greenhouse gas. Examples of such greenhouse gases

are methane, perfluorocarbons, and nitrous oxide. CO2e is expressed as parts per million by volume, ppmv.

[2] Innospec Inc. Internal - Analytical Science Report (113) - ScotRail (TPE) Railway Injectors U.K. (Prior to Trial), Dr. Jim Barker.

[3] Effect of biodiesel from various feedstocks on combustion characteristics, engine durability and materials compatibility: A review. M. Mofijur n, H.H. Masjuki, M.A. Kalam, A.E. Atabani nn, M. Shahabuddin, S.M. Palash, M.A. Hazrat Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/b992/00101e9ca6ce1d8578f6c9884cb18147a84e.pdf

[4] Evaluation of Test Cycles for Freight Locomotives, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2011.

[5] Grubbs’ Outlier test, https://www.graphpad.com/quickcalcs/grubbs2/.

[6] Production of Biodiesels from Multiple Feedstocks and Properties of Biodiesels and Biodiesel/Diesel Blends. J.A. Kinast, Gas Technology Institute Des Plaines, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Illinois https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy03osti/31460.pdf

[7] BIODIESEL GUIDELINES - First edition, Worldwide Fuel Charter Committee http://oica.net/wp- content/uploads/biodiesel-guideline-final-26mar09.pdf

EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines. This document, any 37 electronic file and the intellectual property rights relating to this project are the property of Abellio Group, Fuelcare Ltd & Innospec Inc. and shall not be used, reproduced or disclosed in whole or in part without their written consent. EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines

7.0 Appendix

7.1 Cummins NT855 Engine Issue

It was noted by Millbrook during the running of this engine that power was reduced compared with the published OEM manual even before the trial began. The engine was at the end of life (455,000 miles+) and parts were beginning to fail – possibly a reason the engine was not in service to begin. Whilst it was decided to continue the trial (we are performing a comparative test before vs. after additive introduction and had already rejected an engine with similar problems) the performance measurements were monitored closely by Millbrook. After 100 hours conditioning, fuel pressure become very low. Basic fault finding on the unit and its’ solenoid valve were carried out without success.

The engine performance began to deteriorate following the low fuel pressure warnings and it was decided to stop the trial – the trial spend and time had elapsed and the 100-hour data was relatively strong. The following extract from email communication with the Millbrook cell team, also highlights the issues seen:

“I have run through the 3 notches as detailed in the sheets sent yesterday, as you can see the engine is down on pressure on all 3 notches, but the biggest difference is at notch 7. The data supplied shows a max fuel consumption of 58.5 kg/hr, and the engines is now down to 52 kg/hr today, power has dropped again to 220kW. The brief run yesterday was at 228kW with fuel pressure at 154 psi, and today it has dropped to 147psi. If there was a fuel supply issue it would show up in the fuel inlet restriction. I can only assume it’s a fuel pump problem, specifically the AFC diaphragm in the pump itself that is controlled by the boost pressure.”

EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines. This document, any 38 electronic file and the intellectual property rights relating to this project are the property of Abellio Group, Fuelcare Ltd & Innospec Inc. and shall not be used, reproduced or disclosed in whole or in part without their written consent. EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines

0 – 100 hours shows minor swings in fuel 100 – 200 hours began to show erratic fuel pressure consumption but start and end points remain similar. and fuel consumption. Millbrook believed the fuel No wild swings are evident. pump to be malfunctioning and at the end of life – note whipsaw effect.

Noting the email above & associated graph as well as the lower performance of the NT855 at full load, 2100rpm there appears to be a worsening fuel pressure issue and data between 100 and 200 hours was disregarded.

EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines. This document, any 39 electronic file and the intellectual property rights relating to this project are the property of Abellio Group, Fuelcare Ltd & Innospec Inc. and shall not be used, reproduced or disclosed in whole or in part without their written consent. EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines

7.2 Further Results Graphs

EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines. This document, any 40 electronic file and the intellectual property rights relating to this project are the property of Abellio Group, Fuelcare Ltd & Innospec Inc. and shall not be used, reproduced or disclosed in whole or in part without their written consent. EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines

EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines. This document, any 41 electronic file and the intellectual property rights relating to this project are the property of Abellio Group, Fuelcare Ltd & Innospec Inc. and shall not be used, reproduced or disclosed in whole or in part without their written consent. EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines

EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines. This document, any 42 electronic file and the intellectual property rights relating to this project are the property of Abellio Group, Fuelcare Ltd & Innospec Inc. and shall not be used, reproduced or disclosed in whole or in part without their written consent. EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines

EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines. This document, any 43 electronic file and the intellectual property rights relating to this project are the property of Abellio Group, Fuelcare Ltd & Innospec Inc. and shall not be used, reproduced or disclosed in whole or in part without their written consent. EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines

EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines. This document, any 44 electronic file and the intellectual property rights relating to this project are the property of Abellio Group, Fuelcare Ltd & Innospec Inc. and shall not be used, reproduced or disclosed in whole or in part without their written consent. EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines

EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines. This document, any 45 electronic file and the intellectual property rights relating to this project are the property of Abellio Group, Fuelcare Ltd & Innospec Inc. and shall not be used, reproduced or disclosed in whole or in part without their written consent. EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines

EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines. This document, any 46 electronic file and the intellectual property rights relating to this project are the property of Abellio Group, Fuelcare Ltd & Innospec Inc. and shall not be used, reproduced or disclosed in whole or in part without their written consent. EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines

EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines. This document, any 47 electronic file and the intellectual property rights relating to this project are the property of Abellio Group, Fuelcare Ltd & Innospec Inc. and shall not be used, reproduced or disclosed in whole or in part without their written consent. EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines

EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines. This document, any 48 electronic file and the intellectual property rights relating to this project are the property of Abellio Group, Fuelcare Ltd & Innospec Inc. and shall not be used, reproduced or disclosed in whole or in part without their written consent. EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines

EcoCleanTM HSDI Fuel Additive Evaluation on Abellio ScotRail MTU 183TD & Cummins NT855 Engines. This document, any 49 electronic file and the intellectual property rights relating to this project are the property of Abellio Group, Fuelcare Ltd & Innospec Inc. and shall not be used, reproduced or disclosed in whole or in part without their written consent.