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Mango Production in Pakistan; Copyright © 1 MAGO PRODUCTIO I PAKISTA BY M. H. PAHWAR Published by: M. H. Panhwar Trust 157-C Unit No. 2 Latifabad, Hyderabad Mango Production in Pakistan; Copyright © www.panhwar.com 1 Chapter No Description 1. Mango (Magnifera Indica) Origin and Spread of Mango. 4 2. Botany. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 9 3. Climate .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 13 4. Suitability of Climate of Sindh for Raising Mango Fruit Crop. 25 5. Soils for Commercial Production of Mango .. .. 28 6. Mango Varieties or Cultivars .. .. .. .. 30 7. Breeding of Mango .. .. .. .. .. .. 52 8. How Extend Mango Season From 1 st May To 15 th September in Shortest Possible Time .. .. .. .. .. 58 9. Propagation. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 61 10. Field Mango Spacing. .. .. .. .. .. 69 11. Field Planting of Mango Seedlings or Grafted Plant .. 73 12. Macronutrients in Mango Production .. .. .. 75 13. Micro-Nutrient in Mango Production .. .. .. 85 14. Foliar Feeding of Nutrients to Mango .. .. .. 92 15. Foliar Feed to Mango, Based on Past 10 Years Experience by Authors’. .. .. .. .. .. 100 16. Growth Regulators and Mango .. .. .. .. 103 17. Irrigation of Mango. .. .. .. .. .. 109 18. Flowering how it takes Place and Flowering Models. .. 118 19. Biennially In Mango .. .. .. .. .. 121 20. How to Change Biennially In Mango .. .. .. 126 Mango Production in Pakistan; Copyright © www.panhwar.com 2 21. Causes of Fruit Drop .. .. .. .. .. 131 22. Wind Breaks .. .. .. .. .. .. 135 23. Training of Tree and Pruning for Maximum Health and Production .. .. .. .. .. 138 24. Weed Control .. .. .. .. .. .. 148 25. Mulching .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 150 26. Bagging of Mango .. .. .. .. .. .. 156 27. Harvesting .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 157 28. Yield .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 163 29. Packing of Mango for Market. .. .. .. .. 167 30. Post Harvest Treatments to Mango .. .. .. .. 171 31. Mango Diseases. .. .. .. .. .. .. 186 32. Insects Pests of Mango and their Control .. .. 211 33. Mango Processing and Production. .. .. .. 221 34. Uses of Mango .. .. .. .. .. .. 231 35. Economics of Mango Production .. .. .. 233 Mango Production in Pakistan; Copyright © www.panhwar.com 3 CHAPTER. 1 MANGO (MAGNIFERA INDICA) ORIGIN AND SPREAD OF MANGO. Mango family. Mango belongs to Anacardiaceae family. Other members of same family are: • Cashew. • Pistachio. • Ambrella or spondiascyherae (South East Asia) • Gandaria or Bouea macrophella (South East Asia). • Hogolum (spondies mombin) from tropical Central America. • Jamaican plum (spondias purpurea). • Kuwini (Mangifera ordera) Of above cashew can grown in Ghorabari-Keti Bander area and Amarella in whole Sind Ambarella (spondia cytherea), has better potential than all others in Sindh. It comes from South East Asia (Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines etc. Fruit size: dia 4” long, propagated cutting or by budding. It is excellent for jams and preservatives .It is planted at 25 x 25 feet (7.6 x 7.6 meteres) with 70 trees per acre. It bears continuously if irrigated or rainfall occurs year around. Mango (Mangifera) edible species. The 45 species of magnifera are distributed from India to Philippines of them fourteen are edible, but only four are grown on large scale. The four main species (Indica, foelida, odorlia and caesia widely cultivated and their geographical distributors is given in table below along with 9 others which are grown on limited scale in some countries and three more numbers 14, 15, and 16 ,17 are grown though are not very popular. Name of species Geographical distribution 1. M.altissima Blenca Phillippines. 2. M.caesia Jack Malaysia, Sunda Isles, Bali, Boreneo. 3. M.cochinchinensia Thailand, vietnam. 4. M.foetida Lour Surma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vitenam. 5. M.giffithii Philippines. India, Sri Lanka, Burma, Thailand, 6. M.indica. Laos, Combodia, Vietnam, Sunda Isles, New Guinea, Moluccas, Celebes, Mango Production in Pakistan; Copyright © www.panhwar.com 4 Borneo. 7. M.isgenifera Griff Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malay paninsula. 8. M.macrocarpa 81 Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Borneo, Sunda Isles. 9. M.odoreta Griff Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Sunda Isles, Borneo, Celebes. 10. M.pajang Kastern. Thailand to Malay peninsula. 11. M.pentendra 12.M.sylvatica Roxb India, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia. 13. M.zaylanica Sri Lanka 14. M.oblongifolia Thailand, Laos, cambodia, Vietnam, Malay peninsula. 15. M.kemanga 81 Malaysia, Sunda Isles. 16. M.rumphil Malaysia, Moluccas. It is not possible to describe all 45 mango relatives but figures of some are given for general information of readers. Origin of mangifera indica. Mango has more than 45 relatives discovered so far mostly in South East Asia and of the researchers the last century’s important work was that of Duchman Andre J. G. Kostermon published by Linnean Society London in 1993.This and many other works put origin of mango family million of year back, but the new method of DNA testing may throw some new light of its origin and spread at present. It is generally believed that ancestors of present popular mango first evolved on Assam-Burma border and from there spread to South East and South Asia. The first grown up adjusted to climate of South Asia and there from came to Sindh some Millenia back. The second group spread to South East Asia. The difference between the two is that South Asian group is monoembryonic and South East Asian polyembryonics. Spread of mango. There are two major sites of evolution of mango. The first is mild sub-tropical northern Indian-Burmese region, where it is cultivated for 4000 years. The region has produced varieties having great tolerance to low temperatures and all are monoembryonic varieties. The other is south-East Asia producing polyembroyonic varieties. They are acclimated to high temperatures and do not stand cold weather. They have been cultivated for 2000 years. Long lived orchard over 40 years old have tendency to be biennial. General characteristic It is supposed to be native of South and South-East Asia from Assam-Burmese border to Indo .China. Mango tap root goes about 6 meter (20 feet) deep it there is no water logging or rock underneath the surface soil, the horizontal roots of mature tree usually have about 6 meter (20 feet) radius or 12 meters (40 feet) Mango Production in Pakistan; Copyright © www.panhwar.com 5 diameter. About 60-75 of horizontal feeder roots usually are concentrated in the top 45-50 cms (16-20inches) and the balance below this depth. They are tolerant of drying out, so they can regain rapidly when soil is re-watered. Varieties differ in their horizontal root spread and root spread also changes during the year .It is a large tree height from 5-25 meters, 5-15 meters wide with dome shaped canopy. It has a large number of varieties. Trees if properly looked after can fruit for a hundred years or more .It popular use is eating fresh as dessert, but other uses are juice, milk shake, jams, chutney, preserved slices, sherbets etc. Mughal emperor Akbar planted a large orchard of 100,000 trees in northern India in last quarter of sixteenth century and some trees were still fruiting in mid eighteenth century. It was being grown at 50 x 50 feet (15 x 15 meters) in nineteenth century leaving large space for intercultivation field crops. In mid twentieth century, usually 40 x 40 feet (12 x 12 meters was recommended in India and Pakistan and by 1980 it was realized that these trees did not meet even in 15 years and another tree at center of square was planted. Today it is considered too primitive for costly land, water and management costs and new spacing are much closure. It can grow on many soils types, with pH varying from 5.5 to 8.5 and in later case with well drained non saline soils. It accepts tropical and low latitude sub tropical climate from South and South East Asia it has spread to large areas of world within above climatic zones. Of thousands of varieties each country had developed the best one as their national varieties. These are being replaced inter- cultivation in South Asia fast due to international trade. Its root distribution is affected by continuous Results from Venezuela on root distribution of different cultivars show the following pattern. Cultivar Depth of Roots and Horizontal spread Percentage diameter Haden. 0-40 cms, 61 6 meters Diplomatico. 0-40 cms, 63 6 meters Kent. 0-40 cms, 73 6 meters The trees were planted at 6x6 meters and no intercultivation was done. In the South-Asia trees acre planted at 50x50 or 40x40 feet and inter corps of wheat, cotton and fodder are planted year around. Ploughing for intercrops and inter- cultivation is common. In these case horizontal roots spread is limited to about 8 to 8.5 feet (2.5 meters). Yields invariably are poor. Height of mango can be 75 to 90 feet or 25-30 meters in South-Asian, as against these commercial orchards in USA have height limited to 3.5 to 4.5 meters. This kind of dwarf tree was produced in the past 40 years, with assistance of Dwarf Tree Association Mango Production in Pakistan; Copyright © www.panhwar.com 6 established in 1964. Long lived orchards over 40 years old in South Asia have tendency to be biennial and very low yielders. Mango production in 7 leading countries of the world 10 years ago. 1. India. 10,000,000 tons. 2 China. 1,180,000 tons. 3 Mexico. 1,090,000 tons. 4 Pakistan. 800,000 tons 5 Indonesia. 779,000 tons 6 Thailand. 630,000 tons 7 Nigeria. 500,000 tons Now the position has changed Australian horticulturist working since 1989, are taking advantage of their climate and geographical position in Southern Hemisphere to introduce high technology to produce and export mangoes to Europe. In expertise, they are already well advanced and are expected to exceed Pakistan in or before 2010. Mango in Brazil. General. Average yield for that country is 6 tons per acre. This is double that of Pakistan. Mango is grown between 24 o S to 2 o N, but most of it is close to 24 o S having low temperatures and with annual mean of 21 o C, against our mean of 27 o C in Sindh.
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