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'Honey Gold' Mango Fruit

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'Honey Gold' Mango Fruit Final Report Improving consumer appeal of Honey Gold mango by reducing under skin browning and red lenticel discolouration Peter Hofman The Department of Agriculture and Fisheries (DAF) Project Number: MG13016 MG13016 This project has been funded by Horticulture Innovation Australia Limited with co-investment from Piñata Farms Pty Ltd and funds from the Australian Government. Horticulture Innovation Australia Limited (Hort Innovation) makes no representations and expressly disclaims all warranties (to the extent permitted by law) about the accuracy, completeness, or currency of information in Improving consumer appeal of Honey Gold mango by reducing under skin browning and red lenticel discolouration. Reliance on any information provided by Hort Innovation is entirely at your own risk. Hort Innovation is not responsible for, and will not be liable for, any loss, damage, claim, expense, cost (including legal costs) or other liability arising in any way (including from Hort Innovation or any other person’s negligence or otherwise) from your use or non-use of Improving consumer appeal of Honey Gold mango by reducing under skin browning and red lenticel discolouration, or from reliance on information contained in the material or that Hort Innovation provides to you by any other means. ISBN 978 0 7341 3977 1 Published and distributed by: Horticulture Innovation Australia Limited Level 8, 1 Chifley Square Sydney NSW 2000 Tel: (02) 8295 2300 Fax: (02) 8295 2399 © Copyright 2016 Contents Summary .......................................................................................................................................... 3 Keywords .......................................................................................................................................... 4 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 5 Methodology ..................................................................................................................................... 7 Outputs .......................................................................................................................................... 11 Outcomes ....................................................................................................................................... 14 Evaluation and Discussion ................................................................................................................ 17 Recommendations ........................................................................................................................... 20 Scientific Refereed Publications ........................................................................................................ 22 Intellectual Property/Commercialisation ............................................................................................ 23 References ...................................................................................................................................... 24 Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................................... 25 Appendices ..................................................................................................................................... 26 2 Summary ‘Honey Gold’ is a relatively new Australian mango variety that is gaining in popularity among consumers. The fruit are, however, susceptible to developing under-skin browning (USB) and red lenticel spots. These superficial quality defects result in downgrading of fruit consignments and financial loss. USB can develop in response to a combination of physical (e.g. abrasion) stress and low (e.g. <14°C) temperature exposure during postharvest handling. Fruit produced in hot tropical environments, such as the Northern Territory, are particularly susceptible for reasons that are unresolved. Development of red halos around lenticels is often associated with heavy rainfall prior to harvest. Entry of rain water into lenticels is proposed to trigger a wound response leading to localised red pigment production. The current project aimed to improve the consumer appeal and profitability of ‘Honey Gold’ mango by: • Reducing the occurrence of USB by exploring the influence of pre-harvest and harvest practices. • Identifying strategies to minimise red lenticels using inhibitors and promoters of red skin colour. Harvesting ‘Honey Gold’ mangoes from the Northern Territory at night was the most effective practice for reducing the sensitivity of fruit to developing USB. Fruit harvested between 10 PM and 10 AM displayed 50-75% reductions in USB incidence compared to those picked at 2 PM. The higher level of USB in the afternoon harvest was related to relative sap phytotoxicity. These findings prompted ‘Honey Gold’ growers in the Northern Territory to harvest fruit at night. Piñata Farms, who market ‘Honey Gold’, reported that since adopting night harvesting in 2014/15, USB has decreased from 20% of the Northern Territory crop to <1% in 2016/17. Also, harvesting at night facilitated a 20% increase in picking speed. Pre-harvest bagging of fruit was the most reliable technique for reducing red lenticels. Applying brown paper or Tyvek® plastic bags at 4 weeks before harvest reduced this skin defect by 67-85% relative to non-bagged fruit. The bags blocked up to 90% of sunlight and, in turn, reduced red pigment production, including skin blush. In contrast, postharvest exposure of fruit to blue LED light for 3-4 weeks at 22°C enhanced skin blush. By increasing blush, this treatment suggests the potential to mask red lenticels. The current project also aimed to verify and optimise ‘Honey Gold’ crop forecasting and downgrade analysis procedures developed in a previous project, MG10009. Accumulation of ≥1500 heat sums above a 12°C base from full flowering was confirmed to predict the earliest harvest date to provide fruit with good eating quality. In-market fruit quality downgrade analysis with improved recording and report back systems was well received by growers. The feedback stimulated practice change that translated into increased fruit yield and quality. Formal downgrade analysis at pack sheds is also recommended. For fruit that were downgraded, alternative products and markets were identified to improve returns. A non-premium fruit line was developed and marketed successfully. Juice grade fruit were trialled as a new ingredient in an existing mango ice block product. Two major retailers relaxed grading standards and rationalised fruit size by state markets to accept premium fruit with minor defects, and of all sizes. Implementation of these key project outcomes has contributed to significantly improving the commercial viability of ‘Honey Gold’ mango production, particularly in the Northern Territory. 3 Keywords Crop forecasting; downgrade analysis; ‘Honey Gold’; mango; night harvesting; non-premium products; red lenticel; under-skin browning. 4 Introduction ‘Honey Gold’ is an Australian mango cultivar with attractive fruit colour, fibre-free flesh and a pleasant flavour (Sammon and Macleod, 1999). It was commercialised by Piñata Farms Pty Ltd in 2009 and now accounts for 10% of Australian mango production (G. Scurr, pers. comm., 2016). Two prior HAL projects, MG06022 and MG10009, helped to improve ‘Honey Gold’ production efficiency and fruit quality. ‘Honey Gold’ fruit can develop unsightly under-skin browning (USB). Symptoms are grey-brown bruise- like lesions beneath the skin surface (Hofman et al., 2010). This defect develops after harvest, typically as fruit arrive at markets. Affected fruit need to be removed from consignments, resulting in financial loss. Observations from projects MG06022 and MG10009 indicated that USB develops in response to physical (e.g. vibration) stress during handling and transport in association with exposure of fruit to low (e.g. <14C) temperature (Marques et al., 2012). Pre-harvest variables and harvest practices may also influence the occurrence of USB. For example, the incidence of USB is higher in fruit produced in hot tropical regions relative to cool sub-tropical environments (Hofman et al., 2010). Preliminary findings from project MG10009 also suggest that USB might be reduced by harvesting fruit at night. ‘Honey Gold’ mango can also develop red halos around lenticels on the fruit surface when grown in cooler, wetter sub-tropical districts. Such red discolouration has been associated with insect infestation, chilling injury and ethylene exposure (Pesis et al., 2000; Winston et al., 2014). Wound response mechanisms are generically known to involve ethylene and other biochemical signals, such as methyl jasmonate. Ethylene synthesis inhibitors (e.g. Retain™) and ethylene sources (e.g. Ethrel®) are used, for example, to slow apple fruit ripening and to induce pineapple flowering, respectively. Such biochemical tools potentially could be applied to help understand the regulation of red lenticels in mango and to inform potential management strategies. Crop forecasting is an essential tool to help balance fruit supply with customer demand and reduce the risk of oversupply during critical periods. A crop forecasting model was developed and implemented in project MG10009. Further data was needed to fine tune the model. Project MG10009 also developed methodology for fruit quality downgrade analysis and provided training for ‘Honey Gold’ packhouse operators. However,
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