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Physico-Chemical Attributes and Heavy Metal Content of Mangoes (Mangifera Indica L.) Cultivated in Different Regions of Pakistan

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Physico-Chemical Attributes and Heavy Metal Content of Mangoes (Mangifera Indica L.) Cultivated in Different Regions of Pakistan Pak. J. Bot., 42(4): 2691-2702, 2010. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ATTRIBUTES AND HEAVY METAL CONTENT OF MANGOES (MANGIFERA INDICA L.) CULTIVATED IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF PAKISTAN SAEED AKHTAR1*, SAFINA NAZ1 , M.TUSEEF SULTAN1 , SEEMA MAHMOOD2, 3 4 MUHAMMAD NASIR AND ANWAAR AHMAD 1Department of Food and Horticultural Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan 2Institute of Pure and Applied Biology, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan 3Department of Animal Products Technology, University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan Department of Food Technology, University of Arid Agriculture, Rawalpindi, Pakistan Abstract The present study was carried out to evaluate the physico-chemical attributes and heavy metal content of 4 popular mango (Mangifera indica L.) varieties viz., Dusahri, Chaunsa, Ratol and Langra grown in Multan (MUL), Rahim Yar Khan (RYK) and Mir Pur Khas (MPK), three major districts of Pakistan. Ash content, total soluble solid (TSS), pH and titratable acidity significantly (p<0.0.5) varied among these varieties. Langra, collected from MUL showed the highest ash % with relatively lower pH and TSS. The results indicated a substantial build-up of macro (Na, K, Ca, P) and micro (Fe, Zn, Ni, Cr, Cd, and Pb) elements in the selected mango varieties. Mango varieties collected from MUL showed a higher concentration of these metals as compared to other regions which may be attributed to irrigation from industrial effluents and sewage water. This study concludes that the levels of heavy metals in tested Pakistani mango varieties are higher than the safe limits laid down by World Health Organization (WHO) and need regular monitoring both at the farm and the table. Introduction Fruits are an integral part of human diet as they supply vitamins and minerals, the important constituents essential for human health (Mumzuroglu et al., 2003). Among the most popular fruits, mango (Mangifera indica L.) is generally regarded as King of the Fruits. Likewise, mango as an emerging tropical export crop is produced in about 90 countries in the world. Pakistan is the 5th largest mango producer with a production capacity of ~ one million tones per year, contributing a share of 7.6% in the world market. Multan, Rahim Yar Khan and Mir Pur Khas are the main mango producing regions of Pakistan (Alam & Khan, 2001). A substantial quantity of ripe mangoes are converted into pulp for use in jams, jellies, nectars, squashes, juices, paper/chips, mango toffees, ice creams, milk shake, fruit cocktail and in topping products (Hussain et al., 2003). Therefore, most of the fruit processing industry in Pakistan preserves mango pulp for the manufacture of mango products all around the year. Macro and trace elements play a significant role for maintaining health in humans (Anon., 1996). However, non essential trace elements like Pb, Cd. Cr and Ni, are non biodegradable thus, persist everywhere in the environment. These metal elements have the ability to deposit in various body organs which poses a great threat to the human health (Singh et al., 2004; Chen et al., 2005). Agricultural soils irrigated with waste water 2692 SAEED AKHTAR ET AL., get severely contaminated with heavy metals. Crops grown on such soils can accumulate a significant amount of heavy metals in different tissues (Khairiah et al., 2004; Chojnacha et al., 2005; Muchuweti et al., 2006). Rapid industrialization and urbanization in the developing countries in the last decades have resulted in a significant increase in environmental pollution. The soils, the plants and the products made thereof have been shown to be highly contaminated with heavy metals (Mazurek et al., 1995; Motylera & Sosnina,1996; Hussain et al., 2003; Zahoor et al., 2003) and this concern has created a certain apprehension in the public regarding the safety of the food, they consume every day (Radwan & Salama, 2006). Emission of heavy metals from the industries and vehicles may result in the deposition of such metals on the surface of the fruits and vegetables and contaminate (Geert et al., 1989; Ozores-Hampton et al., 1997; Jassir et al., 2005) by entering the food during industrial processing and packaging (Tsoumbaris & Tsoukali-Papadopoulou, 1994). Since, these heavy metals might seriously damage human health e.g., decrease in immunological defense, neurological disorders, intrauterine growth retardation, impaired psycho-social behavior, disabilities associated with malnutrition and a high prevalence of upper gastrointestinal cancer (Arora et al., 2008) hence, regular survey and monitoring programs of heavy metal contamination in food stuff were mainly centered for decades in developed countries (Jorhem & Sundstroem, 1993; Milacic & Kralj, 2003; Saracoglu et al., 2004) but no substantial research have been conducted to address this issue in the developing countries (Zahoor et al., 2003). Consequently, there are limited data available in Pakistan to reflect the levels of heavy metal contamination in most fruits like mangoes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate most commonly cultivated mango export varieties (Dusahri, Chaunsa, Ratol and Langra) for physico-chemical, nutritional and safety status of the fruit, grown in three major regions of Pakistan. Concentrations of macro (Na, K, Ca, P) and micro elements (Fe, Zn, Ni, Cr, Cd, and Pb ) were determined in the mango pulp. The levels of heavy metals content of the pulp samples were compared with the approved safe limits. Materials and Methods Procurement of the materials: Four popular varieties of mangoes (Dusahri, Chaunsa, Ratol and Langra) were selected and ripened fruits were obtained from three major mango growing areas of Pakistan i.e. MUL, RYK and MPK. The samples were brought to the laboratory of the Department of Food and Horticultural Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan. The fruits were thoroughly washed with double distilled deionized water to remove any pollutant, pesticide residues, dirt and dust on the surface. Reagents used were of analytical grade unless otherwise stated and the solutions were prepared with distilled water. Glassware were soaked overnight in a 10% nitric acid solution and then rinsed with distilled water before its use. Standard solution for each element was used for calibration, diluting a stock solution of 1,000 mg/l, supplied by Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Pulp extraction: Ten fruit from each cultivar and location were sampled. Harvesting was carried out three times for each cultivar. The fruits of each mango variety and location were weighed and passed through a mango pulper (locally fabricated) to separate pulp from the stone and skin. The pulp obtained was weighed and packed in labeled HEAVY METAL CONTENT OF MANGOES IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF PAKISTAN 2693 polyethylene bags. These bags were stored in a refrigerator at 4 ºC for around 3-4 days for further analysis. Analytical tests Physico-chemical assay of the mango pulp samples: Total soluble solids were determined directly in each sample by using refractometer (Atago PAL-1, Japan) and expressed as °Brix. The acidity was determined as citric acid by titration against 0.1 N solution of NaOH and pH by using pH meter (Jenway 3510-UK) by taking a sufficient quantity of sample in 50 mL clean beaker as described in AOAC (Anon., 2000). Determination of macro and micro elements in mango pulp samples: Metals determination was carried out following the method outlined by Arora et al., (2008). A weighed quantity of the pulp was air-dried for a day and oven-dried in hot air oven (Memmert 100-Germany) at 70-80ºC for 24 hr. The dried samples were ground and sieved through a muslin cloth. Ground sample (in triplicate) weighing 0.5 g of each was placed in digestion flask and 15.0 ml concentrated HNO3 (Merck, 99.9% purity) was added to this dried pulp. The sample was completely digested after heating it at 60-70°C for one hour on a hot plate (ARE, Velp Italy). The digested samples were cooled to room temperature and 5.0 mL concentrated HClO4 (Merck, 99.9 percent purity) was added to the digested sample with heating until white fumes appeared in the flask. The reaction mixture was filtered with Whatman filter paper No. 42 and transferred to a measuring flask after cooling to room temperature and volume made up to 25.0 mL with distilled water. The sample solutions were subsequently analyzed for the concentrations of these macro and micro elements (Na, K, Ca, P, Fe, Zn, Ni, Cr, Cd, and Pb ) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer-100) and flame photometer. The experiment was repeated twice for each variety for accuracy and the values reported are the means for each element. Statistical analysis: The data were statistically analyzed using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to assess the effect of different variables on the concentrations of heavy metals and physico-chemicals attributes of the tested mango varieties (Steel et al., 1997). Duncan’s Multiple Range Test was applied to assess the difference between means at significance level of p<0.05 (Duncan, 1955). Results and Discussion Physico-chemical characteristics of various mango varieties: Data pertaining to physico- chemical composition of various mango cultivars have been presented in Figure 1. The highest ash content (%) was observed in the pulp samples obtained from Langra followed by Dusahri while Chaunsa and Ratol did not vary for their ash content (Fig. 1A). No varietal difference could be observed among Dusahri, Chaunsa and Ratol for TSS however, Langra showed a significantly (p<0.05) lower concentration of TSS (Fig. 1B). This difference in TSS content of mangoes might be attributed to the storage time and temperature since, reduced rate of development of soluble solids was observed at low temperature (Medicott et al., 1986). Rao & Breummer (1981) ascribed a decrease in TSS of the mangoes to over ripening and microbial spoilage. 2694 SAEED AKHTAR ET AL., Fig. 1 Physico-chemical differences among various mango varieties (Dusahri, Chaunsa, Ratol and Langra).
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