J. Agr. Sci. Tech. (2014) Vol. 16: 385-393
Vegetative and Reproductive Development of ‘Ataulfo’ Mango under Pruning and Paclobutrazol Management
∗ D. A. García De Niz 1, G. L. Esquivel 2 , R. B. Montoya 2, B. G. Arrieta Ramos 2, G. A. Santiago 2, J. R. Gómez Aguilar 2, and A. R. Sao José 3
ABSTRACT
Pruning of the plant canopy and paclobutrazol application to the root zone are agronomic practices that improve harvest yield in mango ( Mangifera indica L.) orchards. To assess the effect of pruning and paclobutrazol treatment on the vegetative and reproductive development of ‘Ataulfo’ mango, three pruning dates (20 April, 20 May, and 20 June) and three concentrations of paclobutrazol (PBZ) (7.5, 11.25, and 15 mL of active ingredient) were used. While control trees presented only one vegetative growth during the productive cycle, trees that were pruned and treated with PBZ had up to three vegetative growth cycles before flowering, regardless of whether pruning occurred in April, May, or June. The number of vegetative shoots and inflorescences (m -2) were equal when trees were pruned and PBZ was applied. When pruning was performed in April or May, the time of harvest occurred 28 days earlier compared to the control. Pruning in April numerically resulted in the greatest production efficiency (7-11 kg m -2). For all the three pruning dates, fruit production of trees treated with PBZ and pruning was from 38 to 98 kg; these values were always less than those obtained for the control trees. The greatest incidence of seedless fruits (57-80%) occurred when pruning was performed in June.
Keywords : Fruit growth flowering, Forced production, Growth inhibitor, Seedless fruit.
INTRODUCTION pruning can improve twice vegetative growth (Vázquez-Valdivia et al ., 2009). Flowering occurs after the period of vegetative The most critical problems affecting development and shoot maturation (shoot ‘Ataulfo’ mango ( Mangifera indica L.) achieved from four to five months) cultivation in Mexico are the marked (Davenport, 2003). Each vegetative growth seasonality of the harvest, typically in May Downloaded from jast.modares.ac.ir at 8:24 IRST on Tuesday September 28th 2021 cycle ranges from 3 to 6 weeks. Increases in and June; the high incidence of parthenocarpy shoot length and diameter occur during the in ‘Ataulfo’ mango; and the limited first 2 weeks, and the completion of shoot technology available for advancing or delaying maturation 1-2 months thereafter (Ramírez and the time of harvest. Davenport, 2010). Reproductive growth occurs Mango undergoes one to three vegetative on mature shoots once a year, but this type of growth cycles each year, depending on the growth can occur at different times on the cultivar, tree age, nutrition, relative humidity same tree (Ramírez, et al ., 2010a) and night-time and daytime temperatures The technologies available for advancing or (Davenport, 2007), however, in ‘Ataulfo’ delaying harvest are pruning, growth ______1 Post degree on Agricultural, Biological and Fisheries Sciences, Autonomous University of Nayarit, Km 9, Tepic-Compostela Highway, Xalisco Nayarit. Mexico. P.C. 63780 2 Agriculture Academic Unit, Autonomous University of Nayarit, Km 9, Tepic-Compostela Highway, Xalisco Nayarit. P. C. 63780, Mexico. ∗ Corresponding author: e-mail: [email protected] 3 State University of Southwest Bahia, Bem Querer Road, Km 4, P.C. 95, CEP 45.100-000, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia Brazil.
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regulators, trunk ringing, hydric stress, Huaristemba municipality of San Blas, irrigation, nutrition, and age of the last flush Nayarit, Mexico. The altitude of the site is (Ramírez et al ., 2010b). Pruning is commonly 14 m, and the geographic coordinates are used in fruit trees, with the goal of controlling 21° 40' 51.45'' N latitude and 105° 11' growth and stimulating the formation of 25.32'' W longitude. The climate at the site vegetative and reproductive shoots. In mango, is hot and humid (22.61°C and 85.82% pruning is also useful for removing diseased annual average) with an annual precipitation branches, defining tree structure, inducing of 1,300 mm (National Institute for early flowering, increasing second-cycle yield Federalism and Municipal Development, and improving fruit quality (Davenport, 2006; State Government of Nayarit, 2009). The Yeshitela et al. , 2005; Gil et al. , 1998). study was conducted during the 2010-2011 Paclobutrazol (PBZ) is a growth regulator that inhibits gibberellin biosynthesis and production cycle. Before the experiment was blocks the oxidation reactions of kaurene to conducted, the soil was sampled and kaurenic acid, a precursor of gibberellin analyzed to determine its characteristics and synthesis (do Carmo and Silva, 2005; to devise the appropriate nutrition program. Mansuroglu et al. , 2009; Ruíz et al. , 2003; The soil had a clay texture, a pH of 7.4, and -1 Villa-Ruano et al. , 2010). In mango, PBZ an electrical conductivity (EC) of 0.1 dS m . reduces vegetative shoot formation, promotes Trees were irrigated by flooding system early flowering, increases flowering, increase once per month beginning from November the number of set fruit, decreases alternate until one month before harvest. bearing, increases yield, and advances harvest The three pruning dates that were from 45 to 51 days in cv s. Tommy Atkins and investigated were April 20, May 20, and Manila (Avilán et al. , 2005; Avilán et al. , June 20. On each of these dates, three PBZ 2008; do Carmo and Silva, 2005; Fonseca et concentrations were tested: 7.48, 11.2 and al. , 2005; Jamalian et al. , 2008; Mansuroglu et 14.96 g ai (PBZ). The control condition was al. , 2009; Nguyen and Nguyen, 2005; Silva et no pruning and no PBZ. There were six al. , 2007; Yeshitela et al. , 2004). In ‘Ataulfo’ replicates for each treatment with one tree mango, an advancement of the harvest of up to per replicate. For pruning, fruits from the 30 days was previously reported (Vázquez- cycle and intercrossed branches were Valdivia et al. , 2009). In studies investigating ‘Tommy Atkins’, ‘Manila’, ‘Haden’, removed (April and May pruning fruit was ‘Springfels’, ‘Edward’ and ‘Ataulfo’ mango, in growing stage, in June pruning fruit was the PBZ application doses ranged from 1 to 2 in physiological maturation stage) and the g of ai m -2 of canopy diameter (Avilán et al. , canopy was reduced to a height of 4.5 m. Downloaded from jast.modares.ac.ir at 8:24 IRST on Tuesday September 28th 2021 2008; Cárdenas and Rojas, 2003; do Carmo Forty-one days after pruning, 500 mL of and Silva, 2005; Fonseca et al. , 2005; Nguyen PBZ suspension was applied at each cardinal and Nguyen, 2005; Silva et al. , 2007; point at a depth of 15 cm and 1.5 m from the Yeshitela et al. , 2004). The objective of this tree base. The temperature and relative study was to evaluate the effect of PBZ humidity were recorded with HOBO ® Pro v2 application and the date of pruning on the equipment at 30-minute intervals. The vegetative and reproductive development of vegetative stage variables were vegetative ‘Ataulfo’ mango. shoots m -2, number of vegetative growths per shoot and vegetative growth vigor. For MATERIALS AND METHODS each of these variables, measurements were made at four shoots located at each cardinal point for each tree until the floral shoots The study was conducted using 20-year- developed. The reproductive stage variables old ‘Ataulfo’ mango trees with native were number of inflorescences m -2; Mangifera indica L as rootstock, 10 and 12 flowering-to-harvest period, determined m in height and diameter, respectively, using the scale proposed by Yeshitela et al. planting distance of 10×10 m, located in the (2003); and number of set fruit m -2. These 386
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variables were quantified at aheight of 2.5 m result is that the shoots had less time to grow from the canopy. The following variables when pruning was conducted earlier in the were also quantified: productive efficiency growth season. In a study on ‘Zebda’ in kg m -2, using the method proposed by mango, Shaban (2009) concluded that severe Medina-Urritia et al. (2007); incidence of pruning treatments significantly increased fruit without seed; incidence of non- the number of new growths per shoot and commercial mango; and production per tree. that high PBZ doses decreased shoot length A completely randomized statistical design and diameter. According to Vázquez and was used. Analysis of variance and a test for Pérez (2006) and Yeshitela et al. (2004), comparison of means (Tukey’s test, P≤ 0.05) ‘Ataulfo’ mango shoot can be considered were performed using the SAS ® program potentially reproductive when it contains 9.2. one or more vegetative growths and an apical leaf bud. Davenport (2007) reported RESULTS AND DISCUSSION that one or more vegetative growths can occur naturally on individual shoots each year, depending on the cultivar, tree age, and -2 Number of Vegetative Shoots m climatic conditions. For all three pruning dates, a greater number of vegetative shoots m -2 was observed on trees treated with PBZ. For the Vigor of Vegetative Growths treatment condition and the untreated control, the values were approximately 6.0 For the April pruning, the vigor of the and 3.5 vegetative shoots m -2, respectively first growth cycle was statistically equal to (Table 1). For the pruning in May, no that of the control (diameter and length). significant differences were observed among However, for the May and June pruning, the the different PBZ concentrations. Similar growth of the control trees was more results were reported by Pavone et al. vigorous than that of PBZ-treated trees with (2008), who applied pruning and PBZ to significantly greater values for shoot ‘Tommy Atkins’ mango. Although these diameter, and length and number of leaves researchers observed an increase in the (Table 1). This result can be attributed to the number of vegetative shoots that emerged, fact that the treated trees underwent more this difference is attributable to pruning vegetative growth cycles than the control rather than PBZ. Davenport (2003) indicates trees. Yeshitela et al. (2004) reported similar
Downloaded from jast.modares.ac.ir at 8:24 IRST on Tuesday September 28th 2021 that vegetative shoot number is related to results for the number of leaves: as the tree age, high nitrogen level, and water concentration of PBZ increased, the number abundance. of leaves decreased. Shaban (2009) suggested that this behavior was due Number of Vegetative Growths per specifically to the effect of PBZ as a Shoot gibberellin synthesis inhibitor rather than the effect of pruning.
The control trees underwent only one -2 vegetative growth cycle (Table 1). When the Number of Inflorescences m pruning was conducted in April, the number of vegetative growths per shoot decreased The greatest number of inflorescences was from 2.33 to 1.5 as the PBZ dose increased. observed when pruning was performed in This trend was not observed when the April (6.31 m -2), although the results pruning was conducted in May or June, and indicated no significant difference. the results for all PBZ concentrations were Compared to the control, the PBZ treatments statistically equal. One explanation for this
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resulted in at least two additional in April or May with PBZ treatment, inflorescences m -2 (Table 2), and the highest anthesis occurred on 15 December 2010, and PBZ dose produced the greatest number of the time that elapsed between flowering and inflorescences. The results are consistent harvest was 140 days. This results differed with those obtained by Yeshitela et al. with those obtained in ‘Haden’ and ‘Tommy (2004), when tested 0.5 and 2.0 g L -1 of Atkins’ where blooming to harvest period paclobutrazol in ‘Tommy Atkins’ and was 120 days using pruning, Paclobutrazol - ‘Keitt’ mango, wherein the greatest PBZ or Uniconazol and NO 3 (Davenport, 2003). dose yielded a greater number of When pruning in June and PBZ application inflorescences than the control. Similarly, were combined, anthesis occurred on 28 Cárdenas and Rojas (2003), do Carmo and December 2010, with a flower-to-harvest Silva (2005), and Pavone et al . (2008) found period of 143 days. The time of harvest that pruning and PBZ treatment had similar occurred 28 days earlier, consistent with the effects in ‘Tommy Atkins’, ‘Sprinfels’, results obtained by Vázquez et al. (2009) for ‘Edward’ and ‘Haden’ mango. ‘Ataulfo’ mango. Using an integrated management program of pruning, Flowering-to-harvest Period fertilization, nitrates and PBZ, Vázquez et al. (2009) observed an advancement of harvest of approximately 30 days. Quijada et In the treatments that combined pruning al. (2009) similarly advanced flowering by
Table 2 . Number of inflorescences m -2, number of set fruits m -2, incidence of seedless fruit (%), incidence of non-commercial fruits (%) and production per tree (kg) for ‘Ataulfo’ mango trees on three pruning dates and with three PBZ doses. a Pruning PBZ Inflorescences Set Productive fruit Non- Production date g ai fruit efficiency withou commercia t seed l fruits 0.0 4.06 a 2.16 a 8.9 ab 64.2 ab 12.9 a 95.0 a 7.5 6.45 a 2.33 a 7.6 b 66.4 a 4.6 b 62.0 a 11.2 6.21 a 2.00 a 9.3 ab 50.8 ab 4.7 b 77.3 a 15.0 6.28 a 3.33 a 11.6 a 47.4 b 8.1 ab 98.4 a CV 27.70 83.11 23.37 20.51 61.32 29.21 P> 0.0543 0.6762 0.0331 0.0235 0.0177 0.0601 A F 0.0 4.06 a 2.16 a 8.9 a 64.2 a 12.9 a 95.0 a
Downloaded from jast.modares.ac.ir at 8:24 IRST on Tuesday September 28th 2021 7.5 4.45 a 0.66 a 6.6 a 71.0 a 4.4 b 53.2 b 11.2 5.40 a 2.50 a 7.7 a 65.3 a 8.4 ab 64.0 ab 15.0 5.65 a 2.00 a 9.3 a 58.6 a 4.6 b 69.4 ab CV 34.74 90.99 28.48 16.05 55.42 34.58 M P> 0.3412 0.2728 0.2193 0.2662 0.0068 0.0463 F 0.0 4.06 b 2.16 a 8.9 a 64.2 a 12.9 a 95.0 a 7.5 5.41 ab 2.00 a 5.1 b 73.8 a 7.1 a 43.4 b 11.2 5.76 ab 3.33 a 5.1 b 71.9 a 4.1 a 43.3 b 15.0 5.93 a 1.00 a 4.6b 80.3 a 11.5 a 38.7 b J CV 21.69 120.97 34.86 14.20 72.38 42.39 P> 0.0429 0.4929 0.0064 0.0886 0.1022 0.0012 F A 5.75 a 2.45 a 9.30 a 57.20 c 7.57 a 83.17 a M 4.89 a 1.83 a 8.33 a 64.76 b 7.58 a 70.38 ab J 5.29 a 2.12 a 6.55 a 72.53 a 8.92 a 55.08 b CV 28.22 99.42 28.10 16.70 64.71 35.51 a Means with the same letter within a column are not significantly different (Tukey’s test, P ≤ 0.05). CV= Coefficient of Variation; A= 20 April; M = 20 May, and J= 20 June.
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more than 30 days for ‘Irwin’ and 20 days harvest practice, which can represent up to for ‘Tommy Atkins’ mango using KNO 3 60% of this value. Furthermore, it has been combined with pruning. For the control trees demonstrated that ‘Ataulfo’ mango without in this study, anthesis occurred on 10 PBZ application can remain without January 2011, and the flowering-to-harvest flowering because of weather. These results period was 129 days. The control harvest exceeded those obtained in Araque, Rangel occurred on the same date as the harvest for y Rosita, native mangos from Venezuela, by trees that were pruned on 20 June. Avilán et al. (2003), who reported production efficiencies of 5 and 6 mangos -2 Number of Set Fruits m -2 m .
No statistic difference was found as the Incidence of Seedless Fruits (%) treatments effect, however, the greatest number of set fruit was observed for the The percentage of seedless fruits treatment that combined pruning in April increased with later pruning dates for all with the greatest dose of PBZ (3.33 m -2). treatments. The greatest incidence (80.34) The numbers of set fruits decreased was obtained at a dose of 14.96 g ai PBZ for progressively for the pruning in May (2.0 m - the June pruning, which was significantly 2) and June (1.0 m -2), without significant different only from the incidence observed differences among the three pruning dates for the April pruning (Table 2). These (Table 2). These findings are similar to those incidence values exceeded by 50% those reported for ‘Tommy Atkins’ mango by reported for ‘Nam Dok Mai’ mango by Quijada et al. (2009), who reported 4.4 set Shaban and Ibrahim (2009). In Huaristemba, fruits m -2. the temperature and relative humidity during the months in which pollination, Productive Efficiency fertilization, and fruit set occur for ‘Ataulfo’ mango are 19.72°C and 99.66%, respectively, at night and 29.93°C and The greatest production efficiency (11.63 67.96%, respectively, during the day. These -2 kg m ) was observed for the April pruning conditions are very different than the night- date combined with a dose of 14.96 g ai time and daytime conditions of 20-25 and (PBZ). Although this value is not different 10-15°C, respectively, reported by than the control (8.90 kg m -2), this
Downloaded from jast.modares.ac.ir at 8:24 IRST on Tuesday September 28th 2021 Sukhvibul et al. (2005), who observed the management allows to increase yield greatest incidences of seedless fruit in through raising the number of trees per ha ‘Irwin’, ‘Kensington’ and ‘Nam Dok Mai and, thus, production efficiency; this value mangos. From these results, we infer that was significantly different than those for all one option for avoiding the heavy impact of other treatments. Efficiency was reduced for climate during the anthesis and fruit set of the May pruning and was reduced even ‘Ataulfo’ mango is the combination of further for the June pruning (Table 2). The pruning and PBZ application during the production efficiency was similar among the months of April and May. These combined other PBZ doses. These findings indicated treatments may help ensure fructification that PBZ combined with pruning compared during the following cycle and may help with un-pruned trees can be equally diminish the incidence of parthenocarpy. productive and raise the possibility that Furthermore, it is necessary to study the planting density may thus be increased from effect of pollinator insects in cross- -1 100 to at least 277 trees ha . Although the pollination. Singh (1997) considered that production was the same, this technology mango pollination was basically would reduce the production cost due to entomophily and that common housefly was
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an important pollinator. Dag et al. (1997) and PBZ treatment underwent up to three found that crossed pollination from Tommy vegetative growth cycles, regardless of the to Lily significantly improved fructification. pruning date, while un-pruned control trees only underwent one cycle. Pruning and PBZ Incidence of Non-commercial Mangos treatment did not increase the production efficiency m -2 and did not affect the number of inflorescences. Treatments combining Treatments combining pruning and PBZ pruning dates and paclobutrazol did not have exhibited the greatest percentages of effect on non-commercial fruits production. commercial fruit for all three pruning dates, However, June pruning resulted in a greater and statistically significant differences were incidence of seedless mango (72.53%). observed for the April and May pruning (Table 2). These results are similar to those reported for ‘Tommy Atkins’ mango by REFERENCES Vega and Molina (1999). 1. Avilán, L., Soto, E., Marín, R. C., Pérez, M., Rodríguez, M. and Ruíz, J. 2008. Production per Tree (kg) Productividad del Mango en una Población de Alta Densidad Durante el Período de For all three pruning dates, trees treated Plena Producción. Agronomía Trop., 58(2): with PBZ and pruning produced 38 to 98 kg; 181-191. 2. Avilán, L., Marín, R. C., Rodríguez, M. and these values were always less than those Ruíz, J. 2005. Producción Forzada de obtained for the control trees. This result is Mango ( Mangifera indica L.) en Alta attributable to the intensity and date of Densidad (278 pl ha -1) Durante el Periodo de pruning, which reduced the canopy volume Crecimiento. Rev. Fac. Agron., 22: 99-111. by up to 50%. Pruning later in the season 3. Avilán, L., Emaldi, U., Soto, E., Rodríguez, resulted in an increase in the incidence of M. and Ruiz, J. 2003. Evaluación de mango parthenocarpy and a negative effect Cultivares "Criollos" de Mango. Agronomía on harvest volume relative to the control Trop., 53(2): 119-131. (Table 2). Vázquez et al. (2009) reported 4. Avilán, L., Marín, R. C. and Rodríguez, M. that trees treated with pruning, PBZ, 2001. Crecimiento, Floración y Producción del Mango Sometido a Diferentes fertilization and KNO produced 77 to 96 kg 3 Tratamientos en Plantaciones de Alta per tree. The results observed for ‘Ataulfo’ Densidad. Agronomía Trop., 51(1): 29-47. mango are consistent with those previously Downloaded from jast.modares.ac.ir at 8:24 IRST on Tuesday September 28th 2021 5. Cárdenas, K. and Rojas, E. 2003. Efecto del reported for ‘Haden’ (87 kg), ‘Tommy Paclobutrazol y los Nitratos de Potasio y Atkins’ (56 kg), ‘Springfels’ (36 kg) and Calcio Sobre el Desarrollo del Mango ‘Edward’ (27 kg) mangos treated with PBZ, 'Tommy Atkins". Rev. Bioagro., 15(3): 83- pruning and KNO 3 at 6% (Avilán et al. , 90. 2001). 6. Dag, A., Ersenstein, D., Degani, C., El- Batsri, R., Zelig, M., Ziv, G. and Gazit, S. 1997. ‘Tommy Atkins’ Mango as Pollinizer CONCLUSIONS for ‘Lyli’ . Acta Horticulturae , 455: 209-216. 7. Davenport, T. L. 2006. Pruning Strategies to Maximize Tropical Mango Production from The combination of pruning and PBZ the Time of Planting to Restoration of Old treatment for ‘Ataulfo’ mango advanced Orchards. Hort. Sci., 4(3): 131-135. harvest by 40 days when pruning was 8. Davenport, T. L. 2007. Reproductive performed on 20 April or 20 May. Physiology of Mango. Braz. J. Plant Additionally, the flowering-to-harvest Physiol., 19(4): 363-376. period was 140 days compared to 128 days 9. Davenport, T. L. 2003. Management of for the control. Trees subjected to pruning Flowering in Three Tropical and Subtropical
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Fruit Tree Species. HortSci. , 38(7): 1331– Influencia la Poda y de la Aplicación de 1335. Nitrato Potásico y Tiosulfato Potásico Sobre 10. Do Carmo, M. M. A. and Silva, J. A. 2005. el Mango en Maracaibo, Venezuela, II. Efeito do Paclobutrazol em Duas Epocas de Producción e Indices de Eficiencia Produçao da Mangueira. Bragantia , 64(2): Productiva. Agronomía Trop., 59(3): 289- 219-225. 296. 11. Fonseca, N., de Castro, M. T. N. and da 20. Ramírez, F. and Davenport, T.L. 2010. Silva C. A. L. 2005. Paclobutrazol e Estresse Mango ( Mangifera indica L.) Flowering Hídrico no Florescimento e Produçao da Physiology. Scientia Hortic., 126(2): 65-72. Mangueira ( Mangifera indica ) "Tommy 21. Ramírez, F., Davenport T. L. and Fischer, G. Atkins". Rev. Bras. Frutic., 27(1): 21-24. 2010a. The Number of Leaves Required for 12. Gil, P. M., Sergent, E. and Leal, F. 1998. Floral Induction and Translocation of the Efectos de la Poda Sobre Variables Florigenic Promoter in Mango ( Mangifera Reproductivas y de Calidad del Mango indica L.) in a Tropical Climate. Scientia (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Haden. Bioagro, Hortic., 123(4): 443–453. 10(1): 18-23. 22. Ramírez, F., Davenport T. L., Fischer, G. 13. Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el and Pinzón, J. C. A. 2010b. The Stem Age Desarrollo Municipal, Gobierno del Estado Required for Floral Induction of de Nayarit [National Institute for Federalism Synchronized Mango Trees in the Tropics. and Municipal Development, State HortSci. , 45(10): 1453–1458. Government of Nayarit]. 2009. Gobierno del 23. Ruíz. P. F. D., Villegas, M. Á., Hernández, Estado de Nayarit . Tepic. 15 February 2012. L. A. and Colinas, L. M. T. 2003. Cambios
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30. Vázquez, V. V. and Pérez, B. M. H. 2006. Shoot Pruning on Inflorescence and Yield Dosis y Épocas de Aplicación de Ácido Related Developments in Some Mango Giberélico en la Floración y Cosecha del Cultivars. J. Appl. Hort., 5(2): 69-75. Mango 'Ataulfo'. Rev. Fitotec. Mex., 29(3): 34. Yeshitela, T., Robbertse, P. J. and Stassen, 197-202. P. J. C. 2004. Effects of Various Inductive 31. Vega, V. E. and Molina, E. 1999. Periods and Chemicals on Flowering and Fertilización Nitrogenada en el Cultivo de Vegetative Growth of ‘Tommy Atkins’ and Mango cv. Tommy Atkins, en Guanacaste, ‘Keitt’ Mango ( Mangifera indica L. ) Costa Rica. Agron. Costarricense, 23(1): Cultivars. New Zealand J. Crop Hort. Sci., 37-44. 32: 209-215. 32. Villa-Ruano, N., Betancourt-Jimenez, M. G. 35. Yeshitela, T., Robbertse, P. J. and Stassen, and Lozoya-Gloria, E. 2010. cDNA P. J. C. 2005. Effects of Pruning on Isolation and Gene Expression of Kaurene Flowering, Yield and Fruit Quality in Oxidase from Montanoa Tormentosa Mango ( Mangifera indica L.) Aust. J. Exp. (Zoapalte ). Rev. Latinoam. Quím. , 38(2): Agr . 45:1325-1330 81-88. 33. Yeshitela, T., Robbertse, P. J. and Stassen, P. J. C. 2003. The Impact of Panicle and
ﻧﻤﻮ روﻳﺸﻲ و زاﻳﺸﻲ درﺧﺖ اﻧﺒﻪ رﻗﻢ آﺗﻮﻟﻔﻮ دراﺛﺮ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﻫﺮس و ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﻠﭘﻜ ﻮﺑﻮﺗﺮازول
د. ا. ﮔﺎرﺳﻴﺎ دﻧﻴﺰ، گ. ل. اﺳﻜﻮﻳﻮل، ر. ب. ﻣﻮﻧﺘﻮﻳﺎ، ب. گ. آرﻳﺘﺎ راﻣﻮس، گ. ا. ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﺎﮔﻮ، ج. ر. ﮔﻮﻣﺲ آﮔﻮﻳﻼر، و ا. ر. ﺳﺎﺋﻮ ﺟﻮزه
ﭼﻜﻴﺪه
ﻫﺮس ﻛﺮدن ﺷﺎﺧﺴﺎر وﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﻣﺎده ﭘﻜﻠ ﻮﺑﻮﺗﺮازول در رﻳﺸﻪ ﮔﺎه درﺧﺘﺎن اﻧﺒﻪ ( .Mangifera indica L
) از ﺷﻤﺎر ﻛﺎرﻫﺎي زراﻋﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد در ﺑﺎغ ﻫﺎي اﻧﺒﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. در ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ، ﺑﺮاي ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ Downloaded from jast.modares.ac.ir at 8:24 IRST on Tuesday September 28th 2021 اﺛﺮ ﻫﺮس ﻛﺮدن و ﺗﻴﻤﺎر ﺑﺎ ﻣﺎده ﭘﻜﻠ ﻮﺑﻮﺗﺮازول روي رﺷﺪ روﻳﺸﻲ و زاﻳﺸﻲ اﻧﺒﻪ Ataulfo ، ﺳﻪ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﻫﺮس( 20 آورﻳﻞ، 20 ﻣﻪ، و 20 ژوﺋﻦ) و ﺳﻪ ﻏ ﻠﻈﺖ PBZ 7/5( ، /25 11 ، و 15 ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻟﻴﺘﺮ ﻣﺎده ﻓﻌﺎل) ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر رﻓﺘﻨﺪ. ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ در ﺣﺎﻟﻴﻜﻪ درﺧﺘﺎن ﺗﻴﻤﺎر ﺷﺎﻫﺪ در دوره ﺑﺎردﻫﻲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻳﻚ دوره رﺷﺪ روﻳﺸﻲ داﺷﺘﻨﺪ، درﺧﺘﺎن ﻫﺮس ﺷﺪه و ﺗﻴﻤﺎر ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ PBZ ، در ﻫﺮ ﺳﻪ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﻫﺮس، ﻗﺒﻞ از ﮔﻠﺪﻫﻲ ﺗﺎ ﺳﻪ ﭼﺮﺧﻪ رﺷﺪ روﻳﺸﻲ ﻧﺸﺎن دادﻧﺪ. ﺷﻤﺎر ﺷﺎﺧ ﻪ ﻫﺎ وﮔﻞ آذﻳﻦ ﻫﺎ در ﻫﺮ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ در ﺗﻴﻤﺎرﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮس ﺷﺪه و PBZ درﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻛﺮده ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﻫﻢ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺑﻮد. در ﺗﻴﻤﺎر ﻫﺮس درﻣﺎه آورﻳﻞ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺎه ﻣﻪ، ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﺑﺮداﺷﺖ 28 روز زودﺗﺮ از ﺗﻴﻤﺎر ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد. ﻫﺮس ﻛﺮدن در ﻣﺎه آورﻳﻞ از ﻧﻈﺮ ﻛﻤﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻛﺎرآﻳﻲ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ( 11-7 11-7 ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم در ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮ ﺑﻊ) را داﺷﺖ. ﺑﺮاي ﻫﺮ ﺳﻪ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﻫﺮس، ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻴﻮه درﺧﺘﺎن ﺗﻴﻤﺎر ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ PBZ و ﻫﺮس ﺷﺪه ﺑﻴﻦ 38 ﺗﺎ 98 ﻛﻴﻠﻮ ﮔﺮم ﺑﻮد ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﻮاره ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از درﺧﺘﺎن ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد.ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ، ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻣﻴﻮه ﻫﺎي ﺑﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ( -80 57 %) در ﺗﻴﻤﺎر ﻫﺮس در ﻣﺎه ژوﺋﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه .ﺷﺪ .ﺷﺪ
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