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Ataulfo’ Mango Under Pruning and Paclobutrazol Management

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Ataulfo’ Mango Under Pruning and Paclobutrazol Management J. Agr. Sci. Tech. (2014) Vol. 16: 385-393 Vegetative and Reproductive Development of ‘Ataulfo’ Mango under Pruning and Paclobutrazol Management ∗ D. A. García De Niz 1, G. L. Esquivel 2 , R. B. Montoya 2, B. G. Arrieta Ramos 2, G. A. Santiago 2, J. R. Gómez Aguilar 2, and A. R. Sao José 3 ABSTRACT Pruning of the plant canopy and paclobutrazol application to the root zone are agronomic practices that improve harvest yield in mango ( Mangifera indica L.) orchards. To assess the effect of pruning and paclobutrazol treatment on the vegetative and reproductive development of ‘Ataulfo’ mango, three pruning dates (20 April, 20 May, and 20 June) and three concentrations of paclobutrazol (PBZ) (7.5, 11.25, and 15 mL of active ingredient) were used. While control trees presented only one vegetative growth during the productive cycle, trees that were pruned and treated with PBZ had up to three vegetative growth cycles before flowering, regardless of whether pruning occurred in April, May, or June. The number of vegetative shoots and inflorescences (m -2) were equal when trees were pruned and PBZ was applied. When pruning was performed in April or May, the time of harvest occurred 28 days earlier compared to the control. Pruning in April numerically resulted in the greatest production efficiency (7-11 kg m -2). For all the three pruning dates, fruit production of trees treated with PBZ and pruning was from 38 to 98 kg; these values were always less than those obtained for the control trees. The greatest incidence of seedless fruits (57-80%) occurred when pruning was performed in June. Keywords : Fruit growth flowering, Forced production, Growth inhibitor, Seedless fruit. INTRODUCTION pruning can improve twice vegetative growth (Vázquez-Valdivia et al ., 2009). Flowering occurs after the period of vegetative The most critical problems affecting development and shoot maturation (shoot ‘Ataulfo’ mango ( Mangifera indica L.) achieved from four to five months) cultivation in Mexico are the marked (Davenport, 2003). Each vegetative growth seasonality of the harvest, typically in May Downloaded from jast.modares.ac.ir at 8:24 IRST on Tuesday September 28th 2021 cycle ranges from 3 to 6 weeks. Increases in and June; the high incidence of parthenocarpy shoot length and diameter occur during the in ‘Ataulfo’ mango; and the limited first 2 weeks, and the completion of shoot technology available for advancing or delaying maturation 1-2 months thereafter (Ramírez and the time of harvest. Davenport, 2010). Reproductive growth occurs Mango undergoes one to three vegetative on mature shoots once a year, but this type of growth cycles each year, depending on the growth can occur at different times on the cultivar, tree age, nutrition, relative humidity same tree (Ramírez, et al ., 2010a) and night-time and daytime temperatures The technologies available for advancing or (Davenport, 2007), however, in ‘Ataulfo’ delaying harvest are pruning, growth _____________________________________________________________________________ 1 Post degree on Agricultural, Biological and Fisheries Sciences, Autonomous University of Nayarit, Km 9, Tepic-Compostela Highway, Xalisco Nayarit. Mexico. P.C. 63780 2 Agriculture Academic Unit, Autonomous University of Nayarit, Km 9, Tepic-Compostela Highway, Xalisco Nayarit. P. C. 63780, Mexico. ∗ Corresponding author: e-mail: [email protected] 3 State University of Southwest Bahia, Bem Querer Road, Km 4, P.C. 95, CEP 45.100-000, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia Brazil. 385 _________________________________________________________________ Garcia De Niz et al. regulators, trunk ringing, hydric stress, Huaristemba municipality of San Blas, irrigation, nutrition, and age of the last flush Nayarit, Mexico. The altitude of the site is (Ramírez et al ., 2010b). Pruning is commonly 14 m, and the geographic coordinates are used in fruit trees, with the goal of controlling 21° 40' 51.45'' N latitude and 105° 11' growth and stimulating the formation of 25.32'' W longitude. The climate at the site vegetative and reproductive shoots. In mango, is hot and humid (22.61°C and 85.82% pruning is also useful for removing diseased annual average) with an annual precipitation branches, defining tree structure, inducing of 1,300 mm (National Institute for early flowering, increasing second-cycle yield Federalism and Municipal Development, and improving fruit quality (Davenport, 2006; State Government of Nayarit, 2009). The Yeshitela et al. , 2005; Gil et al. , 1998). study was conducted during the 2010-2011 Paclobutrazol (PBZ) is a growth regulator that inhibits gibberellin biosynthesis and production cycle. Before the experiment was blocks the oxidation reactions of kaurene to conducted, the soil was sampled and kaurenic acid, a precursor of gibberellin analyzed to determine its characteristics and synthesis (do Carmo and Silva, 2005; to devise the appropriate nutrition program. Mansuroglu et al. , 2009; Ruíz et al. , 2003; The soil had a clay texture, a pH of 7.4, and -1 Villa-Ruano et al. , 2010). In mango, PBZ an electrical conductivity (EC) of 0.1 dS m . reduces vegetative shoot formation, promotes Trees were irrigated by flooding system early flowering, increases flowering, increase once per month beginning from November the number of set fruit, decreases alternate until one month before harvest. bearing, increases yield, and advances harvest The three pruning dates that were from 45 to 51 days in cv s. Tommy Atkins and investigated were April 20, May 20, and Manila (Avilán et al. , 2005; Avilán et al. , June 20. On each of these dates, three PBZ 2008; do Carmo and Silva, 2005; Fonseca et concentrations were tested: 7.48, 11.2 and al. , 2005; Jamalian et al. , 2008; Mansuroglu et 14.96 g ai (PBZ). The control condition was al. , 2009; Nguyen and Nguyen, 2005; Silva et no pruning and no PBZ. There were six al. , 2007; Yeshitela et al. , 2004). In ‘Ataulfo’ replicates for each treatment with one tree mango, an advancement of the harvest of up to per replicate. For pruning, fruits from the 30 days was previously reported (Vázquez- cycle and intercrossed branches were Valdivia et al. , 2009). In studies investigating ‘Tommy Atkins’, ‘Manila’, ‘Haden’, removed (April and May pruning fruit was ‘Springfels’, ‘Edward’ and ‘Ataulfo’ mango, in growing stage, in June pruning fruit was the PBZ application doses ranged from 1 to 2 in physiological maturation stage) and the g of ai m -2 of canopy diameter (Avilán et al. , canopy was reduced to a height of 4.5 m. Downloaded from jast.modares.ac.ir at 8:24 IRST on Tuesday September 28th 2021 2008; Cárdenas and Rojas, 2003; do Carmo Forty-one days after pruning, 500 mL of and Silva, 2005; Fonseca et al. , 2005; Nguyen PBZ suspension was applied at each cardinal and Nguyen, 2005; Silva et al. , 2007; point at a depth of 15 cm and 1.5 m from the Yeshitela et al. , 2004). The objective of this tree base. The temperature and relative study was to evaluate the effect of PBZ humidity were recorded with HOBO ® Pro v2 application and the date of pruning on the equipment at 30-minute intervals. The vegetative and reproductive development of vegetative stage variables were vegetative ‘Ataulfo’ mango. shoots m -2, number of vegetative growths per shoot and vegetative growth vigor. For MATERIALS AND METHODS each of these variables, measurements were made at four shoots located at each cardinal point for each tree until the floral shoots The study was conducted using 20-year- developed. The reproductive stage variables old ‘Ataulfo’ mango trees with native were number of inflorescences m -2; Mangifera indica L as rootstock, 10 and 12 flowering-to-harvest period, determined m in height and diameter, respectively, using the scale proposed by Yeshitela et al. planting distance of 10×10 m, located in the (2003); and number of set fruit m -2. These 386 Pruning and Paclobutrazol Management ________________________________________ variables were quantified at aheight of 2.5 m result is that the shoots had less time to grow from the canopy. The following variables when pruning was conducted earlier in the were also quantified: productive efficiency growth season. In a study on ‘Zebda’ in kg m -2, using the method proposed by mango, Shaban (2009) concluded that severe Medina-Urritia et al. (2007); incidence of pruning treatments significantly increased fruit without seed; incidence of non- the number of new growths per shoot and commercial mango; and production per tree. that high PBZ doses decreased shoot length A completely randomized statistical design and diameter. According to Vázquez and was used. Analysis of variance and a test for Pérez (2006) and Yeshitela et al. (2004), comparison of means (Tukey’s test, P≤ 0.05) ‘Ataulfo’ mango shoot can be considered were performed using the SAS ® program potentially reproductive when it contains 9.2. one or more vegetative growths and an apical leaf bud. Davenport (2007) reported RESULTS AND DISCUSSION that one or more vegetative growths can occur naturally on individual shoots each year, depending on the cultivar, tree age, and -2 Number of Vegetative Shoots m climatic conditions. For all three pruning dates, a greater number of vegetative shoots m -2 was observed on trees treated with PBZ. For the Vigor of Vegetative Growths treatment condition and the untreated control, the values were approximately 6.0 For the April pruning, the vigor of the and 3.5 vegetative shoots m -2, respectively first growth cycle was statistically equal to (Table 1). For the pruning in May, no that of the control (diameter and length). significant differences were observed among However, for the May and June pruning, the the different PBZ concentrations. Similar growth of the control trees was more results were reported by Pavone et al. vigorous than that of PBZ-treated trees with (2008), who applied pruning and PBZ to significantly greater values for shoot ‘Tommy Atkins’ mango.
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