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Response of Ten Yellow Mango Cultivars to Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe Quercicola) Damage in Mexico

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Response of Ten Yellow Mango Cultivars to Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe Quercicola) Damage in Mexico Response of ten yellow mango cultivars to powdery mildew (Erysiphe quercicola) damage in Mexico Respuesta de diez cultivares de mango amarillo al daño por cenicilla (Erysiphe quercicola) en México Amado Pérez-Rodríguez, José Antonio Mora-Aguilera*, Carlos De León-García de Alba, José Sergio Sandoval-Islas, Instituto de Fitosanidad, Colegio de Postgraduados, km 36.5, Carretera México-Texcoco, Montecillo, Texcoco, Estado de México, CP. 56230, México; Elías Hernández-Castro, Unidad Académica de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Ambientales, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Carretera Iguala-Tuxpan km 2.5, CP. 40101, Iguala, Guerrero, México; Alfonso Vásquez-López, Laboratorio de Fitopatología, Instituto Poli- técnico Nacional-CIIDIR, Calle Hornos 1003, Colonia Noche Buena, Municipio Santa Cruz Xoxocotlán, CP. 71230, Oaxaca, Oaxaca, México. *Autor para correspondencia: [email protected]. Recibido: 30 de Noviembre, 2017. Aceptado: 28 de Enero, 2018. Pérez-Rodríguez A, Mora-Aguilera JA, De León-Gar- Abstract. Mango powdery mildew (Erysiphe cía de Alba C, Sandoval-Islas JS, Hernández-Castro E, quercicola) causes up to 90% production losses, Vásquez-López A. 2018. Response of ten yellow man- so it is necessary to estimate the tolerance to this go cultivars to powdery mildew (Erysiphe quercicola) pathogen of the new germplasm introduced or damage in México. Revista Mexicana de Fitopatología recently generated to increase the export potential 36(2): 196-214. of Mexico. The objective of this study was to DOI: 10.18781/R.MEX.FIT.1711-5 determine the response to powdery mildew damage by means of an optimized inoculation Primera publicación DOI: 06 de Marzo, 2018. technique to induce the disease in attached leaves First DOI publication: March 06, 2018. of 10 new yellow mango cultivars for Mexico. Two inoculation methods were evaluated. The best was to spray conidia at 4.6 x 105 spores mL-1 Resumen. La cenicilla del mango (Erysiphe on the adaxial and abaxial leaves surfaces, at ± quercicola) causa pérdidas de producción de hasta 300-450 lux and suspended in polysorbate 20 + 90%, por lo que es necesario estimar la tolerancia surfactant based on ethoxilate alcohols at 2%. The a este patógeno en el nuevo germoplasma introdu- inoculation test showed that the cv. Alphonso was cido o generado recientemente para incrementar el moderately tolerant and Neelum and Fairchild potencial de exportación de México. El objetivo de were slightly tolerant. In contrast, Nam Doc Mai, este estudio fue determinar la respuesta al daño por Rosigold, Ataulfo Zafiro, Cotaxtla and Kesar were cenicilla mediante una técnica de inoculación optimi- susceptible and Mallika and Ivory were highly zada para inducir la enfermedad en hojas adheridas de susceptible. The most tolerant cultivars had lower Publicación en línea, mayo 2018 196 Revista Mexicana de FITOPATOLOGÍA Fully Bilingual Mexican Journal of Phytopathology 10 cultivares de mango amarillo nuevos para Méxi- values of incidence, maximum severity, area under co. Se evaluaron dos métodos de inoculación. El the disease progress curve, apparent infection rate mejor fue por aspersión de conidios a una concen- and conidia density per cm2 of damaged leaf area tración de 4.6 × 105 esporas mL-1, en las superficies (LSD, P≤0.05). adaxial y abaxial de las hojas, a ± 300 – 450 lux y suspendidos en polisorbato 20 + surfactante a base Key words: leaves, susceptibility, germplasm, de alcoholes etoxilados al 2%. La prueba de inocu- severity. lación mostró que el cv. Alphonso fue moderada- mente tolerante y Neelum y Fairchild ligeramente tolerantes. En contraste, Nam Doc Mai, Rosigold, Mexico is the seventh largest mango (Mangifera Ataúlfo Zafiro, Cotaxtla y Kesar fueron suscepti- indica L.) producing country in the world, with bles y Mallika e Ivory altamente susceptibles. Los an annual volume of more than 1.8 Mt, and is cultivares más tolerantes presentaron valores me- the main exporter, accounting for 24% of global nores de incidencia, severidad máxima, área bajo mango exports (FAO, 2016). Between 1992 la curva del progreso de la enfermedad, tasa de in- and 2006, Mexico lost approximately 27.6% of fección aparente y densidad de conidios por cm2 de its competitiveness as a mango exporter to the área foliar dañada. United States due to the increased commercial share of India, Thailand, Peru, Brazil and Ecuador Palabras clave: hojas, susceptibilidad, germoplas- (Hernández and Martínez, 2009). This growing ma, severidad. problem is associated with the limited supply of yellow mangoes on the international market, since Mexico trades only Ataulfo cv. fruits, México representa el séptimo país productor whose productivity is low mainly due to diseases, de mango (Mangifera indica L.) con un volumen parthenocarpic fruits, genetic mixtures, as well as anual superior a 1.8 Mt y es el principal exportador marked seasonality and alternate bearing (Villegas con el 24% del volumen exportado global (FAO, and Mora, 2011). To mitigate such limitations, 2016). Entre 1992 y 2006 México perdió compe- in 2011 and 2012, the Colegio de Postgraduados titividad en aproximadamente 27.6% en la expor- introduced eight new yellow mango cultivars from tación de mango a EE.UU., debido al incremento Florida, USA, that have export potential. Also, the de la participación comercial de India, Tailandia, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Perú, Brasil y Ecuador (Hernández y Martínez, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP) registered two 2009). Este problema creciente está asociado a la new local cultivars of the Ataulfo clone in 2009 (A. oferta limitada de mango amarillo en el mercado Diamante) and 2012 (A. Zafiro). internacional, ya que México comercializa única- Mango powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe mente frutos del cv. Ataúlfo y este presenta baja quercicola (anamorph: Pseudoidium anacardii) productividad debido principalmente a presencia (Braun and Cook, 2012; Félix et al., 2013; Tam, de enfermedades, frutos partenocárpicos, mezclas 2017) is one of the most important diseases that genéticas y marcada estacionalidad y alternancia de affects mango because of its high level of severity, cosecha (Villegas y Mora, 2011). Para mitigar estas endemism and cosmopolitan distribution (Raheel limitantes, el Colegio de Postgraduados introdujo et al., 2008) that cause 80-90% of the mango Publicación en línea, mayo 2018 197 Revista Mexicana de FITOPATOLOGÍA Mexican Journal of Phytopathology Fully Bilingual en 2011 y 2012 ocho nuevos cultivares de mango production losses (Gupta, 1989b; Shoeman et al., amarillo con potencial de exportación procedentes 1995; Nasir et al., 2014). In mango exporting states de Florida, EE.UU. Además, el Instituto Nacional such as Michoacan, it may affect 60% of commercial de Investigaciones Forestales Agrícolas y Pecua- trees, the equivalent of 30,000 to 50,000 tons of rias (INIFAP) registró dos nuevos cultivares loca- fruit (Arias et al., 2004); in Sinaloa, the disease les del clon Ataúlfo en 2009 (A. Diamante) y 2012 causes 70% losses during the flowering stage (Félix (A. Zafiro). et al., 2017). The fungus damages leaves, flowers La cenicilla del mango, causada por Erysiphe and young fruits. The infected tissue is covered quercicola (anamorfo: Pseudoidium anacardii) with white powder due to mycelial growth and (Braun y Cook, 2012; Félix et al., 2013; Tam, sporulation. The first lesions on leaves are reddish 2017) es una de las enfermedades más importan- in color, but at advanced stages, the fungus deforms tes de este frutal por su alta severidad, endemis- the leaf lamina and produces abundant sporulation, mo, distribución cosmopolita (Raheel et al., 2008) necrosis and severe defoliation. In the reproductive y causar pérdidas de cosecha de 80-90% (Gupta, tissue, it causes fall of flowers, extensive necrosis 1989b; Shoeman et al., 1995; Nasir et al., 2014). of inflorescences and abortion of young fruits En entidades federativas exportadoras de man- (Sinha et al., 2001; 2002; Nasir et al., 2014). go como Michoacán puede afectar el 60% de los The effect of foliar infections on the frequency árboles comerciales, representando 30-50 mil ton and severity of epidemics on inflorescences is de fruta (Arias et al., 2004) y en Sinaloa ocasio- widely documented, because the fungus survives nar pérdidas de 70% durante floración (Félixet al., in the form of mycelium in buds and leaves during 2017). El hongo ataca hojas, inflorescencias y fru- the growth season, or from previous years, when tos juveniles. El tejido infectado se cubre con un environmental conditions do not favor infection, or polvo blanco debido al crecimiento micelial y es- when there is no reproductive tissue (Schoeman et porulación. Las lesiones iniciales en follaje son de al., 1995; Misra, 2001; Nasir et al., 2014). When coloración rojiza, el daño avanzado causa deforma- there are no flowers, early infection on young ción de lámina foliar con esporulación abundante, leaves perpetuates inoculum availability and favors necrosis y defoliación severa. En tejido reproduc- the beginning of the infection on panicles (Munshi tivo induce caída de flores, necrosis extensiva de et al., 1988; Misra et al., 2012). Also, during inflorescencias y aborto de frutos pequeños (Sinha flowering, sporulation on leaves (with conidia et al., 2001; 2002; Nasir et al., 2014). attached to conidiophores) increases inoculum La relevancia de la infección foliar en la recu- development and preserves its viability from 10 to rrencia y severidad de epidemias en inflorescencias 19 (Gupta, 1989a; Nelson, 2008) or 40 more
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