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Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northewestern Zone, Dardic, Chitral

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Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northewestern Zone, Dardic, Chitral KHOWAR, KHOWAR, KHOWAR Language family: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northewestern zone, Dardic, Chitral. Language codes: ISO 639-1 - ISO 639-2 - ISO 639-3 khw Glottolog: ch1242. Linguasphere: 59-AAB-aa. :( ﮐﮭﻮار) Beste izen batzuk (autoglotonimoa: khowar arniya alt khowar [KHW]. chitrali alt khowar [KHW]. chitrari alt khowar [KHW]. citrali alt khowar [KHW]. kashkari alt khowar [KHW]. khawar alt khowar [KHW]. khowar [KHW] hizk. Pakistan. patu alt khowar [KHW]. qashqari alt khowar [KHW]. PAKISTAN khowar (khawar, chitrali, citrali, chitrari, arniya, patu, qashqari, kashkari) [KHW] 222.800 hiztun (1992). Chitral; Shadur Pass-etik Fupis-era Ghizr Ibarrean, Yasin eta Ishkhoman ibarrak Gilgit Agencyn, Ushu ipar Swat Ibarrean eta komunitate handiak Peshawar eta Rawalpindin. Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northewestern zone, Dardic, Chitral. Dialektoak: north khowar, south khowar, east khowar, swat khowar. Iparraldeko dialektoa jotzen da “garbiena”. Kalasharekin erlazionatua, baina ezberdina. % 86/98ko antz lexikala dialektoen artean. Urduera eskoletan; neska batzuk 5. gradura arte edo gehiago. Hainbat eskualdetan hainbat 2. hizkuntza dute: pashtoera hegoaldean, shinera eta burushaskiera Gilgit Agencyn, kalamiera eta pashtoera batzuk Swaten, urduera eta ingelesa eskolatuen artean. Chitraleko hizkuntza nagusia. Khowarren hilabetekaria. ‘Kho’ ‘herria’ da, ‘war’ ‘hizkuntza’. Merkatal hizkuntza. SOV. Irrati programak. Hizkuntza / lengua: khowarrera / khowar / khowar / khowar. Hiztunak / hablantes: 215.000 / 250.000 (L’Harmattan). Herrialdea / país: Pakistan. HISTORIA. La influencia de Persia sobre Chitral remonta HISTORIA. Chitrali buruzko Persiaren influentzia al menos a los tiempos de los aqueménidas, ss VI y V gutxienez akemeniden garaietara igotzen da, K.a. VI.-V. a.C. Esta influencia nunca ha cesado, pues hasta que el m.etara. Eragin hau ez da inoiz eten, zeren eta 1953an urdu dsplazó en 1953, el farsi se utilizaba como lngua urduerak ordezkatu zuen arte, Chitralen farsiera oficial en Chitral. también conocida como ,( ﮐﮭﻮار) hizkuntza ofiziala izan zen. La lengua khowar chitraliera bezala ere ezaguna, 400 chitrali, hablada por unas 400 personas (Wikipedia), es ,( ﮐﮭﻮار) Khowarrera bat mila pertsonak (Wikipedia) mintzatzen duten lengua dárdica hablada en Chitral en Khyber- hizkuntza da. Chitral Khyber-Pakhtunkhwan (Gilgit- Pakhtunkhwa, en el distrito Ghizer de Gilgit-Baltistan Baltistango Ghizer distritua (Yasin ibarra, Phandar (incluyendo el valle Yasin, Phandar Ishkoman y Gupis) y Ishkoman eta Gupis barne) eta Swat Garaiko gune en algunas partes del Swat Superior. Hablantes de batzuk dira bere lurraldeak. Khowarreradunak khowar han emigrado mayormente a importantes Pakistango hiri garrantzitsuetara emigratu dute hala centros urbanos de Pakistan como Islamabad, Lahore y nola Islamabad, Lahore eta Karatxira, dezenteko Karachi, formando importante poblaciones. También populazioak osatuz. Gilgit eta Hunzako beste guneetan hablan como segunda lengua en el resto de Gilgit y ere mintzatzen dute 2. hizkuntza bezala. Halaber uste Hunza. Se piensa que pequeños grupos de hablantes de da Afganistan, Txina, Tajikistan eta Istambulen ere khowar existen en Afganistán, China, Tajikistán y badaudela khowarreradunen talde txikiak. Estambul. La lengua khowar ha sufrido mayor influencia de las Khowarrerak beste hizkuntza dardikoek baino eragin lenguas iraníes que otras lenguas dárdicas y posee handiagoa jasan du iraniar hizkuntzen aldetik eta menos elementos del sánskrito que la lengua shina o sanskritoar elementu gutxiago ditu shinerak edo lenguas kohistaníes. Aunque el khowar es la lengua kohistaniar hizkuntzek baino. Khowarrera izanik ere predominante en Chitral, también se hablan más de una Chitralen hizkuntza nagusia, beste dozena bat hizkuntza decena de idiomas como son kalasha-mun, palula, mintzatzen dira bertan, hala nola palulera, dameliera, dameli, gawar-Bati, nuristani, yidgha, burushaski, gujar, gawar-batiera, nuristanera, yidghera, burushaskiera, wakhi, kirgiz, persian y pashto. Aunque la mayoría de gujarrera, wakhiera, kirgizera, persiera eta pashtoera. estas lenguas apenas conocen forma escrita, los Nahiz eta forma idatzirik apenas ezagutzen duten, caracteres usados normalmente son del urdu, lengua erabilitako karaktereak normalean urduerarenak dira, nacional de Pakistán. Pakistango hizkuntza nazionalarenak. Hoy las lenguas oficiales son el urdu y el inglés. Gaur hizkuntza ofizialak urduera eta ingelesa dira. HIZKUNTZA. Ezaugarri nagusiak. LENGUA.Principales características. Fonetika. Azentua normalean azken aurreko silabak Fonética. Por lo general el acento recae en la penúltima hartzen du edota azkenak bi bakarrik badaude. sílaba y en la última si solo tiene 2 sílabas. Morfosintaxia. A) Ez dago generorik, baina bereizten Morfosintaxis. A) No existe el género, pero sí distingue ditu bizidunak eta bizigabeak. B) Plurala singularrari -an entre animado e inanimado. B) El plural se obtiene erantsiz lortzen da, ahaidetasuna adierazten dutenak añadiendo -an al singular, salvo para los que indican salbu, hauek -gini hartzen dute edota batzuetan zhi- parentesco, para los que utiliza -gini o a veces el prefijo aurrizkia. C) Izenordain pertsonalek ez dute generorik, zhi-. C) Los pronombres personales no poseen género, baina bereizten dituzte hurbila eta urruna, presentzia pero hay distinción entre lo próximo y lejano, presente y eta ausentzia. D) Izenordainek eta erakusleek ausente. D) Los pronombres y adjetivos demostrativos izenordain pertsonalen 3. pertsonaren antz handia dute. se semejan mucho a los pronombres personales de la E) -a atzizkiak galdetzaile bihurtzen ditu daramaten tercera persona. E) El sufijo -a convierte en hitzak eta perpausak. F) Bi izan aditz daude, bata interrogativas la palabra o la frase que la llevan. F) bizidunentzat (asik) eta bizigabeentzat beste (shik). G) Existen 2 verbos ser, uno para seres animados (asik) y el Hona hemen khowarreraz lehenengo 10 zenbakiak: i otro para inanimados (shik). G) Los 10 primeros números (1), ju (2), troy (3), char (4), panch (5), choy (6), sot (7), en khowar son: i (1), ju (2), troy (3), char (4), panch (5), osht (8), niof (9), josh (10). choy (6), sot (7), osht (8), niof (9), josh (10). Idazkera. Arabiar nasta’liq idazkera erabili da XX. Escritura. Se ha utilizado la escritura nasta’liq árabe m.aren hasieraz gero khowarreraz idazteko, eskualdeko para escribir en khowar desde los comienzos del s. XX, hizkuntza administratiboa eta literarioa persiera izan antes de que la lengua administrativa y literaria de la aurretik eta lan poetikoak eta musikalak ahoz aho región fuera el persa y los trabajos poéticos y musicales transmititu dira. se han trasmitido oralmente. GRAMATIKAK, METODOAK, ESKULIBURUAK CENTRAL ASIA PHRASEBOOKS, languages of the silk road, uyghur, uzbek, kyrgyz, kazhak, pashto, tajik, tashkorghani, turkmen, burushaski, khowar, kohistani, mandarin, mongolian, shina, wakhi, Lonely Planet, author: Justin Jon Rudelson, 1st edition, 14x9, 239 or., Victoria (Australia), 1998. PARLONS KHOWAR, Langue et culture de l’ancien royaume de Chitral au Pakistan, Erik L’Homme, L’Harmattan, gramatika eta hiztegia, 21x13, 594 or., Paris, 2008. Parlons khowar liburuaren sinopsia: C'est la première fois que l'ancien royaume de Chitral fait l'objet d'une publication de cette envergure, mêlant aspects humains et historiques, culturels et linguistiques, et donnant au lecteur des clés inédites pour partir à la découverte d'un autre morceau de notre planète… Peuple de poètes et de guerriers, de chasseurs et de cavaliers, musulmans sincères, les Chitrali vivent dans les hautes terres de l’Hindou Kouch, au milieu des fleurs et des fées, en proie aux démons de la modernité et aux menaces qui se profilent à l’ombre d’un Pakistan qui se radicalise et d’un grand Pachtounistan qui s’élabore. KHOWAR ALFABETOA KHOWAR ALPHABET The Khowar alphabet is the right-to-left Khowar alfabetoa eskuin-ezker idazten da alphabet used for the Khowar language. It is khowar hizkuntzan. Persiar alfabetoaren a modification of the Persian alphabet, aldaera bat da, hau aldi berean arabiar which is itself a derivative of the Arabic alfabetoaren deribazio bat izanik. alphabet. Khowar alfabetoa eta ahoskera Khowar alphabet and pronunciation Kontsonanteak / Consonants.
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