Map by Steve Huffman Data from World Language Mapping System

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Map by Steve Huffman Data from World Language Mapping System Tajiki Tajiki Tajiki Pashto, Southern Shughni Tajiki Wakhi Wakhi Shughni Chinese, Mandarin Sanglechi-Ishkashimi Wakhi Wakhi Sanglechi-Ishkashimi Wakhi Khowar Khowar Domaaki Khowar Kati Shina Farsi, Eastern Yidgha Munji Kati Kalasha Gujari Kati KatiPhalura Gujari Kalami Shina, Kohistani Gawar-BatiKamviri Kalami Dameli TorwaliKohistani, Indus Gujari Chilisso Pashayi, Northwest Prasuni Kamviri Balti Kati Ushojo Gowro Languages of the Gawar-Bati Waigali Savi Chilisso Ladakhi Ladakhi Bateri Pashayi, SouthwestAshkun Tregami Pashayi, Northeast Shina Purik Grangali Shina Brokskat ParyaPashayi, Southeast Aimaq Shumashti Hindko, Northern Hazaragi GujariKashmiri Pashto, Northern Purik Tirahi Ladakhi Changthang Kashmiri Gujari Indian Subcontinent Gujari Pahari-PotwariGujari Gujari Bhadrawahi Zangskari Hindko, Southern Ladakhi Pangwali Churahi Ormuri Pattani Gahri Ormuri Dogri-Kangri Chambeali Tinani Bhattiyali Gaddi Kanashi Tinani Pashto, Southern Ladakhi Pashto, Central Khams Pahari, Kullu Kinnauri, Bhoti KinnauriSunam Gahri Shumcho Panjabi, Western Mandeali Jangshung Tukpa Bilaspuri Kinnauri, Chitkuli Pahari, Mahasu Panjabi, Eastern Panang Jaunsari Garhwali Balochi, Western Pashto, Southern Khetrani Tehri Rawat Tibetan Hazaragi Waneci Rawat Brahui Saraiki DarmiyaByangsi Chaudangsi Tibetan Balochi, Western Chaudangsi Bagri Kumauni Humla Bhotia Rangkas Dehwari Mugu Kumauni Tichurong Dolpo Haryanvi Urdu Buksa Lopa Nepali Kaike Panchgaunle Balochi, Eastern Raute Tichurong Sholaga Baragaunle Raji Nar Phu Tharu, Rana Sonha Thakali Kham, GamaleKham, Sheshi Manangba Saraiki Raji Tibetan Tharu, Kathoriya Chantyal Tibetan Nubri Marwari Kham, Maikoti Tsum Gurung, Eastern Balochi, Western Brahui Baraamu Kyerung Magar, Western Kham, NisiMagar, Western Awadhi Ghale, Northern Tibetan Gurung, Western Kyerung Sansi Ghale, Southern Lunanakha Sherpa Layakha Tharu, Dangaura Bujhyal Tamang, Western Tibetan Tibetan Tharu, Deokhuri Darai Lhomi Palpa Helambu Sherpa Sherpa Tibetan Sikkimese Magar, Eastern Majhi Lhomi Tseku Dehwari Walungge Tibetan Kurtokha Dzalakha Bote-Majhi Chepang Newari ThamiJirel Khaling Groma Yamphu Thudam Bhote Bagri Awadhi Tamang, SouthwesternDzongkha Kulung Yamphu Lakha Bumthangkha Tharu, Chitwania Sunwar Nepali Thulung Groma Dhanwar Thulung Dzongkha Tamang, EasternKagate Lorung, NorthernWalungge Nupbikha Chocangacakha Bahing Sangpang Nyenkha Wayu Camling Limbu Sherpa Olekha Chalikha Limbu Olekha Awadhi Tilung Koi Yakha Lepcha Olekha Kanauji Nepali Musasa Bantawa Tseku Lhomi Adap Gongduk Bhojpuri Puma Chourase Aimol Khengkha Hindi Lepcha NepaliLepcha Tshangla BodoMagar, Eastern Nepali Dungmali Lhokpu Maithili Nepali Bodo Nepali Newari Tharu, Mahotari Magar, Eastern Magar, Western Marwari Kurux, Nepali Tharu, Kochila Tharu, Deokhuri SantaliMundari DhimalRajbangsi Bodo Sindhi Santali MundariMundari Kurux Nepali Braj Bhasha Bagheli Mru Santali Kurux Assamese Mewari Santali Rajbangsi Bagri Mahali Rajbangsi Koch Vaghri Marwari Balochi, Southern Maithili Jadgali Hindi Bhojpuri Assamese Mundari Rabha Bagri Sirmauri Kurux Mundari Konda-Dora Koli, Wadiyara Kanjari Koch Garo Nagarchal Hajong Khasi Koli, Kachi Hajong Lasi Urdu Koli, Wadiyara Dhatki Khasi Bundeli Hindi Sirmauri Garo Urdu Harauti Magahi Sadri, Oraon Sauria Paharia Sylhetti Santali Kurux Garasia, Rajput Koli, Parkari Agariya Mina Angika Bengali Mahali Sadri, Oraon Sauria Paharia Garasia, Adiwasi Mal Paharia Darlong Darlong Bagheli Santali Mina Bijori Sadri Chin, Falam Wagdi Malvi Khirwar Koraku Birhor Sindhi Kachchi Panchpargania Mirgan Korwa Panchpargania Santali Asuri Kok Borok Panchpargania Kok Borok Panchpargania Bengali Sirmauri Kurux Santali Bhilori Panchpargania Mundari Gujarati Bhili Bhilali Bundeli Gondi, Northern Bijori Mundari Asuri Santali Gondi, Northern Bharia Kharia Ho Bharia Pardhan Nimadi Kurux Mahali Korku Turi Khandesi Bhilori Gondi, Northern Mundari Gowli Bareli Mawchi Asuri Dubli Gowlan Holiya Santali Mundari Biete Chhattisgarhi Kharia Vasavi Chamari Khandesi Bhalay Bhunjia Juang Bhilori Bagheli Oriya Dhodia Gamit Chodri Dhanki Varhadi-Nagpuri Kui Varli Kukna Kamar Marathi Muria, Far Western Lambadi Muria, Western Kui Muria, Eastern Halbi Kolami, Northwestern Gondi, Southern Manda Varli Lambadi Waddar Gondi, Southern Maria Sora Konkani Kolami, Southeastern Duruwa MannanGondi, Southern Abujmaria Gondi, Northern Kui Pengo Konkani Bhatri Bondo Juray Bodo Parja Parenga Konkani Katkari Lambadi Sora Kuvi Koya Duruwa Waddar Savara Maria, Dandami Deccan Gadaba, Ollar, PottangiGata Lambadi Oriya, Adivasi Kaikadi Gadaba, BodoNuka-Dora Konda-DoraManna-Dora Are Oriya, Adivasi ReliMemba Maria Konkani Waddar Koya Urdu Lambadi Are Yerukula Konkani Yerukula Konkani, Goanese Lambadi Lambadi Lambadi Chenchu Konkani, Goanese Telugu Lambadi Lambadi Kannada Tulu Koraga, Korra Irula Koraga, Mudu Kurumba KudiyaRavulaKodagu Ravula Kurichiya Kurumba Paniya Kurumba, Betta Irula Kota Kurumba, Alu Aranadan Toda Badaga Kurumba Allar Kadar Tamil Urali Malayalam Malaryan Muthuvan Vishavan Paliyan Saurashtra Mannan Language Families of the Ullatan Indian Subcontinent Dravidian Languages Malavedan Tamil Malapandaram Kanikkaran IndoAryan Languages Maldivian Sinhala IndoIranian Languages AustroAsiatic Languages Veddah Maldivian SinoTibetan Languages MaldivianMaldivian Tamil Veddah MaldivianMaldivian MaldivianMaldivian Maldivian Unclassified or Isolate Languages Maldivian Maldivian MaldivianMaldivian Maldivian MaldivianMaldivian MaldivianMaldivian Maldivian Maldivian Maldivian MaldivianMaldivian MaldivianMaldivian Maldivian Maldivian Maldivian Maldivian Map by Steve Huffman Maldivian Maldivian Maldivian Maldivian Maldivian Data from World Language Mapping System - Maldivian Maldivian Maldivian 0 110 220 440 Miles Maldivian Maldivian Maldivian Maldivian MaldivianMaldivian Maldivian Maldivian www.gmi.org/wlms Maldivian Maldivian Maldivian.
Recommended publications
  • Linguapax Review 2010 Linguapax Review 2010
    LINGUAPAX REVIEW 2010 MATERIALS / 6 / MATERIALS Col·lecció Materials, 6 Linguapax Review 2010 Linguapax Review 2010 Col·lecció Materials, 6 Primera edició: febrer de 2011 Editat per: Amb el suport de : Coordinació editorial: Josep Cru i Lachman Khubchandani Traduccions a l’anglès: Kari Friedenson i Victoria Pounce Revisió dels textos originals en anglès: Kari Friedenson Revisió dels textos originals en francès: Alain Hidoine Disseny i maquetació: Monflorit Eddicions i Assessoraments, sl. ISBN: 978-84-15057-12-3 Els continguts d’aquesta publicació estan subjectes a una llicència de Reconeixe- ment-No comercial-Compartir 2.5 de Creative Commons. Se’n permet còpia, dis- tribució i comunicació pública sense ús comercial, sempre que se’n citi l’autoria i la distribució de les possibles obres derivades es faci amb una llicència igual a la que regula l’obra original. La llicència completa es pot consultar a: «http://creativecom- mons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/es/deed.ca» LINGUAPAX REVIEW 2010 Centre UNESCO de Catalunya Barcelona, 2011 4 CONTENTS PRESENTATION Miquel Àngel Essomba 6 FOREWORD Josep Cru 8 1. THE HISTORY OF LINGUAPAX 1.1 Materials for a history of Linguapax 11 Fèlix Martí 1.2 The beginnings of Linguapax 14 Miquel Siguan 1.3 Les débuts du projet Linguapax et sa mise en place 17 au siège de l’UNESCO Joseph Poth 1.4 FIPLV and Linguapax: A Quasi-autobiographical 23 Account Denis Cunningham 1.5 Defending linguistic and cultural diversity 36 1.5 La defensa de la diversitat lingüística i cultural Fèlix Martí 2. GLIMPSES INTO THE WORLD’S LANGUAGES TODAY 2.1 Living together in a multilingual world.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnicity, Education and Equality in Nepal
    HIMALAYA, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies Volume 36 Number 2 Article 6 December 2016 New Languages of Schooling: Ethnicity, Education and Equality in Nepal Uma Pradhan University of Oxford, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/himalaya Recommended Citation Pradhan, Uma. 2016. New Languages of Schooling: Ethnicity, Education and Equality in Nepal. HIMALAYA 36(2). Available at: https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/himalaya/vol36/iss2/6 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 License This Research Article is brought to you for free and open access by the DigitalCommons@Macalester College at DigitalCommons@Macalester College. It has been accepted for inclusion in HIMALAYA, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Macalester College. For more information, please contact [email protected]. New Languages of Schooling: Ethnicity, Education, and Equality in Nepal Uma Pradhan Mother tongue education has remained this attempt to seek membership into a controversial issue in Nepal. Scholars, multiple groups and display of apparently activists, and policy-makers have favored contradictory dynamics. On the one hand, the mother tongue education from the standpoint practices in these schools display inward- of social justice. Against these views, others looking characteristics through the everyday have identified this effort as predominantly use of mother tongue, the construction of groupist in its orientation and not helpful unified ethnic identity, and cultural practices. in imagining a unified national community. On the other hand, outward-looking dynamics Taking this contention as a point of inquiry, of making claims in the universal spaces of this paper explores the contested space of national education and public places could mother tongue education to understand the also be seen.
    [Show full text]
  • Language, Part IV B(I)(A)-C-Series , Series-9
    CENSUS OF INDIA 1991 SERIES 09 - HIMACHAL PRADESH PART IV B(i)(a) - C-Series LANGUAGE Table C-7 State, Districts, Tahsils and Towns . DIRECTORATE OF CENSUS OPERATIONS, HIMACHAL PRADESH Registrar General of India (In charge of the Census of India and vital statistics) Office Address 2-A, Mansmgh Road, New Deihl 110011, India Telephone (91-11) 338 3761 Fax (91-11) 338 3145 Email rgmdla@hub mc In Internet http f/WWW censuslndla net Registrar General of India's publications can be purchased from the followmg • The Sales Depot (Phone 338 6583) Office of the Registrar General of India 2-A Manslngh Road New Deihl 110 011, India • Directorates of Census Operations In the capitals of all states and union territories In India • The Controller of PublicatIon Old Secretariat CIvil Lines Deihl 110 054 • Kltab Mahal State Emporium Complex, Unit No 21 Saba Kharak Singh Marg New Deihl 110 001 • Sales outlets of the Controller of Publication all over India Census data available on the floppy disks can be purchased from the follOWing • Office of the Registrar General,)ndla Data Processing DIVISIon 2nd Floor, 'E' Wing Pushpa Shawan Madanglr Road New Deihl 110 062, India Telephone (91-11) 6081558 Fax (91-11) 608 0295 Email rgdpd@rgl satyam net In o Registrar General of India The contents of th,s publication may be quoted citing the source clearly PREFACE The Census of Indta IS the only comprehensIve data source on language in IndIa and has been the pioneer m this field The Census of India Report of 1921 notes "As wIth the ethnography so also In the case of the language ofIndia, much of the pioneer work has been done In connection wIth the decenl1lal Census, and the Il1terest in the subject, which eventually leads to Its complete and systematic treatment under expert dIrectIOn is largely due to the contrIbution made by Census Officers m theIr reports" Each Census has added to the rich data base on the subject and provided the basis for WIde ranging study and research.
    [Show full text]
  • 7=SINO-INDIAN Phylosector
    7= SINO-INDIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 525 7=SINO-INDIAN phylosector édition princeps foundation edition DU RÉPERTOIRE DE LA LINGUASPHÈRE 1999-2000 THE LINGUASPHERE REGISTER 1999-2000 publiée en ligne et mise à jour dès novembre 2012 published online & updated from November 2012 This phylosector comprises 22 sets of languages spoken by communities in eastern Asia, from the Himalayas to Manchuria (Heilongjiang), constituting the Sino-Tibetan (or Sino-Indian) continental affinity. See note on nomenclature below. 70= TIBETIC phylozone 71= HIMALAYIC phylozone 72= GARIC phylozone 73= KUKIC phylozone 74= MIRIC phylozone 75= KACHINIC phylozone 76= RUNGIC phylozone 77= IRRAWADDIC phylozone 78= KARENIC phylozone 79= SINITIC phylozone This continental affinity is composed of two major parts: the disparate Tibeto-Burman affinity (zones 70= to 77=), spoken by relatively small communities (with the exception of 77=) in the Himalayas and adjacent regions; and the closely related Chinese languages of the Sinitic set and net (zone 79=), spoken in eastern Asia. The Karen languages of zone 78=, formerly considered part of the Tibeto-Burman grouping, are probably best regarded as a third component of Sino-Tibetan affinity. Zone 79=Sinitic includes the outer-language with the largest number of primary voices in the world, representing the most populous network of contiguous speech-communities at the end of the 20th century ("Mainstream Chinese" or so- called 'Mandarin', standardised under the name of Putonghua). This phylosector is named 7=Sino-Indian (rather than Sino-Tibetan) to maintain the broad geographic nomenclature of all ten sectors of the linguasphere, composed of the names of continental or sub-continental entities.
    [Show full text]
  • 2001 Presented Below Is an Alphabetical Abstract of Languages A
    Hindi Version Home | Login | Tender | Sitemap | Contact Us Search this Quick ABOUT US Site Links Hindi Version Home | Login | Tender | Sitemap | Contact Us Search this Quick ABOUT US Site Links Census 2001 STATEMENT 1 ABSTRACT OF SPEAKERS' STRENGTH OF LANGUAGES AND MOTHER TONGUES - 2001 Presented below is an alphabetical abstract of languages and the mother tongues with speakers' strength of 10,000 and above at the all India level, grouped under each language. There are a total of 122 languages and 234 mother tongues. The 22 languages PART A - Languages specified in the Eighth Schedule (Scheduled Languages) Name of language and Number of persons who returned the Name of language and Number of persons who returned the mother tongue(s) language (and the mother tongues mother tongue(s) language (and the mother tongues grouped under each grouped under each) as their mother grouped under each grouped under each) as their mother language tongue language tongue 1 2 1 2 1 ASSAMESE 13,168,484 13 Dhundhari 1,871,130 1 Assamese 12,778,735 14 Garhwali 2,267,314 Others 389,749 15 Gojri 762,332 16 Harauti 2,462,867 2 BENGALI 83,369,769 17 Haryanvi 7,997,192 1 Bengali 82,462,437 18 Hindi 257,919,635 2 Chakma 176,458 19 Jaunsari 114,733 3 Haijong/Hajong 63,188 20 Kangri 1,122,843 4 Rajbangsi 82,570 21 Khairari 11,937 Others 585,116 22 Khari Boli 47,730 23 Khortha/ Khotta 4,725,927 3 BODO 1,350,478 24 Kulvi 170,770 1 Bodo/Boro 1,330,775 25 Kumauni 2,003,783 Others 19,703 26 Kurmali Thar 425,920 27 Labani 22,162 4 DOGRI 2,282,589 28 Lamani/ Lambadi 2,707,562
    [Show full text]
  • Language Documentation and Description
    Language Documentation and Description ISSN 1740-6234 ___________________________________________ This article appears in: Language Documentation and Description, vol 17. Editor: Peter K. Austin Countering the challenges of globalization faced by endangered languages of North Pakistan ZUBAIR TORWALI Cite this article: Torwali, Zubair. 2020. Countering the challenges of globalization faced by endangered languages of North Pakistan. In Peter K. Austin (ed.) Language Documentation and Description 17, 44- 65. London: EL Publishing. Link to this article: http://www.elpublishing.org/PID/181 This electronic version first published: July 2020 __________________________________________________ This article is published under a Creative Commons License CC-BY-NC (Attribution-NonCommercial). The licence permits users to use, reproduce, disseminate or display the article provided that the author is attributed as the original creator and that the reuse is restricted to non-commercial purposes i.e. research or educational use. See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ ______________________________________________________ EL Publishing For more EL Publishing articles and services: Website: http://www.elpublishing.org Submissions: http://www.elpublishing.org/submissions Countering the challenges of globalization faced by endangered languages of North Pakistan Zubair Torwali Independent Researcher Summary Indigenous communities living in the mountainous terrain and valleys of the region of Gilgit-Baltistan and upper Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, northern
    [Show full text]
  • Genitive Marking of Arguments in Kullui (Indo-Aryan)
    Genitive marking of arguments in Kullui (Indo-Aryan) Evgeniya Renkovskaya, Institute of Linguistics (Moscow) Kullui (< Himachali (= West Pahari) < Indo-Aryan About 170 thousand speakers Located in Kullu District in Himachal Pradesh Kullu district 6 tehsils (Manali, Kullu, Sainj, Banjar, Ani, Nirmand) Kullui is spoken in Kullu and Manali tehsils, in the Kullu valley (Beas river valley) • Data: fieldwork in the town of Kullu and in the villages of Naggar, Suma and Bashing (Kullu district, Himachal Pradesh, India) in 2014-2017. Both elicited examples and those taken from spontaneous texts. • Site: www.pahari-languages.com • The research is financially supported by Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project № 16-34-01040. Standard use of Genitive in the New Indo- Aryan languages (NIA) – Possessive Genitive: genitive postposition / case affix agrees with the Head Noun in gender, number and case (if there are any) like an adjective. For example, in Hindi Genitive is used only as Possessive Genitive: (1) us-ke do bacch-e hain he/she-GEN.PL two child-PL COP.PRS.PL She has two children (lit. there are two children of hers) Non-canonical (for NIA) Himachali uses of Genitive: attested and described for Eastern group of NIA: Bengali, Oriya and Assamese ([Masica 1991, Klaiman 1980, 1981, Onishi 2001, Yamabe 1995 and others]), where genitive affix has only one form and no agreement Eastern Indo-Aryan analyzed for Himachali in [Hendriksen 1986, Zoller 2009] [Hendriksen 1986]: relational case (term for non-canonical Genitive) Himachali languages where the genitive markingThank of arguments you! is attested [Bailey 1920, Hendriksen 1986, Zoller 2007]: Himachali languages Bangani Himachali languages with non-canonical Deogari Genitive Kochi Kotgarhi Bhalesi Baghati Kiunthali Kotguru Outer Siraji Inner Siraji Kullui Types of argumentsThank marked by you! Genitive in Himachali: 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Multilingual Education and Nepal Appendix 3
    19. Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove and Mohanty, Ajit. Policy and Strategy for MLE in Nepal Report by Tove Skutnabb-Kangas and Ajit Mohanty Consultancy visit 4-14 March 2009i Sanothimi, Bhaktapur: Multilingual Education Program for All Non-Nepali Speaking Students of Primary Schools of Nepal. Ministry of Education, Department of Education, Inclusive Section. See also In Press, for an updated version. List of Contents List of Contents List of Appendices List of Tables List of Figures List of Abbreviations 1. Introduction: placing language in education issues in Nepal in a broader societal, economic and political framework 2. Broader Language Policy and Planning Perspectives and Issues 2.1. STEP 1 in Language Policy and Language Planning: Broad-based political debates about the goals of language 2.2. STEP 2 in Educational Language Policy and Language Planning: Realistic language proficiency goal/aim in relation to the baseline 2.3. STEP 3 in Educational Language Planning: ideal goals and prerequisites compared with characteristics of present schools 2.4. STEP 4 in Educational Language Planning: what has characterized programmes with high versus low success? 2.5. STEP 5 in Educational Language Planning: does it pay off to maintain ITM languages? 3. Scenarios 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Models with often harmful results: dominant-language-medium (subtractive assimilatory submersion) 3.3. Somewhat better but not good enough results: early-exit transitional models 3.4. Even better results: late-exit transitional models 3.5. Strongest form: self-evident mother tongue medium models with no transition 4. Experiences from Nepal: the situation today 5. Specific challenges in Nepal: implementation strategies 5.1.
    [Show full text]
  • BSW 044 Block 3 English.Pmd
    BSW-044 TRIBALS IN NORTH Indira Gandhi EASTERN AND National Open University School of Social Work NORTHERN INDIA Block 3 TRIBALS OF NORTHERN INDIA UNIT 1 Tribes of Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh 5 UNIT 2 Tribes of Rajasthan, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh 16 UNIT 3 Displacement and Migration of Tribals 31 UNIT 4 Impact of Scientific Culture and Globalization 47 EXPERT COMMITTEE Prof. Virginius Xaxa Dr. Archana Kaushik Dr. Saumya Director – Tata Institute of Associate Professor Faculty Social Sciences Department of Social Work School of Social Work Uzanbazar, Guwahati Delhi University IGNOU, New Delhi Prof. Hilarius Beck Dr. Ranjit Tigga Dr. G. Mahesh Centre for Community Department of Tribal Studies Faculty Organization and Development Indian Social Institute School of Social Work Practice Lodhi Road, New Delhi IGNOU, New Delhi School of Social Work Prof. Gracious Thomas Dr. Sayantani Guin Deonar, Mumbai Faculty Faculty Prof. Tiplut Nongbri School of Social Work School of Social Work Centre for the Study of Social IGNOU, New Delhi IGNOU, New Delhi Systems Dr. Rose Nembiakkim Dr. Ramya Jawaharlal Nehru University Director Faculty New Delhi School of Social Work School of Social Work IGNOU, New Delhi IGNOU, New Delhi COURSE PREPARATION TEAM Block Preparation Team Programme Coordinator Unit 1 & 4 Dr. Binu Sundas Dr. Rose Nembiakkim Unit 2 & 3 Mercy Vunghiamuang Director School of Social Work IGNOU PRINT PRODUCTION Mr. Kulwant Singh Assistant Registrar (P) SOSW, IGNOU August, 2018 © Indira Gandhi National Open University, 2018 ISBN-978-93-87237-74-2 All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the Indira Gandhi National Open University.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution, Optimization, and Language Change: the Case of Bengali Verb Inflections
    Evolution, Optimization, and Language Change: The Case of Bengali Verb Inflections Monojit Choudhury1, Vaibhav Jalan2, Sudeshna Sarkar1, Anupam Basu1 1 Department of Computer Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India {monojit,sudeshna,anupam}@cse.iitkgp.ernet.in 2 Department of Computer Engineering Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, India [email protected] Abstract (e.g., Hare and Elman (1995); Dras et al. (2003); Ke et al. (2003); Choudhury et al. (2006b)), all the The verb inflections of Bengali underwent mathematical and computational models developed a series of phonological change between for explaining language change are built for artifi- 10th and 18th centuries, which gave rise cial toy languages. This has led several researchers to several modern dialects of the language. to cast a doubt on the validity of the current compu- In this paper, we offer a functional ex- tational models as well as the general applicability planation for this change by quantifying of computational techniques in diachronic explana- the functional pressures of ease of artic- tions (Hauser et al., 2002; Poibeau, 2006). ulation, perceptual contrast and learnabil- In this paper, we offer a functional explanation1 ity through objective functions or con- of a real world language change – the morpho- straints, or both. The multi-objective and phonological change affecting the Bengali verb multi-constraint optimization problem has inflections (BVI). We model the problem as a been solved through genetic algorithm, multi-objective and multi-constraint optimization whereby we have observed the emergence and solve the same using Multi-Objective Genetic of Pareto-optimal dialects in the system Algorithm2 (MOGA).
    [Show full text]
  • Spotlaw 2014
    State of Rajasthan Vs Bhup Sing Criminal Appeal No. 377 of 1996 (Dr. A. S. Anand, K. T. Thomas JJ) 13.01.1997 JUDGMENT THOMAS, J. – 1. The respondent's wife (Mst. Chawli) was shot dead on 20-7-1985 while she was sleeping in her house. Respondent Bhup Singh was alleged to be the killer. The police, after investigation, upheld the allegation and challaned him. Though the Sessions Court convicted him of murder, the High Court of Rajasthan acquitted him. This appeal has been filed by special leave by the State of Rajasthan in challenge of the aforesaid acquittal. 2. The prosecution case is a very short story : Chawli was first married to the respondent's brother who died after a brief marital life. Thereafter, Chawli was given in marriage to the respondent, but the new alliance was marred by frequent skirmishes and bickerings between the spouses. Chawli was residing in the house of her parents. The estrangement between the couple reached a point of no return and the respondent wished to get rid of her. So he went to her house on the night of the occurrence and shot her with a pistol. When he tried to use the firearm again, Chawli's father who had heard the sound of the first shot rushed towards him and caught him but the killer escaped with the pistol. 3. Chawli told everybody present in the house that she was shot at by her husband Bhup Singh. She was taken to the hospital and the doctor who attended on her thought it necessary to inform a Judicial Magistrate that her dying declaration should be recorded.
    [Show full text]
  • The Tatoeba Translation Challenge--Realistic Data Sets For
    The Tatoeba Translation Challenge – Realistic Data Sets for Low Resource and Multilingual MT Jorg¨ Tiedemann University of Helsinki [email protected] https://github.com/Helsinki-NLP/Tatoeba-Challenge Abstract most important point is to get away from artificial This paper describes the development of a new setups that only simulate low-resource scenarios or benchmark for machine translation that pro- zero-shot translations. A lot of research is tested vides training and test data for thousands of with multi-parallel data sets and high resource lan- language pairs covering over 500 languages guages using data sets such as WIT3 (Cettolo et al., and tools for creating state-of-the-art transla- 2012) or Europarl (Koehn, 2005) simply reducing tion models from that collection. The main or taking away one language pair for arguing about goal is to trigger the development of open the capabilities of learning translation with little or translation tools and models with a much without explicit training data for the language pair broader coverage of the World’s languages. Using the package it is possible to work on in question (see, e.g., Firat et al.(2016a,b); Ha et al. realistic low-resource scenarios avoiding arti- (2016); Lakew et al.(2018)). Such a setup is, how- ficially reduced setups that are common when ever, not realistic and most probably over-estimates demonstrating zero-shot or few-shot learning. the ability of transfer learning making claims that For the first time, this package provides a do not necessarily carry over towards real-world comprehensive collection of diverse data sets tasks.
    [Show full text]