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Cyclooxygenase Pathway

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Cyclooxygenase Pathway Cyclooxygenase Pathway Diverse physical, chemical, Phospholipase A Glucocorticoids inflammatory, and 2 mitogenic stimuli NSAIDs NSAIDs Arachidonic Acid Prostaglandin G2 CYCLOOXYGENASE Prostaglandin G2 Prostaglandin H Prostaglandin H Synthase-1 Synthase-2 (COX 1) (COX 2) Prostaglandin H2 PEROXIDASE Prostaglandin H2 Tissue Specific Isomerases Prostacyclin Thromboxane A2 Prostaglandin D2 Prostaglandin E2 Prostaglandin F2α IP TPα, TPβ DP1, DP2 EP1, EP2, EP3, EP4 FPα, FPβ Endothelium, Kidney, Platelets, Vascular Mast Cells, Brain, Brain, Kidney, Vascular Uterus, Airways, Vascular Platelets, Brain Smooth Muscle Cells, Airways, Lymphocytes, Smooth Muscle Cells, Smooth Muscle Cells, Macrophages, Kidney Eosinophils Platelets Eyes Prostacyclin Item No. Product Features Prostacyclin (Prostaglandin I2; PGI2) is formed from arachidonic acid primarily in the vascular endothelium and renal cortex by sequential 515211 6-keto • Sample Types: Culture Medium | Plasma Prostaglandin • Measure 6-keto PGF levels down to 6 pg/ml activities of COX and prostacyclin synthase. PGI2 is non-enzymatically 1α F ELISA Kit • Incubation : 18 hours | Development: 90-120 minutes | hydrated to 6-keto PGF1α (t½ = 2-3 minutes), and then quickly converted 1α Read: Colorimetric at 405-420 nm to the major metabolite, 2,3-dinor-6-keto PGF1α (t½= 30 minutes). Prostacyclin was once thought to be a circulating hormone that regulated • Assay 24 samples in triplicate or 36 samples in duplicate platelet-vasculature interactions, but the rate of secretion into circulation • NOTE: A portion of urinary 6-keto PGF1α is of renal origin coupled with the short half-life indicate that prostacyclin functions • NOTE : It has been found that normal plasma levels of 6-keto PGF may be low locally. Estimates of systemic PGI2 production have often been assessed 1α by measurement of 6-keto PGF1α alone or in combination with 2,3-dinor- 501100 Prostaglandin I • Sample Type: Urine 6-keto PGF1α. However, the majority of 6-keto PGF1α in urine is of renal Metabolite • Measure PGIM down to 120 pg/ml origin with only 14% originating from plasma. ELISA Kit • Convenient overnight format COOH • NOTE : A minimum of a 1:10 dilution is recommended Arachidonic Acid when assaying urine samples Sample types not noted may still be assayed but have not been validated by Cayman Scientists COX O COOH PGH Prostacyclin Pathway Reagents 2 O Synthase OH Antibodies/Probes Agonists Antagonists Inhibitor Prostacyclin Synthase IP Receptor (human) Prostaglandin I2 CAY10441 U-51605 Polyclonal Antibody (sodium salt) 10005186 16465 10005518 18220 COO- Na+ AFP 07 (free acid) O IP Receptor (mouse) CAY10449 Polyclonal Antibody 13626 10005913 PGI2 160070 Beraprost (sodium salt) HO 18230 OH Prostaglandin I Synthase Polyclonal Antibody Iloprost Non-enzymatic 160640 18215 OH NS-304 COOH Prostaglandin I Synthase 6-keto PGF1α 10010411 O Monoclonal HO Antibody (Clone isn-1) Carbaprostacyclin OH 160630 18210 -oxidation Cicaprost β Prostaglandin I Synthase 16831 OH Monoclonal Antibody COO- Na+ Ciprostene (calcium salt) 2,3-dinor-6-keto PGF1α (Clone 3C8) O 10247 18216 HO Treprostinil OH Prostaglandin I Synthase 10162 (mouse) Polyclonal Antibody MRE-269 100023 10010412 Taprostene (free acid) Anti-PGI 10011348 Synthase:SureLight® R-PE 16690 Thromboxane A2 O COOH O Thromboxane A (TXA ) is produced from arachidonic acid by many cells and 2 2 PGH OH causes irreversible platelet aggregation and vascular and bronchial smooth 2 Thromboxane Synthase muscle contraction. TXA2, like most lipid mediators, is not a circulating hormone. It is formed in response to local stimuli and exerts its effects within a short distance of its biosynthesis. TXA is rapidly hydrolyzed non-enzymatically COOH 2 O to form thromboxane B2 (TXB2). Although it is common to estimate TXA2 levels TXA OH by measuring TXB2, most of the TXB2 measured is due to ex vivo platelet 2 activation or intra-renal production. Measurement errors are compounded Non-enzymatic by the fact that normal concentrations of circulating TXB are extremely low 2 OH (1-2 pg/ml), and highly transient (t = 5-7 minutes). To circumvent this problem, ½ COOH it is necessary to measure a metabolite that cannot be formed by platelets or HO O by the kidney. TXB2 may be metabolized by 11-hydroxy TX dehydrogenase OH TXB2 to form 11-dehydro TXB2, or by β-oxidation to form 2,3-dinor TXB2. Infusion 11-hydroxy TX dehydrogenase β-oxidation studies using TXB2 have shown that both metabolites are formed equally, although 11-dehydro TXB2 has a longer circulating half-life (t½ = 45 minutes). OH Therefore, measurement of 11-dehydro TXB2 in plasma or urine will give a OH COOH COOH time-integrated indication of TXA2 production. The circulating half-life of O 2,3-dinor TXB2 is shorter (t = 15 minutes). Therefore, measurement of O HO O ½ OH 2,3-dinor TXB will give a more episodic indication of TXA production. OH 2 2 11-dehydro TXB2 2,3-dinor TXB2 2 Cayman Chemical • Ann Arbor, MI 48108 • 800.364.9897 • www.caymanchem.com Thromboxane Pathway Reagents Antibodies/Probes Agonists Antagonists Synthase Inhibitors TP Receptor (human) Polyclonal FITC Antibody 10012559 Carbocyclic Thromboxane A2 19010 I-SAP 19021 Furegrelate (sodium salt) 70540 TP Receptor (human) Polyclonal Antibody 10004452 U-46619 16450 BAY-u3405 10156 Ozagrel 70515 TP Receptor (mouse) Polyclonal Antibody 101882 I-BOP 19600 SQ 29,548 19025 1-Benzylimidazole 70510 Thromboxane B2 11-dehydrogenase Polyclonal Antiserum 160720 U-44069 16440 Seratrodast 9002014 BM 567 10155 Thromboxane Synthase Polyclonal Antibody 160715 S18886 14059 GW 627368X 10009162 BM 567 10155 CAY10535 10010396 AH 23848 (calcium salt) 19023 L-655,240 10011562 Thromboxane B2 A portion of TXB2 measured in urine is of renal origin and does not represent systemic TXB2 formation, thus selecting an appropriate assay for urinary TXB2 is dependent on the application. The TX metabolite 11-dehydro TXB2 is better suited for measurement of systemically produced TXB2 in urine samples. Item No. Product Features 501020 Thromboxane B2 ELISA Kit • Sample Types: Culture Medium | Serum | Urine • Measure TXB2 levels down to 5 pg/ml • Incubation : 18 hours | Development: 90-120 minutes | Read: Colorimetric at 405-420 nm • Assay 24 samples in triplicate or 36 samples in duplicate 10004023 Thromboxane B2 Express ELISA Kit - Monoclonal • Sample Types: Culture Medium | Serum | Plasma • Measure TXB2 levels down to 45 pg/ml • Rapid assay; get results in under 4 hours • Assay 24 samples in triplicate or 36 samples in duplicate 519510 11-dehydro Thromboxane B2 ELISA Kit - Monoclonal • Sample Type: Urine • Assay 24 samples in triplicate or 36 samples in duplicate • Incubation: 18 hours | Development: 60-90 minutes | Read: Colorimetric at 405-420 nm • Assay 24 samples in triplicate or 36 samples in duplicate • Detect 11-dehydro TXB2, a stable urinary metabolite of TXA2 and TXB2 Sample types not noted may still be assayed but have not been validated by Cayman Scientists Prostaglandin D2 Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) is biosynthesized in the brain by a soluble, 26 kDa glutathione- O COOH O independent lipocalin-type PGD2 synthase. This PGD2 accumulates in the cerebrospinal PGH2 OH fluid (CSF), where it induces physiologic sleep in rats and humans. PGD2 is also PGD Synthase synthesized in mast cells and leukocytes by a cellular, myeloid-type, glutathione- OH dependent PGD synthase. This PGD2, which is formed in intracellular and vascular COOH compartments, is rapidly metabolized to O OH 11β-PGF2α. Thus, urinary measurements PGD2 of PGD2 synthesis are most appropriately focused on the measurement of 11β-PGF2α. Measurement of the parent eicosanoid PGD2 is appropriate in the supernatants OH of cell cultures, where PGD2 levels may reach several ng/ml, and in CSF, where COOH concentrations of several hundred pg/ml HO have been measured. OH 11β-PGF2α For full information on these products and more, visit www.caymanchem.com 3 Item No. Product Features 512031 Prostaglandin D2 ELISA Kit • Sample Types: Cell Lysates | Culture Medium • Measure PGD2 levels down to 55 pg/ml • Incubation: 18 hours | Development: 90-120 minutes | Read: Colorimetric at 405-420 nm • Assay 24 samples in triplicate or 36 samples in duplicate 512041 Prostaglandin D2 Express ELISA Kit • Sample Types: Cell Lysates | Culture Medium • Measure PGD2 levels down to 350 pg/ml • Rapid assay; get results in under 4 hours • Assay 24 samples in triplicate or 36 samples in duplicate 512011 Prostaglandin D2-MOX ELISA Kit • Sample Types: Culture Medium | Plasma • Measure PGD2-MOX levels down to 3.1 pg/ml • Incubation: 18 hours | Development: 90-120 minutes | Read: Colorimetric at 405-420 nm • Treatment of samples with MOX hydrochloride converts unstable PGD2 to stable PGD2-MOX • Highly sensitive • NOTE: Derivatization of standards and samples is required before running assay 500151 Prostaglandin D2-MOX Express ELISA Kit • Sample Types: Culture Medium | Plasma • Measure PGD2-MOX levels down to 16 pg/ml • Rapid assay; get results in under 4 hours • Assay 24 samples in triplicate or 36 samples in duplicate • Treatment of samples with MOX hydrochloride converts unstable PGD2 to stable PGD2-MOX; MOX derivatization reagent included with assay 516521 11β-Prostaglandin F2α ELISA Kit • Sample Types: Plasma | Urine • Measure 11β-PGF2α levels down to 5 pg/ml • Incubation: 18 hours | Development: 60-90 minutes | Read: Colorimetric at 405-420 nm • Assay 24 samples in triplicate or 36 samples in duplicate • NOTE: 11β-PGF2α may not be present in mouse urine – see Item No. 501001 501001 tetranor-PGDM
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