Author Index

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-61998-1 - Functional Categories Pieter Muysken Index More information

Author index

Abney, S. 9, 37, 38, 53–56, 60–63, 67, 228 Bersick, M. 108 Aboh, E. 226 Besten, H. den 213 Abu-Akel, A. 116 Bhatnagar, S. C. 136 Adams, C. 140 Bickerton, D. 10, 191, 246–250 Adams, D. Q. 88, 89 Binder, J. R. 108 AguilóS. J., F. 178 Binnick, R. I. 23 Ahlsén,E. 131, 135 Bishop, D. V. M. 140 Aikhenvald, A. Y. 162 Blakemore, D. 49 Akmajian, A. 58 Bloomfield, L. 229 Albó,X. 49, 178 Blutner, R. 7 Allen, M. 109 Boas, F. 14, 60 Alpatov, V. M. 28 Bock, K. 100 Ameka, F. 51 Bolle, J. 163 Anderson, S. A. 46 Boretzky, N. 224 Aquilina, J. 185–187 Borsley, R. D. Aronoff, M. 156, 160, 184 Bot, C. de 150 Aslin, R. 114 Boumans, L. 170 Asodanoe, J. 198 Boyes Braem, P. 156 Auger, J. 48 Bradley, D. C. 107, 108 Austerlitz, R. 92 Broadaway, R. 232 Award, J. 15 Brown, C. 99, 108 Brown, D. 36 Backus, A. 164, 172 Brown, R. 111–115 Badecker, W. 131 Bruyn, A. 6, 192, 193 Baerman, M. 36 Burt, M. 119, 120 Bahan, B. 155, 156, 159, 160 Butterworth, B. Baharav, E. 136 Bybee, J. 3, 57 Bailey A. L. 116 Bailey, N. 120 Calteaux, K. 165, 166 Baker, M. C. 4, 6, 9, 21, 53, 61, 65 Campbell, C. 233 Bakker, P. 184, 211–214, 218–221 Campbell, L. 95, 144 Bard, E. G. 100 Cann, R. 2, 3, 5, 14, 42, 44, 45, 63, 64 Bates, E. 131 Caramazza, A. 107, 108, 129, 131 Beekes, R. S. P. 88–91 Carden, G. 191 Beghelli, F. 58 Cardoso, H. 198 Bender, L. M. 94 Carter, D. M. 39 Bennis, H. 130 Caubet, D. 170 Bentahila, A. 171 Chan, B. 171

278

Author index 279

Chazal, M. 135 Fitch, W. T. 251 Chomsky, N. 2, 42, 53, 54, 61, 64, 123, 251 Foley, W. 32 Cinque, G. 9, 53, 56–58, 63 Francis, E. J. 5 Clahsen, H. 115, 116, 138, 140 Friederici, A. 5, 131, 137 Clyne, M. G. 166, 233 Friedmann, N. 138 Coelho, A. F. 224 Fromkin, V. J. 99–103 Collinder, B. 92, 93 Froud, K. 130 Comrie, B. 4, 92, 131, 132 Fukui, N. 43, 44, 53, 59, 61 Corbett, G. G. 24, 36 Corver, N. 17, 65, 121, 122 Gardner-Chloros, P. 169 Costa, J. 60 Garrett M. F. 5, 100, 105–108, 137 Craats, I. van de 121, 122 Gelderen, E. van 76, 84, 85 Croft, W. 4, 21, 59, 75, 76, 87 Genesee, F. 117 Cruse, A. 45 Gérard, C. 141 Cusihuamán,A. 18, 19, 24, 29, 51, 74 Giesbers, H. 167 Cutler, A. 39, 114 Gijn, R. van 26–28 Gil, D. 29 Daeleman, J. 198 Glock, N. 198 Dahl, O.¨ 3 Glück,S. 161 Davies, E. D. 171 Golovko, E. V. 222 De Vogelaer, G. 22 Gon¸calves, A. 60 Décsy, G. 93 Goodglass, H. 130 Deevy, P. 142 Gough, J. 233 Demers, R. 58 Greenberg, J. H. 95, 96 Demuth, K. 115 Grice, H. P. 235 DeVilliers, J. 116, 136 Grimshaw, J. 9, 44, 53, 56 Diggelen, M. van 202 Grinevald, C. 16, 162 Dikken, M. den 65 Grodzinsky, Y. 138 Dixon, R. M. W. 147 Groot, A. H. P. de 47, 198 Dordain, M. 135 Guéron,J. 5, 53, 56 Dorian, N. C. 146 Gumperz, J. J. 49 Dravins, C. 131, 135 Dressler, W. U. 132, 133, 135 Haase, M. 184 Drewes, A. J. 184–186 Hagiwara, H. 138 Dufresne, M. 85, 86 Hagoort, P. 99, 108, 109 Dulay, H. 119, 120 Hale, K. L. 64 Dupuis, F. 85, 86 Halpern, A. L. 41 Dutton,T. E. 194, 237 Hamann, C. 140 Hänninen, R. 136 Eeden, R. van 227 Hansson, K. 142 Ellis, R. 124 Happ, D. 156 Emonds, J. E. 32, 34 Hart, L. J. 109 Evans, N. 19 Haspelmath, M. 84 Everett, D. 252 Hatch, E. 233 Haude, K. 20, 34, 35 Faller, M. 18 Haugen, E. 177 Fenyvesi, A. 148–150 Hauser, M. D. 251 Ferguson, C. A. 143, 227, 231, 233 Haverkort, M. 133 Finlayson, R. 165, 166 Heine, B. 77, 81, 192 Finocchiaro, C. 107 Hekking, E. 168, 169

280 Author index

Heling, G. 133 Kiss, K. E.´ 64 Hendriks, P. 7 Kitagawa, C. 58 Herschensohn, J. 125 Klamer, M. 52 Hetzron, R. 94, 95 Klavans, J. L. 41 Hinzelin, M.-O. 117 Klein, W. 122–124 Hoberman, R. D. 184 Koivuselkä-Sallinen,P. 136 Hoekstra, T. 5, 53, 56, 115 Kok, P. 133 Hohenberger, A. 156 Kolk, H. 128, 133, 138 Hohle, B. 114 Koopman, H. 67 Holloway, C. E. 144, 145 Kortlandt, F. 89 Hong, Sung-Eun 162 Krashen, S. 120 Hoop, H. de 7 Kubota, M. 136, 137 Hopper, P. 39, 74–81 Kuteva, T. 77, 82, 83, 192 Hout, R. van 121, 122, 177, 178 Hudson, R. 2, 7 Laberge, S. 197 Hulk, A. 117, 119 Labov, W. 191, 192, 250 Hutchisson, D. 24 Laine, M. 136 Huwaë,R. 164, 165 Lambert, R. D. 145 Hyams, N. 115 Langacker, R. W. 43 Lardiere, D. 124, 125 Igla, B. 224 Larsen-Freeman, D. E. 120 Inkelas, S. 39 Lee R. G. 155, 156, 159, 160 Lefebvre, C. 192 Jackendoff, R. S. 5, 10, 15, 246–250 Lehmann, C. 31, 64 Jacubowicz, C. 141 Lehtinen, M. K. T. 166 Jake, J. L. 2, 172–174 Lely, H. K. J. van der 140 Jakobson, R. 8, 14, 15, 145 Leonard, L. B. 139–142 Jansen, B. 67 Levelt, W. J. M. 99, 100, 237, 252 Jansen, V. A. Liceras, J. 120 Jarema, G. 135 Liddell, S. K. 160 Jellinek, E. 58 Lightfoot, D. 85 Jong, J. de 140 Lillo-Martin, D. 156, 160, 161 Jordens, P. 150 Lindner, K. 140 Joshi, A. 166 Lipski, J. M. 170 Josselin de Jong, J. P. B. de 202 Lloyd McBurney, S. 159 Julien, M. 58 Longworth, C. E. 109 Jusczyk, P. 114 Loos, E. 64 Luján,M. 118

Kacdzielawa, D. 135 Lyons, J. 13 Kamio, A. 136, 137 Katz, J. T. 233 MacLauglin, D. 155, 156, 159, 160 Kayne, R. S. 53, 61 Madden, C. 120 Kean, M. L. 130, 131 Magn´usd´ottir, S. 131, 135 Keesing, R. M. 193 Mallory, J. P. 88, 89 Kegl, J. 155, 156, 159, 160 Manning, C. 107 Keurs, M. ter 99 Marslen-Wilson, W. D. 109 Keyser, A. 133 Matras, Y. 184 Kiefer, D. 114 Matthews, S. 5 Kilian-Hatz, C. 51 Mazuchi, A. 135, 136 Kirtchuk, P. I. 21 McCarthy, J. 27

Author index 281

McConvell, P. 222 Osawa,F.85 McKiernan, K. A. 108 O’Shanessy, C. 223 McKinnon, R. 108 Osterhout, L. 99, 108, 109 McLaughlin, J. 109 Ouhalla, J. 59, 138 Medler D. E. 108 Meillet, A. 73–75, 89 Packard, J. L. 131, 136 Meir, I. 156, 160 Padden C. 146, 160 Meisel, J. M. 116, 117, 227, 233, 235 Pancheva, R. 109 Menn, L. 130, 131, 133, 134 Park, Tschang-Zin 111 Meyer,A.S.99 Patschke, C. 159 Miceli, G. 129, 135, 136 Pencke M. 115, 116 Mifsud, M. 184 Penner, Z. 140 Migge, B. 28, 193 Perdue, C. 122–124 Miller, C. 177 Perron, C. 135 Mills, D. J. 99, 109 Pfau, R. 156–158, 161 Minaya, L. 118 Pienemann, M. 227, 228 Moo, L. R. 108 Pilot-Raichoor, C. 22 Moore, S. J. 145 Plank, F. 5 Moravcsik, E. 177 Plotkin, J. B. Morgan, J. 114 Poplack, S. 168, 170, 171, 177 Mühlhäusler, P. 21, 23, 190, 193, 194 Possing, E. T. 108 Müller, N. 117, 119 Prévost, P. 124 Muntzel, M. C. 144 Prins, R. S. 128, 130 Musgrave, S. 61 Pulvermüller, F. 108 Muysken, P. 31, 47, 66, 67, 163, 166–171, 174, 177, 178, 188, 214–219, 225–227, 253 Radford, A. 56, 115, 116 Myers-Scotton, C. 2, 3, 44, 48, 165, 166, Ragnarsdóttir, H. 114 170–174 Randall, B. 109 Raun, A. 92, 93 Nait M’Barek, M. 170 Rendón,J. G. 214 Nash, L. 141 Richthof, U. 114 Neidle, C. 155, 156, 159, 160 Riemsdijk, H. van 9, 17, 26, 33, 53, 56, 65, Nespor, M. 39 121 Nespoulous, J.-L. 135 Rigaut, C. 141 Nettelbladt, U. 142 Rijkhoff, J. 61 Neville, H. J. 99, 109 Rizzi, L. 53, 57, 58, 63 Newman, A. J. 109 Roberts, I. 76, 83 Newman, P. 39 Roelofs, A. 99 Newmeyer, F. J. 6, 57, 75, 84 Romani, C. 129 Niemi, J. 136 Roo, E. de 138 Nieuweboer, R. 150, 151 Rooij, V. de 49 Nishimura, M. 168 Ross, J. R. 3, 4 Nordlinger, R. 19, 20 Ross, M. 89 Norris, D. G. 39 Rossem, C. van 202 Nortier, J. 48, 164, 171, 172, 177 Rountree, S. C. 198 Nowak, M. A. Roussou, A. 83 Nyst, V. 158, 159 Saddy, D. 137 Obler, L. K. 130, 131, 133, 134 Sadler, L. 19, 20 Oehrle, R. 58 Sadock, J. M. 5

282 Author index

Sánchez, L. 115, 118, 119 Stein, P. 202 Sandler, W. 156, 160, 161 Steinbach, M. 156–158 Sankoff, D. 118, 170, 177 Stewart, W. A. 191 Sankoff, G. 197 Stolz, T. 184–186 Sapir, E. 3, 8, 14, 38, 43, 60, 95 Stowell, T. A. 58 Sasanuma, S. 136, 137 Strömqvist,S. 114 Sasse, H.-J. 4, 143 Supalla, T. 162 Schachter, P. 32 Swadesh, M. 60, 95, 184, 195 Schaerlaekens, A. M. 111 Schatz, H. 177 Talmy, L. 44, 161 Schembri, A. 162 Testelets, J. 28 Schiffrin, D. 49–51 Thráinsson,H. 59, 131, 135 Schlue, K. 233 Thum Yeow-Meng 116 Schmid, M. S. 150 Tjon, S. 164 Schmidt, A. 147, 148 Trapman, H. 150 Schmidt, P. 22 Traugott, E. C. 39, 51, 74–81 Schmitz, M. 114 Trefossa 6 Schönle,P. W. 5, 137 Tremblay, M. 85, 86 Schuchardt, H. 229 Tsimpli, I. M. 130 Schulz, A. 114 Tyler, L. K. 109 Schumann, J. F. 190 Schütze,H. 107 Ullmann, M. T. 109 Schwartz, B. D. 121 Urioste, J. 178 Seifart, F. 16–18 Sekerina, I. 222, 223 Vakhtin, N. B. 222 Selkirk, L. 40 Valdman, A. 230, 233 Seuren, P. 188 Van der Auwera, J. 22 Shapira, R. 233 Vander Brook, S. 233 Shapiro, K. 108 Veenstra, T. 193 Shen, Tong 40 Vendryes, J. 89 Shi, Rushen 114 Vermeulen, J. 130 Shillcock, R. C. 100 Verrips, M. 115 Sikić,N.ˇ 136 Vila i Moreno, X. 167 Silveri, M. C. 129 Vincent, N. 76, 89 Sinor, D. 93 Voeltz, F. K. E. 51 Slawson, D. 99, 109 Vogel, I. 39 Sloan Berndt, R. 127, 129 Voort, H. van der 202 Smith, G. P. 194–197 Smith, N. S. H. 188, 198 Waligura, D. L. 109 Smith, N. V. 130 Wasow, T. 58 Smits, C. 145 Weber-Fox, C. 109 Smout, K. D. 218 Weissenborn, J. 114, 115 Snow, C. E. 227 Wekker, H. 188 Speas, M. 43, 44, 59 Wenzlaff, M. 138 Spencer, A. 41 Werker, J. 114 Sprouse, R. A. 121 Werkgroep Taal Buitenlandse Werknemers Spruill III, John E. 109 231–234, 236 Stark, J. A. 132, 133, 135 Westbury, C. F. 108 Steele, S. 58 Westwood, A. 168

Author index 283

Wexler, K. 125, 140, 142 Zec, D. 39 Wheeler, S. 168 Zei, B. 136 White, L. 124 Zeller, J. 17 Whitney, W. D. 177 Zimmer, J. 159 Wierzbicka, A. 15 Zipf, G. K. 100 Wiese, R. 100, 103–105 Zobl, H. 120 Winford, D. 166, 177 Zurif, E. B. 107 Wulfeck B. 131 Zwarts, J. 67–69 Zwicky, A. M. 41 Yakpo, K. 73–75 Zwitserlood, I. 161, 162

Subject index

4-M model 10 adverb (ADV) 4, 13, 29, 32, 37, 41, 50, 79, 82, 83, 91, 101–104, 111, 122, 129, 131, 172, accidence 14, 15 181–183, 187, 220, 243–245 action 246 ADVP 55, 56 action structure 50 agreement 22, 23 adjective (A) 3, 13, 29, 32, 36–39, 44, 55, 76, approximative 246 101–104, 108, 111, 122, 129, 136, 166, DegP 55 170, 171, 177, 184, 223, 251 degree (Deg)/quantity 55, 83, 182, 186, 187, AP 55 246 colour 58 discourse 49–51 comparative 91, 100, 101 intensifier 83, 246 degree 91 locative (place) 37 , 131 inflection 91, 129, 140, 175, 221 manner 186 nationality 58 measure degree (M) 55, 56 quality 58 modifier 40, 57, 103 shape 58, 246 MP 55, 56 size 58, 246 time 37, 105, 181, 186, 191, 249 superlative 91, 102 affix leaking 169, 170 adjustment rule 4 agreement (Agr) 34, 56, 59, 61, 83, 91, 93, adposition (P) 4, 32, 41, 54, 56, 59, 62, 63, 123, 130, 138–142, 149, 156–162, 168, 65–70, 76, 82, 83, 87, 101, 104, 133–137, 171, 183, 187, 227, 240, 243–245 168, 191, 241–244 AgrP 138 abstract 245 person 16, 22, 23, 27, 79, 81, 221 intransitive preposition, see adposition, topic number 223 particle alignment see voice locative 245 alternation particle 86, 101–105, 111, 136, 206 consonant 27, 36, 146 postposition 29, 66, 68, 134, 136, 179, 193, lenition 146 199, 208–210, 220, 223, 243 nasalization 146 PP 62, 63, 66–70, 198 vowel 27, 34, 38, 94 preposition 1, 4–6, 13, 16, 32, 37–40, 44, amorphous language 29 47, 85, 86, 90, 91, 105, 107–111, 122, anaphor 91, 122, 175, 191, 246 124, 129, 133–137, 140, 143, 146, 148, animacy 23, 122, 146, 179, 180, 221, 163, 164, 168–172, 175, 177–183, 185, 246 187, 193–196, 198, 199, 202, 203, human 33, 34, 179 208–210, 219, 220, 224, 241, 243 aphasia 3 preposition stranding 70 agrammatic 9, 127–139, 239, 242, 253 simple 245 Broca’s aphasia, see aphasia, agrammatic

284

Subject index 285

dextral crossed 136 copula 4, 30, 80, 82, 83, 102, 103, 114, 120, Wernicke aphasia 128, 130, 137 136, 139, 141, 143, 144, 179, 193, 195, applicative 173 199, 200, 203, 204, 224, 228, 233 approach do-support 64, 85, 139 formal 6 existential 179, 195, 215, 216 functional 6 posture 80 generative 6, 9 article, see determiner Baby Talk 229 aspect (ASP) 13, 21, 57, 75, 91, 156, 221, 223, base language see Matrix Language Frame 246, 248 model Aktionsart (lexical verbal aspect) 22, Basic Variety 119, 122, 123 246 benefactive 24 andative 84 bilingual 2, 89 aorist 91 simultaneous bilingual development 111, celerative 57 116–119, 242 change-of-state 84 speech 49, 211 completive 57, 75, 84, 157, 203, 204 Bilingual Syntax Measure 119, 120 continuative/continuous 57, 75, 84, body term 88 196 borrowing 10, 89, 90, 95, 177–187, 211, 217, durative 196, 200, 203, 204 219, 239, 243, 253 egressive 75 borrowability hierarchies 177–179 frequentative 57 brain imaging studies 99, 108–110 generic 57, 159 habitual 57, 148, 196, 203, 204 calque 184 imperfective 27, 74 Caretaker Speech 229, 230 ingressive 75 Cartography of Linguistic Structure 57 negative perfect 74 case 4, 13–15, 19, 34, 41, 46, 66, 82, 83, 85, perfect 57, 74 91, 92, 96, 100, 101, 104, 123, 130, perfective 27, 74, 195 133–137, 143, 146–151, 159, 168, 173, progressive 2, 57, 203, 204 174, 187, 194, 217, 243–246 prospective 57 ablative/separative 30, 83, 92, 137, 149 proximative 75 absolute 223 repetitive/iterative 57, 74, 203, 204 accusative 30, 80, 81, 92, 118, 119, 136, resultative 203, 204 137, 141, 146, 149–151 resumptive 196 agent 84 retrospective 57 allative 84, 92, 96, 149 terminative 57 associative 179 verbal 15 aversive 84, 147 asymmetry 4, 10, 220, 222 benefactive 30, 84, 173, 202 attrition see phonology, reduction comitative 80, 84, 223 Autonomous Development Hypothesis comparative 84 116–118 dative 30, 33, 91, 119, 146, 147, 149–151, auxiliary 1, 2, 4, 13, 40, 41, 58, 59, 62–64, 200 73–76, 82, 83, 87, 88, 108, 111, 115, 120, delative 149 124, 129, 131, 134, 136, 139–141, 144, elative 149 156, 158, 164, 192, 193, 195, 199, 200, ergative 147, 148 203, 204, 208, 209, 221, 233, 234, essive 92, 149 241–244 genitive/possessive 30, 37, 80, 91, 92, 102, aspectual 4, 245 103, 115, 129, 133, 137–139, 146, 147, causative 84 175, 202, 223, 233, 234

286 Subject index

case (cont.) length 232, 233 illative 149 linking 246 inessive 149 marker 16–18, 20, 94, 182, 183, 186, 197, instrumental 30, 82, 131, 137, 147, 149 221 lative 92 non-purposive 148 locative (±R) 19, 30, 33, 34, 47, 67–69, 92, perception complement 81 147, 149, 197–199, 202 relative 48, 78, 85, 91, 148 nominative 92, 124, 136, 137, 139, 146, subordinate 124, 132, 133, 186, 232 150, 228 clitic 8, 34, 40, 41, 62, 74, 106, 129, 135, 140, oblique 137 141, 170, 171 relative 223 bound (affixal) 40, 41 sublative 149 clausal enclitic 19, 27, 216, 217 superessive 149 free 40 vocative 146 internal 40 Case Deficit Hypothesis 128 pro-clitic 37 categorisation models prosodic clitic 40 chain 4, 5 simple 41 hierarchy 4 special 41 mono-dimensional 4, 5 code-mixing 10, 48, 163–176, 185, 211, 239, multi-dimensional 4–6, 10 243 multi-level 4, 5 alternation 253 prototype 4 code-switching 3, 10, 48, 49, 163–176, 239, scale 4 243 category 248, 249 cognition 5, 7, 18, 42 cross-category development 120 development 4 expression 3, 7, 251, 252 collocation 32, 36, 37, 173 identity 56 communication 7 innovation 8, 32 interactive 5 notional 15, 82, 83, 84 complementiser (C, COMP) 5, 16, 40–43, 47, position 2, 7 48, 54, 56, 60–63, 77, 78, 81, 83–85, specific development 120 105, 122–124, 132, 138, 139, 157, 219, sub-word 2 245 transitory 75, 76 CP 54, 55, 62, 63, 84, 85, 138, 140 underlying 3 infinitival 203 word 2, 7 complexity 120, 144, 145, 190 centrality 145 compound 8, 32, 38, 101, 103, 104, 123 class term see classifier concept classifier 20, 21, 82, 83, 160–162, 240, 244, radical 3, 43 245 relational 3, 43 deictic 147 concord see agreement nominal 13, 16–18, 21 conjunction 6, 9, 13, 16, 40, 41, 48–51, 83, numeral 17 87–89, 108, 111, 131, 143, 148, 168, 177, shape 160, 161 180, 181, 185, 193, 196, 200, 201, 204, size 160, 161 209, 219, 224, 241, 244, 245 verbal 17, 21, 162 adverbial 180, 183, 187, 243, 249 clause (S) 7, 54, 61, 205, 221 complex 181 complement 102, 186 conditional 223 finite declarative 117 coordinating 32, 91, 132, 134, 177, 187, juxtaposition 233, 234, 236, 247–249, 252, 220, 243 253 purposive 223

Subject index 287

subordinating 81, 83, 91, 129, 132, 177, marker 8, 9, 16, 40, 42, 48–51, 90, 131, 244, 208, 217, 243 245, 249 connective see linker organisation 8, 64, 84, 227 consonant particle see discourse, marker emphatic 94 quotative 136 glottalised 94 status 249 implosive 94 dominant language 163, 164 pharyngealised 94 doubling 168, 169 construction 42, 76 tightening 9, 73 economy 84 continuity E-language 5 strong 115, 123, 124 entity 15, 246 weak 115, 116 equivalence convergence 190, 192, 238, 242 categorial 10, 167, 174 creole 6, 73–75, 188–210, 239, 243, 248, linear 10, 172 250 event 15, 246 genesis 10, 229, 253 structure 246 Event Related Potential (ERP) 99, 109 Deficit of Agreement 140 evidential 13, 19, 21, 41, 49, 57, 64, 182, 244, definiteness (Def) 33, 45, 47, 60, 129, 133, 246 148, 155, 159, 160, 173, 221, 245, 246, reportative 216 249 evolution 4, 10, 245–253 deictic 16, 17, 21, 30, 34, 35, 37, 42, 77–79, exchange structure 50 81–83, 85, 90, 91, 93, 96, 122, 139, 159, exclamative see evidential 179, 183, 197, 201, 217, 220, 221, 223, expletive 49, 122 225, 240, 246 absential 35 feature approaching 35 binary 15 distal/distant 33–35, 96 checking theory 10 elevated 35 phi-features 2, 155 locative 217 realisations 20, 22 non-standing 35 strength 61 proximate to addressee 35 finiteness 57, 245 proximate to speaker 35 first language development 9, 111–119, 239, retreating 35 242, 253 standing 35 focus 6, 19, 23, 57, 83, 204, 246 deletability 47, 48 emphatic 197, 198 demonstrative see deictic focus first 123 denotational class see ontology force 57, 63 determiner (D, Det) 13, 16, 20, 40, 41, 43, Foreigner Talk 10, 227–237, 239, 243, 244 55, 56, 60, 62, 63, 81, 84, 85, 91, 100, adaptation model 236 105, 108–111, 114–116, 118, 120–123, cultural filter model 237 128, 129, 133–135, 139–142, 159, 170, earlier grammar model 236 171, 177, 185, 224, 232, 233, 244, 245, Foreigner Register 229, 230, 235 249 interaction studies 231–234 DP 55, 62, 63, 142, 162, 221, 227 introspection studies 231–234 diminutive 37, 38, 83, 175, 179, 183 literary sources 231–234 directional 31, 68–70, 196, 202, 227 non-routine 232–234 particle 56 reduced processor model 237 discourse 42 routine 232–234

288 Subject index

formant 28 syntax/phonology 4, 9, 39, 124, 240 frequency 9, 36, 100, 106–110, 113, 114, 120, syntax/semantics 4, 9, 52, 119, 240 145, 197, 232 interjection 13, 48–51, 90, 182, 183, 187, 244 Functional Convergence Hypothesis 118 descriptive 51 Functional Interference Hypothesis 118 directive 51 functional load 145 expressive 51, 52 functional skeleton 61, 64, 115, 116, 119, 125, phatic 51 126, 132, 183, 221, 240, 242, 244, 253 Interlanguage Talk 229 full 138 Tarzanese 231 truncated 138 interpretability 64, 240 functor 3 of features 9, 46, 47, 61 interrogative see question gender 13–15, 17, 21, 23, 46, 83, 91, 94, 107, intertwining see relexiﬁcation 119, 133, 135, 146, 159, 173, 194, 202, inventory 223, 224, 241, 246 features 21 feminine 91, 94, 119, 135, 184, 221 functional categories 56–57 masculine 91, 94, 95, 119, 135, 146, 221 phoneme 247 neuter 20, 34, 91 generative syntax see theoretical syntax jargon 211, 212, 218 gesturing 232 gradience 3–5, 7 kinship 23, 34, 36, 88, 121 gram 3 grammatical relation 14, 248, 249 landing site 58, 63, 64 null object 117–119 language object 17, 81, 111, 117–119, 157, 159, 160, attrition 2, 9, 143–151, 239, 242 198, 202 change 2, 6, 9, 20, 73–87, 239, 242 oblique object 223 contact 2, 10, 183, 189, 239, 242, 243 subject 17, 111, 117, 132, 159, 160, 198, 202 death 144, 180, 212, 239, 242 grammatical role see grammatical relation description 8, 16–20, 73, 239, 240 grammaticalisation 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 60, 73–87, family 2 89, 90, 156–159, 161, 192, 225, shift 143, 144, 178, 212 239–242 lateralisation 108, 109 lexicon 8, 26, 73, 211–226, 239, 240, 247–249 historical linguistics see language, change class 3, 62, 70, 109 linguistic fossil 252, 253 iconicity 159 linker 16, 41, 49, 128, 129, 140, 204, 227 ideational structure 50, 51 location 15, 246 ideophone 44, 51, 52 logical connector 128 I-language 5 incorporation 21, 65 Matrix Language Frame model independent coining 32, 33 4-M model 173–175 indexical see shifter bridge late system morpheme 173–175 Inﬂection Phrase (IP) 53, 54, 56, 84 content morpheme 172–175 INFL, I 54, 55, 60, 138 early system morpheme 173–175 information source see evidential embedded language island 166, 171 information state 50, 51 matrix language 163–167 insertion 65, 163–164, 243, 253 outsider late system morpheme 173–175 noun phrase 170, 171 system morpheme 172–175 interface System Morpheme Principle 165, 172 syntax/lexicon 41, 119, 240 maturation 115, 124

Subject index 289

maxim 234, 235, 244 modelling 99 meaning modification 42–44, 68, 70, 111 abstract 4, 9, 42, 43, 73, 74, 108, 110, 240, modular perspective 5, 10, 238–254 248–250 mood 13, 41, 57, 91, 148, 149, 221, 246 bulk neutral 44 conjunctive 223 coercion 42, 45 dubitative 180 concrete 9, 43, 108, 240 evaluative 57 descriptive content 62 hortative 96 flexibility 42, 45 imperative 91, 92, 233, 234 non-compositional 45 indicative 91 polysemy 24, 25, 240 irrealis 57 procedural 49 optative 91 propositional 49 speech act 57 schematic 43 subjunctive 91, 92 substance neutral 44 morpheme order 114, 115, 119–121 measure term 17 morphology 3, 6, 8, 20, 26–39, 76–83, 86, 105, Minimal Default Grammar 140 116, 124, 129, 239, 240 Minimalism 9, 61 affix 26, 27, 34, 39, 62, 64, 100, 158, 164, Head Preference/Spec to Head 85 178, 214, 218, 244 Late Merge 85 allomorphy 144, 147 Merge 138 bound morpheme 89, 100, 120, 131 mixed language 10, 164, 183, 211–226, 239, derivation 32, 37, 38, 65, 68, 74, 100–102, 243, 253 105, 122, 223 classical 211–219 free morpheme 89, 120 mixed marriage 213 inflection 3, 5, 28, 29, 38, 74, 81, 85, 100, new community 213, 214 102, 120, 122, 125, 150, 178, 193, 248, reverse 212, 224 249 reverse split 212, 222, 223 prefix 38, 94, 159 secret/ritual 213 root 35 semi-shift 212 regularity 145, 178 split 212, 219–222 suffix 38, 94, 159 modal 4, 14, 16, 46, 57, 64, 78, 85, 90, 139, template/root-and-pattern 94, 184 156, 221, 244–246, 248, 249 motherese see Caretaker Speech ability/permission 57, 75, 84, 195, 196 mouthing 155, 156, 162 conditional 74 mouth gesture 157 declarative 14 multi-dimensional perspective see modular deontic 45, 196 perspective epistemic 45, 57, 196 mutation see alternation illocutionary force 249 necessity 57, 75 negation 33, 34, 41, 46, 58, 64, 74, 79, 83, 91, obligation 57, 74, 75, 195, 203, 204 105, 122, 124, 125, 131, 158, 179, 217, particle 41, 43 220, 227, 246, 248 possibility 57, 203, 204 marked on agreement 93 subjunctive 74 negative existential 157, 215, 216, 223 volitional/desire 57, 75 negative indicative 91 modality see modal nominal 223 modality-specific aspects 157, 159 pronoun 198 eye gaze 160 prohibitive/negative imperative 91, 148, 196 head tilt 160 simplified 233, 234 non-manual gesticulation 158 verbal tensed 22, 23, 223

290 Subject index

neurolinguistic see brain imaging studies non-configurational 84 noun (N) 3, 4, 13, 29, 32, 36, 37, 39, 44, 48, null subject/pro-drop 117, 160, 193 55, 56, 61, 62, 66, 76, 82–85, 89, 91, 100, split IP 59 101, 108, 111, 114, 122, 129, 131, parataxis see clause, juxtaposition 134–136, 147, 158, 177, 178, 187, 191, participation framework 50, 51 206, 219, 220, 222, 224, 245, 251 parts of speech 13, 15 class 17, 96 peak latency 108 classification see classifier person 13, 15, 21, 46, 135, 160, 223, 224, 246 locative 66, 67 first 2, 21, 91, 93–95, 122, 135, 159, 195, nominal system 120, 129, 212, 218 219–223 fourth 95 nominaliser 95, 184 inclusive/exclusive 194, 195 noun phrase (NP) 7, 54, 55, 63 second 21, 32, 91, 94, 95, 122, 159, 195, 218 null element 116, 160, 232–235 third 21, 37, 91, 95, 100–104, 115, 122, 131, lexeme 28, 47, 48, 62, 64, 66, 192, 193 135, 138–140, 159, 174, 194–197, 202, suffix 27 218 number 13, 15, 23, 47, 83, 91, 92, 96, 107, personal relation see grammatical relation 146, 148, 173, 187, 223, 224, 243, 246 phonology 8, 39–41, 76–83, 86, 114, 144, 239, dual 24, 91, 92, 147, 194, 195 240 paucal 24 contraction see phonology, reduction plural 21, 24, 91, 92, 102–104, 115, 129, dependence 62 138, 139, 146, 147, 166, 168, 169, erosion see phonology, reduction 174, 175, 178, 183–185, 194, 195, 233, morpho-phonology 73 234 phonotactics 179, 217 quadral 24 phrase 3 singular 2, 21, 24, 91, 194, 195 reduction 4, 6, 9, 31, 39, 73, 89, 90, 114, trialis 24, 194, 195 131, 192, 197, 232, 244 verbal 21, 221 weakening see phonology, reduction numeral 8, 30, 37, 82, 83, 88, 89, 91, 136, 179, weight 8 220, 221 pidgin 73–75, 147, 188–212, 229, 234, 239, bound 21 243, 248, 250, 253 genesis 10 obligatory status 60, 61 loss of morphology 10 obviation 221 pitch 113 onomatopoetic 52 place see spatial orientation ontology 42, 44 polarity 63, 246 open/closed class 32, 65, 89, 99, 105, possession 121, 122, 146, 148, 195, 246 107–109, 156, 250 alienable 22, 246 optimality 240 inalienable 22, 246 bi-directional 7 pronoun 91, 129, 139, 167, 221 ranking 7 pragmatics 8, 48–51, 73, 75, 123, 161, 232, Optional Infinitive Theory 140 239, 240, 247 load 145 paradigmatic organisation/paradigmaticity 8, predicate 15, 246 32–34, 36, 42, 89, 178, 225, 244 active 45 levelling 144 cleft 47 parameter 53, 115 predicative conjunctive 136 configurational 84 stative 45 feature strength 61, 123 probabilistic approach 13, 178, 179

Subject index 291

processing 2, 7, 143 indirect 139 formulator 173–175, 237 particle 83, 158 functional level 106, 174 pronoun 6, 16, 30, 33, 88, 90, 91, 93, 96, perception/comprehension 9, 114, 128, 130 139, 188, 193, 196, 201, 201, 204, 220, positional level 105, 106 221, 223 production 9, 99–110, 128, 130, 239, 241 Wh 33, 34, 46, 58, 155, 248 sound level 106 syntactic 70 reaction time study 99 projection 16, 173–175, 248, 249 recency 145 category (syntactic) 45 reciprocal 41, 83, 147 extended 53 reconstitution 10 functional 45, 57, 63, 116, 138 reconstruction 9, 88–96, 239, 241 maximal 174, 175 recursion 251, 252 semantic 42, 45 redundancy 113 uniform 59, 60 reduplication verbal 116 stative predicate 27, 28 pronoun (Pro) 9, 13, 16, 21, 29–33, 39, 41, 62, reference 14 81–83, 88–92, 94, 95, 101–105, 108, 109, tracking 159–162, 243 112, 114, 117, 121–125, 129, 132–137, reflexive 26, 41, 80, 83, 91, 135, 141, 167 141, 159, 167, 175, 179, 185, 191, 193, regression 145, 146, 150 208–210, 217–224, 227, 233, 234, relativiser see pronoun, relative 241–245, 248 relexicalisation 211, 212, 215 bound 35 relexification 190, 192, 212, 213–221, 225, 226 clitic/weak 4, 15, 22, 23, 64, 77, 107, 131, repetition 232 134, 167, 177, 222, 245 restructuring 10, 208, 209, 225, 226 free/independent 35, 94, 177 indefinite see quantifier saliency 113, 120, 145 oblique 94 second language development 3, 9, 119–126, polite 233, 234 190, 239, 242, 253 relative 91, 136, 193, 196, 200, 201, 204 incomplete 190, 191 strong 4, 131, 134, 135, 171, 233, 234, 245 selectional restriction 42, 46, 70, 115 property 15, 246 semantics 8, 42–49, 73–83, 87, 239, 240 prosodic word auto-semantic 42 Major Phrase Rule 40 basic 113 Prosodic Word Rule 40 bleaching 9 size 39 syn-semantic 42, 112, 113 proto-form 88 semiotics 5 protolanguage 247–253 sense relation 42, 44, 45 psycholinguistics 2, 9, 239, 241 hyponymy 44 synonymy 44 quantifier 16, 29, 30, 37, 38, 62, 122, 129, 167, shifter 16, 88, 172 172, 177, 179, 221, 246, 248, 249 sign language 10, 155–162, 239, 242, 243 distributive 58 simple code 229, 230, 235 referential 58 simplification strategies 235, 244 share 58 social status 23 universal 33 spatial orientation 14, 15, 246, 249 quantitative pronoun see quantifier absolute 24 quantity, see quantifier deictic 24 question 23, 84, 147, 158, 233 intrinsic 24

292 Subject index

Specific Language Impairment (SLI) 9, 127, past 57, 74, 80, 100, 101, 109, 115, 121, 139–142, 239, 242 124, 129, 138, 139, 195, 204, 233, 234 speech error 5, 6, 9, 99–106 preterite 192 anticipation 105 present 74, 91 misplaced word ending 102 realis 138 perseveration 105 relative 23 sound deletion 106 sequence of 175 sound exchange 105 T-chain 5, 56 tongue twister 106 TP 138, 156 word and morpheme shift 106 tense modality aspect (TMA) system 73–75, word exchange 99–106 144, 183, 191, 193, 195, 199, 200, 204, word fusion 106 205, 209 word substitution 106 theoretical syntax 53–70, 73, 239, 240 speech rate 130 UG 130, 138 stability/instability 88–96, 205–209, 211, 225, theta-assignment see theta-role marking 226 theta-role marking 42, 44, 172–174 street/youth language 211, 212 agent 111 stress 8, 62, 111, 113, 114, 130, 232 agent last 123 metrical 39 beneficiary 111 word 39 time see tense structuralism 13–15 time depth, 77, 83, 88 stylistic adequacy 191, 192, 250 tone 39, 40, 114 subjectification 75 Default Tone Insertion 40 substantive 14, 15 Obligatory Tone Deletion 40 suppletion 8, 27, 32, 34, 36, 68, 91, 217 topic 23, 57, 84, 246 switch reference 27, 147 marker 136, 137, 158 syllable 29–31, 113, 247 Trace Deletion Hypothesis 128 bi-syllabic 29–31, 217 trade language 212, 237 mono-syllabic 29–31 transfer 119–122 strong 39 full transfer/L1 conservation 121, 122 syncretism 32, 34, 36 transitivity 47, 62, 69, 160, 178, 246 syntactic computation 5, 38, 39, 236, 252 intransitive 157 syntactic skeleton see functional skeleton Tree Pruning Hypothesis 138 system morpheme 3 typology 8, 9, 13–25, 53, 73, 183, 239, 240 Teacher Talk 229 telegraphic speech 111, 112, 128 universality 14, 15, 53, 58, 59, 180 Telegraphic Style 230 bioprogram 191 tense (T) 5, 13–16, 23, 34, 46–48, 56–59, 61, strong 59 64, 73–75, 84, 85, 91, 92, 123, 124, 128, weak 59 129, 132, 138, 146, 155, 156, 159, 173, 187, 191, 192, 221, 223, 224, 227, valency 246 243–246, 250 validation see evidential absolute reference 21, 23 variability in form 113 anterior 57 verb (V) 3–5, 13, 29, 32, 39, 44, 48, 54, 56, 57, consecutive 74 62, 66, 73–76, 78, 82–86, 89, 101–104, deictic 23 108, 111, 114, 120, 122, 129, 131, 136, future 57, 74, 144, 147, 157, 195, 203, 204 159, 177, 178, 191, 219, 220, 222, 224, metric see tense, absolute reference 251 nominal 16, 19–21, 35, 240 agentive marker 101, 158, 184

Subject index 293

chaining 81 voice 41, 82, 83, 91, 146, 246 finite 117, 124, 125, 132, 141, 223, 234 active 27 gerund/present participle 37, 100, 102, 103, anti-causative 83 115, 120, 129, 169, 174 causative 157 handling 205–209 direct/inverse 221 infinitive 79, 104, 125, 128, 132, 139, 164, ergative 91, 96 165, 215, 224, 227 medial 83, 91 light 164, 184 passive 27, 83, 91 main 1, 129, 134 vowel harmony 114 morphology 136, 141, 148, 178, 191 movement 188, 189, 205–209 word length 100, 106, 109, 110, 114, 115 possessor 82, 83 word order 58, 61, 131, 132, 141, 172, 248, past participle 100, 101, 104, 131, 166, 169, 249 174, 184, 206 possessor possessum 121, 122 prefix conjugation 94, 95 second position 64, 117, 131, 132, 141, 142 pre-verb 148 SOV 118, 133 restructuring 245 SVO 94, 123, 131, 132 serial 66, 67, 157, 193, 195, 198–200, 204 VSO 94 vector 80 word retrieval 128 verb/non-verb asymmetry 2, 20, 131 verbal system 212, 219–223 X-bar theory 54, 115 verbaliser 31 complement 59, 60, 62, 63 VP 54, 62, 63, 84, 116, 232 head-complement marking 251, 252 village sign system 158, 159 specifier 59, 60, 63 visibility see evidential specifier head agreement 156

Language index

Adamarobe Sign Language (AdaSL) 155, 157, Burmese 21 159 Buryat Mongolian 81 Afghan 120 African languages 188, 198, 208, 209 Callahuaya 211–213 West 47 Cameroon Pidgin English 188 Afrikaans 189, 213 Capanahua 64 Afro-Asiatic 9, 93–95 Catalan 167 Proto-Afro-Asiatic 93–95 Caucasian Akkadian 82, 94 North-East 22 Old 81 Celtic 90 Albanian 90 Chadic 94 Aleut 222, 223 Chinese 14, 81, 114, 119, 120, 124 Algonquian 220 Cantonese 171 American Sign Language (ASL) Chinese Pidgin English 188 155–160 Mandarin 17, 131, 136 Amerind 9, 95, 96 Old 29 Anatolian 90 Seventeenth century 81 Arabic 38, 120, 183–187 Shanghai 40 Classical 27 Surinam 164 Gulf States second language 189 Copper Island Aleut 10, 212, 222, Maltese 178, 183–187, 243 223 Moroccan 48, 49, 121, 124, 164, Cree 219–222 170–172 Creoles Tunisian 183 Caribbean 47, 200, 204 Armenian 90 Surinam 229 Arvanitika 143 Crow 36 Australian Aboriginal 19, 22 Cushitic 94 Avestan 88 Czech 138 Awyi 21 Danish 114 Baka 82 Dravidian 22 Balto-Slavic 90 Dutch 26, 32–34, 36–38, 47, 48, 52, 64, 65, Bambara 82 67–70, 76, 111, 112, 117, 121–123, Bantu 17, 173 128, 130, 133, 134, 138, 163–165, Beja 94 167, 168, 171, 172, 188, 189, 198–205, Berber 94 231 Bislama 193 Dialects 22

294

Language index 295

Ottersum dialect 167 Gothic 88 Zealandic 201 Greek 90, 138, 139 Dutch Sign Language (NGT) 155, 157, Homeric 88 161 Modern 80, 120, 143 Dyirbal 143, 147, 148, 151 Older 80 Greek Sign Language (GSL) 155, Eastern Maroon Creole 27, 28 157 Egyptian 94 Griekwas (Basters) language 213 English 1, 6, 24, 28, 32, 33, 36–39, 43, 49–51 Guaran´ı19, 20 55, 62–64, 77, 78, 84, 100–103, 105–107, Guaycuruan 21 109, 115, 116, 119, 120, 123, 124, 129, Gurundji Kriol 10, 212 131, 133, 134, 137–139, 142, 148, 155, 165, 166, 170–174, 177, 184, 187, 188, Haitian 82, 192 189, 193–201, 205–209, 218, 219, 230, Hausa 39 231 Hawaiian Creole English 191 Aboriginal 223, 224 Hawaiian Pidgin English 191, 250 Middle 78, 85 Hebrew 120, 131, 134, 136, 141 Old 78, 84, 85 Hindi 134, 136 Estonian 92 Hiri trade language 237 Ewe 81 Hittite 88, 90, 96 Hungarian 28, 92 Farsi, see Persian Australia 148 Finnish 92, 134, 136, 168, 173 United States 148, 149, 151, 242 Foreigner Talk 227, 228 Modern 81 Icelandic 80, 114, 131, 134, 135 Old 81 Old 80 Fongbe 188, 192, 198, 201 Indo-Aryan 22, 80 French 4, 27, 28, 34, 46–49, 79, 85, 86, 116, Indo-European 9, 77, 80, 88, 90, 91, 96, 123–125, 134, 135, 141, 169, 170, 174, 227 219–222, 231 Indo-Iranian 90 Old 79, 86 Irish, Old 88 Ottawa 177 Island Carib 213 Qu´ebec48 Israeli Sign Language (ISL) 155, 157 Istro-Romanian 79 G˜a81 Italian 117, 120, 129, 131, 134, 135, 140–142, Gaelic, East Sutherland 143, 146, 151, 183–187, 243 242 Sicilian 183, 184 German 14, 17, 46, 47, 64, 100, 103–105, 112, Italian Sign Language (LIS) 155, 157 114, 116, 117, 123–125, 131–135, 137, Italic 90 138, 140, 141, 174, 231 Alsatian 169 Jamaican Creole 188 in Australia 170 Japanese 21, 28, 120, 134, 136, 137, 168, in London 143, 150, 151, 242 218 Plautdiitsch (Low German) in Siberia 143, Jordanian Sign Language (LIU) 155, 157 150, 151, 242 Foeigner Talk 227 Kafa 94 German Sign Language (DGS) 155, 157, 158, Kagaba 82 161 Kambera 52 Germanic 80, 90, 133 Kanaka English 193

296 Language index

Kayardild 19, 20 Quechua 65, 82, 118, 119, 177 Kikongo 198 Bolivia (Cochabamba) 49, 178–183, 217, Korean Sign Language (KSL) 155, 157, 243 162 Cuzco 18, 19, 24, 29–31, 47, 51, 52, 74, 251 Krio 188 Ecuador 66, 214–218, 225 Kwakiutl 14 Ulcumayo 118

Latin 34, 36, 46, 77–80, 88, 90 Romance 26, 77, 79, 178, 183–187 Lhasa 81 Romani 224 Lingua Franca 229 Para-Romani 212 Spanish (Caló)224 Ma’a (Inner Mbugu) 211–213 Russian 15, 150, 222, 223 Malay American 150 Modern 81 Moluccan 164, 165 Samoan Plantation Pidgin 194 Old 81 Sanskrit 88 Standard or Indonesian 61, 124 Saramaccan (Saamaka) 10, 47, 66, 67, 74, 188, Media Lengua 10, 211, 212–219, 221, 222, 189, 193, 198–201, 205, 243 226, 243 Scandinavian 80 Michif 10, 212, 219–222 Semitic 94 Miraña17, 18 Senkyoshigo 218 Morwap 21 Serbo-Croatian 134, 136 Movima 20, 34, 35 Slavic 15 Old Church Slavonic 88 Nama Hottentot (Khoekhoen) 213 Solomon Islands Pidgin English 193 Ndjuka see Eastern Maroon Creole Somali 94 Negerhollands 10, 189, 190, 193, Sotho 165, 166 243 Spanish 26, 46, 119, 120, 124, 138, 141, 167–172, 174, 177–183, 224–226, Old Norse 80 243 Omaha 36 Bolivia 49, 178–183 Omotic 94 Brule (Louisiana) 143, 14 Otom´ı168, 169 Cuzco 118 Ecuador 214–219 Panoan 64 Latin American 37, 38 Papiamentu 47, 168 Lima 118 Papuan 32, 89 New York 171 Pernakan Chindo 213 Sranan 6, 67, 163, 188 Persian Sursurunga 24 Modern 80, 120 Susu 82 Old 80 Swahili 170 Pichi 73–75 Nairobi 171 Pilagá21 Shaba 49 Pirahã251 Swedish 82, 114, 131, 132, 134, 135, 141, Polish 134, 135 142 American 150 Modern 80 Taiwanese Sign Language (TSL) 155, 157 Old 80 Thai 120 Portuguese 60, 117, 124, 198–205 Thracian 90

Language index 297

Tocharian 90 Warlpiri 223 Tok Pisin 10, 189, 193–198, 205, 243 Light 223 Turkish 28, 114, 120–122, 164 Yana 14 Uralic 91–93 Yoruba 32 Proto-Uralic 9, 91–03 Yurakar´e26, 28, 38

Vietnamese 120 Zulu 17