AN OVERVIEW ON HOARDING IN ROMAN AND THE EVIDENCE OF A NEW IMPERIAL HOARD FROM TYNDARIS1

Abstract: This article aims at offering a general overview of Mariangela Puglisi the hoarding phenomenon of Roman Imperial coins in Sicily, of Università degli Studi di Messina, which we still have a lacunary knowledge. [email protected] I have been collecting any available hoard data from Sicily in numismatic periodicals, scattered articles or notes in archaeological reports, data that I am presenting in general, not at the level of individual coins. DOI: 10.14795/j.v7i1_SI.492 Here are listed about fifty hoards, including a few uncertain ISSN 2360 – 266X cases which could be accidental deposits. ISSN–L 2360 – 266X Moreover, a new hoard from the urban area of the ancient city of Tyndaris, modern (Patti, Messina) is presented in detail, an important find - even if not conspicuous regarding the number of coins - which can shed a new light about the first Imperial age, so little documented so far in Sicily. Keywords: Coin hoards, Sicily, , Tyndaris, sestertii.

GENERAL OVERVIEW OF HOARDING IN SICILY IN IMPERIAL TIMES1 ar from pretending to give interpretation keys to explain the patterns of hoarding in Sicily in Imperial times, I am undertaking an attempt of offering a Fgeneral overview of the hoarding phenomenon which is not equally known for each period for an irregular and lacunary knowledge. This is due to the frequent fortuity of findings, and the rarity of known contexts subjected to archeological investigation. In view of this publication I have been able to collect

1 I deeply thank Cristian Gazdac for the invitation to collaborate to this volume and Maria Caccamo Caltabiano, Professor Emeritus at the University of Messina, for fruitful discussions.

385 any available hoard data from Sicily browsing fifty hoards, including a few uncertain cases numismatic periodicals, scattered news or which could be accidental deposits. Not all of notes in archaeological reports2. them are known at the same level of detail; of The state of the art grounds on this some of them we have just scanty data, only information and only a little on single articles the place of the find and a vague summary of devoted to the study of specific hoards, as the contents. On the contrary, for some others we will see, mainly because, even if various we know the contents, but not the exact archaeological campaigns have been carried provenance, not recorded at the moment of on in the last decades all over the island, the the acquisition by the Museums where they general level of archaeological exploration is are now kept for inaccuracy in recording or still unequal. reticence of the finders or for being the result I am not going in deep detail, recording of donations or seizures. these findings at the level of individual coins, We are not considering archival even because such precise data are not always quotations of hoards of which no other traces available in the case of Sicilian hoards3. exist. Compared to the census of Roman For the sake of completeness, I am imperial coin hoards found in Sicily (18) presenting here the total list of Roman Imperial 4 presented in the online CHRE - on its way of hoards found in Sicily from the Augustean age implementation by the University of Messina to the end of the Roman Western Empire. 5 as far as it regards Sicily - I have listed about I will present all the hoards in a table (fig. 2 ‘Vite dei Medaglieri’ in the Annali dell’Istituto 1: Table of Roman Imperial hoards in Sicily) Italiano di Numismatica (AIIN), the synthetic where for each hoard is indicated (if known): surveys of Kokalos (Studi di storia antica pubblicati dall’Università di Palermo) or the bibliographic - the ‘site of finding’; references of the Survey of Numismatic Research - the ‘current disposition’, namely (since the Sixties), the section ‘Fonti Numismatiche’ of Museums and Antiquaria or other the Bibliografia Topografica della Colonizzazione Greca in Italia e nelle Isole Tirreniche (BTGCI, 2007-2012), collections, with the indication of the and the archaeological reports in Notizie degli Scavi di number of coins actually present, or by Antichità and in other periodicals reporting news about now totally or partly dispersed; archaeological excavations or occasional numismatic finds in Sicily. - the ‘type of finding/ type of 3 A worthy job in this direction has been carried out acquisition’: if in course of regular by Giuseppe Guzzetta and his scholars (Maria Agata excavations or from an occasional find or Vicari Sottosanti and Viviana Lo Monaco) for some Sicilian late Roman hoards in the Archaeological recorded in the inventory of the Museum Museum ‘P. Orsi’ of Syracuse. I thank Angela Maria (or other Institution) from acquisition or Manenti, Archaeologist in charge of the Medagliere of donation or seizure; the Museum of Syracuse, for the information about the hoards kept at the Institution. - the specific ‘area function’ or ‘land use’ 4 TheCoin Hoards of the Roman Empire Project (CHRE of the find, if identified; - https://chre.ashmus.ox.ac.uk) - directed by Chris - the total ‘number of coins’, when Howgego and Andrew Wilson - is a joint initiative of the Ashmolean Museum and the Oxford Roman Economy available; Project, aimed at digitalising coin hoards of all coinages - the grade of ‘reliability’ of the whole in use in the Roman Empire between approximately 30 composition of the hoard is also indicated: BC and AD 400: http://chre.ashmus.ox.ac.uk. 5 This commitment is planned to begin under my total (t), generally just in the case of regular supervision. The task of cataloguing in detail all the excavation, partial (p), usually when the data - at coin level - about Roman Imperial Sicilian group of coins come from occasional finds, hoards and of compiling the CHRE online files has been but in known circumstances, or when given, under my tutorship, to Ludovica Di Masi, PhD Student in the XXXV PhD Course of the University of there is uncertainty about the integrity of Messina (2019/20-2021/22), thesis in progress: “La the whole (as in the case of dismembered tesaurizzazione monetale di età romano-imperiale hoards) or doubtful (d), when too few data in . Dati numismatici nel contesto storico- archeologico”. are known;

386 Mariangela Puglisi - the ‘date’, a generic attribution or a more frame, in which we have tried - dealing with precise indication of: data often contradictory in the various - the chronological ‘range’ of the bibliographic notes - to distinguish what is contents, the period covered from genuine and really useful to have a likely idea the most ancient issue to the most of the hoarding phenomenon. recent, expressed quoting the issuing The rest of the materials which can authorities, if identified; doubtfully considered ‘hoards’ can be taken - the hypothetical date of ‘burial’ or into account only for the sake of circulation ‘loss’, usually based on the last coins reconstruction. attested or on traumatic events close to them, SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF - the summary of its ‘contents’6, possibly IMPERIAL HOARDS IN SICILY with the indication of the issuing In Sicily we can distinguish six authorities attested and the list of the geomorphological macro areas delimited by ‘mints’ represented, if identified; natural borders8 which can be considered - the ‘bibliography’ including both main someway valid from the proto-historic editions or specific publications, but also age down to the Hellenistic times, as they reports and brief notes7. circumscribed regions with some difficulty Unfortunately the reliability of a large of terrestrial connections with the adjacent part of these hoards is not sure at the same ones, before the road system created by the level because the hoards recovered in the Romans. past century, or even earlier, were often not In this work, taking into account these integer as the competent authorities could geomorphological characteristics, I isolated give as ‘premio di rinvenimento’ a part of six areas more or less corresponding to the find (sometimes without any authority those geomorphological regions, besides the taking notes of the whole contents) to the two Archipelagos off Sicily (fig. 2: Map of discoverers. In some cases, the finders could geomorphological areas of Sicily). have autonomously and illegitimately kept for themselves the best-preserved coins to EASTERN SICILY: commercialise them with the most profit, A. north-eastern Sicily, corresponding altering the original composition of the to the area of the modern : find before delivering it to the competent A.1. Tyrrhenian coast (north-east), authorities. from Peloro Cape to ; We have also to be careful in handling A.2. Ionian coast (east), from Peloro this material, as ‘donators’ sometimes Cape down to ; polluted the actual contents of some hoards B. Aetnaean area (eastern Sicily), in their possession, adding intrusive material namely the modern province of , they owned to get rid of anything they including Aetnean slopes, down to the Ionian irregularly had, delivering the whole bulk - coast, including the Catanaean plain: without making any distinction about the B.1. Ionian coast; circumstances of find - to the State officers. B.2. inland; The general result is a not totally reliable C. Hyblaean area (south-eastern Sicily): Syracuse with its inland and the 6 Lines in bold indicate the general composition of the hoard: metal/s, denomination/s, number of Hyblaean area, including the Ionian coast coins. The list of contents is not detailed at coin level, down to Portopalo di Capo Passero and the but mentions, where known, the issuing authorities attested. 8 Similarly as I did for my work on coin circulation in 7 An asterisk distinguishes specific works, provided by Sicily in Greek and Roman Republican times: PUGLISI a detailed catalogue of the contents and usually also by 2009, 71-72. Grouping based on the Piano Territoriale images. Paesistico Regionale.

An overview on hoarding in roman Sicily and the evidence of a new imperial hoard from Tyndaris 387 coast overlooking the Strait of Sicily from EASTERN SICILY Portopalo di Capo Passero to the area of the A. North-eastern area ancient Camarina: For the north-eastern area of Sicily we C.1. Ionian coast. have some hoarding data regarding both the Tyrrhenian coast, from Messina to Palermo - SOUTHERN SICILY: where are located some Roman villae (Patti, C.2. coast by the Strait of Sicily San Filippo del Mela, Terme Vigliatore) - the (south-eastern part); route of the Roman consular via Valeria, C.3. inland; Messina-Lilybaeum9, and the eastern zone D. central-southern Sicily (eastern facing the Ionian Sea. part): internal area around down to the Southern coast around A.1. North-eastern area: Tyrrhenian overlooking the Strait of Sicily: coast (northern Sicily) D.1. coast by the Strait of Sicily I will present later the hoard of Tindari (central-eastern part); 1988 (#1) consisting of Imperial bronzes of D.2. inland; the late first-second half of the second century E. central-southern Sicily (western CE10. part): area around Agrigentum and its Too few is known about the dispersed hinterland, down to the coast overlooking the Spadafora 1830 hoard (#2)11, about which Strait of Sicily: the first news list coins of the late first - second E.1. coast by the Strait of Sicily half second centuries CE (Domitian, Nerva, (central-western part); Trajan, Antoninus Pius and Faustina)12, which E.2. inland. can be coherent with the chronology of a local farm dated from the first century BC, still in WESTERN SICILY: activity in the first-second century CE13. F. north-western Sicily, approximati- vely the area of the provinces of Trapani and A.2. North-eastern area: Ionian coast Palermo, overlooking the: (eastern Sicily) F.1. coast by the Strait of Sicily For the territory of Messina we have (south-west), until Lilybaeum; news of a couple of hoards. F.2. Tyrrhenian coast (north-west), One is not very reliable, being a gift to from Lilybaeum to Coephaloedium. the Museum of Messina (#3)14. Its materials Islands off Sicily: are homogeneous and may reflect the actual G. Eolian Islands, in the Tyrrhenian currency of the second half of the third century, Sea, in front of the north-eastern coast of antoniniani from Gallienus to Aurelianus, Sicily; with no irregular radiates, and bronzes of H. Aegadian Islands, in front of the Maximianus and Diocletian. We have to western coast of Sicily. mention also an older coin, a sestertius of M. Not all these areas were equally Aurelius, probably still accepted in circulation. interested by the hoarding phenomenon in Another one, M.I.R.15, consisting of Roman Imperial times. I will present the general data known for each hoard following a 9 UGGERI 1986, 87-88. geographical order from north-east, clockwise 10 See paragraph ‘The Tindari 1988 hoard’. (fig. 3: Map of hoarding in Roman Imperial age 11 PARISI 1948, 130; MASTELLONI 1997, 26, n. 9. 12 LA FARINA 1836, 95. in Sicily); within each area the hoards will be 13 RONDINELLA 2010, 179. discussed following a chronological criterion 14 MANGANARO 2013, 270; MANGANARO 2015, on the basis of the hypothetical date of burial 349. 15 MASTELLONI 1993 (intruders: three Hellenistic (fig. 1: Table of Roman Imperial hoards in coins and probably an as of Commodus). Not presented Sicily). in fig. 1.

388 Mariangela Puglisi 73 specimens, a few antoniniani and small A larger hoard of ‘antoniniani’, 103 bronzes, from mid third century to the second pieces from Valerian I to Probus, containing half of the fifth, does not fall back in the also Gallic usurpers radiates from official and period we are considering, if we accept the unofficial mints, is recorded from an unknown identifications of the editor of some coins as place in Eastern Sicily (Sicilia Orientale Vandal issues. 1978 #6)20. As far as it concerns the Ionian cost of north-eastern Sicily, we can mention B.1. Aetnaen area (eastern Sicily): two hoards found during the excavation of Ionian coast an extra-urban area in Naxos 1986 a-b, Giacomo Manganaro touched upon the contrada Maloprovvido, both analytically presence of a group of ten folles of Constantius studied16, which give us a sample of what must II from the area of Catania, perhaps a portion be the currency present in that zone especially of a small hoard (#8), known by the scholar, in the third century. who probably meant to publish it21. A group of eight coins (Naxos 1986-b More substantiate information on the #4) could have represented a small hoard17, area of find regard the Catania 1911 hoard dated for its contents between the late third (#9), recorded as coming from San Domenico, and the early fourth century, as the last coins close to the necropolis via Dottor Consoli-via belong to Constantine’ successors. Androne, consisting of 710 minimi of the fifth The other one is more conspicuous century, yet unpublished. It is said to have been (Naxos 1986-b #4): 168 coins, including two presumably a part of a more conspicuous find, residual issues of the first century, as common to be connected with the Vandal incursions22. in Sicilian hoards, being the older bronzes Another group of minimi (138 in total) worthy to be saved maybe better of the debased is mentioned with the heading of Acireale- current coins in circulation. Worth to mention Acitrezza (two close but different locations, is the presence of the Tetrici imitations, a clue not far from Naxos and from Catania). It of possible contact with Gaul. Its burial, as was delivered as a donation to the ‘Biblioteca for other hoards of the same period, could be Zelantea di Acireale’23, therefore it can be connected to the fear of the Vandal incursions doubtfully classified as a hoard (#10). Anyway, which interested the coasts of Sicily during if it is a genuine group, it is presumably dated the fifth century18. around mid-fifth century for the presence of some Valentinian III’s pieces, then compatible B. Aetnaen area (eastern Sicily) with the threat of invasion by the Vandals. We do not have certain information, but two antoniniani hoards could come generically B.2. Aetnaen area (eastern Sicily): from this wide area. inland A little group of antoniniani (5) from We have no record of hoarding in the Valerian I and Gallienus to Postumus, acquired internal part of this region. by the Museum of Syracuse in 1978 with a uncertain provenance from Catania (#7), C. Hyblaean area (south-eastern come probably from a lost purse or a deliberate Sicily) concealment19, put aside in a very short span This area returned a conspicuous of time just after the mid third century. quantity of hoards during the Imperial age.

16 PUGLISI 2001. 17 Not a hoard according to MANGANARO 2013, 281. 20 VICARI SOTTOSANTI 2013, 928-929; GUZZETTA/ 18 MANGANARO 2013, 281; MANGANARO 2017, 59- VICARI SOTTOSANTI 2017, 250. 60. 21 MANGANARO 2013, 280. 19 VICARI SOTTOSANTI 2013, 929; GUZZETTA/ 22 MANGANARO 2013, 282; MANGANARO 2017, 70. VICARI SOTTOSANTI 2017, 250. 23 MANGANARO 1970, 304 (nos. 361-498), 307.

An overview on hoarding in roman Sicily and the evidence of a new imperial hoard from Tyndaris 389 C.1. Hyblaean area (south-eastern it could have been a charm with apotropaic Sicily): Ionian coast value for the sailors27. Syracuse in particular returned the A hoard discovered in Syracuse, highest number of hoards in the eastern coast Grottaperciata’ 1956 (#14)28, in an area of Sicily, on the Ionian Sea. where late Roman frequentation has been In the cemeterial area of San Giuliano attested, has returned 34 sestertii of the early (Siracusa 1954 #11) has been recovered from second-mid third century, from Trajan to a grave a small hoard of just 8 sestertii from Philippus II, among which there is a prevalence Galba to Trajan (second half of first - early of Alexander Severus’ issues. Manganaro second century)24, which seem chronologically reckoned that the burial of the hoard, probably coherent with the date proposed by the by an individual of a lower class (tenuiores) as archaeologists for the specific burial. the sum is not substantial, could be linked to A first-second century hoard of the Decius’ persecutions against Christians in sestertii (Marzamemi 1914 #12) was 25129, but he does not discard the hypothesis recovered accidentally at the port of call of of plague attested in the same years30. Pachino (Tyrakion) in a ceramic vessel25. The Savings of more or less substantial chronological range of the coins is between groups of alexandrine nummi are registered Nerva and Commodus, under whose reign is in Sicily31. Their presence is due to the usual dated the last issue, in the name of Crispina relationship between Sicily and Egypt, harking (180-183), which appears very worn, so the back to the Hellenistic times and earlier. Sicily burial should have been quite later than this was a crossing point in the routes to and from date. G. Manganaro put its loss in relationship Egypt and Africa in general. In this frame with the ‘Antonine plague’ which - in 182/189 - has to be put the Matrensa 1943 hoard likely reached also Sicily26. Marzamemi used to (#15)32, of which no data about its discovery be - as nowadays - a centre of fish-processing, are known, being a donation to the Museum so maybe the presence of this group of coins of Syracuse of just 4 pieces (of Claudius II, can be connected with this industrial activity. Aurelianus and Tacitus) of the second half of The Capo Ognina hoard (#13) is a the third century. marine find from a shipwreck on the Ionian A very doubtful hoard, also quoted by coast close to the city of Syracuse, dated in the Manganaro as composed of a not declared third century, of which not all the 18 or 19 number of Gallic ‘anomali’ radiates, is said to coins were legible. A sestertius is doubtfully come from Marzamemi or Avola (#16)33. attributable to Domitian, the rest of the From this geographical macro-area identified coins are an Hadrianean piece in come also a group of hoards characterised by the name of Antinous of the mint of Smyrna, the exclusive presence of antoniniani. three pieces of Septimius Severus (mints Under the heading of Siracusa 1978 of Perinthus, Nicaea, Peloponnesus?) and a (#17)34 is known an acquisition of the Museum bronze of Geta from Byzantium, of the first decade ca. of the third century. These Roman 27 KAPITÄN/PRICE 1974, 150-153. 28 Provincial issues are an uncommon presence GENTILI 1958-1959, 285-289; CUTRONI TUSA 1982-1983, 397; MANGANARO 2013, 276-278; for Sicily, surely due to the provenance of VICARI SOTTOSANTI 2013, 927-928; GUZZETTA/ the ship. In particular the issue of Antinous VICARI SOTTOSANTI 2017, 250. 29 is rare, so it was inferred by the editor that MANGANARO 2013, 277. See MANENTI 208, 345-346. 30 Zosim. I, 26, 2. J. Zonaras, Annal. xii 21 B. Zosim., 24 GENTILI 1956, 162-163; MANGANARO 2013, 269, i 46, 2. n. 14. 31 MANGANARO 2002. 25 MANGANARO 1988, 75-76; MANGANARO 32 BERNABÒ BREA 213 ,1947; CUTRONI TUSA -1982 2013, 272-275; VICARI SOTTOSANTI 2013, 927; 398 ,1983; MANGANARO 624 ,2002; MANGANARO GUZZETTA/VICARI SOTTOSANTI 2017, 250. 279 ,2013. 26 MANGANARO 2013, 273. See PINZONE 2006, 109, 33 MANGANARO 2013, 279 (b.n.). 117. 34 VICARI SOTTOSANTI 2013, 928; GUZZETTA/

390 Mariangela Puglisi of Siracusa of 113 radiates, almost exclusively around 348, for the absence of the FEL TEMP from the ‘Gallic Empire’ from both official and REPARATIO issues, dating from 348 and very unofficial mints, the latter more numerous common in Sicily also as stray finds39. This (68) in the name of both Tetrici. The hoard can accumulation of coins in the villa confirms be dated in the second half of the third century. a trend noted in Sicily, where usually the The other hoards containing radiates rural or the productive areas more than the come from necropolis areas. urban ones seem to be more interested by From the ipogeo Trigilia (#18)35 in the presence of currency during the Imperial 1912 was excavated a catacomb, where a grave times. Also, the great variety of mints with with two inhumated returned 33 radiates of a prevalence of Eastern ones and Alexandria the mint of Rome - a part from three coins seems to mirror a lively trade with the whole of Siscia - whose terminus ad quem for the Mediterranean area. burial could be 275, while the chronology The find of Portopalo (1981 #23), of the catacomb should be later, around 350 at the extreme point of Southern Sicily, is according to the editor. reliable, as the 326 coins were uncovered, The cemetery of ex-Vigna Cassia in during regular excavations, all together in Syracuse presents a number of graves where a tank for fish-processing of an industrial more than one coin was buried36: if they were complex, which is not the only archaeological votive offers or individual properties buried evidence of the area, which results inhabited with the possessor is not easy to detect. We in the centuries fourth and fifth and rich as far find antoniniani from Gallienus to Quintillus as it regards numismatic finds40. The majority in two cases (Siracusa 1923 ex Vigna of the coins contained in the hoard are of Cassia, b #20: 13 radiates; c #21: 9 radiates) the series FEL TEMP REPARATIO (above all where also jewelry was hoarded, and from ‘falling horseman’), while other 170 pieces can Gallienus to Tetricus I in the larger one of 114 be classified as AE2. Their chronological range radiates (Siracusa 1923 ex Vigna Cassia, a in mid fourth century seems very short, from #19). In this last one we register a prevalence Constantius II to the usurpers Magnentius of Claudius II issues (39) and Divus Claudius and Decentius. The extreme variety of mints (33). All the finds could be dated post 270. attested can be interpreted as a sign of the All these multiple graves with more intense trade linked the production of fish than one body buried make reckon that they industry, that could have attracted coins could be due to epidemics, like the plague, that facilitated by the presence of a very busy port prevented people to take away the savings of of call, especially devoted to the trades from the deaths for the fear of a contamination37. and to Africa and also from and to Eastern A later hoard of bronzes of Constantine regions of the Empire. The hoard is dated by I and successors covering the first half of the its editor ante 355 for the lack of Julianus fourth century (335-348) was discovered issues. during a regular archaeological trial in the A hoard from Syracuse (1908, peristilium of the late Imperial Villa del contrada San Giuliano, ipogeo Attanasio Tellaro (1972 #22) in the filling of a room38. #24)41, is another occasional find in a The 108 coins recovered, with a peak of issues cemeterial area. The coins were uncovered - corresponding to the half of the total - in the close to the entrance of a catacomb within a years 347-348, lead to a terminus ad quem ceramic vessel. The quantity of specimens is VICARI SOTTOSANTI 2017, 250. conspicuous, 1525 minimi, of which only 188 35 LANTERI 1995; VICARI SOTTOSANTI 2013, 928; GUZZETTA/VICARI SOTTOSANTI 2017, 250. 39 GUZZETTA 1995, 14-15. 36 GARRAFFO 1981, 283-324; CRISAFULLI 2008, 40 CUTRONI TUSA 1982-83, 401; GUZZETTA 1995, 626-628. 15-19. 37 MANGANARO 2013, 273-275, 286-287. 41 ORSI 1909a, 61 (1545 pieces); MANGANARO 2017, 38 VOZA 1972-73, 19; work in progress by G. Guzzetta. 59-60: detailed catalogue of only 22 pieces.

An overview on hoarding in roman Sicily and the evidence of a new imperial hoard from Tyndaris 391 were in good conditions, so that they could pieces from Domitian to Philippus II, later be identified: bronzes from Constantine II dispersed, except for 31 coins still kept at the to Arcadius and Honorius (fourth century), Museum of Syracuse. Its reliability is weak covering a span of time of about a century. It as it represents only a sample of the original has been postulated a burial for the fear of the whole hoard. incursions of Alaricus at the beginning of the Considered the large chronological span fifth century42. covered and that the majority of coins are very A similar composition, but in a lower worn, it seems an accumulation hoard, whose scale as far as it concerns the quantity of coins, burial could be the mid third century, close is registered for Siracusa 1922, borgo S. to the date of the coins of the Philippi as two Lucia (#25)43, which counted 235 ‘monetine pieces are f.d.c. The fact that also two bronzes in bronzo del basso impero, di piccolo e di of Alexander Severus appear as they had not minimo modulo’ from Constantine, sons and circulated could be a sign of two different successors until Arcadius, of which only 5 moments of savings. specimens were delivered to the Museum of It has been proposed that the concealing Syracuse. of this hoards can be connected with the In the Museum ‘Paolo Orsi’ of Syracuse climate of fear for the persecution of Christians are kept other two hoards or two portions of by Trajan Decius or for an episode of plague, the same hoard, as both inventoried in 1896, as they were not infrequent in those years47. one (Siracusa 1896-a, ‘palazzo Lucchetti’ A case apart is the Camarina hoard (#29), #26: 698 pieces) coming from a building known under the heading of ‘the six Emperors construction work in Syracuse and the other hoard’ due to the very first identification of one (Siracusa 1896-b #27: 160 pieces) the specimens before their restoration. It was without provenance, consisting of small discovered by chance thanks to a sea-storm in bronzes of the fourth century44. 1991 in the bay of Camarina, off Ciaramiraro, followed by archaeological explorations which SOUTHERN SICILY allowed to collect a total of 4472 antoniniani C.2. Hyblaean area (south-eastern - published in detail48 - minted in the span of Sicily): coast by the Strait of Sicily time of two decades between 253 and 271: Also, the southern coast of the Hyblaean 218 from official mints of the central Empire, area - by the Strait of Sicily from Portopalo to 500 belonging to the CONSECRATIO issues Camarina - has returned a significant evidence for the Divus Claudius II, 1772 struck by of hoarding. the Usurpers in Gallia and 1894 imitations The most ancient hoard of this zone is of irregular mints (‘barbarous radiates’); 88 Pozzallo 1908 (#28)45, sometimes referred pieces are illegible because too worn. wrongly in literature as Portopalo hoard46. The issues of the central Empire are It counts a large number of coins ‘di grande attributable to Gallienus (88), Salonina (1), modulo’ (600 ca.) presumably sestertii, of Valerian II (1), Claudius II (116), Quintillus which Paolo Orsi was able to analyse just 229 (8). The Gallic Empire is represented by issues of Postumus (4) Victorinus (71), Tetricus 42 MANGANARO 2017, 59-60. 43 GUZZETTA 2017, 171. I (1187), Tetricus II (452), one of the two 44 Angela Maria Manenti’s notes from the Museum Tetrici (58), the last ones representing the archives; in course of study by Maria Agata Vicari most numerous coins. Sottosanti. 45 ORSI 1909b, 65-66; MANGANARO 1988, 79; The bulk comes from a merchant ship, GUZZETTA 1995, 19; VICARI SOTTOSANTI 2013, 928; as the everyday tools on board, like a set of MANGANARO 2013, 275-277 (26 pieces catalogued); GUZZETTA/VICARI SOTTOSANTI 2017, 250. 47 MANGANARO 1988, 79; MANGANARO 2013, 277. 46 CUTRONI TUSA 1980-1981, 351; CUTRONI TUSA 48 DI STEFANO 1999, 54-57; GUZZETTA 2012; 1982-1983, 400-401, n. 10; CUTRONI TUSA 1990- GUZZETTA 2014; GUZZETTA et alii 2012; GUZZETTA 1991, 350-351. et alii 2015; http://chre.ashmus.ox.ac.uk/hoard/5399.

392 Mariangela Puglisi scales and weights related to Roman libra C.3. Hyblaean area (south-eastern standard, point to. The ship was probably in Sicily): inland its way from Gallia to Sicily or North Africa The site of Cava d’Ispica, internal but not before shipwrecking. The terminus ad quem far from the Southern coast of Sicily in front of of the loss of this hoard could be 282, for the the Strait of Sicily, has allowed to recover what presence of imitations of Probus. may seem a not numerous hoard of bronzes It seems reflecting the real currency of (Cava d’Ispica 1976 #32), whose mints of the moment, as it includes a lot of coins from provenance are various, mostly eastern, from Gallic mints and from unofficial mints as a pre-reform issue of Constans to a coin of well and it is also a concrete testimony of the Julianus Caesar. The peak of presences is in relationship of Sicily with Gaul, from which the mid fourth century and corresponds to the ship must have come from49. It could be Constantius II (18 pcs.)53. It was probably an evidence of the use of delivering coins as buried in the second half of the century. goods to the areas where small currency lack, Modica, on the route between east no matter if regular or irregular issues. and central Sicily, has returned only scanty In a grave of contrada Mirio of Santa evidence of housing, apart from modest Croce Camerina in 1989 (#30) during vici and farms linked to wheat culture, excavations were uncovered 13 coins, among maybe because this zone was not part of which there were two much older pieces50. a economic circuit or object of the central The other two coins identifiable - of Constans political interests54. Just in a necropolis area and Constantius II - are coherent with the in ‘contrada Treppiedi’, inside some graves deposition, while 9 minimi are of uncertain were discovered little groups of coins (Modica attribution, anyway to be dated between the 1985 a: grave 9 #33; b: grave 14 #34), in three second half of the fourth century and the first cases of just a couple of coins in each55. decades of the fifth. It is a limited but important evidence of From the chorion of Caucana at Punta the use of the deposition of the coins in graves Secca (#31) not far from Camarina, in an following a tradition of Greek origin. It is not urban context, on the floor of a room, have easy to determine in each case if the coins been found 84 bronzes from Julianus to the buried represented personal money taken second half of the fourth or first half of the away from currency - in phase with the burials fifth century (457)51. According to G. Guzzetta - or a ritual deposition, because the very also Vandal issues are identifiable, while G. poor grave goods do not allow to make a sure Manganaro rejected this identification and distinction. The two groups of coins register also the hypothesis that this find can be a joint presence of more ancient bronzes and considered a hoard lost during the years of antoniniani, fact that points to saving hoards, the Vandal incursions, proposing that it could as the old heavy bronzes of the time of the have been more likely a deposit of coins lost Principate were somehow comparable to the for a sea flood52. billon antoniniani then worthy to be saved instead of the poor bronzes of the third- fourth centuries. 49 GUZZETTA 2012, 23-24. 50 GUZZETTA 2007, 1557-1558; GUZZETTA 2009, 41. In the case of grave 14 (#34), the Residual: an onkia of the mint of Akragas of the fourth quarter of the fifth century BC and another Sicilian 53 RIZZONE/SAMMITO 2001, 55 (‘forse parte di un bronze of Hellenistic times. modesto tesoretto’); GUZZETTA 2005b; MANGANARO 51 PELAGATTI 1968-1969, 355-356; CUTRONI 2013, 282, n. 69: not a hoard. TUSA 1982-1983, 401 (77 pieces); GUZZETTA 1995, 54 SANTANGELO 2008. 20 (77 pieces); GUZZETTA 2005a, 190, 195 (84 55 GUZZETTA 2009. Grave 3: a sestertius of Maximinus pieces); MANGANARO 2013, 282, n. 66 (82 pieces); I and an as of Gordian III. Grave 67: an as of Marcus MANGANARO 2017, 76-77. Aurelius, and another one of Faustina II or Lucilla. 52 GUZZETTA 2005a, 192. Contra MANGANARO Grave 34: an as of second-third century and an as of 2017, 76. Gordian III.

An overview on hoarding in roman Sicily and the evidence of a new imperial hoard from Tyndaris 393 chronological range is very large (even if a group of Alexandrian nummi quoted by we exclude the Hieroneian bronze of the Manganaro as a ‘ripostiglietto’, fruit of a third BC), as the imperial bronzes are dated seizure, in the area of Gela (1935 ca. #37)59. between Domitian and the early fourth century. It raises the question if the coins are D.2. Central-southern Sicily (eastern connected with the same deposition or reflect part): inland different moments, as the bodies buried are In the central area of Sicily has not been two56. The nine coins concealed in grave 9 recovered a significant number of hoards. (#33) present a similar situation: asses of The Barrafranca 1921 hoard (#37) is Caligula and Domitian and antoniniani until not very useful to understand the typology Quintillus of different mints, which appear to of hoarding in the area, as we just know it be the effective currency at the moment of the was Roman - with no indication of quantity deposition. of pieces, of metal or of denominations - and Only in the last decades of the Western that it counted at least a coin of a Faustina60. Empire we register in this area hoarding In the territory of Mazzarino, in the of aurei: the Comiso 1936 hoard (#35)57, zone identified as the Philosophiana statio originally of 4950 g of gold, unfortunately of the Itinerarium Antonini, was recovered broken up, so that only 423 pieces - from a large and very significant hoard, published Theodosius I to Valentinian III - could have in deep detail by Stefania Santangelo and been catalogued. They show an overwhelming known as Sofiana 1950hoard (#38) from prevalence of Honorius issues (303) and a the name of the place of burial61. About the great number of series have been identified integrity of this hoard, there are some doubts, as struck in the mint of Ravenna (337). For ‘whether there were other coins added at the its characteristics it seems to represent a core of this hoard’62. It consists of 316 coins public reserve58, more than personal savings, - including regular and irregular antoniniani probably related to a State officer, likely sent - of a wide chronological range from Hadrian to Sicily in connection to the threaten of to Julianus. The concentration of the coins Vandals, as the last coins here present point is in the third-mid fourth century, especially to a date of burial corresponding to the radiates of Claudius II and the Tetrici and just period of the Vandal incursions in Sicily that a few sestertii. particularly affected the southern coasts on This hoard is emblematic for it attests the Strait of Sicily, around mid-fifth century. the passage from antoniniani to folles in currency after Diocletian’s reform. D. Central-southern Sicily (eastern An important find, being one of the part) rare cases of gold saving in Sicily, is Butera This part of Sicily does not seem to 1939 (#39)63. Discovered in an urban area in be very much involved in the hoarding the hinterland of Gela with a ceramic vessel, phenomenon. probably its container, the hoard was probably composed of 52 solidi from Theodosius II to D.1. Central-southern Sicily Valentinian III, of which 41 were catalogued, (eastern part): coast by the Strait of but only 31 still available at the Museum Sicily (central-eastern part) of . As the mints represented are It can doubtfully considered a hoard prevalently eastern, it could well have been

56 GUZZETTA 2009, 41. 59 MANGANARO 2002, 625; MANGANARO 2013, 279 57 STANGANELLI 1950; PANVINI ROSATI 1953; 60 LI GOTTI 1956, 191; SORDA 1981, 96. PANVINI ROSATI 1985; GUZZETTA 1995, 20-21; 61 SANTANGELO 2002. PANVINI ROSATI 2004a, 376, n. 8; PANVINI ROSATI 62 CHRE 13832. 2004b; GUZZETTA 2009; MANGANARO 2017, 68. 63 GRIFFO 1956; GUZZETTA 1995, 21-22; PANVINI 58 CUTRONI TUSA 1990-1991, 350. ROSATI 2004a, 376, no. 10, 380, n. 22.

394 Mariangela Puglisi an amount of precious money put apart by F.1. North-western Sicily: coast by a State or military official sent to Sicily by the Strait of Sicily (south-west) the Emperor for the continuous threat of The centre ofLilybaeum , which during the Vandals, which brought to the battle of the fourth century seems to be a lively city in Agrigentum, between the army of Gensericus demographic increase with an impulse in the and the general Ricimerus (456)64. building activity, has returned - from the Porta Nuova zone in a residential area on the way to E. Central-southern Sicily (western Capo Boeo - a hoard (Lilibeo ante 1919 #44)69 part) of bronzes of the successors of Constantine, We have only scanty news of hoards as another one (Lilibeo s.d. #45)70 discovered from this area. under the floor of a dwelling whose contents has never been published. E.1. Central-southern Sicily (western part): coast by the Strait of F.2. North-western Sicily: Tyrrhenian Sicily (central-western part) coast (north-west) It is not possible to classify with certainty The rich silver hoard of Bagheria 1915 as a hoard a group of ten Alexandrian nummi (#46)71 - with Republican (261, of which of Claudius II said to come from Agrigentum some halved) and Augustan denarii (8) - is an 65 (#40) . occasional find from a zone that was probably A discovery during excavations is a hoard praedium of . It is also the only of 77 antoniniani, among which tetrici, found Augustan hoard known so far. It has also at the paleo Christian Basilica of Cattolica the quite uncommon peculiarity for Sicily 66 Eraclea (#41) , unfortunately not edited. of a significant prevalence of western mints In another basilica, the extra-urban rather than Rome: Lugdunum and probably 67 ‘basilichetta’ of Agrigentum (#42) , an Iberian one. bronzes of Constantius II, Valentinian I, Among the most ancient ones of the Gratian and Valentinian II were collected as a area are two silver savings, likely part of the whole group for a total of 27 specimens (21 same finding, apparently fromPalermo unattributable) struck in the mints of Rome, (1893 a-b, #47-48)72, dating from the end Nicomedia and Thessalonica, dated in the of the second century BC or the early first, fourth century. containing mostly Republican denarii, to the The Hellenistic-Roman quarter of Tiberian age. Unfortunately, no precise data Agrigento, ‘località’ San Nicola (#43), about the recovery are known. returned a late imperial hoard of 30 bronzes, A very long span of time is represented 68 not yet studied and not precisely dated . in the Isola delle Femmine hoard (#49) that may represent the sample of circulation of E.2. Central-southern Sicily (western each currency at disposal - no matter of which part): inland authority - or an accumulation of coins saved No record of hoards comes from this through times in a peripheral area, being internal part of Sicily. composed of sestertii - for which we know from just a preliminary note about it73 - dating WESTERN SICILY from Hadrian to Volusianus, with a closing F. North-Western Sicily date close to mid third century. This area returned hoards of various 69 times from the beginning of the Principate. PACE 1919, 80; CUTRONI TUSA 1982-1983, 398; MANGANARO 2013, 280. 64 GRIFFO 1956, 171-172. 70 DI STEFANO 1976-1977, 762; CUTRONI TUSA 65 MANGANARO 2002, 625. 1982-83, 398. 66 FIORENTINI 1993-1994. FIORENTINI 2002. 71 CUTRONI TUSA 1956, 211-212; MACALUSO 1995. 67 MACALUSO 2007, 317. 72 CUTRONI TUSA 1958-1959, 188-194. 68 MACALUSO 2007, 315. 73 MACALUSO 1987.

An overview on hoarding in roman Sicily and the evidence of a new imperial hoard from Tyndaris 395 In the urban context of Piazza della Licinius to Valentinian III, whose peak is Vittoria in Palermo a hoard (#50)74 of registered under Constantius II (15 pieces). antoniniani of the late third century, not Its chronological range is from the third to the yet published in detail, was found during late fifth century, excluded three much older excavations in 1920. specimens: a Siculo-Punic coin, an Hellenistic The only case of gold hoarding in this piece of Lipara, a Republican as: residual coins area is the well-known find of Partinico or effective currency it is difficult to state. (#51)75, of the late Fifties of 1.3 kg of gold Another hoard from Lipari (Monte for at least 174 coins - 35 multiples and 139 Rosa #54)79, an occasional find of 1910, much aurei -, dated around 308, lost in consequence more substantial as far as it regards its contents, of a shipwreck of the vessel presumably in 1745 coins, presents a similar peculiarity: its way to Sicily. The contents of this hoard ‘residual’ coins of Lipara, of a Siculo-Punic are today partly dispersed and partly kept in mint, of Ebusus and a Republican quadrans various Museums. The editors presume that, and another uncertain Greek piece. For the beside a regular withdrawal of currency for rest are recorded 5 antoniniani (Gallienus personal savings, the hoards assumed its final and Divus Claudius II) and a great number composition also through donativa76. of small bronzes, minimi (1474 illegible and The case of Termini Imerese 1984 (a-b 59 unattributable), from Constantine I to # 53-54) is peculiar as, under the same floor Leo I, covering a wide chronological span of a house regularly excavated, two groups from mid third century to the second half of coins intentionally concealed have been of the fifth, which could be an evidence - found. This twin burial, for the homogeneous considered also their worst conditions - of the characteristics of the two accumulations, transportation of high numbers of coins from minimi covering a range of almost a century outside the island, use that seems attested by between mid fourth (post-reform) and mid the prohibition of delivering great quantity fifth, until Theodosius II, could be considered of coins as goods where the was shortage of as a unique hoard77. currency80. The burial could be linked to the Vandal incursions. ISLANDS OFF SICILY G. Eolian Islands (Tyrrhenian Sea, H. Aegadian Islands (west Sicily). north Sicily) It lacks any documentation from the In the islands off Sicily the only hoards Aegadian Archipelago. known are two from the island of Lipari. The first one (Lipari 1993 #55)78 has HOARDING CHARACTERISTICS been excavated during the Nineties campaigns DURING THE IMPERIAL AGE in a late Roman building and comes from a pit IN SICILY - maybe for oil collection - located in a part of The evidence of hoarding during the the structure maybe dedicated to productive Imperial age in Sicily (fig. 3: Map of hoarding in activities. It consists of 64 bronze coins from Roman Imperial age in Sicily) is not constant, so it is difficult to try to draw an exhaustive 74 GABRICI 1921, 201; CUTRONI TUSA 1982-1983, 398; MANGANARO 2015, 349. and coherent picture of this phenomenon 75 CUTRONI TUSA 1990-1991, 346 (b.n.); DROST/ throughout times. This can be due to the GAUTIER 2011 fact that the data we have are biased by not 76 DROST/GAUTIER 2011. MANGANARO 2013, 280: he doubts about the find in the sea and suggests a uniform archaeological explorations in the discovery in the mansio of Parthinicum (Itinerarium island. We cannot anyway neglect the fact Antonini, UGGERI 2004, 148-149), contrada Raccuglia or in the villa of Serignano. 79 ORSI 1910, 353-359; CUTRONI TUSA 1982-1983, 77 BELVEDERE/BURGIO/MACALUSO 1993, 263-265. 406; MANGANARO 2013, 282, n. 67; MANGANARO 78 BERNABÒ BREA/CAVALIER 237-232 ,2000; 2017, 71-76. MANGANARO 2013, 282. 80 C. Th. IX, 23,1. SeeGUZZETTA 1999, 384.

396 Mariangela Puglisi that this situation may depend also or in the existence of preferential roads to the coast part on other factors that determined a not directed to the ports, from where departed widespread hoarding; furthermore in Sicily the agricultural products and raw material some conditions were the effects not of events of which Sicily was rich84, following the actually occurred there, but consequences of various maritime routes to Africa, to eastern what happened at central level such as the Mediterranean, to Rome and to Gallia. It is increase or the decrease of currency and the not casual in fact that some hoards were lost inconstant monetary supply81 from Imperial in shipwrecks close to Sicilian costs where mints or also the presence of State officers or they were directed or they meant to stop in troops. their customary routes. The main indicators of such intense relationships are undoubtfully A. LOCATION African pottery, whose presence is relevant in In general we can observe that the Sicily with some concentration in particular hoarding phenomenon (fig. 3: Map of zones85, and Gallic radiates, so widespread all hoarding in Roman Imperial age in Sicily) is over the island in the third century. more frequent in the coasts, especially in the eastern part of the island, probably because the B. CONTENTS ports of north eastern Sicily - both Tyrrhenian As far as it concerns the contents of and Ionian - and of the south eastern part of Sicilian Imperial hoards, they are mainly the island - both on the Ionian coast and on represented by bronze coins, with the the Strait of Sicily - were more involved, as exception of some Augustan silver stocks put ports of call, in the trade routes to East and away from circulation and of few cases of gold Africa (Egypt in particular) from Rome and savings in the fifth century. probably Gallia. It is matter of fact, as the The owners seem to belong to high/ Edictum de pretiis by Diocletian reveals, that middle social level, growing in Sicily during Sicily was considered crucial for Rome in the deep changes in the social-economical field, Mediterranean trade not only in the eastern few divites living in the villae all over the directory, being also a trait d’union between island86 and plenty of pauperes not much Rome and Egypt and Africa82. involved in the monetary economy, even Much less touched by the presence of if little coin groups from graves could well hoards is instead the western part of Sicily be related to poorer individuals both if they with the exception of the first decades of represented offers or part of the burial goods. the Empire, when there was apparently a The majority of the hoards analysed privileged relationship with the central power, appear homogeneous in their composition, due to the location in this part of the island of spanning in a limited period of time, so mirror the administrative centres of the province. of the real currency, in some cases including Furthermore, the majority of hoards residual specimens of old large bronzes of first- come from areas close to productive structures, second centuries - often very worn - probably likely because the proximity to villae, not to be considered intrusive but actually still which wealth was founded on agricultural in circulation87 in the third or fourth centuries exploitation of the land or on the output of 84 Besides wheat there were other goods exported by industrial complexes, often gravitating around Sicily, e.g. sulphur and rock salt (in general: UGGERI mansiones83, attracted more coins. It was due 2001-02). 85 See for instance BONACASA CARRA/VITALE 1997- to the trade of goods, which was facilitated by 1998, 397-447. 86 Some of them arrived in the fifth century from 81 CUTRONI TUSA 1990-1991, 341. Rome to escape the danger of the barbarian invasions: 82 UGGERI 1982-1983, 455. See also DE SALVO 1999. MANGANARO 2017, 61. 83 Barrafranca-Calloniana, Punta Secca-Caucana, 87 LONGO 2014, 182: it has been noticed that residual Piazza Armerina-Philosophiana, statio of Portopalo coins tend to persist in the inland areas preferably in etc. See LONGO 2014. eminent places or on the coast close to mansiones.

An overview on hoarding in roman Sicily and the evidence of a new imperial hoard from Tyndaris 397 along with debased radiates and minimi or to the fear for Vandal incursions, which in just worthy to be hoarded for their good various cases caused their definitive loss. intrinsic value. A different explanation can be found for older coins in graves as they can be D. TYPOLOGY interpreted as a reuse of demonetised pieces Among all these Sicilian Imperial hoards as part of the rituals related to the burial88, we can isolate five different main groups as it was not uncommon in graves to deposit according to their contents: coins with no legal tender as an offer. a. ‘transitional hoards’: from Republican to Augustean age, consisting of silver The variety of mints attested in denarii; Sicilian hoards - Alexandria, western mints b. ‘large bronzes hoards’: usually sestertii (Treveri, Aquileia, Roma, Siscia), eastern and/or dupondii and asses dated between (Thessalonica, Constantinopolis, Nicomedia, the Flavians and the Antonines; Cyzicus, Antiochia) - gives us the perception c. ‘antoniniani hoards’: generally contai- of the relationships between Sicily and the ning only antoniniani, rarely accompa- external through trade and the spatial range nied by bronzes; of exchanges, which is confirmed in general by d. ‘minimi hoards’: more or less conspi- coin circulation data. cuous accumulations of small bronzes; e. ‘aurei hoards’: monometallic high value C. CHRONOLOGY savings. If hoarding in the first century is very limited numerically, just three cases of silver It is always tricky and risky trying to denarii, and geographically, Palermo area, recognise patterns of hoarding and to find it slightly increases in the second century a common explanation for the creation of affecting the eastern part of Sicily (four hoards, which were often the expression of savings of sestertii), until the Antonines, as transitory collection of savings withdrawn evident also from single finds89. from circulation ready to be used when needed It is possible, instead, to observe a by single individuals90 or buried with the aim decrease almost a vacuum in currency in Sicily and the hope of recovering all, at the end of in the Severian age until the second half of the any emergency or hazard. We must always be third century, situation mirrored in hoarding. cautious as personal reasons - impossible to The phenomenon is more widespread be detected by us - may well be a major cause and intense in the second half of the of hoarding. third century with almost twenty hoards The unforeseen circumstances of non- concentrated on the Ionian coast with only recovery could be the most different for each few cases on the Strait of Sicily and just a one - accidents, diseases, death -, but it could be couple in the north-western Tyrrhenian less hazardous in case of a significant number coast, containing in rare cases sestertii, of hoards with the same characteristics in the mostly antoniniani, regular and irregular. The same area. In these cases, it would be then habit of accumulating and securing personal worthy to seek for unexpected negative events savings becomes more important (almost involving the community such as fires, plague, thirty hoards) in the fourth and in the fifth earthquakes, floods, latrones, social riots, century due to a climate of insecurity for the turmoil, persecutions, pirates incursions, presence in the Mediterranean, especially in military attacks… the Strait of Sicily, of pirate fleets threatening Even if no war events occurred in Sicily the southern coasts of Sicily and above all due during the first centuries of the Imperial age, among the possible causes of loss of savings, it 88 GUZZETTA 2009, 41. 89 MACALUSO 2006, 318. 90 MANGANARO 2013, 272.

398 Mariangela Puglisi is not to neglect a series of epidemics that hit attacks, of a Vandal disastrous invasion, various zones of the Empire: in 250 in Africa which actually occurred in 440 in Palermo101, (Mauritania) and Italy in 251, in 269 and again followed by other incursions in the southern in 270. Of some of them we have evidence also coasts of Sicily during the second half of fifth in Sicily, especially about plague91, but also century, which led to the battle fought in 456 malaria92, to which some multiple burials in close to Agrigento, around the coastal area, necropolis could be connected93. Moreover, between the Vandals of Gensericus and the through maritime traffic from/to Rome to/ general of the Western Empire Ricimerus, from East and Egypt the epidemics could who momentaneously, stopped them, without quickly spread, like the famous ‘Antonine managing to prevent other attacks until 475, plague’ during M. Aurelius’ reign from East94. also after the peace treaty of 460102. In the case of Sicily we have record of some situations or traumatic events95 which a. ‘Transitional hoards’ may have compelled people to try to save These hoards, containing denarii both their precious goods from an imminent Republican and of the first issues of Augustus, danger, or we can infer that hazards, more with evidently reached quickly Sicily, are or less reported by ancient sources, may have preferable located in the Western part of the affected Sicily or certain areas of the island, island (Palermo #47-48, Bagheria #46), as possibly determining the loss of personal there was a privileged and fast route from savings, first of all a series of earthquakes, the central administration to the province like the ones occurred in AD 17, 306-8, 36596, administrators, located in Western Sicily, to 37497, in some cases with consequent probable deliver coin supply under the direct control of seaquakes. Rome. Another situation with tragic effects also in Sicily was the persecution of Trajan Decius b. ‘large bronzes hoards’ against Christians in the years 244-24798. Actually, we register a gap in hoarding Also riots are known in Sicily under between Augustus and the Flavians, as the Gallienus (260-269), which caused the supply of Roman coinage had experienced dispersion of rebels which probably acted as a slowdown during the Julio-Claudian latrones on the territory99. Emperors after the shutdown of all the Sicilian Last, we recall other threatens from mints by Tiberius103. Once diminished the the sea, that could have been the cause of the supply of silver, it apparently became quite hiding of some hoards: the Visigots of Alaricus, common saving and concealing large bronzes who after the fire of Reggio (410) probably such as sestertii, dupondii or asses. This trend finalised some incursions in the island100, and continues till the Antonines. above all the menace, preceded by various It does not seem then that the very 91 Zosim. I, 26, 2. J. Zonaras, Annal. xii 21 B. Zosim., conspicuous bulk of large bronzes struck by i 46, 2. Rome in the first centuries of the Empire - 92 PINZONE 2006, 109, 117; MANGANARO 2013, especially for western provinces - reached in 274-275. great quantity Sicily104, anyway a few hoards 93 GARRAFFO 1981, 283-324 and LANTERI 1995, 40- 49; MANGANARO 2013, 279. especially in the eastern part of Sicily on the 94 Cass. Dio, 72 (73),14,2 s.; Herodian. I.12,1. Tyrrhenian coast (Tindari #1, Spadafora 1830 MARCONE 2002, 803-804. 95 CUTRONI TUSA 1990-1991. 101 Valentinianus III granted the remissio tributorum to 96 MANGANARO 2013, 280. Sicilian possessores in 440 after the Vandal incursions 97 FASOLO 2013, 33. (Nov. Valent., 1, 2; C.Th. II, 73-74). 98 MANGANARO 1988, 79; MANENTI 2008; 102 GIUNTA 1958, 64-65. MANGANARO 2013, 277-278. 103 MACALUSO 2006, 318. 99 SHA v. Gall. 4, 9; MANGANARO 2017, 56. 104 The sestertii hoards are quite common in Lombardia, 100 MANGANARO 2017, 56; MARCONE 2002, 851- Veneto, Sardegna, as shown by BERNARDELLI 2014, 867. 100.

An overview on hoarding in roman Sicily and the evidence of a new imperial hoard from Tyndaris 399 #2) and on the Hyblaean coastal area (Siracusa dupondii of Gallienus or asses of Claudius II - 1954 S. Giuliano #11, Marzamemi 1914 #12 is noteworthy. and Pozzallo 1908 #28) are recorded. An exception is sometimes the residual The closure dates of some of these hoards presence of sestertii of the first centuries of the around the time of the Antonines (Tindari Empire (Messina post 1908? #3, Naxos 1986 b 1988 #1, Spadafora 1830 #2, Marzamemi 1914 #4, Modica 1985 a-b #33, #34, Sofiana 1950 #16) could correspond to the years of the great #38, Lipari 1910, Monte Rosa #54), maybe ‘antonine plague’, which invested Italy and because these denominations were perceived presumably also Sicily in 182/189105, a likely as more reliable compared to silver constantly cause for the non-recovery of personal savings. devaluating107, then worthy to be hoarded with A few other large bronzes hoards are or better than antoniniani. For some scholars later as their date of closure is in the third they could have filled the gap of contemporary century (Grottaperciata 1956 #14, Pozzallo bronzes being of similar weight108. 1908 #28, Isola delle Femmine 1889 #49), but The location of the ‘antoniniani hoards’ they maintain their homogeneous nature with is mainly south eastern Sicily, an area peaks in the number of specimens between characterised by the productive system of Alexander Severus and Gordianus III. stationes/mansiones, based on agriculture, turned outwards, towards exchanges outside c. ‘Antoniniani’ hoards Sicily, easily detectable by the evidence of the After the rarefaction of circulation in issuing centres identifiable from the coins and Sicily, and consequently in hoarding, during by the evidence of the origins of pottery or the Severian age, there is a gradual recovery amphorae attested in loco. in the use of coinage, attested in general in Furthermore, the sites of the findings the numismatic finds, in correlation with the confirm the provenance of the antoniniani introduction of ‘antoniniani’, quite rare at especially from Gallia through Italy or from first, then more and more present, especially Italy and the maritime routes directed to Sicily from the age of Gallienus, with peaks of and to Africa, where from 270 the incoming Claudius II’s issues and ‘tetrici’, so that they flow of antoniniani was continuous109, due to became the most common denomination in trade. circulation in Sicily; very frequent are also Sicily is then not exempt from the arrival imitation radiates106. of a mass of ‘barbarous radiates’ from Gallia A common characteristic among Sicilian before Aurelianus’ reform of 274110 aimed at ‘antoniniani hoards’ is that they are usually the facing the invasion of these irregular issues sole denominations present (Sicilia Orientale (Sofiana 1950 #38, Sicilia orientale 1978 #6), 1978 #6, Catania? 1978 #7, Marzamemi in particular from the sea (Naxos 1986 a #5, or Avola #16, Siracusa 1978, dintorni #17, Capo Ognina 1961 #13, Marzamemi or Avola Siracusa 1912, ipogeo Trigilia #18, Siracusa #16, Siracusa 1978, dintorni #17, Siracusa, ex 1923, ex Vigna Cassia a-b-c #19, #20, #21, Vigna Cassia a-b-c #19, #20, #21, Camarina Camarina 1991 #29, Cattolica Eraclea 1994 1991 #29), circulating - and for a long time as #41, Palermo 1920, Piazza della Vittoria #48). their intense wear demonstrates - along with Just in a few hoards they are accompanied regular issues, as they are saved and concealed by bronzes and they are all dated later, in the together. fourth century (Naxos 1986 b #4, Modica In particular imitations of Tetrici and 1985 b #34, Sofiana 1950 #38) or in the fifth of Claudius II and other irregular radiates, (Naxos 1986 a #5, Lipari 1910, Monte Rosa #54), while a lack of coeval bronzes - asses and 107 TURCAN 1963, 51. 108 GIUNTELLA 1998, 68-69; GUZZETTA 1999; 105 MANGANARO 1988, 75-76; MARCONE 2002, 803- GUZZETTA 2007. 804; MANGANARO 2013, passim. 109 SANTANGELO 2002, 114-115. 106 MACALUSO 1995, 306. 110 Zosim. i 61, 3.

400 Mariangela Puglisi evidence of a constant and direct relationship currency, belonged, according to the scholar, of Sicily with Gaul111, have been for long time to farmers, as after Diocletian’s reform from in circulation beyond the fourth century with the 4th century in Sicily is was frequent the the function of extra supply in shortage or use of this large quantities of small bronzes absence of regular issues112, tolerated then for in the exchanges for the lack of gold, so that this scope by the central Empire, for covering even the prices were expressed in myriades (of the necessity of lower denominations113 until bronze coins, namely folles)119. Diocletian’ reform and the introduction of small bronzes, namely folles and follis e. ‘Aurei hoards’ fractions, attested also in Sofiana hoard (#38), Gold coins in Sicily are so rare that they which represents the transition to the new appear as anomalies in the general frame of system of follis. Sicilian numismatic finds, hoards in particular. Regarding the three cases of aurei d. ‘Minimi hoards’ hoards so far known for Sicily, they are likely These more or less conspicuous to be put in relation with occasional external accumulations of small bronzes represent the presences, as the Partinico hoard (1958? #51) typical Sicilian situation of hoarding of the which has been connected with a eminent mid-fifth century when the bronzes of the officer who has slowly collected his earnings fourth century, very common in Sicily114, were between the end of the 3rd century and the deliberately clipped to be assimilated for their beginning of the 4th, similarly for the other weight to fifth century reduced AE4115. two (Comiso 1936 #35 and Butera 1939 #39), Some of them (Lipari 1910, Monte Rosa whose owners could well have been figures #54) seem to be an evidence of the arrival of sent by Emperor in Sicily during the difficult large quantities of small change from outside, moment of the Vandal threaten in the mid quite widespread use, if a law promulgated fifth century, whose effects could have caused by Constantius II and Julianus Caesar - and the loss of both. known thanks to the Codex Theodosianus116 - prohibited the fusion of coins and the delivery * * * from region to region of the Empire to be traded as goods, as it is proved for regions THE ‘TINDARI 1988’ HOARD where there was a lack of currency, as Spain I have been recently authorised to study and Africa117; Sicily could probably have been an unpublished occasional find from the urban involved in this deliver of bulk of coins, being area of the ancient city of Tyndaris, on the in the route between Gaul and Africa. north-eastern coast of Sicily, that I am going As G. Manganaro noted118, it appears to present in detail. that in Sicily in the fifth century hoards evidence is dominated by savings of just poor a.Ancient Tyndaris

111 MANGANARO 1988, 81-84; WILSON 1990, 275; a.1. Tyndaris in Greek times GUZZETTA 1999, 384. Tyndaris120, whose foundation, on the 112 See MASTELLONI 1993. 113 See the case of Africa: MACALUSO 1992, 329; top of a steep slope, harks back at the beginning SANTANGELO 2002, 111-112. of fourth century BC, as a settlement of 114 Like the series FEL TEMP REPARATIO (after 348) the mercenaries of Dionysius I of Syracuse, and SPES REI PVBLICAE (after 358) and SECVRITAS REI PVBLICAE and GLORIA ROMANORVM (regular became a polis during the Hellenistic times, supply after 364). 115 BELVEDERE/BURGIO/MACALUSO 1993, 264. 119 MANGANARO 2013, 285, with extensive MACALUSO 1995, 306-307; MACALUSO 2006, 319. documentation. 116 C. Th. IX, 23,1. 120 GULLETTA 2011. A complete presentation of 117 GUZZETTA 1999, 384 with specific bibliography. the ancient site with the related sources and with 118 MANGANARO 2013. Especially 282. bibliography until 2011.

An overview on hoarding in roman Sicily and the evidence of a new imperial hoard from Tyndaris 401 endowed with a landing place. Its location, in Sisenna126 - probably the second proconsul a prominent position on the north-eastern of Tyndaris after the colony deduction - and coast of Sicily, on the Tyrrhenian Sea, was one of the proconsul Mussidius Longus127 - strategical for both military and trading governor of Sicily under Augustus128 - have reasons. been attributed to this mint129. In Tyndaris was active a local mint from The consequences of these political the fourth century through the Timoleontean measures revitalised this centre, which had age and again productive from the age of been listed instead among the πολίχνια or Pyrrhus to the Punic Wars. πολίσματα by Strabo130, who noted its decrease compared to the previous situation during the a.2. Tyndaris during the Roman Hellenistic times and the early Republic. Republican age The city in the Augustan period began to The urban area grew constantly in come out from the crisis of the rural production the Republican age after the creation of system, due to the runaway of slaves joining the province of Sicilia and Tyndaris was Sextus Pompeius, the conflicts of the late considered civitas nobilissima121 so that it Republican time and the subsequent looting attracted Verre’s interest and his consequent and requisitions. robberies122. Augustus probably meant to take The topography of the Roman site advantage of the crucial geographical position reflected the Hellenistic one, with the urban of Tyndaris for the transport of goods - area located on a plateau extended to west to especially wheat - as outlet from the inland. the Rocca Femmina, down to the Cercadenari Thanks to its harbour - probably located in district, where there was a public space the Oliveri bay131, it represented an ideal equipped also with sacred and monumental starting point for the Tyrrhenian marine buildings, probably overlapping the asset routes to Eolian Islands and to North and already existent. also an alternative, more convenient than From ancient sources123 we know that in Messina harbour, to reach faster by sea the 36 BC the centre was a naval basis of Sextus western part of Sicily132. Also by land it was Pomepius, for this reason some scholars124 possible to reach Lilybaeum, as Tyndaris was hypothesize that the mint was opened also located in proximity of the via Valeria133 - the during his presence. consular road from the Trajectus of Peloro Cape to Lilibeo Cape134 - the main northern a.3. Tyndaris during the Principate way of the Sicilian road system created by the After a period of decline at the end of Romans. Tyndaris is in fact mentioned in the the Republic, due to Verre’s despoliations Itinerarium Antonini as one of the four most and the gradual loss of autonomy in favour important mansiones of Sicily, of which some of a major Roman control, Tyndaris seems to remains have been discovered, besides the recover at the beginning of the Principate, due to the fact that Augustus gave to the city the 126 RPC I, 668 (duumviri L. Statius Flaccus and P. Cotta status of Colonia Augusta Tyndaritanorum125 Bal.). 127 RPC I S., 627. and likely also the right to strike coins, as 128 RE, XVI 1, 1933, 900 nr. 1. few other cases in Sicily. Two issues, one of 129 PITOTTO 1996; VILLEMUR 2015a and VILLEMUR 2015b. 121 Cic., Verr., II,3,103. 130 Strabo, 6, 2, 1; 6, 2, 5. 122 It is well known, among the other crimes, the 131 BOTTARI et alii 2009, 70. episode of the theft of the golden statue of Hermes 132 UGGERI 1982-1983. (Cic., 2 Verr., 4,39,84) located in the gymnasium (Cic., 133 PARISI 1948. 2 Verr., 5,72,185). 134 Itinerarium provinciarum 90,6-93,1 (a Lilybeo per 123 App., BC, 5, 11, 105. maritima loca Tindaride), 90,5 (a Messana Tindaride). 124 MARTINI 1998; CAMPANA 2001. See also Itinerarium Antonini (3rd century) and the 125 Plin., n.h., III,90; CIL, X,7474-7476; 7478; 7480. Tabula Peutigeriana (4th century).

402 Mariangela Puglisi rests of a statio in contrada Locanda, linked to with a porticus, along the so called “basilica”, the fiscal aspect of the maritime traffic135, as a multifunctional building from which statues Tyndaris was presumably one of the Sicilian of the Julio-Claudian family were recovered. cities subject to pay portorium to Rome, a An inscription on a statue basement maritime tax of 5% on goods imported or with the title Dacicus may refer to Trajan, exported through the ports136. while other fragmentary inscriptions are dedications to Marcus Aurelius Verus, before URBAN AND RURAL LANDSCAPE OF and after having the title of Augustus, and TYNDARIS IN THE IMPERIAL AGE also to Lucius Verus by a curator Reipublicae, The urban area of the first and middle M. Valerius Vitalis139, role probably to be Imperial age, of about 27 ha. within a wall related to some extraordinary intervention circuit of 3 km ca.137, is an important complex of economic nature promoted by the central on three levels: in the western part of the administration of the Empire140. plateau there was a public area and a rich Maybe the presence of the curator thermal building of the second-third century reipublicae is to be connected with a phase on the top. There are traces also of large of restoration in the urban area in the second domus of first-second century in the insula half of the first century - domus B and C in IV. In the lower terrace there are remains one the insula IV and of the insula XVA - and in of the cemeterial areas related to the Roman the second century, when were undertaken Imperial settlement so far discovered (another also the rearrangement of the theatre also in contrada Cercadenari and another outside for spectacula and the transformation of a the main gate). residential building in the insula IV into a A third domus dating at the beginning public thermal complex. of the second century has been excavated in During the second half of the second contrada Cercadenari on the opposite area. century, there was probably a decrease in The Imperial urban occupation is population and in the vitality of the city: concentrated in the strip of 10 km NW-SE 1.5 also the maintenance interventions on the km wide on the Timetus river, probably the drainage system stop. The domus in contrada ager of the colonia, to which is connected a Cercadenari results abandoned at the structure perhaps with function of control or beginning of the third century. sighting point on the river. In this general frame of decrement of After the deduction of the colonia the urban life, we have to take into account also rural landscape asset should have changed in the possibility that it was the consequences favour to a new form of exploitation of the of epidemics - ‘Antonine plague’, malaria… - land with extensive cultivation138, while the which affected Sicily141 and its economy with old local aristocracy, subject to pay to Octavian a subsequent population decrease, or the war indemnities, suffer a consequent fall of effects of some natural disaster like the one their agricultural income. that once had caused the collapse of ‘dimidia In the first Imperial age at the north- urbs’ - from the promontory - into the sea, as western end are recorded urban interventions Plinius142 described, maybe as a consequence around a monumental building in a space of an earthquake, like many others which probably already destined for public use in the affected this zone in ancient times143. Hellenistic age, pendant of another complex at the south-eastern end around what could 139 CIL, X, 7474-7475. have been the agorà-forum or gymnasium 140 MANGANARO 1988, 75. Contra: SARTORI 1989. 141 PINZONE 2006. 135 BOTTARI et alii 2009, 70. 142 Plin., n.h., II, 206. 136 SCRAMUZZA 1937. 143 Between the first BC and the fourth century AD we 137 SPIGO 2005, 30. have record of relevant seismic events in 91 BC, then in 138 FASOLO 2014, 217. AD 17, 365, 374 (FASOLO 2013, 33).

An overview on hoarding in roman Sicily and the evidence of a new imperial hoard from Tyndaris 403 Also the surveys in the area144 revealed it seems to be significative the supply of a peak of materials in the first and second Imperial issues to the island, whose role also centuries with a sensitive decrease in the third, compensated the lack of coinage due to the especially if we observe the most important shutdown of the local mints, apart from few indicators of frequentation which are, beside exceptions147. the ‘terra sigillata’ (prevalently African), the The numismatic evidence for first and wine-amphoras of first-second centuries of second centuries in Sicily is not numerous so local production (exported also in Italy and this hoards is important in the general frame Africa). of the hoarding phenomenon in the island in From the survey is also evident for the the Imperial times, as accumulations of coins same span of time a larger and more intense of this period are more frequent in the south- exploitation of the agricultural territory, as eastern area of Sicily, as there was a privileged some stable rural settlements in the land all route from the central power to the most around seem to confirm. productive areas of Sicily in terms of rural Between the second and the third exploitation and for the facilities offered by century the economic crisis seems to have numerous ports, outlet of the goods produced touched also the ager, considered the little in the inland territories. Tindari represents archaeological evidence related to minor then an interesting ‘exception’ or a confirm productive units. that also in this area there was an intense trade activity due to the agricultural production. COIN CIRCULATION IN THE AREA During the second century the currency OF TINDARI recorded in whole Sicily, even if not numerous, The centre of Tyndaris was accustomed appear a bit more widespread and various to the use of coins as there was a local mint as far as it regards the denominations, not active - even if not constantly - from the mid only in urban centres, but more and more fourth century down to early Principality of in rural settlements (vici, villae or farms) Augustus. and stationes and mansiones attesting that Moreover, the coin finds in the area the reason for the presence of coins in the attest a regular presence of currency, local and territory was linked to productive activities, from other Sicilian centres and later since the agricultural or industrial, and in addition to time of the Punic Wars and over from Rome145. the proximity of a port and Tyndaris had both Some other single finds from stratigraphical these characteristics. excavations of the urban area - and stray finds Moreover, the few moments of increase as well - are going to be published in the next in coin supply in Sicily correspond to the years future and will certainly shed new light on between 120 and 160, with peaks in Trajan’s the characteristics of coin use in this centre in age and under Hadrian, to decrease again Roman times146. during the Antonines, as mirrored in our From what we know in general hoard and in Tyndaris in general. of circulation in Sicily in the first and second century CE, the currency decreases The area of the finding of the hoard progressively from the Augustan age, when Even if the finding is accidental and it is not possible to put it in relationship to 144 FASOLO 2013 and 2014, passim. any specific building, it is sure that the hoard 145 PUGLISI 2009, 108-109; 340-343, with catalogue of single finds and previous bibliography. comes from the insula V of the city, as it 146 In the second volume of the series ‘Tindari’ (see volume 1 edited by LEONE - SPIGO 2008) will be 147 The data are deeply biased by the different intensity presented the numismatic finds from the regular of the archaeological investigations to which the various archaeological campaigns at Tindari, carried out during areas of the Sicilian territory have been subjected the past decades by dott. Umberto Spigo, who entrusted through time and by the limited number of publication me of their study. about Roman Imperial coins.

404 Mariangela Puglisi came to light - without any container - during sestertii belonging to different issues, in the maintenance and the cleaning of the which the signs of circulation are visible, even archaeological area of the Parco Archeologico if the types are still legible; the legends present di Tindari in June 1988. some letters missing. The insula V differently from insula The reverse type of the first series, IV has not yet been subjected to any attested with only a specimen, dated in 99- archaeological campaign, so we cannot put the 100, represents Pax seated on throne holding hoard in connection with any archaeological branch and scepter, legible even if worn (Cat. context or structure. 2; Plate I.2)150. The other sestertii are all The only certainty is that it comes from dated in the years 103-111 and they are all an urban area and that even if its discovery characterised on the reverses by the legend was accidental its composition is reliable. SPQR OPTIMO PRINCIPI. The main types identifiable on the reverses are Abundantia Current disposition of the hoard standing with corn ear and cornucopiae (Cat. The hoard is currently located at the 3; Plate I.3)151, Fortuna standing with rudder? Antiquarium of Villa Romana di Patti, under and cornucopiae (Cat. 4; Plate I.4)152, Pax the administrative control of the Parco standing with branch and cornucopiae, with Archeologico di Tindari148, together with foot treading down a Dacian (Cat. 5; Plate some other finds of the area. At the moment I.5)153, Victory holding palm and setting a it not visible to the public, but, in the future trophy (Cat. 6; Plate I.6)154. rearrangement of the Parco Archeologico, it Hadrian’s coins are two hardly legible will be probably exhibited. asses, one of 121-122 with Pax with branch and cornucopiae (Cat. 7; Plate II.7)155, the Contents of the hoard other one - notwithstanding it appears in The total number of coins is not very poor conditions in the reverse - can be conspicuous, consisting of only 13 bronzes, identified with a series struck in the years nine sestertii and four asses from the mint of 134-138, representing Aegyptos reclining, Rome. They all appear identifiable as far as it holding sistrum with an ibis in front (Cat. 8; concerns the issuing authority. Plate II.8)156. The span of time covered is about eighty Two issues are in the name of Antoninus years from Domitian to Marcus Aurelius and Pius, a quite legible sestertius of 139 with Lucius Verus. Fides with corn ears and a plate of fruit (Cat. The most ancient coin is a sestertius 9; Plate II.9)157 and an as - whose design is of Domitian (Cat. 1; Plate I.1)149. It is quite not very clear for the intense use - belonging worn, but the authority seems to be sure, even to the VOTA series with the veiled Emperor if only few letters of the legend are visible. The sacrificing with patera over tripod, dating in reverse instead is too eroded to be certain of 147-148 (Cat. 10; Plate II.10)158. the identification of the series. Antoninus Pius appears also as Divus The most numerous pieces belong to in a perfectly legible issue of CONSECRATIO the reign of Trajan, of whom we have five by Marcus Aurelius of 161 (Cat. 11; Plate

148 I wish to express my gratitude to the Director of the Parco Archeologico di Tindari, arch. Salvatore Gueli, 150 RIC II Trajan 413. for his prompt authorisation and to dott.ssa Antonella 151 RIC II Trajan 492. Bonsignore, who has been very helpful during my study 152 RIC II Trajan 501 or RIC II Trajan 492 (Abundantia). at the Antiquarium of Villa Romana di Patti, where the 153 RIC II Trajan 503. hoard is kept. I thank also dott.ssa Ludovica Di Masi, 154 RIC II Trajan 523. PhD Student at the University of Messina, for helping 155 RIC II Hadrian 616A. in my bibliographic search and in the arrangement of 156 RIC II Hadrian 839f. the plate with the images. 157 RIC II Antoninus Pius 546. 149 RIC II2.1 Domitian 78 or 279. 158 RIC II Antoninus Pius 852A.

An overview on hoarding in roman Sicily and the evidence of a new imperial hoard from Tyndaris 405 II.11)159. DAC P M TR P COS V P P]. Bust of Trajan, laureate, Marcus Aurelius is the issuing right with aegis. authority of an as of 161 - in good conditions Rev./ [S P Q R OP]T[IMO PRINCIPI]. S | C across fields. Fortuna, draped, standing left, holding - depicting himself and Lucius Verus clasping rudder (?) in right hand. hands (CONCORD AVGVSTOR) (Cat. 12; 27.65 g, 34 mm, h 6 Plate II.12)160 and of another well-preserved RIC II Trajan 501. (or RIC II Trajan 492: Abundantia). sestertius with the portrait of Lucius Verus on the obverse and Victory fixing on a palm- 5. Trajan Augustus, Rome, sestertius, 103-111. Obv./ [IMP CAES NERVAE] TRAIANO AVG GER tree an inscribed shield on the reverse, dated DAC P M TR [P COS V P P]. Bust of Trajan, laureate, 161 in 166 (Cat. 13; Plate II.13) . right with aegis. The issuing authorities represented in Rev./ [S P Q R OPTIMO PRINCIPI]. S | C across the hoard actually reflect the most intense fields. Pax, draped, standing left, holding branch moments of the city life. out and downwards in right hand and cornucopiae in left; her right foot treading down Dacian whose head and shoulders only are seen. 162 CATALOGUE (plates I-II: 1-13) 21.03 g, 34 mm, h 6. RIC II Trajan 503. 1. Domitian, Rome, sestertius, 81 or 85. Obv./ [IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM COS XI CENS 6. Trajan Augustus, Rome, sestertius, 103-111. POT P P. Bust of Domitian, laureate, right with Obv./ IMP CAES NERVAE TRAIANO AVG GER DAC aegis. P M TR [P COS V P P]. Bust of Trajan, laureate, right. Rev./ S | C across field. Standing figure (Domitian?) Rev./ S P Q R OP[TIMO] PRINCIPI / S C in exergue. in front another figure (?), left. Victory, draped, stepping left holding palm in left 19.93 g, 34 mm, h 7. Very worn, legend not visible hand and with right hand setting a trophy upright (Rev.). left; trophy has two oblong shields at base. RIC II2.1 Domitian 78 or 279. 24.17 g, 33 mm, h 7. RIC II Trajan 523. 2. Trajan Augustus, Rome, sestertius, 99-100. Obv./ [IMP CAES NE]RVA TRAIAN AVG [GERM P 7. Hadrian Augustus, Rome, as, 121-122. M]. Bust of Trajan, laureate, right, with aegis (?). Obv./ [IMP CAESAR TRAIAN HAD]RIANV[S AVG]. Rev./ [TR POT COS I]II [P P]. [S C] in exergue. Female Bust of Hadrian, laureate, right. figure (Pax), draped, seated left on throne, holding Rev./ [P M TR P COS III]. S | C across fields. Pax, branch in extended right hand and transverse draped, standing left, holding branch downwards in sceptre in left. right hand and cornucopiae in left. 23.39 g, 33-34 mm, h 7. 10.46 g, 25-26.5 mm, h 6 RIC II Trajan 413. RIC II Hadrian 616A.

3. Trajan Augustus, Rome, sestertius, 103-111. 8. Hadrian Augustus, Rome, as, 134-138. Obv./ [IMP CAES NER]VA TRAIAN[O AVG GER Obv./ [HA]D[RIANVS AVG COS III PP. Bust of DAC P M TR P COS V P P]. Bust of Trajan, laureate, Hadrian, laureate, draped, right. draped on left shoulder, right. Rev./ [AEGY]PTO[S]. S C in exergue. Aegyptos, Rev./ S [P Q R OPTIMO PRINCIPI]. S | C across draped, reclining left, holding sistrum in right hand field. Abundantia, draped, standing left, holding and resting left arm on basket of fruit or corn; ibis two corn-ears in right hand over modius with corn- set on low column, front. ears left, and cornucopiae in left hand; to right, 10.82 g, 23-24.5 mm, h 6. prow of ship. See RIC II Hadrian 839f. 24.96 g, 33 mm, h 7. Scratched surface (Obv.). RIC II Trajan 492. 9. Antoninus Pius Augustus, Rome, sestertius, 139. 4. Trajan Augustus, Rome, sestertius, 103-111. Obv./ ANTONINVS AVG PIVS PP. Head of Antoninus Obv./ [IMP CAES NERVAE TRA]IANO AVG [GER Pius, laureate, right. Rev./ [TR POT] - COS II. S | C across fields. Fides, 159 RIC III Marcus Aurelius 1266. draped, standing right, holding two corn-ears 160 RIC III Marcus Aurelius 801. downwards in right hand and plate of fruit on 161 RIC III Marcus Aurelius 1457. raised left. 162 Photographs taken by the Author.

406 Mariangela Puglisi 23.18 g, 31 mm, h 6. result more worn than all the other previous RIC III Antoninus Pius 546. Trajanic issues. The well-preserved specimens in the 10. Antoninus Pius Augustus, Rome, as, 147-148. Obv./ [A]NT[O]NI[NVS AVG] PI[VS P P] TR [P XI]. name of Marcus Aurelius, belonging to the Bust of Antoninus Pius, laureate, right. first years of his reign, 161 (included the Divus Rev./ [COS II]II. S | C across fields. VOTA in exergue. Antonius piece) and 166 for the sestertius Antoninus Pius, standing left, veiled, sacrificing with Lucius Verus’ portrait, could easily be with patera over tripod altar left, left arm at side. very close to the time of burial. 8.85 g, 23-25 mm, h 5. RIC III Antoninus Pius 852A. The loss of this hoard can be linked to one of the many natural disaster, above all seismic 11. Marcus Aurelius Augustus (Divus Antoninus events, that interested Sicily throughout time. Pius), Rome, sestertius, 161. Moreover, we have to mention that it Obv./ DIVVS ANTONINVS. Bust of Antoninus Pius, is chronologically close to the years of the bare, right, with slight drapery. ‘Antonine plague’ (182/189), which can also Rev./ CONSECRATIO. S C in exergue. Funeral pyre in four tiers, decorated with arches and statues, be considered among the possible motives of festooned with hangings and garlands, surmounted the non-recovery of this saving. by facing quadriga. Even in this case we must be cautious as 25.75 g, 32-33 mm, h 7. personal reasons - impossible to be detected RIC III Marcus Aurelius 1266. - may be considered as a possible cause of 12. Marcus Aurelius Augustus, Rome, as, 161. burying this group of coins, never recovered Obv./ [IMP CAES M AV]REL ANTONINVS AVG P for any reason linked to the owner’s individual M. Bust of Marcus Aurelius, laureate, right. history. Rev./ CONCORD AVGVSTOR TRP XV COS III. S | About the owner and the function of the C across fields. Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, place where the coins were buried, we can say togate, standing left and right, facing one another little, as the area where the group of coin were and clasping right hands; Marcus Aurelius holds scroll in left hand. collected have not yet been excavated. 10.14 g, 24.5-25.5 mm, h 12. RIC III Marcus Aurelius 801. REFERENCES 13. Marcus Aurelius Augustus, Rome, sestertius, BELVEDERE/BURGIO/MACALUSO 1993 166. Obv./ L VERVS AVG [ARM PARTH] MAX: Bust of Belvedere, O./Burgio, A./Macaluso, R.: Lucius Verus, laureate, right. Termini Imerese. Ricerche di Topografia e Rev./ TR POT VI IMP IIII COS II. S | C across fields. di archeologia urbana, Palermo: Istituto di Victory, winged, half-draped, standing front, head Archeologia. right, fixing to a palm-tree with left hand shield BERNABÒ BREA 1947 inscribed VIC AVG and holding palm sloped upward Bernabò Brea, L.: Siracusa. Necropoli to right shoulder in right hand. Grotticelli. Scavo di una cisterna, Notizie 26.66 g, 32 mm, h 10 Scavi, 204-214. RIC III Marcus Aurelius 1457. BERNABÒ BREA/CAVALIER 2000 Bernabò Brea, L./Cavalier, M.: Meligunìs CIRCUMSTANCES OF BURIAL OF Lipàra. X. Scoperte e scavi archeologici THE HOARD nell’area urbana e suburbana di Lipari, It seems that this small hoard has been Roma: L’Erma di Bretschneider. accumulated taking out from circulation coins BERNARDELLI 2014 which represented the real currency, maybe Bernardelli, A.: L’impero romano in crisi. Aspetti della tesaurizzazione del bronzo in in two different moments, firstly in Trajanic Italia. In: Un confronto drammatico con il age including an older coin of Domitian, and XXI secolo: l’Impero romano del III secolo then adding other coins in a moment close to nella crisi monetaria. Atti del convegno, the date of burial, as the two asses of Hadrian Biassono, 9 giugno 2012, Biassono, 93-170.

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An overview on hoarding in roman Sicily and the evidence of a new imperial hoard from Tyndaris 411 RIC II C. dalla VI Regio, Anali Instituto Italiano di Mattingly, H/Sydenham, E.: The Roman Numismatica 27-28, 79-113. Imperial Coinage, Vol. II: Vespasian to SPIGO 2005 Hadrian London 1926: Spink. Spigo, U. (ed.): Tindari. L’area archeologica e RIC III l’antiquarium, Milazzo: Rebus. Mattingly, H/Sydenham, E.: The Roman STANGANELLI 1950 Imperial Coinage, Vol. III, Antoninus Pius Stanganelli, F.: Comiso. Ripostiglio di to Commodus, London 1930: Spink. monete auree del Basso Impero, Notizie RIZZONE/SAMMITO 2001 Scavi, 336-337. Rizzone, V.G/Sammito, A.M.: Modica e il suo TURCAN 1963 territorio nella tarda antichità, Archivum Turcan, R.: Le trésor de Guelma. Étude Historicum Mutycense 7, 5-152. historique et monétaire, Paris. RONDINELLA 2010 VICARI SOTTOSANTI 2013 Rondinella, M.T.: La fattoria romana. In: Vicari Sottosanti, M.A.: Second and Third Pandolfo, P. (ed.): Spadafora-San Martino. Century Roman Coin Hoards in the ‘P. Orsi’ Storia di una comunità e del suo territorio, Museum in Syracuse. In: Bombardieri, L. Messina: Edizioni Dr. Antonino Sfameni, (ed.), SOMA 2012: proceedings of 16th 176-181. symposium on Mediterranean archaeology RPC I (Florence, Italy, 1-3 March 2012) [BAR Burnett, A./Amandry, M./Ripollès, P.P.: International Series 2581], Oxford: Roman Provincial Coinage. I. From the Archeopress, 927-932. death of Caesar to the death of Vitellius UGGERI 1982-1983 (44 BC-AD 69), London-Paris 1992: British Uggeri, G.: La viabilità romana in Sicilia Museum Press-Bibliotheque nationale de con particolare riguardo al II e al IV secolo, France. Kokalos 28-29, 424-460. RPC I S. UGGERI 2001-2002 Burnett, A./Amandry, M./Ripollès, P.P.: Uggeri, G.: La Sicilia sulla rotta tra Roma e Roman Provincial Coinage. Supplement I l’Africa (3-6 sec. d.C.), Kokalos 47-48, 63- (London-Paris 1998). 96. RRCH UGGERI 2004 Crawford, M.H.: Roman Republican Coin Uggeri, G.: La viabilità della Sicilia in Età Hoards, London 1969: British Museum Romana [Rivista di topografia antica, Suppl. Press. 2], Lecce: M. Congedo. SANTANGELO 2002 VILLEMUR 2015a Santangelo, S.: Il tesoretto di bronzi da Villemur, P.: De quelques émissions romaines Sofiana (CL), Annali dell’Istituto Italiano di en Sicile: Retour à Tyndaris. In: Van Alfen, Numismatica 49, 105-154. P./Bransbourg, G./Amandry, M. (eds.): SANTANGELO 2008 FIDES. Contributions to Numismatics in Santangelo, S.: La circolazione monetaria Honor of Richard B. Witschonke, New York: nel territorio di Scicli in età greca e romana. the American Numismatic Society, 453-456. In: Militello, P.M. (ed.): Scicli: archeologia VILLEMUR 2015b e territorio [Kasa 6], Palermo: Officina di Villemur, P.: Le monnayage colonial romain StudiMedievali, 293-311. de Tyndaris en Sicile, Bulletin de la Société SARTORI 1989 française de Numismatique, février 2, 26- Sartori, G.: Osservazioni sul ruolo del c.r.p., 32. Athenaeum 67, 5-20. VOZA 1972-1973 SCRAMUZZA 1937 Voza, G.: Intervento, Kokalos 18-19, 192. Scramuzza, V. M.: Roman Sicily. In: Frank, T. (ed.): An economic survey of Ancient Rome. III, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 225-377. SORDA 1981 Sorda, S.: Due tesoretti di fine II secolo d.

412 Mariangela Puglisi Bibliography: main edition, other references = brief(b.n. notes) Unpublished. Brief La notes: Farina 1948, 1836, 95; Parisi 1997, 130; Mastelloni 26, nota 9. 2013, 270 Manganaro 2015*, Manganaro (b.n.); 349. Puglisi 2001*, 77-78. , . , , , , sestertius , , : 1 antoninianus antoniniani antoninianus antoniniani antoninianus antoniniani antoniniani ^ : 1 : Ticinum, Mediolanum, Roma. Contents Contents Orichalcum: 13 sestertii (Roma). Domitianus?: 1, 5, Trajanus: Hadrianus: 2, Pius: 2, Antoninus 1, Divus Antoninus: (M. Aurelius) 1, M. Aurelius: 1. L. Verus: AE: 200 (Roma). Domitianus, Nerva, Trajanus, Antoninus Pius, Faustina AE.Antoniniani. Caesar M. Aurelius, Gallienus Claudius II: 1 9 Aurelianus: 2 Tacitus: 4 Probus: Maximianus: 2 1 Diocletianus: Mints AE.Antoniniani. Divus Claudius II: 1, Carus?: 1 antoninianus, 1 antoninianus, Tetricus: Licinius I: 1, II Caesar:Constantinus 1, Constantius Augustus: 1, (unc.):Constan… 1, Illegible: 1. (residual) (residual) (chronological (chronological : Domitianus : Domitianus : : ° Date range) range - M. Aurelius range Pius- Antoninus range Gallienus- Diocletianus range Divus Claudius II -Constantinus’ successors Number of coins/ reliability” 13 (p) 200 (d) 21 (d) 8 (p) Area A.1. North- eastern S.: Tyrrhenian coast A.1. North- eastern S.: Tyrrhenian coast A.2. North- eastern S.: Ionian coast A.2. North- eastern S.: Ionian coast Area function/ Area land use urban: from insula V farm - Extra-urban, Greek sacred: sanctuary Type of Type finding/ type of acquisition in find Occasional archaeological area. find: Occasional ‘vaso argilla’. di grossa Donation: Principessa Giovanna Loffredodella Floresta. Excavations.

1908? 1830 ca., post Site of finding/ Site current disposition TINDARI 1988 ME) (‘frazione’ of Patti, (Antiquarium, Villa Romana di Patti) SPADAFORA Casazza (ME) ‘contrada’ (disposition not known: dipersed?) MESSINA Reg. (M. Interdisciplinare Naz. di Messina: Fondo 866 - 887) NAXOS 1986-b, Maloprovvido ME) (Giardini-Naxos, di Naxos) (M. Arch. Table of Roman Imperial in Sicily hoards Table # 1 ME 2 ME 3 ME 4 ME Fig. 1. Fig.

An overview on hoarding in roman Sicily and the evidence of a new imperial hoard from Tyndaris 413 Bibliography: main edition, other references = brief(b.n. notes) Puglisi 2001*, 63-77. ’), radiati : 16, : 1, , barbarous barbarous , (‘ , Constantius II dupondius antoniniani antoninianus ^ sestertius : 95 (mostly 15 unc.). fragmented; : Rome, Constantinopolis, Cizycus, Siscia, legible Contents Contents 3. AE: 165. Antoniniani: 1 Domitianus: Nerva: 1 ‘Tetrici’: 2 1 Probus: Maximianus Augustus: 2, cent.: 1, 3rd late Licinius i: 1 I: 2, Constantinus Crispus Caesar: 2, II Caesar:Constantinus 1, 1, Constantinopolis: I or Constantinus II: 1, Constantinus unattributable GLORIA EXERCITVS: 3, 1, Divus Constantinus: Caesar:Constantius Gallus 2, Constantius II: 10, unattributable FTR: 4, 1, Valens: I: 1, Valentinianus or Gratianus Valentinianus, Valens, II: 9, Valentinianus II: 1, Valentinianus I or Valentinianus Theodosius II or Valentinianus or Gratianus I: 1, II Valentinianus or Gratianus 1, II, Theodosiusor Arcadius: Valentinianus Theodosius I: 1, 3, Arcadius: 1, Honorius: or Arcadius Theodosius II: 1, Magnus 1, Maximus: Unattributable (4th): 15. Il Mints Antiochia, Alexandria.

Tetrici- (chronological (chronological : Vandal ° Date range) range: (residual) Magnus Maximus burial incursions Number of coins/ reliability” 168 (t) Area A.2. North- eastern S.: Ionian coast Area function/ Area land use Extra-urban, Greek sacred: sanctuary Type of Type finding/ type of acquisition with Excavations: objects.other bronze Site of finding/ Site current disposition NAXOS 1986-a, Maloprovvido ME) (Giardini-Naxos, di Naxos) (M. Arch. # 5 ME

414 Mariangela Puglisi Manganaro Manganaro Manganaro Manganaro Bibliography: main edition, other references = brief(b.n. notes) Vicari Sottosanti 2013*, 928-929; Guzzetta-Vicari Sottosanti 2017*, 250. Vicari Sottosanti 2013*, 929; Guzzetta-Vicari Sottosanti 2017*, 250. Brief notes: 2013, 280. Brief notes: 2013, 282; Manganaro 2017, 70 (unpublished). Brief notes: 1970, 304, 307; 2017, 70. Manganaro ’), ’), barbarous radiatus barbarous barbarous radiati barbarous ‘ , Roma), , joint reign joint Victorinus: 1, I: 4 (‘ Tetricus imitations: 1 ( imitations: ^ ’ : Roma, Mediolanum, Ticinum, Colonia eodosius II Contents Contents Antoniniani: 103. I: 1, Valerianus reign), 42 (2 joint Gallienus: Gallienus Salonina: 2, Claudius II: 25, Quintillus: 2, Divus Claudius: 19, 3, Aurelianus: 1, Tacitus: 1, Probus: UsurpersGallic (official mint): UsurpersGallic (unofficial mint): Mints etc. 5. Antoniniani: I: 1, Valerianus 2 ( Gallienus: Salonina: 1, 1. Postumus: AE: ‘una decina di folles’. Constantius II: 10 ca. AE: 710 ‘minimi’. AE: 138 ‘minimi’ (weight: 92 g). Constantinian age: some halved, Th III, Valentinianus Unattributable (Victoria, within wreath, cross camp gate). star, second half second (chronological (chronological : second half : second : : : Valerianus : 5th c. ° : mid 4th? : mid : Date range) range to Valerianus Probus burial c. 3rd range - I /Gallienus Postumus burial c. 3rd date date range Constantinian age III - Valentinianus burial: Vandal incursions Number of coins/ reliability” 103 (p) 5 (d) 10 (d) 710 (p) 138 (d) Area A.B.C. Eastern S. Eastern B.1. S.: Ionian coast Eastern B.1. S.: Ionian coast Eastern B.1. S.: Ionian coast Eastern B.1. S.: Ionian coast Area function/ Area land use - - - - - Type of Type finding/ type of acquisition Acquisition. Acquisition. Hoard? ‘uno Probably spezzone di ripostiglio’. find. Occasional from Donation: the Collection of S.Canonico De Maria, Acitrezza. Hoard? ‘Residuo di un ripostiglietto’.

ACITREZZA 13945) 1933 (Acireale - 1933 (Acireale CHRE Site of finding/ Site current disposition SICILIA ORIENTALE 1978 Orsi’, Reg. ‘P. (M. Arch. Siracusa) 1978 CATANIA? Orsi’, Reg. ‘P. (M. Arch. Siracusa) s.d. (area) CATANIA (disposition not known) 1911, S. CATANIA Domenico Orsi’, Reg. ‘P. (M. Arch. 31945) Siracusa: inv. ACIREALE - ante Acicastello, CT) (Biblioteca Accademia Zelantea di Acireale) ( # 6 7 CT 8 CT 9 CT 10 CT

An overview on hoarding in roman Sicily and the evidence of a new imperial hoard from Tyndaris 415 . Bibliography: main edition, other references = brief(b.n. notes) Gentili 1956*, 162-163; 2013, 269, Manganaro nota 14 (b.n.). Manganaro notes; Orsi’s 1988, 75-76 (b.n.); 2013*, Manganaro 272-275 (Claudius: 1, of 1, instead Domitianus: Faustina 1 and Trajanus: II: 1); Vicari Sottosanti 2013*, 927; Guzzetta-Vicari Sottosanti 2017, 250*. Kapitän-Price 1974*, 150-153. Gentili 1958-59*, Tusa 285-289; Cutroni 1982-83, 397 (b.n.); 2013*, 276- Manganaro 278; Vicari Sottosanti 2013*, 927-928; 2013*, 276- Manganaro 277; Guzzetta-Vicari Sottosanti 2017*, 250 Bernabò 1947, Brea Tusa Cutroni 213 (b.n.); 1982-83, 398 (b.n.); 2002*, 624; Manganaro 2013, 279 Manganaro (b.n.). ), . , Antinous ) Iulia Mamaea: 6, sestertius ^ 4 alexandrian nummi mmodus: 1, mmodus: Alexander Severus Contents Contents Orichalcum sestertii: 8. Galba: 1, 1, Vespasianus: 4, Domitianus: 2. Trajanus: Orichalcum sestertii: 24. Nerva: 1, 3, Trajanus: Hadrianus: 5, Pius: 6, Antoninus 2, Faustina: Diva Caesar: 1, M. Aurelius II: 2, Faustina 1, M. Aurelius: Lucilla: 1, Co Crispina: 1 (very worn). 19 (1 sestertius,AE: 18 or 5 provincial AD 209-212) Domitianus?: 1 Hadrianus: 1 (Smyrna: Septimius Severus: Nicaea, 3 (Perinthus, Peloponnesus?), Geta: 1 (Byzantium). Orichalcum sestertii: 34 (Roma). 2, Trajanus: Hadrianus: 1, Pius: 1 (CHRE:Antoninus 2), I: 1 (CHRE: no), Faustina II: 1 (CHRE: Pius)(Antoninus 2), Faustina 1, Commodus: Septimius Severus: 2, ( Alexander Severus: 11, III: 5, Gordianus Philippus II: 2. AE: Claudius II: 2, 1, Aurelianus: 1. Tacitus: 210-215 (chronological (chronological : post 180- : 244 - 249 : Galba- : Nerva - : 134/5 - 209- - : Trajanus : Claudius II - ° post : Date range) range Trajanus range Commodus burial 183 (last issue: Crispina); (plague of 182/189) range 212 loss range Philippus II burial range Tacitus Number of coins/ reliability” 8 (p) 24 (p) 4+11/12 +3 (t) 34 (p) 4 (d) Area C.1. Hyblaean (SE S.):area Ionian coast C.1. Hyblaean (SE S.):area Ionian coast C.1. Hyblaean (SE S.):area Ionian coast C.1. Hyblaean (SE S.):area Ionian coast C.1. Hyblaean (SE S.):area Ionian coast Area function/ Area land use cemeterial grave area: marino’‘scalo of Pachino/ Tyrakion marine: from a shipwreck - Type of Type finding/ type of acquisition ‘fossa’. Excavations: find: Occasional ‘vasetto fittile’. and Occasional underwater archaeological investigation: shipwreck. find. Occasional Donation. Hoard? ,

: inv. 54348 - : inv. 4848) 13928) CHRE CHRE Site of finding/ Site current disposition SIRACUSA 1954, ‘contrada’ S. Giuliano (disposition not known) MARZAMEMI 1914 SR) (‘frazione’ of Pachino, Orsi’, Reg. ‘P. (M. Arch. P. by Siracusa: acquired 34791 - 34815) Orsi, inv. CAPO OGNINA 1961+1968+1971-72 (‘località’ of Siracusa) (disposition not known) ( 1956 GROTTAPERCIATA (‘località’ of Siracusa) Orsi’ Reg. ‘P. (M. Arch. Siracusa 54381) ( MATRENSA 1943 (‘località’ of Siracusa) Orsi’, Reg. ‘P. (M. Arch. 49600 - Siracusa: inv. 49603) # 11 SR 12 SR 13 SR 14SR 15SR

416 Mariangela Puglisi Bibliography: main edition, other references = brief(b.n. notes) 2013, 279 Manganaro (b.n.). Vicari Sottosanti 2013, Guzzetta-928 (b.n.); Vicari Sottosanti 2017*, 250. Lanteri 1995* (no images); Vicari Sottosanti 2013, 928 Guzzetta-Vicari(b.n.); Sottosanti 2017, 250* 1981*, 283-324; Garraffo Crisafulli 2008, 626-627 (b.n.). 1981*, 283-324; Garraffo Crisafulli 2008, 627-628 (b.n.). barbarous barbarous ’), radiatus Tetricus II: 8). Tetricus ^ : 5, : 32, : 6, 19. ’ (Tetricus I: 60, ’ (Tetricus : Roma, Colonia, unofficial. : Roma, Siscia. : Roma, Siscia. Contents Contents ‘Radiati gallici anomali’ (‘barbarous radiati’). 113. Antoniniani: Salonina: 2, Divus Claudius: 9, Empire’: official 15‘Gallic mints: (Victorinus: II: 5), I: 8, Tetricus 2, Tetricus Empire’: unofficial 68 ‘ ‘Gallic mints: radiati Illegible Mints 33 (Roma). Antoniniani: Gallienus Claudius II: 13 (Siscia: 3), (Quintillus-Aurelianus) Divus Claudius: 11, 1, Aurelianus: Uncertain: 3. Mints 114 (Roma). Antoniniani: Gallienus Salonina: 3, Claudius II: 39, Quintillus: 2, Divus Claudius(Aurelianus) II: 33, 2, Aurelianus: Victorinus: 1 (Gallia), I: 1 (‘barbarous Tetricus Uncertain: 1. 13. Antoniniani: Gallienus Claudius II: 4, Divus(Quintillus/Aurelianus) Claudius II: 3. Mints ’s ’s during during terminus ad (chronological (chronological 275 : 274 ( : : 274 ( : : : second half second ° : 3th c. : Date range) date date c. 3rd burial Tetrici after or age) range to Gallienus Aurelianus burial quem: range to Gallienus Aurelianus burial Tetrici after or age) range to Gallienus Quintillus/ Aurelianus Number of coins/ reliability” ? (d) 113 (101+7+5) 33 (Orsi, 31) taccuini: (p) 114 (rel.) 13 Area C.1. Hyblaean (SE S.):area Ionian coast C.1. Hyblaean (SE S.):area Ionian coast C.1. Hyblaean (SE S.):area Ionian coast C.1. Hyblaean (SE S.):area Ionian coast C.1. Hyblaean (SE S.):area Ionian coast Area function/ Area land use marine - cemeterial ipogeum,area: catacomb, 5 (2 grave skeletons), the near breast. cemeterial ‘primaarea: tomba, gruzzolo A’ cemeterial ‘primaarea: tomba, B’ Type of Type finding/ type of acquisition find. Occasional Hoard? Acquisition. Excavations: grave. Acquisition. Excavations: grave. Acquisition. Excavations: grave. Acquisition. 14992) 14993) CHRE CHRE Site of finding/ Site current disposition MARZAMEMI s.d. SR) Pachino, (frazione, (SR) AVOLA or (disposition not known) SIRACUSA 1978, ‘dintorni’ Orsi’, Reg. ‘P. (M. Arch. 80699, Siracusa: inv. 80700, 80701 - 80703) SIRACUSA 1912, ‘ipogeo Trigilia’ Orsi’, Reg. ‘P. (M. Arch. Siracusa) SIRACUSA 1923-a, ‘ex Vigna A Cassia’, Commissione, (Pontificia Siracusa) ( SIRACUSA ‘ex 1923-b, Vigna B Cassia’, Commissione, (Pontificia Siracusa) ( # 16SR 17SR 18SR 19SR 20SR

An overview on hoarding in roman Sicily and the evidence of a new imperial hoard from Tyndaris 417 Bibliography: main edition, other references = brief(b.n. notes) 1981*, 283-324; Garraffo Crisafulli 2008, 627-628 (b.n.). 1972-73, 192 (b.n.); Voza Guzzetta 1995, 14-15*; G. ofby study in course Guzzetta. 1982-83, Tusa Cutroni Guzzetta401 (b.n.); 1995, 15-19* Orsi 1909a, 61* (188 in good conditions); 2017*, 59- Manganaro 22 pcs.60 (1318 total; catalogued). , ’), radiatus . , Magnentius ^ : 2, , : Roma, uncertain. : Roma, Lugdunum, Siscia, Treveri, Roma, Lugdunum, Arelate, : Treveri, Contents Contents 9. Antoniniani: Gallienus Claudius II: 4, Claudius II: 1 (‘barbarous Divus(Quintillus/Aurelianus) Claudius II: 2. Mints AE. I, Constantinus II, Constantinus Constans, Constantius II, Usurpers: Mints Thessalonica,Constantinopolis, Cyzicus, Antiochia. AE: 326 (majority FTR, 170 AE2). Constans Caesar, Constantius Gallus II or Usurpers: Magnentius: 25, 12. Decentius: Mints Aquileia, Siscia, Thessalonica,Heraclea, Constantinopolis, Nicomedia, Cyzicus, Antiochia, Alexandria. majorityAE: 1545 (the very worn). II Caesar?, Constantinus I, Constans Constantius II Caesar, Constantius Gallus I, Valentinianus Valens, Gratianus, II, Valentinianus Theodosius I, Victor, Flavius Arcadius Honorius. Unattributable. Illegible: 1202. 135. inventariabili’: ‘Riconoscibili, ma non 355 terminus ad ante (chronological (chronological 348 : : : Vandal : : early-mid : Constantius : ° Date range) range to Gallienus Quintillus/ Aurelianus range 4th burial quem: range II - Decentius burial range II - Constantinus Honorius burial incursions Number of coins/ reliability” 9 108 (t) 326 (t) 1545 (p) Area C.1. Hyblaean (SE S.):area Ionian coast C.1. Hyblaean (SE S.):area Ionian coast C.1. Hyblaean (SE S.):area Ionian coast C.1. Hyblaean (SE S.):area Ionian coast Area function/ Area land use cemeterial ‘primaarea: tomba, C’ villa: peristilius (SW), filling of a room industrial fish area: processing cemeterial closearea: to entrance the of a catacomb ‘in prossimità mare’del Type of Type finding/ type of acquisition Excavations: grave. Acquisition. trial. Excavations: tank for Excavations: processing. fish find: Occasional fittile’. ‘pentola , , ,

1981 : inv. 28494) : inv. 13913) CHRE Site of finding/ Site current disposition SIRACUSA 1923-c, ‘ex Vigna C Cassia’, Commissione, (Pontificia Siracusa) (CHRE 14994) VILLA TELLARO DEL 1972 SR) (Noto, Orsi’ Reg. ‘P. (M. Arch. Siracusa) PORTOPALO (SR) Orsi’ Reg. ‘P. (M. Arch. Siracusa) SIRACUSA 1908, ‘contrada’ S. Giuliano, ‘ipogeo Attanasio’ Orsi’ Reg. ‘P. (M. Arch. Siracusa ( # 21SR 22SR 23SR 24SR

418 Mariangela Puglisi Bibliography: main edition, other references = brief(b.n. notes) Brief Museum notes: Guzzettanotes; 2017, 171. ofby study in course M.A. Vicari Sottosanti. hoard a whole Probably with SIRACUSA 1896-b. ofby study in course M.A. Vicari Sottosanti. hoard a whole Probably with SIRACUSA 1896-a. Orsi 1909b*, 65-66 (29 analysed); Tusa Cutroni 1980-81, 351 (b.n.); 1982- Tusa Cutroni 83, nota 10, 400-401 Tusa Cutroni (b.n.); 1990-91, 350-351 (b.n.): wrongly Author the to attributed this hoard Manganaro Portopalo; Guzzetta1988, 79 (b.n.); Vicari1995, 19 (b.n.); Sottosanti 2013*, 928; 2013*, 275- Manganaro 277 (26 pcs. catalogued); Guzzetta-Vicari Sottosanti 2017*, 250. : 36 (M. of 4 of Syracuse:

: 15 (M. of 2), Syracuse: (M. of Syracuse), : 6 (M. of 1), Syracuse: : 3 (M. of 1), Syracuse: ^ us: 1 Contents Contents e di di piccolo AE: 235 ‘monetine in bronzo, minimo modulo’. Constans, Constan..., I, Valentinianus Valens, Gratianus, Theodosius I, Arcadius. AE: 698. AE: 160. AE: 600 ca. at least grande , ‘di modulo’. 1, Domitianus: 2, Trajanus: Hadrianus: 11, Pius: 10 (M. ofAntoninus 7), Syracuse: I: 2 (M. of Syracuse), Faustina Diva 2, Aurelius: Marcus 1], Faustina: II: 4 [Diva Faustina Verus Lucius 26 (M. of Syracuse: 4), Commodus: Didius Iulianus: 1 (M. of Syracuse), Septimius Severus: 3, Caracalla: 1, Elagabal Alexander Severus 2 f.d.c), which Julia Mamea Maximinus Pius 1, Maximus: I: 2; 21 (M. of Syracuse: Gordianus Gordiani: III: 1), Gordianus Balbinus: 3 (M. of Syracuse: 1), Philippus (M. of 1), Syracuse: I: 4 [1] (2 f.d.c) Philippus II: 1 (M. of 7), Syracuse: Otacilia Severa: 1 (M. of Syracuse), Illegible: 76. terminus ad (chronological (chronological 244-247 : : Constans - : Constans : ° : 4th c. : 4th c. uem: Date range) range Arcadius date date range Domitianus/ Domitianus - Philippus I burial q Number of coins/ reliability” 235 698 (d) 160 (d) 600 ca. (229) Area C.1. Hyblaean (SE S.):area Ionian coast C.1. Hyblaean (SE S.):area Ionian coast C.1. Hyblaean (SE S.):area Ionian coast C.2. Hyblaean (SE S.):area the by coast of SicilyStrait (SE) Area function/ Area land use - - - - Type of Type finding/ type of acquisition find. Occasional Acquisition. find: Occasional ‘olletta’. Acquisition. Acquisition. Occasional (building find construction): fittile’. ‘recipiente , donation, 31 pcs.;donation, 4850) CHRE Site of finding/ Site current disposition SIRACUSA 1922, ‘borgo’ S. Lucia (?) Orsi’, Reg. ‘P. (M. Arch. 42664-42669: Siracusa: inv. 5 pcs.) SIRACUSA 1896-a, ‘palazzo Lucchetti’ Orsi’, Reg. ‘P. (M. Arch. 16514) Siracusa: inv. SIRACUSA 1896-b Orsi’, Reg. ‘P. (M. Arch. 16535) Siracusa: inv. POZZALLO 1908, Rizzone ‘contrada’ (RG) Orsi’ Reg. ‘P. (M. Arch. Siracusa: dispersed) remaining the ( # 25SR 26SR 27SR 28RG

An overview on hoarding in roman Sicily and the evidence of a new imperial hoard from Tyndaris 419 Bibliography: main edition, other references = brief(b.n. notes) Di Stefano 1999, 54-57 Guzzetta(b.n.); 2012*; Guzzetta 2014*. Guzzetta 2007b*, 1557- 1558; Guzzetta 2009, 41 (b.n.) 1968-69, Pelagatti Pelagatti 355-356 (b.n.); 1972-73, 185-186 Tusa Cutroni (b.n.); 77 1982-83, 401 (b.n.: pcs.); Guzzetta 1995, 20 77 pcs.); Guzzetta(b.n.: 2005a*, 190, 195 (84 2013, pcs.); Manganaro 282, nota 66 (82 pcs.: 19 illegible); Manganaro 2017*, 76-77 (20 catalogued). Rizzone-Sammito 2001, parte55 (‘forse di un tesoretto’) modesto Guzzetta(b.n.); 2005b*; 2013, 282, Manganaro nota 69: not a hoard (b.n.). . ’: 1894. : 18, , radiati (first half 5th (first c.): 1, ^ : legible: Rome, Cizycus. : Arles, Roma, Aquileia, Constantinopolis, odosius I: 6, Contents Contents 4472. Antoninani: Empire: Central 88, Gallienus: Salonina: 1, II: 1, Valerianus Claudius II: 116, Quintillus: 8. Empire: Gallic 4, Postumus: Victorinus: 71, I: 1187, Tetricus II: 452, Tetricus 58 Tetrici: of two one the ‘Barbarous Illegible: 88. modulo’. AE ‘piccolo Akragas (425-406 BC): 1 onkia, Sicily:Hellenistic 1, 1, Constans: Constantius II: 1. Uncertain half 4th cent.): (second 7, GLORIA 5th decades ROMANORVM (first cent.): 2. AE: 84. Julianus: 1, The III: 1, Valentinianus 2 Marcianus: 2, Avitus: Uncertain half 4th c.): (second 20, Uncertain star within or 17 (cross Uncertain (Vandals?): wreath). Illegible: coins. remaining the Mints AE. 348), (pre-reform 1 centenionalis? Constans: Caesar:Gallus 3, Constantius II Julianus Caesar: 1. Mints Nicomedia, Antiochia. 282 (chronological (chronological : 260-282 : Julianus - - : Constans ° Date range) range terminus adloss: quem: (residual) range: Constans-early 5th c. range 5th c. range Julianus Caesar Number of coins/ reliability” 4472 (p) 13 (t) 84 (d) 23 (p) Area C.2. Hyblaean (SE S.):area the by coast of SicilyStrait (SE) C.2. Hyblaean (SE S.):area the by coast of SicilyStrait (SE) C.2. Hyblaean (SE S.):area the by coast of SicilyStrait (SE) C.3. Hyblaean (SE S.):area inland (S) Area function/ Area land use marine cemeterial 79 grave area: urban (Caucana): 15, ‘edificio IV’,vano on the floor Type of Type finding/ type of acquisition find Occasional underwaterand archaeological maybe explorations: in an amphora bag a leather or in a wooden safe a (nails, key…) from ship merchant Excavations: grave. Excavations. Hoard? Deposit? alexandrian nummi ’

à ’ Anticaglia à 1989, 5399) CHRE Site of finding/ Site current disposition CAMARINA 1991+1992+1996, ‘localit Ciaramiraro (Scoglitti, RG) Reg. di Camarina)(M. Arch. ( CROCESANTA CAMERINA Mirio ‘contrada’ (RG) Reg. di Camarina)(M. Arch. SECCA-CAUCANAPUNTA 1967, ‘localit (‘frazione’ di S. Croce Camerina, RG) Reg. di Camarina)(M. Arch. D’ISPICA 1976 CAVA (Ispica, RG) Belgiorno’, (M. Civico ‘F.L. 1475-1497) Modica: inv. # 29RG 30RG 31RG 32RG

420 Mariangela Puglisi Bibliography: main edition, other references = brief(b.n. notes) Guzzetta 2009*, 36-39. Guzzetta 2009*, 41. Stanganelli 1950 (b.n.); Rosati 1953*, Panvini Rosati 422-440; Panvini 1985*, 7-14; Guzzetta 1995, 20-21; Rosati 2004*, Panvini 8; Panvini 376, no. Rosati 2004*, 357-372; Guzzetta 1995, 20-22 2017, Manganaro (b.n.); 68 (b.n.). 2002*, 624; Manganaro 2013, 279 Manganaro (b.n.). Brief Li Gotti notes: 1956, 191; Sorda 1981, 96. ^ II: 2 antoniniani, II: 2 antoniniani, : 1 as, : Roma, Siscia, Mediolanum. : Roma. : Thessalonica,Constantinopolis Roma, Contents Contents 7. AE: 2. Antoniniani: Caligula?: 1 as (Agrippa), Domitianus?: dupondius, 1 as or 2 antoniniani, Gallienus: Claudio II: 3 antoniniani, Quintillo: 1 antoninianus. Uncertain: 1 antoninianus. Mints 2. AE: 6. Antoniniani: II: 1, Syracuse, Hieron 2 asses,Domitianus: Lucilla? III: 1 sestertius,Gordianus Claudius Uncertain (early 4th cent.): 1. Mints 840/1100 solidi AV: Valentinian III (AD 425- 423: Theodosius I - weight: c.455); gold 4950g. Theodosius I: 1, 303, Honorius: 17, Arcadius: Theodosius II: 35, Pulcheria: 1, Galla Placidia: 1, III: 64, Valentinian Honoria: 1 Mints Mediolanum, Ravenna. AE: 10 alexandrian nummi. 2, Probus: Diocletianus: 6, Maximianus: 2. romane’ . Among coins the monete ‘Poche Faustinas.one of the Vandal Vandal (residual) (residual) (chronological (chronological : 379/395 - : Probus- (residual) (residual) ° : Date range) date c. half 3rd second range: 1st c.- early 4th c. range 425/453 burial: incursions range Maximianus - Number of coins/ reliability” 9 (t) 8 (p: 2 depositions?) 1100 10 (d) ? Area C.3. Hyblaean (SE S.):area inland (S) C.3. Hyblaean (SE S.):area inland (S) C.3. Hyblaean (SE S.):area inland (S) Central- D.1. southern S. by (E): coast Strait the of Sicily (central-E) Central- D.2. southern S. (E): inland Area function/ Area land use cemeterial 9, grave area: l. hip close to bone. cemeterial grave area: l. 14, close to of ofhand one men two inland of Camarina - - Type of Type finding/ type of acquisition Excavations: grave. Excavations: grave. Whole Two hoard? groups? (building Occasional construction, via Carmagnola): ‘cavità della roccia’. Seizure. find. Occasional (RG) 1985-a,(RG) 1985-b, 13876) CHRE Site of finding/ Site current disposition MODICA Treppiedi/9 ‘contrada’ (RG) Belgiorno’, (M. Civico ‘F.L. Modica) MODICA Treppiedi/14 ‘contrada’ (RG) Belgiorno’, (M. Civico ‘F.L. Modica) COMISO 1936 (RG) Orsi’, Reg. ‘P. (M. Arch. Siracusa: 423 pcs.) GELA 1935 ca., territorio (CL) Orsi’, Reg. ‘P. (M. Arch. 51795 - Siracusa: inv. 51804) BARRAFRANCA 1921 (EN) (disposition not known: dispersed?) ( # 33RG 34RG 35RG 36CL 37EN

An overview on hoarding in roman Sicily and the evidence of a new imperial hoard from Tyndaris 421 There are some are There Bibliography: main edition, other references = brief(b.n. notes) Adamesteanu 1954, n. 316 pcs.); 7665 (b.n.: 1955, 214 Manganaro 1972- Manganaro (b.n.); 73, 262 (b.n.); Orlandini- Adamesteanu 340 1955, 214 (b.n.: 1982- pcs.); Tusa Cutroni 340 83, 401-402 (b.n.: pcs.); Santangelo 2002*, 105-154; Crisafulli 2008, 628-631 (b.n.). CHRE: were there doubts whether added at coins the other hoard. of this core ’: 34 (ante & post-reform), & post-reform), ’: 34 (ante ^ Barbarous radiati Contents Contents AE: 316. Antoniniani, Hadrianus: 1 as, III: 2 (1 dupondius,Gordianus 1 as), Philippus I: 1 sestertius, 7 antoniniani, Gallienus: 1 as, (imitation): Gallienus Claudius II: 13 antoniniani, Victorinus: 6 antoniniani, Divus Claudius: 12 antoniniani, I: 2 antoniniani, Tetricus II: 5 antoniniani, Tetricus ‘ 2 antoniniani; Aurelianus: 2 antoniniani; Probus: 24 follis Maximianus: 1 antoninianus, 1 follis, fractions, fractions, Diocletianus: 13 follis 3 antoniniani, uncertain: 1 antoninianus, fractions, Galerius: 15 follis fractions, Constantius I: 5 follis 3 folles, Maxentius: fractions, 13 follis I: 4 folles, Constantinus Licinius I: 1 follis, Licinius II: 1 follis, fractions, II: 6 follis Constantinus 1 follis, Fausta: Elena: 1 follis, fractions, Urbs Roma: 3 follis fractions, 2 follis Constantinopolis: Constantius II: 42, fractions, 14 follis Constans: fraction, Magnentius: 1 follis fractions, 6 follis Constantius Gallus: fraction. Julianus?: 1 follis Unidentified: 36. Illegible: 20. Philippus (chronological (chronological : 353 ° Date range) range: (residual) Constantius II I to burial Number of coins/ reliability” 316 (p) Area Central- D.2. southern S. (E): inland Area function/ Area land use thermal building, XII’ ‘amb. of statio Type of Type finding/ type of acquisition Excavations: Philosophiana. 13832) CHRE Site of finding/ Site current disposition SOFIANA 1950 (Mazzarino, CL) di Gela:(M. Arch. 304 pcs.) ( # 38CL

422 Mariangela Puglisi Bibliography: main edition, other references = brief(b.n. notes) 1956*; GuzzettaGriffo 1995, 21-22 (b.n.); Rosati 2004, Panvini 10, 380, nota 376, no. 22 (b.n.). 2002, 625 Manganaro (b.n.). 2002 (b.n.) Fiorentini Macaluso 2007*, 315. Macaluso 2007, 315 (b.n.). 1919, Brief Pace notes: 1982- Tusa 80; Cutroni 83, 398; Manganaro 2013, 280. . . : 10. ^ : Constantinopolis, Ravenna, Roma. : Roma, Nicomedia, Thessalonica. Pulcheria: 1 Contents Contents 41/52 solidi weight: 182.45g) (gold AV: Theodosius II: 31, Galla Placidia: 1, III: 2, Valentinianus 6, Marcianus: Aelia Mints AE: 10 alexandrian nummi. Claudius II AE, antoniniani. Tetricus. AE: 27. Constantius II: 3, I: 1, Valentinianus 1 Gratianus: II: 1. Valentinianus Uncertain (4th c.): 21. Mints AE: 30. AE: 328 small bronzes. Constantinus’ successors. (chronological (chronological : Vandal : Vandal : post 383- : Theodosius- : Constantius ° : Claudius II half of: second imperial: late 4th c.: mid Date range) range Marcianus burial incursions date date c. 3rd range II - II Valentinianus burial 392 date date Number of coins/ reliability” 52 (41) (p) 10 (d) 77 27 (t) 30 (p) 328 (p) Area Central- D.2. southern S. (E): inland E.1. Central- southern S. (W): coast Strait the by of Sicily (central-W) E.1. Central- southern S. (W): coast Strait the by of Sicily (central-W) E.1. Central- southern S. (W): coast Strait the by of Sicily (central-W) E.1. Central- southern S. (W): coast Strait the by of Sicily (central-W) North- F.1. western S.: the by coast of SicilyStrait Area function/ Area land use urban site (eminent the above plain of Gela) sacred: ‘Basilica Paleocristiana’ sacred: ‘basilichetta extra-urbana’ urban the urban: on Capo to route Boeo Type of Type finding/ type of acquisition Occasional (building find construction): vessel’ ‘ceramic Hoard? ’Ripostiglietto’ Eraclea Excavations: Minoa. Excavations. Excavations. find. Occasional

, ‘contrada’ , ‘contrada’ ’ Vizzì 1919, Porta 1919, Porta à ante 4542) CHRE Site of finding/ Site current disposition BUTERA 1939 Mangiova (CL) Griffo’, Reg. ‘P. (M. Arch. 218-253: Agrigento, inv. 36 pcs.) ( AGRIGENTO? s.d. Griffo’, Reg. ‘P. (M. Arch. Agrigento) ERACLEA CATTOLICA 1994, ‘localit (AG) ‘basilichetta AGRIGENTO, extra-urbana’ s.d. Griffo’, Reg. ‘P. (M. Arch. Agrigento) S. Nicola AGRIGENTO, ellenistico s.d., ‘quartiere romano’ Griffo’, Reg. ‘P. (M. Arch. Agrigento) LILIBEO Nuova (Marsala, TP) Whitaker’(M. ‘G. di Mozia) # 39CL 40AG 41AG 42AG 43AG 44TP

An overview on hoarding in roman Sicily and the evidence of a new imperial hoard from Tyndaris 423 1919, (Roma); 1 ante semuncia Bibliography: main edition, other references = brief(b.n. notes) Brief Di Stefano notes: 1976-77, 762; 1982-83, Tusa Cutroni 398: similar composition of Lilibeo Nuova. Porta 1956, Tusa Cutroni Macaluso 211-212 (b.n.); 1995*, 271-283 (not part 2 AE: of hoard: the 1 (). 1958-59*, Tusa Cutroni 188-191 (26 pcs.; maybe part of same the hoard 1893/b) with Palermo 1958-59*, Tusa Cutroni part191-194 (maybe with of same the hoard 1893/a) Palermo Macaluso 1987, 283-284 (b.n.) 261 (91-77 BC: 63, 51-41 83; : 22, : 26, ^ : : : pus, : Roma (>78%); other mints: moving: Roma (>78%); other mints: : Hispania, Roma, Lugdunum Contents Contents AE. Constantinus’ (?). successors AR: 318 denarii countermarked). (numerous Republican: serrati: 20), 14 (‘warOctavianus: coinage’). Mints Sicily; Octavian; Lugdunum).mints; Imperial Augustus: 43. Mints AR: 30 denarii. Republican Imperial Augustus: 5, Tiberius: 3. AR: 26 denarii. Republican Imperial Augustus: 6, Tiberius: 2. AE: 191. Almost all sestertii (some halved). Among them: Hadrianus, Antonines, Alexander Severus, Maximinus, Balbinus, III), all Gordianus (above Gordiani Philip Otacilia Severa, Etruscilla,Herennia Volusianus. ) ) - BC BC (chronological (chronological : post 12 : 255-260 : Republican : Republican : Republican : Hadrianus- mid 4th c.mid ° : Date range) date range (82/80 BC) - Augustus (2 BC/ AD 12) burial range age (88 Tiberius (AD 14-37) range age (43-31 - Tiberius (AD 14-37) range Volusianus burial Number of coins/ reliability” not known (d) 318 (p) 30 (p) 34 (p) 191 (p) Area North- F.1. western S.: the by coast of SicilyStrait North- F.2. western S.: Tyrrhenian coast North- F.2. western S.: Tyrrhenian coast North- F.2. western S.: Tyrrhenian coast North- F.2. western S.: Tyrrhenian coast of Area function/ Area land use urban probably praedium Soluntum - - shore Type of Type finding/ type of acquisition floor of Excavations: closea dwelling to walls. the find. Occasional Acquisition. Acquisition. Acquisition. find. Occasional ante ante ?) PALERMO ( 13855) 13856) -a -b CHRE CHRE Site of finding/ Site current disposition LILIBEO 1972 (Marsala, TP) (disposition not known) BAGHERIA 1915, fondo Valguarnera (PA) Salinas, Reg. ‘A. (M. Arch. 16037-96; inv. Palermo: 16103-79; 16181-89; 16190-363) (RRCH 523) SICILIA 1893 Salinas’, Reg. ‘A. (M. Arch. 1709) inv. Palermo: ( ante SICILIA (PALERMO?) 1893 Salinas’, Reg. ‘A. (M. Arch. 1721) inv. Palermo: ( ISOLA DELLE FEMMINE 1889 (PA) Salinas’, Reg. ‘A. (M. Arch. Palermo) # 45TP 46PA 47PA 48PA 49PA

424 Mariangela Puglisi Bibliography: main edition, other references = brief(b.n. notes) Brief Gabrici notes: Tusa 1921, 201; Cutroni 1982-83, 398. 1990-91, Tusa Cutroni - Drost 346 (b.n.); 2011*, 153-176. Gautier etBelvedere alii 1993*, 263-265 (probably with hoard a whole TERMINI IMERESE 1984-b).

, . , , (1st Tetrarchy) 35 multiples and 139 aurei (1st Tetrarchy) Caesar: 6, (3rd Tetrarchy) (3rd ^ at least: : Treveri, Ticinum, Aquilea,: Treveri, Roma, 174 Contents Contents 35. Antoniniani: Maximianus, Diocletian, other contemporary Emperors. AV: = 1,3 kg AV) of 251 aurei (= value 1, Probus: Carinus: 1, Diocletianus: 21 Maximianus Caesar: 6 (1st Tetrarchy), Tetrarchy: 13, 2nd Maximianus: (1st Tetrarchy: 13), Constantius Caesar: 7 Tetrarchy), 8 (2nd Constantius: Severus Caesar: Tetrarchy), 2 (2nd Severus: 2 2, 3rd Maximinus Caesar: Tetrarchy: (2nd 4), Tetrarchy: Tetrarchy), Caesar:Constantinus 2 (3rd Maximianus: 11, Caesar:Maxentius 16, Caesar:Constantinus 15 Maximinus 10, Maxentius: Augustus:Constantinus 1. Mints Carthago, Siscia, Serdica, Thessalonica, Nicomedie, Cyzicus, Antiochia AE: 24 minimi. 1 Constans: Constantius II: 1, II: 1, Valentinianus Magnus 1, Maximus: 1, Arcadius: Theodosius II: 1. Uncertain half of (second 4th - 5th century): 1 (imit.). Illegible: 16. last (chronological (chronological : 308 ( : Probus - : Probus - : Constans ) : ante 423-425 : ante ° : late 3rd c. 3rd : late Date range) date range I Constantinus burial issue range 5th ADmid bural Number of coins/ reliability” 35 (p) 174 24 (t) Area North- F.2. western S.: Tyrrhenian coast North- F.2. western S.: Tyrrhenian coast North- F.2. western S.: Tyrrhenian coast Area function/ Area land use urban maritime urban Type of Type finding/ type of acquisition Excavations. find: Occasional d’un ‘provenant large au trouvé trésor la de Sicile à côtes des Partinico’. of one Excavations: the pitstwo under floor of a house. - 6921) CHRE Site of finding/ Site current disposition 1920, Piazza PALERMO della Vittoria 1958? PARTINICO (PA) (various dispositions: Boston, Bruxelles, London, 1960- commerce Paris, 2000) ( TERMINI IMERESE 1984 a, piazza Vittorio Emanuele (PA) Romano” (M. Civico “B. di Termini Comune Imerese) # 50PA 51PA 52PA

An overview on hoarding in roman Sicily and the evidence of a new imperial hoard from Tyndaris 425 *, 1993 et alii Bibliography: main edition, other references = brief(b.n. notes) Belvedere 263-265 (probably with hoard a whole TERMINI IMERESE 1984-a). Orsi 1910*, 353-359; 1982-83, Tusa Cutroni Manganaro 406 (b.n.); 2013, 282, nota 67 2017*, Manganaro (b.n.); 71-76. : 22. , follis 0 ‘piccolo modulo’. modulo’. 0 ‘piccolo 174 ^ (second half of(second 4th - 5th century) Contents Contents AE: 31 minimi. Constantius or II: 1 Constans 1, Constantius Gallus: or Gratianus or Valens I or Valentonianus II: 1, Valentinianus uncertain: 2, Theodosius I: 1, or Theodosius II or or I Arcadius Valentinianus Honorius: 1. Uncertain half of (second 4th - 5th century): 1. Illegible 5. AE: Antoniniani: Among them: Lipara: 1 (hellenistic age), Siculo-Punic: 1, Ebusus: 1, (AAAFF),Republican: 1 quadrans Uncertain Greek, 2 antoniniani, Gallienus: Divus Claudius II: 3 antoniniani, I: 3, Constantinus Constantius II (Augustus Caesar): or 8, Julianus II: 1, 2, Valens: II: 69, I or Valentinianus Theodosiusor II: 65, I Aelia Flaccilla: 1, Magnus 1, Maximus: Eugenius: 1, 13, Arcadius: Honorius: 9, Theodosius II: 59, III: 1, Valentinianus Galla Placidia: 4, 24, Marcianus: 1, Avitus: Leo I: 1, Unattributable christogram or types: 59 (cross within wreath). Uncertain illegible: or 1474

423-425 (residual) (residual) Constans - Constans ante (chronological (chronological : Vandal : Vandal : : ° Date range) range: 5th ADmid bural range - LeoGallienus I burial incursions Number of coins/ reliability” 31 (t) 1745 (p) Area North- F.2. western S.: Tyrrhenian coast G. Eolian Islands (Tyrrhenian Sea, North S.) Area function/ Area land use urban from not far urban area Type of Type finding/ type of acquisition of one Excavations: the pitstwo under floor of a house. find. Occasional 1984- 13936) CHRE Site of finding/ Site current disposition TERMINI IMERESE piazzab, Vittorio Emanuele (PA) Romano” (M. Civico “B. di Termini Comune Imerese) Rosa 1910, Monte LIPARI (ME) Orsi’, Reg. ‘P. (M. Arch. Siracusa) ( # 53PA 54ME

426 Mariangela Puglisi Bibliography: main edition, other references = brief(b.n. notes) Bernabò - Cavalier Brea 2000*, 232-237; 2013, 282. Manganaro 1, : 15, 1, Constantius Gallus: and (3rd c. BC): (3rd ^ 15. : 1, (2nd-1st c.(2nd-1st BC): 1, : Roma, Antiochia, Alexandria, Contents Contents AE: 64. Siculo-punic Lipara Roma, sextantal Republic: 1 as (reduced standard), Licinius: 1, 1, Divus Constantinus: 3, Constans: Constantius II Constantius II Julianus: 3, FTR: 5, Unattributable 4th): 7, (mid I: 1, Valentinianus 1, Valens?: Arcadius II: 2, Valentinianus III?: 2, Valentinianus Uncertain: 3, Illegible: Mints Constantinopolis, Aquileia (residual) (residual) (chronological (chronological : ° Date range) range Licinius- III? Valentinianus Number of coins/ reliability” 64 (t) Area G. Eolian Islands (Tyrrhenian Sea, North S.) Area function/ Area land use urban; productive structure? Type of Type finding/ type of acquisition building Excavations: complex, ’edificio e’: vano oval B, oil for pit (maybe collection). : ME = Messina; CT = Catania; SR = Siracusa; = Ragusa, RG EN = Palermo = Enna; CL = Caltanissetta; = Agrigento; PA AG TP = Trapani; ; occasional find; donation; seizure; acquisition; not acquisition; known. seizure; donation; find; ; occasional : chronological Hypothetical ‘range’ of contents. the of date ‘burial’ ‘loss’. or sine data = Site of finding/ Site current disposition 1993, via G. Franza LIPARI (ME) Eoliano ‘L.(M. Arch. Bernabò Brea’) Excavations Legenda § “ Reliability (t), partial : total (p), doubtful (d). ° Date: their revise of detail to reportinglevel in the of hoards, not the intend do As publications. we single depends the previous the contents on the coins As here as it regards Contents: ^ far Abbreviations: c. = century Reg. = ArcheologicoM. = Museo; Regionale Arch. s.d. of Sicily Provinces # 55ME classification, we just report the number of coins for each issuing authority, without adding any bibliographic reference of the single specimens present in each hoard, as some publications on as some publications singleof the hoard, in each specimenspresent reference bibliographic any adding without report issuingauthority, we justeach for classification, numbercoins the of in the available present, as they coin ofare each brief only on often depends ourconsist which information edited bibliographic the not in detail,do quote references In case notes. we of hoards column (highlighted specificin the bibliography mentioned in the publication with an asterisk), of images. withoften choice a

An overview on hoarding in roman Sicily and the evidence of a new imperial hoard from Tyndaris 427 Geomorphological areas Fig. 2. Fig.

428 Mariangela Puglisi Hoarding in Roman Imperial age Hoarding Fig. 3. Fig.

An overview on hoarding in roman Sicily and the evidence of a new imperial hoard from Tyndaris 429

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430 Mariangela Puglisi

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An overview on hoarding in roman Sicily and the evidence of a new imperial hoard from Tyndaris 431