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INFORMATION to USERS the Most Advanced Technology Has Been Used to Photo Graph and Reproduce This Manuscript from the Microfil INFORMATION TO USERS The most advanced technology has been used to photo­ graph and reproduce this manuscript from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are re­ produced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. These are also available as one exposure on a standard 35mm slide11 or" x as 23" a black and white photographic print for an additional charge. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North) Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 9014459 Artists and art education in time of war: Lebanon Molaeb, Jamil Hammoud, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1989 UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Aibor, MI 48106 ARTISTS AND ART EDUCATION IN TIME OF WAR LEBANON DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Jamil Hammoud Molaeb, B.A, M.F.A ***** The Ohio State University 1989 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Dr. Arthur D. Efland Dr. Nancy MacGregor Dr. Ojo Arewa Adviser ( Dr. Patricia Stuhr Department of Art Education Copyright by Jamil Hammoud Molaeb 1989 To My Children 11 ACKNWOLEDGMENTS I would like to express my thanks to the Hariri Foun­ dation who sponsored my study, and to the members of my committee. Dr. Arthur Efland, Dr. Nancy MacGregor, Dr. Ojo Arewa, and Dr. Patricia Stuhr, for their guidance. I would like also to thank my wife, Wafa, who shared life with me and typed this dissertation, and Amy Goodwin who was so helpful to me in the editing of my research. I also extend my appreciation to the Lebanese artists, Etel Adnan and Helen Khal, in the United States, and the other Lebanese artists in Beirut and Paris, who were my suppor­ ters. Many Arab poets and art critics, and journalists also helped me to accomplish this study. I am also grateful for the friendship of. Dr. Carole Weisz, Hesham Baraka, and Naji Al-Hasani. Since 1984 I have met many displaced Lebanese to whom I am also indebted, for we have shared similar experiences in Beirut, in New York, in Columbus, and in many places in the world where the Lebanese Civil War, a small world war, has touched people's lives. I l l VITA July 6, 1948 ............. Bom - Baissour, Lebanon 1987 ..................... M.F.A. in Printmaking, Pratt Institute, New York 1 9 7 3 ..................... Ecole Nationale De Beaux Arts, Algeria. 1972 ..................... B.A. in Fine Arts, Lebanese University, Lebanon. PUBLICATIONS 1975-1976................. "History of the Civil War" drawings. 1977 ..................... Research paper about "Art and War" has published in Fikr magazine. 1978-1979................. "Near My Country" drawings 1970-1982................. "The End of Darkness, The Beginning of Light" woodcuts and etching. 1 9 8 2 ..................... Work appeared in the Encyclopedia of Lebanese Artists, Painters, and Sculptors. 1986 ..................... Work appeared in the Arab Art Agenda, published by Alif Gallery. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field; Art Education IV TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION........................................ ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS................................... iii VITA ............................................. iv CHAPTER PAGE I. THE CIVIL WAR IN LEBANON: BACKGROUND..........1 The purpose of the study................. 1 P r o b l e m ................................1 The statement of the problem............. 4 Before the war.......................... 9 The student ........................... 12 How was art teaching affected by the war? 14 War generation and education............ 16 What was Lebanese art like before the war?18 Lebanese Fine A r t ..................... 20 How the war affected art and the artists themselves............................. 23 Six Lebanese artists and the war.........25 Rafic Charaf ..................... 26 Amin El Basha..................... 27 Hassan Juni....................... 29 Jamil Molaeb ..................... 31 Faysal Sultan..................... 32 Paul Gueragosian.................. 33 How were as my art and art teaching changed by the w a r ? .................... 35 II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE: WAR AS A THEME IN ART. 41 Man through his art, war, and peace . 41 Art as a weapon of life and struggle in h i s t o r y ............................... 43 War has many meanings.................. 44 Art as a political meaning in the ancient Near E a s t ............................. 44 Lebanon's mountains and Assyrian war. 45 The representation of war scenes in Egypt.45 Indian art and war in Shiva Tripurantaka. 46 CHAPTER PAGE Art about war and fear in the ninth ce n t u r y .............................. 46 In Japan.............................. 47 Art about civil war in Cambodia in the twelfth centuzry....................... 47 The battle of Issus ................... 48 Greece (480-490 A.D.) ................ 49 Saint George in 494 A . D ................ 49 The fights between Catholic and Protestant............................ 50 Sorrow and death, and the Christ in the works of Durer......................... 51 Christianity, violence, and religions . 52 Jacques Callot (1592-1635)............. 54 Géricault (1791-1824) ................ 55 Delacroix (1798-1863) ................ 55 D a u m i e r .............................. 57 Rouault (1871-1928) .................. 59 Rodin (1871-1917)..................... 60 Art and struggle in Germany and the lowlandsbefore the renaissence.......... 61 Bosch (1450-1516).................... 61 Durer (1471-1528).................... 62 Hans Holbein (1497-1543).............. 63 Peter Bruegel (1525-1569) ............. 63 Germany after w a r ..................... 66 Kathe Kollwitz (1867-1945)............. 67 A woman between two wars and deat .... 68 Paul Klee and the w a r ..................69 Art and war in Spain, Goya (1746-1818). 70 The Third of May, Spain (1814).......... 71 Goya, m o d e m time, and the monster. 73 Picasso, Guernica (1937).............. 73 A social event and a t o w n .............. 74 Spain (1937)......................... 75 American artists and war................ 75 The United States political art since 1870................................. 77 Blood runs through history.............. 78 Russian art and revolution.............. 80 The Mexican muralists................. 82 Diego Rivera (1886-1957).............. 82 Orzco (1883-1949).................... 84 Siqueiros (1896-1974) ................ 84 Arab artists and revolution after World War II................................ 85 Art and war and the Middle East problem . 86 The effect of the war on some Lebanese VI CHAPTER PAGE artists' works......................... 87 Lebanese artists and the war............ 89 Paul Gueragosian....................... 89 Etel Adnan............................. 90 Helen Khal............................. 91 Aref Rayes............................. 93 Seta M a n o k i a n ......................... 95 Halim Jurdak........................... 96 Amine El Basha......................... 97 III. 100 "Beauty is Truth, Truth is Beauty" (John Keats, 1795-1821) ............... 101 Truth in the press.....................101 War and truth ........................ 103 Art critic, time, memory, and reality . .104 The effect of the storyteller in the Arabian Nights........................ 107 Pictures in a cave.....................108 History and w o r d s .....................109 Artist and human condition............. Ill Anthropology and personal research. .113 Anthropology and art. ........... 118 Life history and literature ...... .119 Self-identity........................ 120 Conflicts............................ 120 Decision.............................. 121 Reality and a r t ...................... 121 Art expresses pain.....................123 Art against w a r ...................... 123 IV. 127 The E a g l e ............................ 140 The Background of the City.............. 141 The Lantern of the C i t y ............... 141 The Fish.............................. 141 The Emigration........................ 141 The Battle............................ 142 Adloun................................ 142 After the Bombardment................. 142 The Coffee Shop ...................... 143 The Ghetto............................ 143 Street Market ........................ 143 The Modem Babvlon.....................144 The effect of war on my ar t ..........
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