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Download Article Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (ASSEHR), volume 312 International Conference "Topical Problems of Philology and Didactics: Interdisciplinary Approach in Humanities and Social Sciences" (TPHD 2018) Oriental Fairy Tale and its Influence on European Literature: Intertextuality of Texts and Translations Sabohat Allamurodova Bakhtiyor Rakhmanov Department of Russian Philology Department of World Literature Tajik National University Russian-Tajik Slavonic University Dushanbe, Republic of Tajikistan Dushanbe, Republic of Tajikistan [email protected] AbstractFrom times immemorial, the East provided Fairy tale is a significant component of the human spiritual Europe with incense and spices, as well as with its legends culture. It tries to talk to a modern person allegorically, using and beliefs, symbols and fairy tales. These tales diverse symbols and metaphors to convene the history of familiarized Europeans with exotic and previously establishment of the whole human race; it manifests unknown world of peri and jinns, merchants of opulent archetypes and exposes the structures of the unconscious. Eastern bazaars, maddening beauties and young men Deep layers of the human psyche may not be manifested in the robes of rational judgments. Tale, myth, parable, legend – they performing acts of bravery. Europeans were fascinating all are additional information channels that follow the way of with the stories that combined invention and fantasies with extrarational influence. reality, a kaleidoscope of alien morals and traditions, homilies and didacticism. Elements of the Oriental tales 2. Literature Review being retold and reinterpreted influenced the European Modern science widely uses interdisciplinary approach to culture. Multitudes of translations and imitations of the study concepts at the boundaries of various fields and having a Oriental tales appeared in the European literature. This common research foundation. It allows expanding the field of paper considers intertextuality of the Oriental fairy tale, knowledge and perceptions covering the subject of research, expands the scope and content of the concept used in the as well as providing it with a more complete characterization. practical studies of literary phenomena; justifications are In this context, one of the central object of linguistics is text, a given for significance of intertextual links in the process of foundation of multitudes of research works in various reinterpretation and renewal of the Oriental prose texts, linguistic disciplines. For example, text is the common object giving rise to new artistic meanings. The text of the fairy of analysis when studying such different phenomena as tales and their translations are seen as an intertext translation and intertext. Classical understanding of intertext determined by a possibility of representing translation has been introduced by R. Barthes, according to whom “every units as intertextual units. text is an intertext; other texts manifesting in it at various levels in more or less recognizable forms...” [2]. The Keywordsoriental prose, western translations; influence onto phenomenon of intertexturality was described by Julia European literature; intertextuality; pretext Kristeva; according to it, “any text is built as a mosaic of I. INTRODUCTION citations, any text is absorption and transformation of some other text” [3]. 1. Introduction to the Problem Oriental fairy tale has been attracting attention of In the modern Russian linguistics, tradition of studying the researchers for long time. The tales contain vivid and succinct translated text as an intertext traces its origins to works of P. images, whose analysis allows for better understanding of Torop, G.V. Denisova, N.A. Kuzmina and some other attitude that people have to reality, popular world view, researchers. For example, P. Torop notices: “The text is features of psyche. V.P. Anikin notes that “fantastic of tales conceived in one intertextual space... The text is experiences had a real foundation, its concrete forms were formed closely in another, different intertextual space and it appears in a field intertwined with life. Having risen once, the fairytale of more or less random links to other texts, thus obtaining new invention underwent certain development due to the whole set meanings and often losing some initial ones. Translation may of existing popular traditional perceptions and concepts, become an alignment of these intertextual spaces and a undergoing multiple transformations”. transition to the third space. That is why various researchers notice a feature of translation as an especially intensive form The fairy tales are filled with worldly wisdom, they teach love and beauty: the good prevails and the evil is always of intertextual linking” [4]. punished. These elements of the Oriental tales influenced the G.V. Denisova, who is of opinion that the intertextual is a European culture: “Literature have become reach from the part of the human culture as a whole, defines translation as a Eastern tales, so quaint, so ingenious!” [1]. Copyright © 2019, the Authors. Published by Atlantis Press. 375 This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (ASSEHR), volume 312 continuous indicator of intertextual relations, acting both Thus, intertextuality is a certain prism where the cultural inside a culture and during an inter-cultural contact [5;6]. memory is reflected and the common semantic field of texts that forms a number of verbal, image and event-based Let us note, that the intertext theory was considered also in associations is transformed [12]. the poetics studies context, where it may be studied in the following aspects: “1) direct borrowing, quoting, inclusion of Panchatantra is an example of framed story, consisting of another author's utterances into a poetic text; 2) borrowing of separate stories. An opinion or utterance is given (with a hint an image, a certain allusion to the image organization of to an event), a question is posed and the event is narrated; the another work; 3) borrowing of an idea, world view, the way next opinion, question and narration follow, etc. Often a and principle of reflecting the world. This is the borrowing narration includes other stories, of the second or even third which is hardest to determine, as it assumes complete copying degree. D. Iskandarova and S. Allamurodova [13] have of an alien aesthetics without using another author's ideas in described the structure of the framed story or frame story in one's own creations” [7]. fairy tales in detail. Of notice also is the translational aspect having a certain In the prologue, a story of appearance of the Panchatantra relation to interaction of different national cultures. Back in is given: a certain king Amarashakti turns to Vishnu Sharma, a the days, L.N. Gumilyov invented an interesting image of a Brahman, with a request to teach his sons. The Brahman had large historical microscope allowing a certain degree of fulfilled the request and wrote Panchatantra: «Having read his observation of events [8], including, of course, analysis of wise and at the same time fascinating work, the princes intercultural links. obtained both worldly experience and intelligence». All the five books (or tantras) in Panchatantra or Five Books of II. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Worldly Wisdom correspond to the didactic goal: On Causing 1. Oriental fairy tale: Review of literature studies Dissension among Allies (introduction and 22 stories), On Securing Allies (introduction and 6 stories), On War and The Oriental fairy tale: has been traditionally known to Peace: the Story of the crows and the owls (introduction and Europeans in the form of a collection or a book (among the 13 stories), On Losing What You have Gained (introduction known collections arePanchatantra, Kalilah and Dimnah, and 17 stories), On Hasty Actions (introduction and 14 stories) The book of Parrot, The Arabian Nights). [14, pp. 10, 467-478]. Panchatantra, a collection of parables and fables, being a The didactic function of these stories does not prevent their Sanskrit literary landmark related to folklore, appears in the entertaining nature; there are stories of different nature Indian region in III – IV centuries CE. The full initial text is collected together with the help of the framing story. This no longer extant: «We have several editions, the most well- entertaining and sententious content attracted public attention, known of them are anonymous Tantrakhyayika (The book of and today there are translation into 60 languages. Exempla, about X century CE), and Panchakhyayika (The Book of Five Stories, XI century), as well as Panchatantra During the VI century, a Middle Persian translation composed by Jainist monk Purnabhadra in 1198-1199» [9, appeared under the title of Kalilah and Dimnah. While in pp39,40]. While creating Panchatantra, its unknown authors Panchatantra the prosaic narration is fortified with poems, were supported by previous literature and works in legislation Kalilah and Dimnah is a series of prosaic stories. The title of and science: «They used versified legislative collections Kalilah and Dimnah is related to a mispronunciation of names Manusmriti (II century BCE.- II century CE), of the two characters of Panchatantra, Karataka and Kamandakiyanitisara (V century), Yajnavalkya (V –VI Damanaka, first in Middle Persian and later in Arabic. centuries), works
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