THE ARABIAN NIGHTS in ENGLISH LITERATURE the Arabian Nights in English Literature
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THE ARABIAN NIGHTS IN ENGLISH LITERATURE The Arabian Nights in English Literature Studies in the Reception of The Thousand and One Nights into British Culture Edited by Peter L. Caracciolo Lecturer in English Royal Holloway and Bedford New College University of London M MACMILLAN PRESS ©Peter L. Caracciolo 1988 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1988 978-0-333-36693-6 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1956 (as amended), or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 33-4 Alfred Place, London WClE 7DP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. First published 1988 Published by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world Typeset by Wessex Typesetters (Division of The Eastem Press Ltd) Frome, Somerset British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data The Arabian Nights in English literature: Studies in the reception of The Thousand and One Nights into British culture. 1. English literature-History and criticism I. Caracciolo, Peter L. 820.9 PR83 ISBN 978-1-349-19622-7 ISBN 978-1-349-19620-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-19620-3 In memoriam Allan Grant Contents List of Illustrations ix Preface and Acknowledgements xiii Notes on the Contributors xxvi A Note on Orthography xxviii To Scheherazade GREVEL LINDOP xxix 1 Introduction: 'Such a store house of ingenious fiction and of splendid imagery' 1 PETER L. CARACCIOLO 2 Scheherazade in the Nursery 81 BRIAN ALDERSON 3 English Travellers and the Arabian Nights 95 FATMA MOUSSA-MAHMOUD 4 The Genie and the Albatross: Coleridge and the Arabian Nights 111 ALLAN GRANT; notes compiled by DEIRDRE TOOMEY 5 Dickens in Wonderland 130 MICHAEL SLATER 6 Wilkie Collins and the Ladies of Baghdad, or the Sleeper Awakened 143 PETER L. CARACCIOLO 7 Cayenne and Cream Tarts: W. M. Thackeray and R. L. Stevenson 178 LEONEE ORMOND 8 The Victorian Scheherazade: Elizabeth Gaskell and George Meredith 197 CORNELIA COOK vii viii Contents 9 The Genie out of the Bottle: Conrad, Wells and Joyce 218 ROBERT G. HAMPSON 10 'A Lesson for the Circumspect': W. B. Yeats's two versions of A Vision and the Arabian Nights 244 WARWICK GOULD 11 The King of the Black Islands and the Myth of the Waste Land 281 JOHN HEATH-STUBBS The False Caliph ROBERT G. HAMPSON 285 Appendix: W. F. Kirby's 'Comparative Table of the Tales in the Principal Editions of the Thousand and One Nights' from the Burton Edition. 289 Index 316 List of Illustrations Plates 1 'The Lady of the Glass Case', by R. Smirke for the Forster edition (William Miller, 1802) vol. I 2 (a) 'Sindbad ... on the Whale's back' from The History of Sindbad the Sailor (E. Newbery, 1784) (b) Sindbad on 'the Island of Serpents', from The Oriental Moralist (E. Newbery, c.1791) 3 'Shacabac, the Barber's Sixth Brother', sharing the imaginary meal with the Barmecide, by R. Smirke for The Adventures of Hunch-back (William Daniell, 1814) 4 'Transformations', by William Harvey for The Story of the Second Royal Mendicant' in Lane's translation (1839-41) I, 17~ 5 (the page reproduced here is from the single-volume edition, 1853) 5 (a) 'Zobeide prepares to whip the dogs', from The History of Three Calenders, Sons of Kings, and of Five Ladies of Bagdad' (b) 'The journey of Prince Firouz Schah and the Princess of Bengal', from 'The Story of the Enchanted Horse' Both these are by A. B. Houghton for Dalziel's Illustrated Nights (1863-5) 6 'The Transformation of King Beder', Houghton's 1874 water colour based on his illustration of the tale recounted in the Dalziel edition 7 'Zobeide discovers the young man reciting the Koran', by]. E. Millais, for The History of Zobeide' in the Dalziel edition ix X List of Illustrations 8 'Sidi Nouman transformed into a Dog', by John Tenniel for the Dalziel edition 9 'The King saves himself by clinging to a plank', by Gustave Don~ for 'The Story of the Third Calender' in the Cassell edition (187~5) 10 'New Crowns for Old Ones', by Tenniel for Punch, 15 April 1876 11 'The Slave of the Ring', by J. D. Batten for More Fairy Tales from the Arabian Nights (Dent, 1895) 12 'The Giant Enters', by H. J. Ford for Sindbad's Third Voyage in the Andrew Lang edition (Longman, 1898) 13 'Ali Baba', cover design for 'The Forty Thieves', by Aubrey Beardsley (1900) 14 'Ali Baba in the Wood', by Aubr~y Beardsley (1900) 15 'The Damsel upset the Pan', by Edmund Dulac for the continu ation of 'The Fisherman and the Genie' in Stories from the Arabian Nights, retold by Laurence Housman (Hodder and Stoughton, 1907) 16 'Princess Scheherazade, the heroine of the Thousand-and-one Nights, ranks among the great storytellers of the world', by Edmund Dulac for the Boots--Hodder and Stoughton edition (1932) In text 1 Emblematic colophon to each volume of every Burton edition p. xiii List of Illustrations xi 2 Image of old man prostrate with laughter, from the Newnes edition (1899) p. 81 3 'Supped once more on one of our companions', by Don~ for the Cassell edition p. 93 Preface and Acknowledgements Originally placed between the half-title and full-title pages of The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night, Richard Burton's celebrated late-nineteenth-century translation, the black-and-white device reproduced above at first glance seems to offer little to detain the reader. Following as it does the magnificently dramatic front cover (the binding of the 'Library Edition' is particularly impressive, its black cloth elaborately stamped in gold with a rich synthesis of Islamic ornament), the device initially may escape notice altogether. Xlll xiv Preface and Acknowledgements Yet when that apparently unimportant black-and-white pattern reappears in volume after volume, continuing to be used however much the design of the binding may vary from one edition to the next, then the device begins to claim our attention. It is not a chessboard, of course, and hardly a crossword puzzle; a labyrinth perhaps but if so an impossible one; yet less of a nightmare than a vision of some harmonious and meaningful cluster of shapes like the notation of a dance. Gradually one begins to suspect that a hint is being dropped, a hint as to the spirit of the Nights themselves, that protean and vitalising spirit as it was glimpsed by Burton's contemporary W. H. Henley: He that has the book of the Thousand Nights and a Night has Hashisch-made-words for life. Gallant, subtle, refined, intense, humorous, obscene, here is the Arab intelligence drunk with conception. It is a vast extravaganza of passion in action and picarooning farce and material splendour run mad. 1 Thus imaginatively stirred, realisation dawns on Burton's reader: the significant markings of this enigmatic device are another version of Arabic script (square Kufic) that spells out the Arabic for The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night. 'The purest angular [type] of Kufic was manipulated to form intricate geometric patterns ... on minarets and mosques and in maze-like' calligraphy. 2 Ornamental Kufic reached its peak during the later period of the Abbasid Caliphate, the same Abbasid dynasty which supplied the Nights with its great caliph, the charismatic Harun al-Rashid, around whose idealised figure was constructed one of the collection's most distinctive features: a lively pseudo-historical cycle of tales. The Abbasids also built away from Baghdad a magnificent, labyrinthine, fortified city-palace which seems to have helped inspire aspects of the City of Brass and the Copper Castle of the Nights. 3 For the later Abbasid centuries are much the period too when the collection itself began to take shape. It was between the tenth and twelfth centuries that within a Persian framework some Graeco-Indian elements of folklore coalesced with more realistic Baghdadian stories, and, from the eleventh century on, shrewd Egyptian tales (among them some of the most ancient in the collection) were added. The Nights, which by now had become an encyclopaedia of genres (its 'jynamic metabolism' incorporating a multitude of stories within stories), 4 'this book Preface and Acknowledgements XV without an author' settled little by little into its penultimate form in the fifteenth century, and awaited final improvement in its social status at the hands of Antoine Galland in early-eighteenth-century France, the first volumes of Les Mille et une nuits appearing in 1704. 5 Joseph Jacobs, the Victorian folklorist and rival editor of the Nights, summed up the growth of these tales as 'Queen Esther telling Persian tales after the manner of Buddha to Haroun Alrashid in Cairo during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.'6 Jacob's witty anachronisms, though, are surpassed by the ingenuity displayed in the black-and-white ornamental Arabic title commis sioned by Burton. The aptness of the square Kufic script chosen is further enhanced by a characteristically Arabic series of puns. Embedded in the Arabic lettering is an intricate play on the English words 'square' and 'key'. For 'counterchange' and chequerboard effects of the kind which is approximated here are commonly known as 'key-patterns'. 7 An intriguing example of bilingual paronomasia, this emblem fuses word and image, letters and geometry with the virtuosity of an ideogram.