The Raw Face of Conservation by Communities in East Africa

Proceedings of a workshop held at the Aberdare Country Club, Nyeri, Kenya 22-25 June 1998

A workshop organised by the African Conservation Centre Sponsored by the Department for International Development and the Ford Foundation

AFRICAN CONSERVATION CENTRE FIRST FLOOR, EMBASSY HOUSE, HARAMBEE AVENUE P.O. BOX 62844 NAIROBI, KENYA TEL #: +(254-2) 335-004/224-569 FAX #: +(254-2) 215-969 E-MAIL [email protected]

Exploring Conservation by Communities in East Africa

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Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS...... 3

PLENARY 1 - INTRODUC TION...... 5

EXPLORING HABITATS BY COUNTRY - KENYA REPORT...... 7 MARINE HABITAT...... 7 FOREST HABITAT...... 7 WETLANDS HABITAT...... 8 SAVANNAH HABITAT...... 8 EXPLORING HABITATS BY COUNTRY - TANZANIA REPORT...... 11 WHAT HAS BEEN DONE...... 11 WHAT HAS BEEN ACHIEVED ...... 11 PROBLEMS...... 11 LESSONS LEARNT...... 11 WAYS FORWARD...... 11 RECOMMENDATIONS...... 11 EXPLORING HABITATS BY COUNTRY - UGANDA REPORT...... 13 WHAT HAS BEEN DONE...... 13 PROBLEMS...... 13 LESSONS LEARNT...... 13 WAYS FORWARD...... 13 PLENARY 2 - ISSUES COMMON TO THE THREE COUNTRIES ACROSS THE HABITATS...... 14

FOREST HABITAT - GROUP WORK 2...... 16 RESOURCES AND USES ...... 16 HOW ARE THE RESOURCES AVAILABLE ...... 16 PROBLEMS...... 17 WHAT HAS BEEN DONE...... 17 RECOMMENDATIONS...... 17 MARINE HABITAT - GROUP WORK 2...... 18 RESOURCES AND USES ...... 18 PROBLEMS...... 18 WHAT HAS BEEN DONE...... 18 WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE AND BY WHOM ...... 18 SAVANNAH HABITAT - GROUP WORK 2 ...... 19 RESOURCES AND USES ...... 19 WHAT HAS BEEN DONE...... 20 WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE AND BY WHOM ...... 20 WETLANDS HABITAT - GROUP WORK 2 ...... 21 BACKGROUND ...... 21 RESOURCES AND USES ...... 21 THREATS TO WETLANDS ...... 21 PROBLEMS...... 22 WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE AND BY WHOM ...... 22 DISCUSSION BY INSTITUTIONS - GROUP WORK 3 ...... 23

COMMUNITY BASED ORGANIZATIONS (CBOS)...... 23

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PROBLEMS...... 23 WHAT HAS BEEN DONE...... 23 WHAT IS TO BE DONE AND BY WHOM ...... 24 NON-GOVERNMENT ORGANISATIONS - GROUP WORK 3 ...... 26 PROBLEMS...... 26 WHAT ARE WE DOING ABOUT IT ...... 26 WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE AND BY WHOM ...... 26 WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE...... 26 GOVERNMENT BACKGROUND - GROUP WORK 3 ...... 27 PROBLEMS...... 27 WHAT HAS BEEN DONE...... 27 WHAT SHOULD BE DONE AND BY WHOM ...... 27 FOREST PROBLEM TREE ...... 28

MARINE PROBLEM TREE...... 1

WETLANDS PROBLEM TREE...... 30

SAVANNAH PROBLEM TREE...... 31

CROSS CUTTING ISSUES ...... 32

PLENARY 3 - SOLUTIONS TO ISSUES BY COUNTRY...... 33 SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS IN KENYA ...... 33 SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS IN TANZANIA...... 33 SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS IN UGANDA ...... 35 CLOSING STATEMENT BY DR NICK MENZIES - FORD FOUNDATION ...... 37

APPENDIX 1 - LIST OF COMMUNITY CONSERVATION PROJECTS IN EAST AFRICA...... 38

KENYA...... 38 TANZANIA...... 39 UGANDA ...... 41 APPENDIX 2 - LIST OF WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS...... 42

KENYA...... 42 TANZANIA...... 43 UGANDA ...... 44

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PLENARY 1 - INTRODUCTION Mr. Kamugisha-Ruhombe Jones, a facilitator and a forester, opened the session of the meeting and welcomed the participants. He then welcomed Helen Gichohi to give the introduction.

Dr. Helen Gichohi welcomed the participants into the country and to Aberdare Country Club. She thanked them for having travelled from various parts of East Africa to attend the workshop.

Some years ago, a workshop held in Washington, USA gathered participants from Australia, Africa, South America and Asia where they deliberated on issues affecting community conservation. Some of the issues discussed included forms of participation, the nature of communities, governance, legislation, economics and policy. From this meeting it was evident that there were issues of common concern globally and those that were specific to continents based on culture, the people and the resources in question. African Conservation Centre as a result decided to have an Africa-wide workshop that would bring together people in community conservation. However, the diversity of resources represented, languages and cultures made it logistically difficult to do this. So the idea was scaled down to cover East Africa where English and Swahili are the main languages.

Other consultations have since been held. These included the African Policy Consultation in Sunningdale, UK and on Sustainable Use meeting held in Zimbabwe last year. These have provided an opportunity for discussion on community conservation between Government and various conservation agencies including Non governmental organisations (NGOs), Community Based Organisations (CBOs) and even donors. Although these meetings have centred on communities and conservation of their resources, rarely has there been the opportunity to hear from the communities who live with and depend on these resources. This workshop was therefore designed to do just that; provide an opportunity to hear about the experiences of communities engaged in conservation, the challenges and opportunities, and their priorities for the future. It is also an opportunity to discuss how to improve the management of their resources in marine, forest, savannah and the wetland habitats.

The workshop was therefore designed to listen to challenges communities face in their attempts to conserve resources but also how they can use them to improve their livelihoods. Three workshops have been designed to take place between 1998 and 2000. The next two workshops will be based on what will be discussed in this workshop therefore the input of the participants is very important. If there are any issues that will not have been discussed in this first workshop, the participants should feel free to write to the African Conservation Centre through the agencies they work for. There should be free exchange of information that can be circulated so that everybody can know what is going on, and successes and experiences can be shared.

Dr. Gichohi concluded by wishing everyone an enjoyable time and to please talk, talk, talk and they would listen.

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Mr. Kamugisha then proceeded by stating the following:-

· In the past the Government that had the technologichal skills, technical aspects in biology and ecology as well as the legal strength carried out conservation.

· 10 years ago the Government realised that it was becoming increasingly difficult and expensive to protect its resources. Through many workshops and meetings it was realised that the Government was protecting its resources - but for whom? There was a mis sing link: the community.

· People kept killing wildlife for food, cutting trees and preying on the forests. Despite the protection, wildlife would go to the farms eating crops etc. This formed the emphasis on the new approach of involving the community in conservation. The Government became the bridge between the community and the animals.

· The Government sent officers to the field to meet the community in the grassroots who gave suggestions that were presented as reports that were deliberated on. It was then decided that we must listen to the main players - not to come as leaders but to seek information by getting the real experiences on conservation and educating the community that the resources are important for their children and the children’s children.

· The aim of this meeting is to bring together ordinary people who are involved and affected by the issues of conservation. The participants will exchange experiences, identify problems and consolidate experiences, successes and failures.

· Mr Kamugisha explained the process of consulting the communities. Point people in the different countries visited communities and prepared reports on the conservation projects.

Mr. Kamugisha arranged the participants in 3 groups according to countries. In each group there would be a facilitator, repertoire and a chairman that the groups would elect themselves. The chairman would conduct the order of the meeting while the point people would read to the group the country reports. In case of any additions or corrections, the group will inform the point person and they will get together the final report.

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EXPLORING HABITATS BY COUNTRY - KENYA REPORT

MARINE HABITAT Coastal programmes include: · Boat Owners · Fishermen · Kaya Forest Group

Problems/ Issues · Within the habitat, communities feel that the Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) is enforcing rules. The community is suspicious about KWS operations and does not trust them. KWS is said not to be consulting communities. · Competition: Local communities feel that KWS has licensed outsiders to carry out business thus increasing competition for the locals. Income levels have declined due to the above and no alternatives have been developed. · Marketing: There is need to support the marketing activities within local communities. · Benefits: Despite efforts to conserve the marine habitats, KWS has not directed much of the benefits to the community. The authorities should realise that their livelihoods depend on this habitat. · Boundaries: Boundaries of protected areas are unclear.

Authority and Responsibility · Some departments, like the Fisheries have shortcomings affecting their operations. · There is conflict of policies between the government departments (KWS and Fisheries) with regard to conservation and the use of fish or water resources. · There is a question on who the local community are. Are they the Boat owners? Are they the Fishermen? Who should be assisted? Who should reap the benefits?

Stakeholders’ Interests · There are conflicting interests amongst the various stakeholders such as conflic ts between the boat owners and the hotel operators.

Resources · Are not common in same area · Are few · Are not fully exploited

Political Will · Politicians are sometimes not willing to support conservation in the area · Environmental education is necessary especially on resource utilisation. The concept of conservation is not clear. How much of the resource is to be utilised?

FOREST HABITAT Problems/ Issues 1. Forest resources are taking too much land meant for agriculture. 2. The incidence of human-wildlife conflict is high. 3. Expectations and promises made by KWS that certain things will be done for the community are not fulfilled. 4. Marketing - Lack of markets for forest resources such as honey. 5. Ownership of the Forest - Communities living around the forest (Kaya) do not necessarily own the resources while the Councils own other forests. There is conflict over use and ownership of forest. 6. Social Changes:

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· Use of forests traditionally was highly regarded and was an indirect way of protecting forests. · Alternative Sources - If communities are restricted or limited in use of forests then alternatives should be developed. 7. The Land and Monument Act needs to be looked into. 8. Planning - There is conflict between management authorities. 9. Forest Re-Planting - should any trees in the forest be cut, they should be replaced with indigenous species and not exotic ones. 10. Before encroaching on virgin forests, the community should be consulted. 11. Community Education and Extension Services on use of the forest are necessary. 12. There is need for unified management of the forest by community stakeholders.

WETLANDS HABITAT Problems/ Issues 1. Human activities are threatening wetland habitats e.g. use of chemicals. 2. Alternative sources of livelihood need to be developed. · Access to wetland resources should not be very restricted. · Boundaries for wetlands should be well defined and agreed on by stakeholders, to avoid conflict over ownership and usage. 3. Awareness on the concept of wetlands and their values. This needs to be explained to the local communities. 4. Integrated wetland management (All stakeholders to be involved).

SAVANNAH HABITAT Problems/ Issues 1. Limited access to Parks · Communities feel that they should be allowed to use certain resources within the park that do not damage the park like use of soil and minerals. 2. Competition · They were compensated for resettlement · Limited access to land · Compensation for wildlife destruction of livestock and crops is either not done or is delayed. · KWS reacts faster when wildlife is attacked than when wildlife attacks human beings. 3. Revenue Sharing · In some cases there is no sharing of revenue with communities. · In other cases, it is poorly done. 4. Wildlife Utilisation · The issue is not clear. In areas where utilisation is allowed, the use is not clear on the use of meat. Skins are thrown away or sold/exported cheaply. 5. Land Tenure · Tenure affects the operations of community groups with regard to integrated use of the land. 6. Insecurity · This is not just caused by poachers but is a problem everywhere. · Insecurity causes fear and this disrupts development. · Those close to parks are affected more since some bandits operate from within the parks. 7. Transiting the Parks: · Communities should be allowed to view wildlife and use the parks as access points. 8. Capacity · Communities feel that their capacities need to be built in the use of wildlife resources and their management. · They do not have the capacity to build tracks (roads) and infrastructure.

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9. Education · Savannah communities have not been accessed with school education therefore its people are limited in skills necessary to enable them exploit the resources. 10. Impact · Despite the efforts made to educate communities on use of wildlife resources very few impacts are seen on the ground 11. Communities lack trust in conservation because of the approaches used by the authorities (agencies). 12. Politics: · Self-seeking politicians hamper efforts made by the communities to benefit from resources. 13. Non-KWS Revenue · Revenue from tourism (tour operators) should be shared with the community · Who is the link between the community and (a) KWS - (Parks) (b) Forests, (c) Government?

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EXPLORING HABITATS BY COUNTRY - TANZANIA REPORT

WHAT HAS BEEN DONE a) Involvement of communities in natural resource conservation and management by using different approaches. b) Involvement/establishment of local committees and local authorities in natural resource conservation programmes. c) Establishment of enabling environment e.g. by-laws or regulations, to safeguard community interests. d) Changing of government policies to give mandate to communities involved in natural resources management.

WHAT HAS BEEN ACHIEVED a) Increased community awareness towards natural resource conservation issues. b) Increased benefit sharing in natural resources. c) Training has changed behaviour and attitude of communities towards natural resources management. d) Promotion of trust/transparency between government and communities. e) Improvement of infrastructure. f) Creation of employment and promotion of gender aspects. g) Incorporation of communities in the decision making process.

PROBLEMS a) Amendment of the existing legislation. b) Government and donors/funding agent should refrain from top-down approaches, involve communities fully in decision-making and promote maximum transparency. c) Lack of clearly defined policies, e.g. land tenure, water rights that safeguard community involvement in natural resources management.

LESSONS LEARNT a) The involvement of local communities in natural resource conservation is a key to sustainable management of natural resources. b) Funding agencies should come up with packages that meet the needs of local communities. c) The government should make deliberate efforts in educating the communities of her policies pertaining to natural resource issues. d) The establishment of a Memorandum of Understanding is most important for communities and stakeholders.

WAYS FORWARD a) A bottom-up approach should be adopted. b) The government should empower and facilitate local communities to successfully carry out patrol activities. c) The government should give mandate to local communities to retain substantial amount of revenue generated from natural resources. d) Compensation for problem animal control. e) Provision of training to all major stakeholders should be promoted. f) Study visits/tours should be encouraged. g) Creation of a body that will play co-ordination and collaboration roles within the E.African region.

RECOMMENDATIONS a) Networking b) Exchange of information through the Internet, workshops, training and conferences. c) Research to explore findings. d) Establishing a data bank on community involvement in the East African region

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EXPLORING HABITATS BY COUNTRY - UGANDA REPORT

WHAT HAS BEEN DONE a) Dialogue between the local community and Protected Area (PA) Managers has been initiated. b) Limited access to Protected Areas' resources is allowed. c) Revenue sharing has been implemented in some Protected Areas. d) Alternative income generating activities have been supported by some NGOs. e) Environment education is going on in most communities adjacent to Protected Areas. f) Illegal activities have been reduced e.g. (i) Hunting (ii) Pit Sawing (iii) Agriculture encroachment. g) Local communities have adopted better agricultural methods because of extension services offered by different NGOs and Government agencies.

PROBLEMS a) Some Protected Areas are not committed to dialogue with communities. b) Lack of commitment in solving the issues of problem animals, leading to loss of life and crops. c) Lack of involvement of local communities in formulation of laws and regulations governing Protected Areas. d) Lack of community awareness on the laws and regulations governing the Protected Areas. e) Lack of remuneration and facilitation for participation of community members in natural resource management. f) Political interference by local politicians g) Negative law enforcement practices e.g. ranger/forest guard harassment of local communities. h) The unwillingness of conservation agencies to fully involve community representatives in decision making. i) Tenure in security, especially for wetlands and fresh water resources. j) Unclear boundaries of wetlands leading to conflicting ownership claims. k) Industrial pollution especially in wetlands. l) Lack of alternative sources of livelihood leading to dependency on Protected Area resources. m) Lack of compensation for loss of lives and property to wildlife.

LESSONS LEARNT a) Dialogue has created positive attitudes towards some Protected Areas. b) Some communities are actively involved in conservation activities. c) It has been demonstrated that local communities can benefit from existence of Protected Areas in their localities. d) Genuine participation by local communities in conservation is a slow and gradual process.

WAYS FORWARD a) Local communities should participate in the formulation of laws and regulations. b) Laws should be translated into local languages to improve awareness among local communities. c) Alternative economic activities should be supported among communities neighbouring Protected Areas. d) Vermin guards should be recruited from the communities neighbouring the Protected Areas to continually guard people’s property and lives. e) Compensation should be effected for serious cases and loss of lives. f) Establishment of demonstration centres for awareness creation. g) Motivation and facilitation for participation in natural resource management. h) Peoples’ needs should balance with conservation needs e.g. through increased access to resources.

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PLENARY 2 - ISSUES COMMON TO THE THREE COUNTRIES ACROSS THE HABITATS

1) There is restricted access to resources within Protected Areas and yet some of these form part of local community livelihoods. 2) Loss of life and property on account of wild animals is common and commensurate compensation is never given. In Uganda and Kenya the law has a provision for compensation in case of loss of life but it is never given or when it is, it is delayed. In Kenya the compensation is Kshs 30,000/-. In Tanzania the law does not provide for this but sometimes after a delayed period they can pay. 3) Death of a wild animal from whatever cause does attract instant attention from those in the government but death of a human being caused by a wild animal does not attract attention. In all the countries, it comes across that the responsibility of animals is directly under the Wildlife authorities and the guards' sole responsibility is the animals. So when an animal is hurt or dies, they will do all they can to save it, whereas a human being is under the police force and local administration whose jurisdiction does not cover the Protected Areas. The police and administration cannot interfere without the guards' permission. 4) Government agencies and NGOs give excessive and unrealistic promises to local communities on conservation and most are never fulfilled. 5) Politically motivated interference, often to serve narrow self-interest, is common and a hindrance to sustainable conservation. 6) Revenue and other benefit sharing schemes are approached and implemented by Government agencies in a half-hearted manner and there is lack of transparency. 7) Local communities concede that Government agencies have a role in conservation that is irreplaceable and for which local communities have limited capacity to play but that role needs re-definition. 8) Lack of formal education among most local communities is a big weakness as partnership and co- operation with Government agencies cannot be forged on common understanding or equitable terms. A lot can be blamed on wildlife management because children from families neighbouring Protected Areas have to stay and protect crops from wild animals and miss school in so doing. 9) There is still a problem of defining who the “community/stakeholders” are and who can best represent the community. 10) Due to the history of their establishment, Protected Areas and conservation are still viewed by many local people with apathy and fear. 11) Laws governing Protected Areas are rigid and still ruthlessly applied and are largely protectionist. 12) Although some Government agencies and NGOs are keen on encouraging and promoting income generating activities, the relevant issues of marketing and competition have not been given their due attention. 13) Community conservation projects have raised local community expectations on tangible benefits. 14) Authority and responsibility for conservation and management of wildlife resources is scattered among several Government agencies. 15) Some concepts like “conservation” and “wetland” are not yet well defined and are not understood by local communities and Government agencies. 16) It is still difficult to reconcile and satisfy the very diverse interests of all stakeholders. 17) Growing human population is causing severe land scarcity and hence threatening the very existence of Protected Areas. 18) Local communities are not involved in the formulation of policies and laws and are functionally ignorant of the policies and laws. 19) Land tenure and use is an important issue for these predominantly peasant subsistence domestic economies and Government agencies are not adequately addressing these issues. 20) The current ethics of conservation seem to mainstream wildlife and marginalise human beings and the many community conservation projects notwithstanding, impact on the conservation traditions is still minimal. 21) Dialogue between Government agencies and local communities has started, and attitudes are changing

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for the better. 22) Conservation education initiatives have been made and are continuing. 23) Community workers are expected to volunteer their services all the time while Government officers are paid for their time. 24) Laws are written in English and in very complicated language that is difficult for the local people to follow. 25) Boundaries for most Protected Areas are unclear. 26) Community-led initiatives are not readily supported by Government agencies. 27) Sometimes projects are started in wrong places by some Government agencies and non-government organisation. 28) Inconsistent policie s between various sectors of Government that are often in conflict. These derail community development and create confusion on where policies lie. 29) Control of problem animals is inadequate and their spread of disease to domestic animals is also not adequately addressed.

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FOREST HABITAT - GROUP WORK 2 RESOURCES AND USES Resource Use Timber Building, furniture, bridges, fuel wood, Fuel Wood Domestic use- cooking, warming, scaring vermin Honey and Wax Food, medicine, brewing, income, lubricant (wax) Water Domestic use, irrigation, watering animals Fruits Food, medicine Building Poles Construction, fencing Sand Building Murram Construction of roads Game Products Food (meat), trophies, skins, decorations Stones Building houses and roads, sharpening, grinding ornaments, decoration Birds Medicine, food Caves Shelter for animals and humans, ritual sites Mineral Water Salt licks, medicine, spiritual sites Minerals Tools, income, ornaments Tree Seeds For planting, medicine Craft Material Baskets, decorations, construction of storage containers (granaries) Grass Thatch, mulching, fodder, sleeping mats Fodder Trees Animal feed Herbs Medicine (for humans and animals) Copher/Mirungi Stimulant Stakes For supporting matoke (bananas) and beans Bamboo stems Craft, fencing, ornaments, musical instruments, granaries, beehives and income Bamboo Shoots Vegetable and income Mushrooms Food Vegetables Food

HOW ARE THE RESOURCES AVAILABLE 1. Communities do not have access to these resources unless they enter into agreements with management authorities e.g. collaborative management arrangements (not yet possible in Kenya). 2. Resources which some communities have access to are: · Firewood · Grass · Herbs · Grazing · Water · Bamboo · Honey 3. Resources to which use by communities is restricted: · Firewood · Medicine · Poles · Grazing · Water · Timber · Stones · Sand · Murram · Fodder · Cultural sites

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PROBLEMS a) Rigid rules and regulations governing these forests (restrictions) b) Arrests and harassment by rangers and guards c) Distance involved in collection of some resources are too long d) Crop damage by wildlife from forests to neighbouring farms e) Lack of proper methods of harvesting leading to unsustainable harvesting f) Over-utilisation of some resources leading to scarcity g) Over-population of wildlife in some forests leading to massive destruction of lives and property h) Continued exploitation of forest products especially timber by foreigners while local people are not facilitated with harvesting licenses.

WHAT HAS BEEN DONE a) Initiation of collaborative management agreements e.g. Forest Management, Committees of Mutushet Parish in Kabchorwa District in Uganda. b) Formation of Environmental Management Committees and vigilantes. c) Dialogue between stakeholders, managers and communities. d) Communities have started establishing tree nurseries and woodlots on their own, in areas outside Protected Areas.

Crop damage a) Use of solar electric fences b) Erection of a buffer Wall (Stone wall) e.g. as practised in Mgahinga National Park, Uganda c) Game meat d) Use of Scare-crows e) Use of the Mauritius thorn e.g. as practised in Kibale National Park, Uganda. f) Tying bells round the trapped animal g) Application of repellents h) Lighting lanterns/logs

Harvesting a) Some communities have adopted improved methods e.g. beekeeping

Scarcity (due to over-utilisation) a) Set aside arboretum in plantations b) Propagation methods by communities, groups and individual farmers c) Indigenous trees (seedlings) collected are propagated outside national parks.

Over Population a) Beyond community capacity to solve

RECOMMENDATIONS a) Reformulation by the government agencies of the rules and regulations involving the community, other stakeholders and Government b) Training at village, parish, etc levels to increase awareness. c) Culling to be done to control wildlife numbers and communities to benefit from the wild game meat during culling d) Water networks should be supplied to communities e.g. through gravitation or other methods e) Initiate projects/activities supported by Government, NGOs e.g. nurseries, bee-keeping, zero-grazing, agro-forestry. f) Revenue sharing from forest plantations should be undertaken by government agencies.

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MARINE HABITAT - GROUP WORK 2 RESOURCES AND USES

Resource Use Fish Food, Source of Income, Cultural Values (taboo) Seaweed Food, Source of Income (cash crop), Medicine Coral Reef Building Materials, Decoration Shells Ornaments, Source of Income Mangroves Building Materials, Source of Income, Fuelwood, Site for Oysters and Medicine, Fencing Materials Stones For Human Use (cleaning of feet), Source of Income Birds Food, Feathers for Pillows, Medicine Sand Beaches Landing Sites Coconuts Food/ Beverage, Construction Material (timber, ropes, thatch, carpets, brooms), Crafts, Liquor Sea Water Communication Medium, medicine, Recreation Environment Salt Mineral Supplement, Curing of Fish, Preservative, Source of Income

PROBLEMS a) Lack of economic capacity to purchase fishing gear for deep-sea fishing b) Local communities are not allowed into Marine Parks c) Low pricing for seaweed products d) Absence of a conducive environment for free market e) In-equitable revenue sharing between the government and the local communities f) Illegal fishing e.g. dynamite fishing, using small-gill nets, poisoning g) Coral burning for lime

WHAT HAS BEEN DONE a) Establishment of alternative income generating activities (oyster farming, seaweed farming) b) Negotiating with the government (Kenya) c) Price negotiation going on d) Cost-sharing arrangement under negotiation e) Public awareness through radio, poster, television, T-shirts, workshops f) Community-formulated by-laws addressing illegal use of coastal resources

WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE AND BY WHOM a) Create income-generating activities to increase the local community’s capacity - by community b) Need to review existing marine legislation in Protected Areas - by Government/ community c) Market liberalisation to create a conducive environment for free market and improve prices for seaweed products - by Government/ community/ investors d) Market liberalisation - by Government and community e) Establish a fair revenue sharing mechanism between the Government and community - by Government and community f) Continue public awareness, strengthen existing by-laws and patrols to combat illegal fishing - by Government and community g) Continue public awareness to community and strengthen existing by-laws to control coral burning for lime - by Government and community

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SAVANNAH HABITAT - GROUP WORK 2 RESOURCES AND USES

Resource Uses Minerals, Precious stones e.g. gold, soda ash, iron, silica, sapphire Forests, trees, timber, firewood, traditional plants Charcoal, carvings, calabash, oil, food, medicine Culture Pastoralists, tourism, manpower, skilled labour Land Ve getation, farms, grass, flowers Insects - bees, butterflies, ants, termites Honey, food Hills Scenery for tourists, security, grazing, mining. Wildlife Tourism Sand Building Stones/ hardcore Building Thorns Construction of livestock exclosures, etc Caves Grass Grazing, thatching Rivers Fish, crocodiles, hippo, water for human use, irrigation, building stones, crude oil, sand, sports, salt licks, precious stones Water/ lakes

Resources that the community has little or no access to and problems that affect the tapping of these resources 1. Minerals · A licence is needed · Bureaucratic procedure · Expertise is required

2. Wildlife · Need licence to exploit wildlife · Need licence and money to view wildlife · Need licence to eat wildlife · No capacity to develop tourist facilities

3. Forest · Owned by the state · Cutting/use prohibited even if planted by the owner · Charcoal burning is restricted

4. Land · 99/33/49 year lease limit · Process of leasin g from/to is complicated and long · Distribution is inadequate · Title deed is expensive to acquire e.g. group ranch to individual deeds · Land law is open to abuse e.g. illegal acquisitions and allocations · Land use - individual ownership makes it difficult for the community to benefit · Resources for communal access are not found/located on communal land · Dry season grazing on protected land is not possible

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· Why should minerals found on individual land belong to the government? WHAT HAS BEEN DONE 1. Wildlife · Local communities have formed committees to work with wildlife officials (Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania). · Limited utilisation of wildlife for meat is permitted/being done (Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania). · Communities have petitioned the directors to be allowed to reach agreements on wildlife utilisation (Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania). · Communities have petitioned the government to allow other forms of utilisation e.g. hunting (i.e. give use rights) (Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania). · The Government has been asked to allow communities to keep/own wildlife (Uganda). · Local communities bordering the protected area have been given free entry to the park (Uganda).

2. Forests · Communities have begun planting forests on their own land (Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania). · Communities have begun to use stoves to reduce energy consumption (Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania). · Communities have petitioned the government to allow grazing in state forests (Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania). · Communities have been allowed to manage their own forests (Kenya, Uganda).

3. Land · Communities have agitated for revision of the Land Bill (Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania). · Land redistribution is going on in Uganda to ensure more equity (Uganda). · Land leasing process has been de-centralised to local government level (Uganda).

4. Minerals · No community work.

WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE AND BY WHOM Wildlife a) Wildlife laws need to be amended by the Government to allow communities to utilise wildlife. b) GoT/ GoU/ GoK should allow utilisation of non-endangered species such as elephants, hippo, giraffe, zebra and other state animals. c) Revenue from wildlife in Protected Areas should benefit local communities - by Government/ CBOs/ Local Communities d) Reduce park entry fee for local communities neighbouring the Protected Areas - by Government agencies

Forest a) Increased access to forests for grazing and water for communities neighbouring Protected Areas - by Government

Land a) More equitable distribution should be done through restructuring b) Land is too big a problem to be covered now and here.

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WETLANDS HABITAT - GROUP WORK 2

BACKGROUND What is a Wetland? · The area with water throughout the year/or seasonal like lakes, coastal rivers etc. e.g. in Kenya wetlands cover 14,000 Sq. Km. · One participant informed the group that they live around the lake and they know the advantages and disadvantages of conserving the area. Wetlands are particularly good for fishing only. · Another participant from Uganda living in swamps 6km long 400 km wide said the swamps are dominated by the ficus, a species of primates numbering more than 300 and species of birds namely the Great Blue Turaco. · These are some of the eco-touristic attractions and the money generated is for the development of the area. · In Zanzibar, there are no permanent rivers or swamps. They only have the ocean. · For the last 2 years people engaged themselves in fishing especially the women. They sold the fish to rich people who go to trade in the towns for foreign currency. · Most of women in Zanzibar plant seaweed around the seashore. Low tide is the time for planting the weed by using a thread and the seeds grow on their own. After 2 months the seaweed is harvested and sold. · One participant reported that they have a river used for rearing fish and plant grass, sand, clay, palm trees. · The main activities are craft making e.g. carpets with other small activities like making clay products, bee keeping, fish farming with the type of fish being mudfish and not tilapia. · Some of the swamps are the sources of raw materials for making small products like crafts, salt, canoes for fishing, and fishing gear. Tourists and other people living the other side of the wetland hire canoes. · Water hyacinth is removed and used to make fertilisers, animal feeds and biogas. · Watering points are very useful during the dry season for pastoralists, animals and domestic use. · Most wetlands encourage irrigation activities and hence facilitate farming around the area. Rain formation can originate from wetlands.

RESOURCES AND USES Resources Use 1. Water Irrigation, Livestock, Human Consumption, Fishing 2. Sand Construction, Income Generation 3. Fish Food and income 4. Seaweed Food 5. Water hyacinth Fertiliser (manure), Animal feed 6. Shells Medicinal Preparations, Chicken Feed 7. Salt Mineral Salt for consumption 8. Papyrus Making Crafts, Income Generation 9. Wildlife like hippos, crocodiles, Great Blue Turaco, reptiles, etc Tourism 10. Glaze - Grass Polishing the pottery in Uganda

THREATS TO WETLANDS 1. Pollution by industries, factories that surround these areas; sewage is released mostly untreated 2. Encroachment through the buying of the land under wetlands 3. Drainage of swamps for agriculture. 4. Clearing, planting, farming etc.

20 Exploring Conservation by Communities in East Africa

5. Fire - Burning the area, either intentionally or accidentally, when grazing or during brick making 6. Over-fishing and improper fishing methods might cause the destruction of wetland fish e.g. Dynamite fishing and poisons. 7. Deforestation around wetlands may cause siltation. 8. Poor farming methods may drain or pollute wetlands. 9. Growing exotic trees e.g. Eucalyptus

PROBLEMS 1. Clarification of wetland ownership 2. Lack of technical knowledge for wise use of wetlands 3. Some of the community have no access to markets and do not know the price of their products e.g. the price of sea weed in Zanzibar 4. Poor pricing and marketing of wetland products. 5. The community lacks exposure to different types of wetland products and knowledge of the range of products available from wetlands. 6. Traditions and customs that hinder the use of wetland products e.g. women are not allowed to carry out fishing activities. 7. Absence of a direct link between the local community and donors and other agencies in the implementation of the wetland conservation.

WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE AND BY WHOM 1. The government and other stakeholders should restrict pollution of wetlands by industries and factories. 2. More education on the uses of wetlands by the Government and NGOs. 3. Pricing and improved marketing of wetland products by Government/NGOs and stakeholders. 4. Traditional custom barriers by the communities. 5. Creation of direct links with donors/community for the implementation of wetland conservation. 6. Documentation and capacity building amongst communities.

21 Exploring Conservation by Communities in East Africa

DISCUSSION BY INSTITUTIONS - GROUP WORK 3

COMMUNITY BASED ORGANIZATIONS (CBOs)

PROBLEMS · Lack of funds and equipment for implementation of activities/programmes · Lack of conservation awareness in the community · Lack of training/capacity for CBOs · Hijacking of CBO initiatives by NGOs who make unfulfilled promises · Government interference in CBO/NGO donor relationships · Government taking over the control of CBO activities/programmes · Lack of marketing and publicity of CBO products · High expectations of local communities in short time period · Lack of transparency by some of the CBOs · Lack of infrastructure e.g. roads, telephone, etc · Lack of support by local government and administration · Corrupt practices by government field staff · Lack of skilled personnel/experts within the CBOs because of brain drain · Influence from politicians

WHAT HAS BEEN DONE Lack of Funds · Membership fee/contribution · Initiation of income generating activities · Public fundraising · Seek donor assistance · Use of locally available materials

Lack of Conservation Awareness · Sensitising/training of the local community through seminars/workshops, public meetings, videos, etc

Lack of Training/ Capacity Building · Training of CBO leaders by donors and NGOs · Study tours and exchange visits

Hijacking of CBOs by NGOs with Unfulfilled Promises · Establishing direct links with donors · Not revealing information to outsiders

Government Interference/ Government Control · Strengthen linkages with government departments · Legalising CBO activities and harmonising them with government policies

Marketing and Publicity of CBO Products · Advertising locally by word of mouth · Displays and demonstrations · Field days/exhibitions · Collaboration with other marketing agencies

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High Expectations of Local Communities within a Short Period · Clearly defined objectives on ownership of the CBO · Information flow to communities

Lack of Transparency · Proper accountability and keeping of records

Lack of Infrastructure · Lobby governments and NGOs to provide services

Lack of Support by Government and Administration · Lobbying for support and harmonising activities

Corrupt Government Field Staff · Involving the local administration

Lack of Skilled Personnel/ Experts · Training locally available members of the community

Influence from Politicians · Politicians to be told not to interfere with CBO programming.

WHAT IS TO BE DONE AND BY WHOM Lack of funds · Direct support to CBOs - by Donors/ Government · Strengthening the on-going CBO programmes to generate income - by CBOs and Donors

Lack of Conservation Awareness · More training of the local community - by CBOs and NGOs

Lack of Training/Capacity Building · Training of trainers to be intensified - by NGOs and Government · Promote study tours/exchange visits - by NGOs and Government

Hijacking · CBOs should be warned not to reveal information · Need to strengthen the existing linkages

Marketing and Publicity of CBO Products · Should advertise through mass media - CBOs and Government

High Expectations of Local Communities - CBOs, NGOs, Donors · Should strengthen information flow to local communities - CBOs

Lack of transparency - CBOs · CBO leaders should be accountable and avail monthly reports to members

Poor Infrastructure - Governments · The governments should improve the infrastructure · Lack of support by Local government and administration/ Corrupt Government Staff

23 Exploring Conservation by Communities in East Africa

· There should be participation of Local government and administration in CBOs activities - Governments and CBOs

Lack of skilled personnel experts - CBOs, NGOs, Government, Donors · More emphasis on training CBOs members - CBOs

Influence by Politicians · CBOs should continue rejecting political influence

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NON-GOVERNMENT ORGANISATIONS - GROUP WORK 3 PROBLEMS · Communities think NGOs have a lot of money · Communities expect to be paid for work that NGOs consider voluntary · Land on which NGOs can start community projects is not available · Communities want to consume rather than re-invest incomes from projects · Donors remit funds late to NGOs · NGOs lack funds for community projects · NGOs registration process is long and complex · Lack of co-ordination by NGOs working in the same community · Local politics and politicians are a problem · Insecurity · Lack of Government support for NGOs projects · Lack of transparency by NGOs · Some NGOs lack capacity to implement projects · Currency fluctuation affects NGO operations · Duplication of government policies · NGOs have become an urban phenomenon

WHAT ARE WE DOING ABOUT IT · NGOs are educating the community about their (NGOs) objectives and activities · NGOs to continue pressuring donors to remit funds · NGOs are meeting to exchange information on how to network · NGOs through DDCs and other fora are involved in dialogue with politicians

WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE AND BY WHOM · NGO education should continue - by NGOs · Training of local communities in business skills so that they can appreciate need for investment - by NGOs · NGOs should not start projects until money is assured - by NGOs · NGOs need to be clear and accountable about donor funds - by NGOs · NGOs need to request governments to speed up registration - by NGOs leaders, NGO Council, Government · Need to encourage NGO networking - by NGOs, Politicians, Government · NGOs should involve local leaders before starting projects · NGOs and politicians need to sit together and compromise · Government should provide a secure working environment

WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE NGOs should, · be more transparent · work more in rural areas · only undertake projects within their capacity/ability · Donors should build NGO capacity to implement projects

25 Exploring Conservation by Communities in East Africa

GOVERNMENT BACKGROUND - GROUP WORK 3 PROBLEMS · Government policies are frustrated by the communities and politicians. · Lack of financial assistance to support the communities i.e. labour force, transport etc. (limited resources). · Conflicts arising from boundary surveying, resource utilisation, pressure for land etc. · Corruption · Politicians · Communities, extension workers, politicians frustrate initiation of projects in other areas. · Delay in amendment of some of the rules and regulations. · Existing laws do not conform to what is on now. · Poor management plans.

WHAT HAS BEEN DONE · Awareness has been created. · Funds are being solicited from funding agencies. · Collaborative management agreements have been initiated. · The amendment of some Acts is being done. · Probe teams have been put in place. · Various fora have been invited to keep them informed. · Grassroots involvement approach is in use. · Decentralisation and liberalisation has began.

WHAT SHOULD BE DONE AND BY WHOM · Proper remuneration should be addressed e.g. increase of salaries and logistics (Government). · Punitive measures for corruption should be put in place i.e. put in jail, auction assets. · Any implementation or amendments to be made by government should involve communities and politicians. · Intensive fora at all levels should be addressed and involve NGOs, Government and local communities. · Parliament should quicken the amendment of the legislation. · In case of collaborative agreements, areas piloting it should be strengthened (motivated) and may extend the same concept to other areas (Government, NGOs and community). · Translate policies in language that is understood by communities. · Well-laid out management plans should be put in place and implemented.

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FOREST PROBLEM TREE Extraction of Atmospheric Increased crop raiding by animals Economic medicinal products Desertification pollution which depend on trees as their Grazing Long term effects instability food

Loss of Govt. Change of weather Loss of biodiversity Decrease of forest Human-wildlife income patterns Drought animals Forest fires conflict Immediate effects

Loss of wildlife Human settlements Loss of valuable trees Siltation Soil erosion habitats

Focal Problem

Enviromental Core problem degradation

Deforestation Lack of alternative Land shortage Ignorance Poverty

income sources Immediate causes

Building Extraction Charcoal Saw milling Agricultural Human activities due

poles for crafts burning activities to poor regulations Wood fuel

Human population Corruption by Wildlife Root causes increase forest managers overpopulation

27 Exploring Conservation by Communities in East Africa

MARINE PROBLEM TREE

Lack of employment Long term effects Death Disease

Bad fishing Poor Famine Destruction Under-development Lack Destruction of Immediate effects environment practices health of awareness

Focal Problem Core problem Poverty

Inadequate policies Low prices Poor equipment Laziness Markets Immediate causes

Poor education Bureaucracy 1. Revenue sharing Ignorance not enough Mismanagement of natural 2. Corruption resources 3. Others not paying

Root causes

Harvesting Inadequate Illegal Revenue Lack of Depletion mangroves Boundaries laws fishing sharing equipment of fish

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WETLANDS PROBLEM TREE

Loss Retardation Imbalance of eco- Long term effects of biodiversity in development system

Low Economic Loss of wetlands Immediate effects productivity Famine loss & wildlife Disease

Core problem Focal Problem

Degradation

Immediate causes

Poor farming methods Drainage Fire burning Soil erosion Dynamite fishing

Long-term causes

Poverty Over fishing Encroachment Ignorance Land shortage

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SAVANNAH PROBLEM TREE

Environmental Desertification Poor pastures Wildlife migration Reduced Poverty degradation and conflict Rainfall and Famine

Spread of Pests Water sources Economic Soil and Diseases are damaged Instability Erosion

Focal Problem

Poor Land Use

Uncontrolled Livestock Lack of Looking Overpopulation Movement Ownership of Land Over-stocking for Pasture and Water

Process of Getting Titles is Expensive Complicated Traditional Escaping from Lack Unsuitable Land Laws Culture Livestock Diseases of Awareness Land Use Policies

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CROSS CUTTING ISSUES

Long term effects Famine Environmental degradation Desertification Degradation Wildlife migration Reduced rainfall

Immediate effects Soil erosion/exhaustion Water resources damaged/siltation Loss of biodiversity Reduced ecosystem productivity

Immediate causes Uncontrolled livestock movement Lack of ownership of land Poor farming methods Fire/burning Agrochemical farming Overstocking Industrial Wastes Environment Agricultural activities Complicated Land laws Unsustainable Land Use Policies Human Settlements Diseases Extraction of Medicinal products Lack of Alternative Income Sources Corruption of Resource Managers Revenue Sharing

Root Causes Ignorance Lack of Awareness Land Shortage Poverty Over Population Traditional culture

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PLENARY 3 - SOLUTIONS TO ISSUES BY COUNTRY

SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS IN KENYA Solutions To Land Related Problems 1. Reformulation of Land laws involving all stakeholders including local communities. 2. Adoption of modern technology and intensive farming methods to increase productivity and deal with land shortages. 3. Communal and trust land be demarcated and registered to individuals or groups of people. 4. Provision of adequate water for irrigation and livestock to local communities in dry areas. 5. Intensify agricultural extension services. 6. Re-introduction of “shamba system” in forest areas.

Solutions To Human Activity Related Problems 1. Family planning. 2. Redistribution of scarce resources to avoid crowding in some areas and resettlement of the landless people. 3. Facilitate/train people to engage in alternative livelihood activities and creation of employment.

Solutions To Livestock Related Problems 1. Improved veterinary services. 2. Encourage appropriate grazing methods. 3. Improve livestock marketing.

Solution To Lack Of Awareness 1. Intensify awareness through informal and formal education at community level e.g. through seminars, workshops, barazas and the media.

Solutions To Environmental Degradation 1. Re-afforestation of degraded areas and afforestation in areas not previously forested. 2. Promotion of alternative energy sources and fuel saving technologies. 3. Promote soil conservation technology at village level. 4. Propagation of medicinal plants outside tourist areas e.g. through establishment of arboretums and health units within communities to reduce over -dependence on herbal plants.

Solutions To In-Equitable Revenue Sharing And Corruption 1. Dialogue between communities and resource managers on revenue sharing should be encouraged. 2. Involvement of local communities in decision making on revenue sharing schemes. 3. Heavy penalties for corrupt resource managers/staff.

Solution To Wildlife Migration Problems 1. Establishment of community based wildlife management programs e.g. eco-tourism.

Solutions To Pollution By Industrial Waste 1. All industrialists should carry out environment impact assessments continuously. 2. Heavy penalty for environment pollution. 3. Reinforcement of laws against pollution. 4. Encourage recycling of waste by all industries.

SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS IN TANZANIA The problems were grouped as follows: -

WILDLIFE CONFLICT/MIGRATION Wildlife conflict Wildlife migration

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REDUCED ECOSYSTEM PRODUCTIVITY Loss of biodiversity Reduced ecosystem productivity

ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION Famine Environmental degradation Reduced rainfall Desertification Marine/Wetland degradation

SOIL EROSION Soil erosion Siltation Water resource damage Soil exhaustion

WILDLIFE CONFLICT/MIGRATION Problems a) Local residents cannot utilise the wildlife b) Revenue sharing does not happen c) No compensation - crops and human d) No consultation/ involvement of local communities when establishing parks

Solutions a) Communities should be allowed to decide on, manage and utilise wildlife for meat, sale, tourism etc. for community development. This is being done in some parts as a pilot project (b). b) National parks, game reserves, hunters and other tourism operators should share revenues with local communities equitably. c) Fair and just compensation for loss of human life and crop damage. d) Community committees should be formed for solutions to a,b,c and to also conserve wildlife and natural resources. e) Government (Ministry of Natural Resources & Environment) should consult and involve the communities in surrounding areas before initiating national parks, game reserves and controlled areas.

REDUCED ECOSYSTEM PRODUCTIVITY Problems a) Poor management and utilisation of natural resources b) Community not aware of protection and management of the natural resources

Solutions a) Education of the community on the management and utilisation of natural resources. b) The community should sit together to formulate by-laws for the interest of the natural resources. c) Use of a bottom-up approach to natural resource management by government.

ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION Problems a) Reduced natural resources b) Overpopulation (shortage of land) c) Poor utilisation of land - wrong use d) Lack of awareness on use of land

33 Exploring Conservation by Communities in East Africa e) Overstocking

Solutions a) Restrict certain uses of land in certain areas e.g. tobacco growing in deforested areas (b,c,d). b) Community to decide on the best use of their land (a,b,c). c) Investigate alternatives and alternative resources for use by community (a,b,e) d) Review of existing policy on land, natural resource to meet community needs (a,c,d). e) Educate community on population, land and overstocking issues (c,d,e).

SOIL EROSION Problems a) Poor productivity b) Poor pasture c) Poor soils (infertility)

Solutions a) Community to improve land management practices (a,b,c). b) Community based by-laws to be formulated (a,b,c) c) Establishment of community soil conservation committees (a,b,c). d) Education on soil erosion (a,b,c) e) Biological measures for soil culture conservation (a,b,c) f) Community education on land use planning (a,b,c)

SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS IN UGANDA The list of cross cutting issues were grouped into the following areas: a) Environment Degradation b) Human Aspects c) Land Tenure d) Traditional Practices

The problems and solutions to these areas are listed below:

ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION Problems · Desertification · Environmental degradation · Reduced ecosystem productivity · Loss of bio -diversity · Soil erosion · Poor farming methods · Fire burning · Overstocking · Agricultural activities · Wildlife migration · Rainfall reduction

Solutions · Re-afforestation · Apply modern methods of farming e.g. siting contour, agro-forestry, zero grazing, plant wood lots. · Restricted rules and regulations governing fires.

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HUMAN ASPECTS Problems · Famine · Poverty · Ignorance/awareness · Diseases and pests · Land shortage · Over-population

Solutions · Double production · Storage · Income generating projects · Intensive awareness creation through seminar, workshops, mass media · Maximum utilisation of the land available/sustainable agriculture · Encourage and apply family planning methods · Use of drugs and pesticides

LAND TENURE Problems · Unsustainable Land use Policies · Complicated Land Laws · Human Settlement

Solutions · Defined Clear Land Laws · Clearly Defined Boundaries for Protected Areas · Enforce the Law

TRADITIONAL ASPECTS Problems · Extraction of Medicinal Plants · Tradition Culture

Solutions · Encourage growing and propagation of plants/trees i.e. Uganda Nedaggala lyayo DC-M Gardens (Mukono). · Respect traditional culture (Cultural Values and Sites)

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Closing statement by Dr Nick Menzies - Ford Foundation

Dr. Menzies started his address by expressing his thanks that so many individuals had travelled considerable distances to come to this Workshop and added that the amount of work that had been achieved was a compliment to those people who attended the workshop.

In addressing the aspects that have been brought to light Dr. Menzies suggested that these contributed to a cycle of events that affected natural resource management where by poverty led to resource depletion. However, if local communities were able to secure user rights over the resources in question then the local returns from using resources in a sustainable manner can be increased.

Poverty

User rights

Resource depletion

Within this project the emphasis is on holding a series of workshops. In so doing, the issues raised can be addressed further and hopefully lead to a greater understanding of the needs of successful community conservation, not only in East Africa, but lessons learned from this process may have relevance in other areas as well.

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Appendix 1 - List of community conservation projects in East Africa Kenya 32. Lake Jipe Farming Community - Taita Taveta 1. Abelekwa Development Organisation, Butere - 33. Lake Magadi Area Conservation/ Eco-tourism environmental education, reforestation, Development traditional medicine 34. Lake Victoria Wetlands - IUCN, Osienala 2. Arawale Yout Wildlife Association 35. Lemek and Koyiaki Conservation Trusts - 3. Chepkitale National Reserve/Sanctuary (Mt Narok Elgon) 36. Leroghi-Kirisia Conservancy - Samburu 4. Clean Up Kisumu - waste management, fresh 37. Loita Maasai Forest of the Lost Child "Entim e water resources Naimina Enkiyia" 5. Coast Forest Conservation Union 38. Lorubae Cultural Centre - Isiolo, Archers Post 6. Community Projects in East Mau Forest - the 39. Lualenyi Ranch Wildlife Sanctuary - Tsavo Ogiek West National Park 7. Coral Reef Conservation- Malindi 40. Malindi Fishermen Association 8. Dugong Programme in Mombasa 41. Mbasa and Mwolo Islands Sanctuaries - L. 9. Elangata wuas ecosystem Victoria 10. Empakasi Landowners Association 42. Mbirikani Group Ranch - Loitokitok, Amboseli 11. Eselenkei Group Ranch - Loitokitok, Amboseli National Park National Park 43. Mombasa Boat Operators 12. GTZ Forestry progammes - the mangrove 44. Mpunguti Fishermen Association forest in Arabuko Sokoke 45. Mramba Group Ranch and Proposed Wildlife 13. GTZ Transmara Forest Conservation Sanctuary - Tsavo West National Park 14. Ikuywa Village Conservation Group - Kakamega 46. Mt Kenya Forest Conservation Association Forest AMKO (contact organisation) 15. Illngwesi Bandas 47. Muhonje Youth Group - Kakamega Forest 16. Integrated Forest Conservation and 48. Mwaluganje Wildlife Sanctuary - Kwale Management Project, Taita Hills Forests - 49. Naare Wildlife Association - Meru EAWLS 50. Namunyak Wildlife Conservation Trust - 17. Itemeini Organic Self Help Group, Nyeri - Wamba reforestation,agroforestry 51. Ndaiga Wildlife Committee - Nanyuki 18. Kaisagat Environmental Conservation Youth 52. Ndeere Island National Park Conservation and Group, Kipsaina-Kitale - organic farming and Development Committee- Kisumu forestry 53. Ndoto Conservancy 19. Kapronguo Water Project - Lake Bogoria 54. Nyambene National Reserve/ Sanctuary 20. Kayas in Mombasa 55. Olchorro Oiroua Trust - Narok 21. Kenya Rural Women Sanitation Group, Thika - 56. Oldonyo Orok Group Ranch - Namanga soil conservation and tree planting 57. Olmomoi Sanctuary 22. Kijabe Environment Volunteers - Kijabe 58. Oza Sanctuary - Tsavo West National Park 23. Kimana Community Wildlife Sanctuary 59. Ramisi Crocodile Farm 24. Kipepeo Butterfly Project 60. Rombo Group Ranch - Tsavo West Game 25. Kipini Community Conservation Programme Reserve 26. Kipsaina Wetland Conservation Group, Kitale 61. Sacho Forest Community Sanctuary 27. Kirinyaga Afforestation Adventures and 62. Saiwa Wetlands Programme Tourism Attraction - Kerugoya 63. Shimba Hills Project - Mwaluganje 28. Koibatek Forest Sanctuary 64. Tana Delta Wetlands - EAWLS 29. Kuku Group Ranch - Loitokitok, Chyulu 65. Ugunja Community Resource Centre, Ugunja - Reserve sustainable agriculture, reforestation (tree 30. Kuyunga project with WWF (Julie Church- nurseries) contact) 66. Umoja Waso Women Group - Isiolo, Archers 31. KWS/Forest Department Birdlife Project - Post Arabuko Sokoke Forest 67. Waso-Wamba Conservancy - Samburu

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Tanzania 1. AFRICA 2000 - 16 regions Organisation (LANESO) - Musoma 2. Agroforestry Demonstration Centre ADC - 31. Lake Victoria Environmental Management Musoma Project - Mwanza 3. Amani Nature Reserve - East Usambara 32. Lake Victoria Environmental Network - Catchment Project Mwanza 4. Arusha Soil Conservation & Agroforestry/ 33. Land Management Project LAMP - Babati, WADEC Kiteto, Simanjiro, Singida 5. Catchment Forestry Project - Kilimanjaro, 34. Lukuyu Wildlife School - Songea Arusha,Tanga, Morogoro 35. Lulanda Forest Conservation Project - Iringa, 6. Community based conservation among pastoral Mufindi in Udzungwa Mountains communities adjacent to protected areas in 36. Mafia Island Marine Park northern Tanzania. 37. Mahale Mountains - Kigoma 7. Community Conservation Service Centre - 38. Malihai Clubs of Tanzania - Arusha Arusha 39. Mangrove Initiatives - Zanzibar 8. Community Project Activities - Iringa, Mufindi, 40. MBOMIPA - Iringa Ruaha Ludewa 41. Musoma District TPP - Mara region 9. Conservation & Management of the Selous 42. Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority Game Reserve 43. Ngulwi Afforestation Project - Tanga, Lushoto 10. Conservation & Management of the Udzungwa in West Usambaras Mountains National Park 44. Nyegezi Fisheries - Mwanza region 11. Conservation of Lowland Coastal Forests - 45. Outreach Programme for the Mkomazi Game Lindi & Tanga Reserve - Tanga region 12. Conservation programmes in Sadani Game 46. Participatory Park Planning And Lake Manyara Reserve - Sadani Reserve National Park, Tanzania 13. Coral Reef Project - Zanzibar 47. Prawn Fisheries - Zanzibar 14. Cullman Wildlife Project - Lakilalei - Arusha 48. Ruaha Ecosystem Wildlife Management (Iringa 15. Dodoma Land-use Management Project region) 16. East Usambara - Lushoto Tanga region 49. Rufiji Prawns Project 17. East Usambara Catchment Forest Project 50. Ruvu Fuelwood Feasibility Study - Ruvu 18. Gombe Streams National Park - Kigoma 51. Selous Conservation Programme - Selous Game 19. Habitat Conservation, Reforestation & Reserve Education in Lake Tanganyika Catchment - 52. Serengeti Conservation and Development Kigoma Project (SCDP) 20. Handeni Integrated Agroforestry Programme 53. Serengeti Regional Conservation Strategy 21. Jozani Advisory Committee - Zanzibar 54. Small Project Management around Arusha 22. Jozani-Chwaka Bay Nature Conservation National Park Project - Zanzibar 55. SNV Cultural Tourism Programme 23. Jukumu Community Based Organisation - 56. Soil Conservation and Agroforestry Project Morogoro (SCAPA) - Arusha 24. Jumuiya ya Mazingira Zanzibar JMZ (Zanzibar 57. Soil Erosion Control and Agroforestry SECAP - Environmental Society) West Usambaras 25. Kambai Forest Conservation Programme - 58. Sukuma Agro Pastoralists and their "Ngitiri" Tanga, Muheza in East Usambaras 59. Tabora Project - Tabora 26. Katavi Rukwa Conservation & Development 60. Tanga Coastal Zone Conservation and Project Development Programme 27. Kilimanjaro Village afforestation Project - 61. Tanga Mangrove Management Project Kilimanjaro region 62. TAZAMA Trust - Simanjiro - Arusha region - 28. Kipumwi Village - collaborative management on Public Education and Environment mangrove forests, coral reef fishery 63. TIP - Lushoto - West Usambara Traditional 29. Lake Manyara National Park Participatory Park Irrigation Improvement Programme Planning - Arusha region 64. Wami-Mbiki Community Based Protection & 30. Lake Nyanza Environmental Sanitation Utilisation - Dar es Salaam

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65. West Kilimanjaro - Kilimanjaro region 66. Zonal Irrigation Scheme - Moshi

39 Exploring Conservation by Communities in East Africa

Uganda 1. Akaku Pastoralist Community - Mbarara, Lake Mburo National Park 2. Alimugonza Park Management and Advisory Committee - Masindi, Murchison Falls National Park 3. Budongo Forest Reserve Eco-tourism Project funded by EU 4. Buhoma Community Camp Ground - Rukungiri, Bwindi Impenetrable National Park 5. Busingiro Eco-tourism Advisory Committee - Masindi, Budongo Forest Reserve 6. Bwindi Trust specifically concerned with mountain gorillas 7. Community Conservation and Tourism - Differing Benefits - Bwindi, Mgahinga and Rwenzori National Parks 8. Development through Community Conservation Project Around Lake Mburo National Park, Uganda 9. Development through Conservation Project in Bwindi and Mgahinga National Parks funded by CARE 10. Fishing Village Conservation Project in Queen Elizabeth National Park funded by CARE 11. Jinja Urban Women Wetland Project 12. Kaberanyuma and Nyakagyezi Gravity Water Schemes - Kisoro, Mgahinga National Park 13. Kalinzu Forest Reserve tree planting on the forest boundaries funded by EU 14. Karamoja Wildlife Management Project funded by EU 15. Kasyoha/ Kitomi Forest Reserve - has a Conservation Education Centre and also deals in eco-tourism funded by USAID 16. Katunguru Women's Group - Kasese, Queen Elizabeth National Park 17. Kazingo Parish Joint Forest Management Committee - Rwenzori National Park 18. Kibale Association for Rural Environment and Development (KAFRED) - Kibale National Park 19. Kiziba Bee Keepers Umbrella - Kibale National Park 20. Kyambura - An experiment in the privatization of Wildlife Management 21. Kyojja Wetland Management Association - Masaka 22. Mabira Forest Reserve Eco-tourism Project funded by EU 23. Mabira Forest Tourism Committee - Mukono, Mabira Forest Reserve 24. Mpanga Forest Reserve - trying out Collaborative Forest Management as a pilot project funded by EU 25. Mt Elgon Tour Guides and Portes Association Committee - Mbale, Mt Elgon national Park 26. Mt. Elgon Conservation and Development Project funded by IUCN 27. Murchison Falls National Park DED Project funded by GTZ 28. Mutushet Forest Use Management Committee - Kapchorwa District, Mt Elgon National Park 29. Nyabubare Foundation for Rural Development Project - Kibale National Park 30. Nyamabare Bee Keepers Groups - Kabale, Bwindi Impenetrable National Park 31. Rubane Parish Joint Forest Management Committee - Kabarole, Rwenzori National Park 32. Rukirane Fish Trappers (Kendobo) - Mbarara, Lake Mburo national Park 33. Rutugunda Forest Society - Rukungiri, Bwindi Impenetrable National Park 34. Rwenshama Fishing Community - Rukungiri, Queen Elizabeth National Park 35. Rwenzori Mountains Conservation and Development Project funded by WWF 36. Semuliki and Kibale Conservation and Development Project funded by IUCN 37. Two SCIPs around Lake Mburo National Park in Uganda 38. Uganda Wetlands Programme - IUCN and NEMA (Paul Mufabi - contact)

40 Exploring Conservation by Communities in East Africa

Appendix 2 - List of Workshop Participants Kenya Mr. David Kuria David Western Mr. Maurice Wanjala Kijabe Environment Volunteers Director Kipsaina Wetlands Conservation PO Box 49 Kenya Wildlife Service Group Matathia PO Box 40241 PO Box 18 KENYA Nairobi Kipsaina, Kitale KENYA KENYA Point Person Tel: (254-2) 501081 Lui Mutharia Fax: (254-2) 505866 Mr. Edward Alengo PO Box 463 E-mail: KWS@kws. org Chairman Kajiado Ikuywa Village Conservation KENYA Workshop Co-ordinators Group Tel/Fax: (254-301) 21009 John Watkin/ Nelly Maina PO Box 52 E-mail: [email protected] African Conservation Centre Kaimosi PO Box 62844 KENYA Steering Committee Members Nairobi Edmund Barrow KENYA Mr. Bakari Juma Mwadama IUCN-EARO Tel: (254-2) 335004/ 224569 Mwaluganje Sanctuary PO Box 68200 Fax: (254-2) 215969 PO Box 167 Nairobi E-mail: [email protected] Kwale KENYA KENYA Tel: (254-2) 890605-12 or PO Box 94 Fax: (254-2) 890615 Kwale E-mail: [email protected] KENYA Michael Gachanja Mr. David Lengerded East African Wildlife Society Secretary PO Box 20110 Leroghi/ Kirisia Conservancy Nairobi PO Box 405 KENYA Maralal Tel: (254-2) 574145 KENYA Fax: (254-2) 570335 E-mail: [email protected] Mr. Paul Leringato Namunyak Wildlife Trust Helen Gichohi PO Box 88 Director Wamba African Conservation Centre KENYA PO Box 62844 Nairobi Ms. Susan Lolosoli KENYA Umoja Waso Women Group Tel: (254-2) 221699/ 224569 PO Box 548 Fax: (254-2) 215969 Isiolo E-mail: [email protected] KENYA Peter Lembuya Ms. Beatrice Lemerille African Wildlife Foundation Lorubae Cultural Centre PO Box 48177 PO Box 43 Nairobi Isiolo KENYA KENYA Tel: (254-2) 710367

Fax: (254-2) 710372 Mr. Geofrey Rorua E-mail: [email protected] Naare Wildlife Association

PO Box 78 Abdi Umar Meru Kenya Pastoralist Forum KENYA PO Box 67533

Nairobi Mr. Richard Njogu KENYA Kirinyaga Afforestation Tel: (254-2) 603303/ 606598 Adventures and Tourism Attraction Fax: (254-2) 606599 PO Box 708 Kerugoya E-mail: [email protected] KENYA

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Tanzania Mr. Daudi Iramba Ms. Agness Akida c/o Serengeti Regional Steering Committee Members Tanga Mangrove Management Conservation Strategy Rehemma Tibanyenda Project PO Box 32 Wildlife Division PO Box 1449 Mugumu Ministry of Natural Resources & Tanga Serengeti-Mara Tourism TANZANIA TANZANIA PO Box 1994 Dar es Salaam Mr. John Kabamba Mr. Fred Moshowo Kuwese TANZANIA Tanga Coastal Zone Programme Soil Conservation & Agroforestry Tel: (255-51) 866408 PO Box 5036 Project (SCAPA) Fax: (255-51) 865836 Tanga, PO Box 3163 Telex: MALIASILI TANZANIA Arusha E-mail: c/o TANZANIA [email protected] Mr. Mnyamisi Akida Tanga Coastal Zone Programme Mr. Venance Mwaikambo Rugemeleza Nshala PO Box 5036 Mbomipa (Matumizi Bora ya Mali Lawyers' Environmental Action Tanga Hai Idodi na Pawaga) Team (LEAT) TANZANIA P O Box 148 PO Box 11855 Iringa Dar es Salaam Mr. Ilyas Khamis TANZANIA TANZANIA Jozani Advisory Committee Tel: (0811) 329728 Secretary Mr. Issa Hassani Ndomondo E-mail: [email protected] c/o CARE Tanzania Ofisi ya Maliasili kwa Jamii PO Box 3526 (Hifadhi) Zanzibar PO Box 33 TANZANIA Namtumbo Tel/Fax: (255) 31252 Songea TANZANIA Ms. Caroline Kimaryo Arusha Soil Conservation and Mr. Ame Mtumwa Agroforestry (WADEC) Jumuiya ya Mazingira Zanzibar - PO Box 12809 JMZ (Zanzibar Environmental Arusha Society) TANZANIA PO Box 255 Zanzibar Mr. William ole Manga Pallangyo Tel: (255-54) 31714 Masai Pastoralists Development E-mail: Protected Areas Project Organisation Zanzibar [email protected] Arusha Enyuat Emaa Pastoral Association Point Person PO Box 2720 Hellen Bradburn Arusha C/o Multilink Tel: (255-57) 4453 Mambo Café Complex AWF-Arusha Old Moshi Road TANZANIA PO Box 14991 Arusha Mr. Abdallah Mwinyijihia TANZANIA JUKUMU Society Tel/Fax: (255-57) 8115/ 8908/ SLP 1880 4228 Morogoro E-mail: [email protected] TANZANIA

Mr. Charles Maliyaga Wami-Mbiki Community Based Protection &Utilisation PO Box 1880 Morogoro TANZANIA

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Uganda PO Box 142 Mr. Gongo Tibesigwa Lugazi Facilitator (Camp ground manager) UGANDA Mr. Kamugisha-Ruhombe Jones Buhoma Community Camp Ground ECFOREST PO Box 992 Mr. Bamutungire Francis PO Box 5244 Kabale (Secretary of Tour Guides Kampala UGANDA Association) UGANDA c/o Langoya C.D. Tel: (256-41) 344297 Mrs. Salafina Munyakigyezi Project Officer Fax: (256-41) 236016 (Water committee member) BFCD, Private Bag E-mail: [email protected] Nyakagyezi and Kaberanyuma Masindi Gravity Water Schemes UGANDA c/o Soko Parish PO Box 253 Mr. Mugyenyi Fred. E. Kisoro Kaku Pastoralists UGANDA c/o PO Box 585 Mbarara Mrs. Grace Ddungu UGANDA (Fisher woman and CARE extension worker) Mr. Mwesighe Patrick -Kagyemuzi c/o CARE Kasese Lake Mburo Park Management PO Box 181 Advisory Committee Kasese PO Box 585 UGANDA Mbarara UGANDA Mr. Silver Asaba Kibale Association for Rural Point Person Environment and Development Agrippinah Namara (KAFRED) Makerere Institute of Social (Chairman of the association) Research PO Box 700 PO Box 16022 Fort Portal Kampala UGANDA UGANDA Tel: (256-41) 532830/7/8/9 Mr. Ndiroraaho Hannan Fax: (256-41) 532821 Alimugonza Park Management E-mail: [email protected] Advisory Committee PO Box 253 Steering Committee Members Masindi Mr. Jackson Mutebi UGANDA Conservation through Development CARE-Uganda Mr. Enos Mujuni PO Box (Chairman of association) Kibale Nyabubaale Foundation for Rural UGANDA Development Project Tel/ Fax: (256-486) 22307 PO Box 796 E-mail: [email protected] Fort Portal UGANDA Mr. Arthur Mugisha Uganda Wildlife Authority Mr. Francis Sseremba PO Box 3530 Kyojja Wetland Management Kampala Association (KWMA) UGANDA (group member) Tel: (256-41) 346651 PO Box Kyamakata, Kinoni Fax: (256-41) 346291 Masaka E-mail: [email protected] UGANDA

Ms. Barbara Baramaze Tamale (extension worker) Mabira Forest Eco-Tourism Development Committee

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