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A Review of Community Conservation Policy and Practice in East Africa

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A Review of Community Conservation Policy and Practice in East Africa Rhetoric or Reality? A Review of Community Conservation Policy and Practice in East Africa Edmund Barrow, Helen Gichohi, and Mark Infield January 2000 1 Contents ACRONYMS .............................................................................................................................. 4 1. KENYA, TANZANIA AND UGANDA: A REGION OF SOCIAL AND BIOLOGICAL RICHNESS................................................................................................................................. 8 1.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 8 1.2 BACKGROUND DATA......................................................................................................... 8 1.3 BIODIVERSITY RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 10 1.4 CONSERVATION AND THE REGION'S ECONOMIES...............................................................16 2. THE EVOLUTION OF COMMUNITY CONSERVATION IN EAST AFRICA ........................ 18 2.1. INSTITUTIONAL AND POLICY BACKGROUNDS.......................................................................18 2.1.1 Kenya: Legislation and early community conservation experiences...................20 2.1.2 Uganda: Legislation and early community conservation experiences ................25 2.1.3 Tanzania: Legislation and early community conservation experiences..............29 2.1.4 Comment............................................................................................................32 2.2 EXTERNAL SUPPORT...................................................................................................... 33 2.2.1 NGOs and CBOs ....................................................................................................33 2.2.2 Multilateral and Bilateral Donors.............................................................................35 3. COMMUNITY CONSERVATION: A PRACTICAL FRAMEWORK.................................. 38 3.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 38 3.2 COMMUNITY CONSERVATION - DEVELOPING A PRACTICAL FRAMEWORK ............................38 3.2.1 Tenure of Land and Resources - The Dominant Variable ..................................40 3.2.2 Community Conservation Arrangements Based on Ownership..........................41 4. PROTECTED AREA OUTREACH...................................................................................... 46 5. COLLABORATIVE MANAGEMENT................................................................................... 51 5.1 UGANDA........................................................................................................................ 51 5.2 TANZANIA...................................................................................................................... 57 5.3 KENYA .......................................................................................................................... 63 5.4 COMMENT ..................................................................................................................... 70 6. COMMUNITY-BASED CONSERVATION........................................................................... 72 6.1 UGANDA........................................................................................................................ 74 6.2 TANZANIA...................................................................................................................... 77 6.3. KENYA .......................................................................................................................... 81 7. ENABLING COMMUNITY CONSERVATION 7.1 CURRENT INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS 7.2 GOVERNANCE 7.3 TENURE OF LAND AND RESOURCES 7.4 INFLUENCE OF KEY PLAYERS AND EVENTS 7.5 FOSTERING ACTIVE PARTICIPATION 7.6 DEALING WITH CONFLICT 2 7.7 TRAINING FOR COMMUNITY CONSERVATION 8. SHARING THE BENEFITS OF COMMUNITY CONSERVATION AND IMPACTS ON WILDLIFE 8.1 EQUITY AND ECONOMIC BENEFIT ACCRUAL 8.3 IMPACTS OF COMMUNITY CONSERVATION ON BIODIVERSITY 9. SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS 9.1 INTRODUCTION 9.2 EARLY PRACTICE AND POLICY 9.3 POLICY AND LAW - KEEPING PACE? 9.4 TENURE OF LAND AND RESOURCES - WHO OWNS? WHO SHOULD OWN? 9.5 INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES 9.6 THE COST OF COMMUNITY CONSERVATION 9.7 ROLE OF DONOR, INDIVIDUAL AND EXTERNAL INFLUENCES 9.8 THE PRACTICE OF COMMUNITY CONSERVATION 9.9 THE ROLE OF BENEFITS, INCENTIVES AND DISINCENTIVES, AND MEETING LIVELIHOOD OBJECTIVES 9.10 IMPACTS ON BIODIVERSITY 9.11 SUMMARY 10. COMMUNITY CONSERVATION IN THE NEW MILLENNIUM REFERENCES ANNEX 1: LOCUS OF CONSERVATION RESPONSIBILITY IN KENYA, UGANDA AND TANZANIA ANNEX 2: LIST OF COMMUNITY CONSERVATION PROJECTS IN EAST AFRICA 3 Acronyms ACC Africa Conservation Centre ACTS African Centre for Technology Studies ADMADE Administrative Management Design for Game Management Areas AMKO Association of Mt. Kenya Operators APE Action Programme for the Environment AWF African Wildlife Foundation BSP Biodiversity Support Program C4 Community Conservation Coordinating Committee CAMPFIRE Communal Areas Management Program for Indigenous Resources CARE DTC CARE Development Through Conservation CBC Community-based Conservation CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CBO Community-based Organization CC Community Conservation CCC Community Conservation Coordinator CCS Community Conservation Service CCSC Community Conservation Service Centre CCUWA Community Conservation for Uganda Wildlife Authority CCW Community Conservation Warden CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species COBRA Conservation of Biodiverse Resource Areas CWP Community Wildlife Programme CWS Community Wildlife Service DFID Department For International Development DRSRS Department of Resource Survey and Remote Sensing EU European Union FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FD Forestry Department FFI Fauna and Flora International FORI Forestry Research Institute of Uganda GDP Gross Domestic Product GMU Grant Management Unit GNP Gross National Product GOK Government of Kenya GTZ German Technical Assistance Cooperation ICRAF International Council for Research in Agroforestry IGCP International Gorilla Conservation Programme IIED International Institute for Environment and Development ITFC Institute for Tropical Forest Conservation IUCN World Conservation Union KEFRI Kenya Forestry Research Institute KEMFRI Kenya Marine Fisheries Research Institute KIFCON Kenya Indigenous Forest Conservation KNWA Kenya National Wildlife Association KSCDP Kibale Semliki Conservation and Development Project KWS Kenya Wildlife Service LC Local Council LMNP Lake Mburo National Park MBOA Mombasa Boat Operators Association 4 MISR Makerere Institute for Social Research MOU Memorandum of Understanding MUIENR Makerere University Institute for Environment and Natural Resources MUST Mbarara University of Science and Technology NCA Ngorongoro Conservation Area NCAA Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority NEAP National Environment Action Plan NEIC National Environment Information Centre NEMA National Environment Management Authority NGO Non Governmental Organization NORAD Norwegian Agency for International Development NRM National Resistance Movement ODA Overseas Development Administration PAMSU Protected Area Management and Sustainable Use PARCS Protected Areas Conservation Strategy PAWM Planning and Assessment for Wildlife Management PAWS Protected Areas Wildlife Services PLA Participatory Learning and Appraisal PMAC Park Management Advisory Committee PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal PRMC Parish Resource Management Committees RC Resistance Council RSCU Regional Soil Conservation Unit (now renamed RELMA) SCIP Support for Community Initiated Projects SCP Selous Conservation Project SIDA Swedish International Development Agency SRCS Serengeti Regional Conservation Strategy STEEP Serengeti Training and Environmental Education Project TANAPA Tanzania National Parks TCCP Tsavo Community Conservation Project UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNP Uganda National Parks USAID United States Agency for International Development UWA Uganda Wildlife Authority VSO Voluntary Service Overseas WCMD Wildlife Conservation and Management Department WD Wildlife Department WDF Wildlife for Development Fund WEP Wildlife Extension Project WMA Wildlife Management Area WMP Wildlife Management Project WTO World Trade Organization WWF World Wildlife Fund 5 Preface and Acknowledgements While most of the substantive work was carried out through two grants from the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) as part of their global Community Wildlife project Evaluating Eden, the original idea and funding for this review of community conservation in East Africa was a joint research activity between IDPM, University of Manchester, African Wildlife Foundation (Nairobi), Centre for Applied Social Sciences, University of Zimbabwe and the Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, and with the IUCN Eastern African Regional office since late 1997. This project research was funded by the Global Environmental Change Programme, Phase IV (Grant No. L320 25 3211) of the Economic and Social Research Council, United Kingdom. The authors are very grateful to these funding sources, and in particular to IIED, to enable this review to be completed. A chapter summarising this more substantive review appears in Hulme, D. and Murphree, M. (eds), 1999 (in press): African Wildlife and African
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