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Policies and legal frameworks for Marine Protected Areas governance in Tanzania mainland: their potential and limitations for achieving conservation and livelihood goals. Bigeyo Neke Kuboja United Nations-Nippon Foundation of Japan Fellowship Programme December 2013 Abstract The focus of this study is territorial sea marine protected areas governance in Tanzania mainland. The study describes and analyses the limitations and potential for existing policies and legal framework for managing these systems to better integrate conservation and livelihood goals; by using Mafia Island Marine Park (MIMP), which is a marine protected area (MPA), located on Mafia Island as a case study. The study examines Tanzanian legislations and international instruments that are relevant for MPA governance and their applicability in MIMP. There are about 33 marine protected areas along the Tanzanian coastline. The coastline is endowed by numerous small near shore islands and islets as well as several large islands, coral reefs, mangrove forests, sea grass beds and sandy beaches which support plentiful marine organisms as spawning, breeding, feeding, and growth habitats that are worth to be managed and used sustainably. The coastline extends approximately 1400km in north-south direction from the Tanzania-Kenya border in the north to the Tanzania-Mozambique border in the south. Several previous reports have identified most of the governance challenges facing coastal and marine resources including MPAs in Tanzania. Therefore, through utilization of secondary data, understandings into the MPA management/governance and by applying lessons from other developing nations coastal settings this study highlighted some mechanism on how the existing policies and legal frameworks can be used to improve the situation on the ground for sustainably exploiting and managing coastal and marine resources of Tanzania. ii Disclaimer The views expressed herein are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect views of the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania, the United Nations, the Nippon Foundation of Japan, Bremen University or Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Ecology (ZMT). iii Supervisors Host University Supervisor 1. Prof. Dr. Matthias Wolff Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Ecology, Bremen University, Germany. Division's Supervisors 1. Dr. Francois Bailet Senior Legal Officer, Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, Office of Legal Affairs, United Nations, New York. 2. Ms. Valentina Germani Legal Officer Programme Advisor, Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, Office of Legal Affairs, United Nations, New York. iv Acknowledgement I wish to express my deepest appreciation to the Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea (DOALOS), Office of Legal Affairs, United Nations, and the Nippon Foundation of Japan for giving me this remarkably opportunity and for the generous support through its United Nations-Nippon Foundation Fellowship (UNNFF) that enabled me to participate in this programme. Sincerely thank to my supervisors Prof. Dr. Matthias Wolff, Dr. Francois Bailet and Ms. Valentina Germani for their guidance and support for the whole period of my study. I am grateful to Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute management team for granting me the permission to pursue this study. Special thanks to the Director of Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Ecology (ZMT) Prof. Dr. Hildegard Westphal and other staff members for the assistance, support and warm hospitality during my stay at ZMT. Also special thanks to Prof. Dr. Matthias Wolff resources management working group for accommodating me in their office and allows me to participate in their weekly meeting. Finally, I would like to thank my family for the encouragement during pursuit of this academic goal and for their help and moral support during difficult time. v Table of content Abstract.............................................................................................................................................ii Disclaimer .........................................................................................................................................i Supervisors.....................................................................................................................................iv Acknowledgement......................................................................................................................... v Table of content.............................................................................................................................vi List of Acronyms and Abbreviations....................................................................................viii List of tables and figures.............................................................................................................xi 1 Introduction..............................................................................................................................1 1.1 Country background and general information .............................................................................. 1 1.2 Contribution of coastal and marine resources to socio‐economy ................................................ 3 1.3 Overview of marine and coastal area management practises and the rationale behind MPAs establishment in Tanzania....................................................................................................................... 6 1.4 Aims and Objectives .................................................................................................................... 12 2 International and Tanzania mainland frameworks for MPA governance (policies, legal and institutional settings)........................................................................... 14 2.1 International legal frameworks for MPA governance.................................................................. 14 2.1.1 Legally binding instruments........................................................................................................ 14 2.1.1.1 United Nation Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 ........................................................................15 2.1.1.2 United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement (UNFSA).........................................................................17 2.1.1.3 International Maritime Organization (IMO) and Associated Instruments ...................................17 2.1.1.4 The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).............................................................................19 2.1.1.5 World Heritage Convention (WHC).............................................................................................20 2.1.1.6 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora (CITES) ..............21 2.1.1.7 Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) ....................................................................................21 2.1.2 Soft laws, with no legal binding effect .................................................................................. 22 2.1.2.1 FAO, and the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (CCRF) ................................................22 2.1.2.2 Chapter 17 of Agenda 21 and Declaration of the World Summit for Sustainable Development .23 2.1.2.3 Global Programme of Action ‐ Protection of the Marine Environment from Land‐based Activities. 24 2.1.3 Other multilateral conventions, agreements and regional binding instruments.................. 25 2.2 Governance arrangement for Tanzania mainland MPAs............................................................. 26 2.2.1 Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania of 1977 ..................................................... 27 2.2.2 Environmental legislation...................................................................................................... 27 2.2.2.1 National Environmental Policy (NEP, 1997) ................................................................................27 2.2.2.2 Environmental Management Act (EMA, 2004) ...........................................................................28 2.2.2.3 Institutions responsible for environment management .............................................................30 vi 2.2.3 Integrated Coastal Management (ICM)................................................................................ 31 2.2.3.1 National Integrated Coastal Environment Management Strategy (2003)(NICEMS) ....................31 2.2.3.2 Functional institutional structure for NICEMS ............................................................................31 2.2.4 Fisheries instruments ............................................................................................................ 32 2.2.4.1 National Fisheries Sector Policy and Strategy Statement (1997) (NFSPSS)..................................32 2.2.4.2 The Fisheries Act No 22 of 2003 .................................................................................................34 2.2.5 Marine Parks and Reserves Act No. 29 of 1994 .................................................................... 35 2.2.6 Tourism Management Legislation ........................................................................................ 36 2.2.6.1 National Tourism Policy (1999)...................................................................................................36 2.2.6.2 Tourism Act No. 29 of 2008........................................................................................................37
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