GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

GIVING WAR A CHANCE, THE NEXT PHASE:

THE WAR TO END WAR — THE GREAT WAR

“They fight and fight and fight; they are fighting now, they fought before, and they’ll fight in the future.... So you see, you can say anything about world history.... Except one thing, that is. It cannot be said that world history is reasonable.” — Fyodor Mikhaylovich Dostoevski NOTES FROM UNDERGROUND

“Fiddle-dee-dee, war, war, war, I get so bored I could scream!” —Scarlet O’Hara

“Killing to end war, that’s like fucking to restore virginity.” — Vietnam-era protest poster HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

1851

October 2, Thursday: Ferdinand Foch, believed to be the leader responsible for the Allies winning World War I, was born.

October 2, Thursday: PM. Some of the white Pines on Fair Haven Hill have just reached the acme of their fall;–others have almost entirely shed their leaves, and they are scattered over the ground and the walls. The same is the state of the Pitch pines. At the Cliffs I find the wasps prolonging their short lives on the sunny rocks just as they endeavored to do at my house in the woods. It is a little hazy as I look into the west today. The shrub oaks on the terraced plain are now almost uniformly of a deep red. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

1914

World War I broke out in the Balkans, pitting Britain, France, Italy, Russia, Serbia, the USA, and Japan against Austria, Germany, and Turkey, because Serbians had killed the heir to the Austrian throne in Bosnia. Austria declared war on Serbia, joining the hostilities that had been going on in the Balkans for two years. Shortly Bulgaria, Portugal, and Romania also joined the fray.

Mobilization of the militia of the Isle of Jersey, for home defense.

The defunct St. Helena Volunteer Corps was re-established, and the island’s flax industry flourished.

Dr. Arnold Chaplin self-published A ST. HELENA WHO’S WHO OR A DIRECTORY OF THE ISLAND DURING THE CAPTIVITY OF NAPOLEON (London: 3 York Gate). ST. HELENA WHO’S WHO

Charles Doolittle Walcott identified fossil bacteria in Cryptozoon-like structures (stromatolites).

Peyrony discovered the remains of a Neanderthal baby in southwestern France. Because no one appreciated that the bones were Neanderthal, they would not be examined closely and would later be believed lost (they were to be rediscovered and described nearly 90 years later).

A note on the humble beginnings of modern aerial warfare: in this year Japanese aviators flying off the decks of converted merchant ships fired their pistols at a lone German aviator circling above Tsingtao. (Practical night-fighting dates to the installation of radar sets on twin-seat Beaufort fighters in 1940. Practical night bombing dates to 1942, when the British started using radio signals to guide Lancasters and Stirlings to the Ruhr. While bombing was certainly possible without such assistance, it was grossly inefficient. One 1946 study conducted by Group Captain F. C. Richardson discovered that just 5% of the bombs dropped by unassisted night bombers were falling within five miles of their intended targets.)

During his World War I internment in Budapest as a prisoner of war, Milutin Milanković was able through connections to study undisturbed in the library of the Hungarian Academy of Science and the Central Meteorological Institute. With ample free time and no distractions, he prepared a mathematical explanation of this planet’s long-term climate cycles in terms of changes in the position of the Earth in comparison to the Sun, now known as “Milankovitch cycles.” The Earth’s orbit about Sol is an ellipse rather than a circle, simply because it isn’t the sole planet, or even a very significant one. The gravitational fields of monster planets such as Jupiter and Saturn have a far greater influence, the net effect being that every 413,000 years we find ourselves farther from Sol and receiving less warmth. This factoid provides our 1st real explanation for the “Ice Ages” that have occurred in the geological past of this planet — and offers a forecast of climate changes that are to be anticipated in the future. OUR MOST RECENT GLACIATION HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE The Fellowship of Reconciliation was founded as World War I began, pledging to “keep the bonds of Christian love unbroken across the frontier.” CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE

Dr. Bernard Weil mobilized into the French army soon after the outbreak of World War I. The family, including André Weil, born in 1906, would move each time he was transferred. SIMONE WEIL

During the “Great War” Otto Frank would be serving in the German Army and would reach the rank of lieutenant (later on, he would have occasion to discover that this having been a good soldier wouldn’t really serve to obtain for him or for his family any particular credit as “good Germans” — go figure). ANTISEMITISM

ANNE FRANK

ESSENCES ARE FUZZY, GENERIC, CONCEPTUAL; ARISTOTLE WAS RIGHT WHEN HE INSISTED THAT ALL TRUTH IS SPECIFIC AND PARTICULAR (AND WRONG WHEN HE CHARACTERIZED TRUTH AS A GENERALIZATION).

The War to End War “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE Welch’s Concord grape Juice has another publicity windfall when Josephus Daniels, Secretary of the Navy, forbade the use of alcoholic beverages aboard Navy ships and suggested instead Welch’s Concord Grape Juice, giving rise to the term, “Daniels’ Grape Juice Navy.”

By this point Cadbury’s Dairy Milk had become the firm’s biggest line. During World War I this formerly Quaker firm would proclaim itself in support of its nation’s war effort, entirely disregarding the Quaker Peace Testimony. More than 2,000 of its male employees would enlist in the British armed forces –or so it would brag– and the firm would send books, warm clothes, and of course chocolates to the front lines. The company would augment the Government’s allowances to the Dependants of its workers who had become warriors. At the end of the war the former employees who had become warriors would either be invited to return to their previous jobs, or be sent for education, or be looked after in convalescent homes at company expense.

(That the firm was on a morally slippery slope should have been apparent — for during World War II it would become a weapons contractor, and afterward it would brag about such warlike activity.) THE QUAKER PEACE TESTIMONY

Marijuana smoking had been appearing in the United States, among laborers in towns along the Mexican border, and was spreading along the Gulf Coast. Between this year and 1931, 29 states, most of them west of the Mississippi, would be prohibiting its nonmedical use. However, this anti-drug legislation would initially receive only limited media attention.

US forces occupied Vera Cruz and a fleet arrived off Tampico in consequence of hostile acts by Mexicans. After pressuring the Mexican President to resign, Vesustiano Carranza attempted to supplant him but became engaged in a civil war with one of his former lieutenants, Pancho Villa. US MILITARY INTERVENTIONS

In the US, 27 state and city laws prohibited the smoking of opium.

The federal Harrison Act treated cocaine as more dangerous than opium, classifying it (incorrectly) as a narcotic. Fears over cocaine use, particularly by blacks, had led by this point to regulatory laws in 46 states of the United States of America — whereas only 29 states had enacted such regulatory laws in regard to opiates. In result of this legal situation, cocaine use would become surreptitious, and the substance would be used primarily by bohemians and musicians, and in the urban ghettos. Ostensibly a tax measure designed to control the marketing of opium, this required all persons authorized to handle or manufacture narcotic drugs to register, pay a fee, and keep a record of the drugs in their possession. The act did not prohibit the supply of opiates to users by registered physicians “in the course of their professional practice.” Subsequent Supreme Court decisions and government enforcement policies would, however, restrict the right of doctors to prescribe opiates. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE Bertrand Russell wrote an article on “The Ethics of War” for The International Journal of Ethics. As has been well expounded by the biographer Ray Monk in BERTRAND RUSSELL: THE SPIRIT OF SOLITUDE (London: Jonathan Cape, 1996, pages 383-4), this was not the pacifist tract one might have expected of “Better Red than Dead” Bertie: WORLD WAR I [Bertrand Russell] told Ottoline before he began the paper: “I don’t think war always wrong.... I think our [Brit] Civil War & the American Civil War were justified on one side. I thing it is always wrong when it is for mere national self-interest. But I find I can’t take Tolstòy’s extreme position.” In fact, the position he took justifies a surprising amount of bloodshed. Categorizing wars into four main types –wars of colonisation, wars of principle, wars of self-defence and wars of prestige– he argued that, when war furthered civilisation it was justified but otherwise not. This, according to him, justified most wars of colonisation and of principle, some wars of self-defence (those against an inferior civilisation), but no wars of prestige. Thus, “the conflicts of Europeans with American- Indians, Maoris, and other aborigines in temperate regions” are, for him, the very paradigm of just wars, for, though often ruthless and “devoid of technical justification,” they are justified by their consequences: “if we judge by results, we cannot regret that such wars have taken place ... [for] it is chiefly through such wars that the civilised portion of the world has been extended from the neighbourhood of the Mediterranean to the greater part of the earth’s surface.” Accepting that such wars were for the most part little more than armed theft and that “many humane people will object in theory to the justification of this form of robbery,” Russell nevertheless insisted that, for example, “the process by which the American continent has been acquired for European civilisation” is entirely justified by the fact that, in this and other cases, there is “a very great and undeniable difference between the civilisation of the colonisers and that of the dispossessed natives.” Armed theft is virtuous, it seems, so long as the victim is of an “inferior” civilisation. The English and American civil wars were, in Russell’s view, justified as wars of principle, where “the progress of mankind depends upon the adoption of certain beliefs or institutions, which, through blindness or natural depravity, the other side will not regard as reasonable.”... What shocks the reader now about this article –its view that the forcible seizure of a people’s land and property is justifiable when committed by an advanced civilisation upon a primitive one– went unremarked upon at the time of its publication. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE “...The conflicts of Europeans with American-Indians, Maoris and other aborigines in temperate regions ... if we judge by the results we cannot regret that such wars have taken place ... the process by which the American continent has been acquired for European civilization [was entirely justified because] there is a very great and undeniable difference between the civilization of the colonizers and that of the dispossessed natives....” — Bertrand Russell, THE ETHICS OF WAR, January 1915

George Smith Patton, Jr. graduated from the Advanced Course at the Cavalry School at Fort Riley, Kansas. He wrote the US Army Saber Regulations of 1914. Boo hoo, the War Department would refuse him permission to serve with the French Cavalry in the WWI fighting in Europe.

WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE January 1, Thursday: 12:05AM. Five minutes after the expiration of the Bern Convention, according to which “Parsifal” had been the exclusive property of the Bayreuth Festspielhaus, the work was produced at the Liceu, Barcelona. Two productions would go on in Prague today, one in Czech beginning at 4PM and one in German beginning at 5PM.

Great Britain joined Northern and Southern Nigeria to form one colonial entity, the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria.

Wolfgang Köhler assumed the directorship of the Anthropoid Research Station on the Spanish island of Tenerife in the Canary Islands (a station financed by the Prussian Academy of Sciences). For the duration of World War I, trapped on this island by British control of the surrounding seas, he would occupy his time in studies of insightful problemsolving among chimpanzees. Good German!

June 28, Sunday: German physicist Werner Kolhörster sent an instrument balloon 9,000 meters aloft and confirmed the theory of Victor Hess that the atmosphere was full of cosmic rays.

Edward Elgar’s song Chariots of the Lord, to words of Brownlie, was performed for the initial time, in the Royal Albert Hall, London.

The heir to the Austrian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, was in Sarajevo with his wife Duchess Sophie of Hohenberg to celebrate the Serb holiday, St. Vitus’ Day. Early in the day, some Bosnian Serbs tossed a bomb at the Archduke’s chauffeured sedan car and it bounced off the back and rolled under the following car, wounding two officers and about 20 onlookers. Then at 11:00AM the chauffeur took a bad turn and wound up trying to back up in a dead-end street where a Bosnian Serb with a pistol in his pocket, Gavrilo Princip, happened to be standing.

The historian Charles Beard has mocked the standard explanations for the origins of World War I: [T]hree pure and innocent boys –Russia, France and England– without military guile in their hearts, were suddenly assailed while on their way to Sunday School by two deep-dyed villains – Germany and Austria– who had long been plotting cruel deeds in the dark.

Martin H Manser’s THE FACTS ON FILE DICTIONARY OF ALLUSIONS (Facts On File, Incorporated, 2008) offers a more direct allusion: shot heard round the world The shooting of a bullet or some other event that proves to have momentous international significance. The phrase has been applied to more than one such shot in history, but is particularly associated with the first shot of the American Revolution. It was fired on the morning of April 19, 1775, when a force of farmers and minutemen confronted British troops across a bridge at Concord, Massachusetts. An unidentified man fired the first shot without any order being given, and the first of many battles was joined. The phrase was later incorporated by Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-82) in his “Concord Hymn” (1836): “By the rude bridge that arched the flood, / Their flag to April’s breeze unfurled, / Here once the embattled farmers stood, / And fired the shot heard ’round the HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE world.” In 1914 another “shot heard round the world” was fired by Gavrilo Princip at Sarajevo, triggering World War I. In 1963 Lee Harvey Oswald fired a shot that was heard round the world. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE July 23, Thursday: Because of a quotation from the AUTUMN volume of selections from Henry Thoreau’s work which had been put out in 1892 by H.G.O. Blake, which the watercolorist Charles Ephraim Burchfield had chanced H.G.O. BLAKE’S SELECTION

upon in a magazine he had been reading, the artist was led at this point belatedly to a 1st encounter with Thoreau’s WALDEN: Spent afternoon reading Thoreau’s Walden. From a chance quotation from his “Autumn” in a magazine which was, in brief, his sole entry for Nov. 14, 1860 — “Yellow Butterflies Still” — I expected a book more of a chronology of nature than a philosophical treatise, but the book is nonetheless interesting and vital. In it I find that he was pursued at times by the same doubts as I am myself and I have derived from him a new courage, for he speaks from having met & conquered the doubts.

TIMELINE OF JOURNAL

At 6PM, Austrian ambassador Baron Vladimir von Giesl presented his government’s ultimatum to the Serbian HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE foreign ministry in Belgrade. Its ten demands were so worded as to be unacceptable to any government (the demands included, for instance, allowing Austrian agents to roam freely in Serbia to stifle anti-Austrian propaganda). Serbia was offered 48 hours to accept these demands, or suffer the consequences. WORLD WAR I

July 26, Sunday: Austria-Hungary rejected the Serbian response to their list of 10 demands.

Montenegro ordered mobilization.

Hoping to produce “a sobering effect” on Germany and Austria-Hungary, First Lord of the Admiralty Winston Churchill announced that he had ordered the Royal Navy to battle stations. WORLD WAR I

On a visit to Bayreuth Ernest MacMillan 1st experienced Wagner, at a performance of “Das Rheingold.”

Charles Ephraim Burchfield continued his belated encounter with Henry Thoreau’s WALDEN: Afternoon calm and peaceful. A few wisps of clouds appear. Sunset the “yellow light” kind. What a miracle that yellow light is coming as it does well after the sun has dropped below the rim of the world. All things become saturated with yellow light, even our thoughts. And so I sit in the saffron air, climbing the heights. At times I read slowly from Thoreau’s Walden. I bless the chance that sent the book into my hands. It had always been my intention to read it, but like most good resolutions, it was put off. From reading it, the doubts that have assailed me –i.e. whether a spiritual life was to be preferred to a sensual existence, and whether to work for money, or for the love of my work– were banished. Thus as I sat and dreamed into the future, my mind was dissolved into the yellow and carried by it to undreamed of heights. Life seemed full of good things.

We know from Burchfield’s manuscript autobiography, on file at the Whitney Museum of American Art, that he was encountering not only WALDEN but also the selections out of Thoreau’s JOURNAL that had been incorporated by H.G.O. Blake into the AUTUMN season-book of 1892. H.G.O. BLAKE’S SELECTION HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE July 28, Tuesday: A jury in Paris ruled that the killing of Gaston Calmette (editor of Le Figaro) by Henriette Caillaux (wife of the French Finance Minister) had been an understandable act of passion, and found her not guilty.

Harry Fox danced a new dance at the New Amsterdam Roof Garden in New York City — the “foxtrot.”

Minister of the Navy Winston Churchill sent the British fleet into Scapa Flow.

The Russian Council of Ministers ordered a partial mobilization on the Austrian border.

Italy ordered all its vessels to home ports.

At noon, Emperor Franz Josef II signed a declaration of war on Serbia. WORLD WAR I

Negotiations were initiated between the Turkish and German Imperial governments.

July 29, Wednesday: As the German navy began to mobilize, Chancellor Theobald von Betthman Hollweg made an offer to British Foreign Minister Sir Edward Grey. If Britain were to remain neutral, Germany would pledge not to annex any of mainland France.

Austro-Hungarian artillery began shelling across the Danube River into Belgrade, the Serbian capital.

Gabriel Fauré wrote to his wife from Ems, Germany that the political situation was so “very grave” that he had decided to return home.

Russian mobilization was ordered. WORLD WAR I

A spectacular parade of ships led by the excursion steamer Rose Standish set sail in the late morning from New Bedford harbor for the official opening of the Cape Cod Canal. The Rose Standish was followed by the destroyer McDougall carrying then assistant secretary of the navy Franklin Delano Roosevelt, followed in turn by seven magnificent yachts led by project financier Augustus Belmont’s Scout. Six more destroyers escorted the flotilla to the approach channel entrance off Wing’s Neck, where two revenue cutters and two submarines were standing by, along with hundreds of smaller craft.

The 1st transcontinental telephone link was established, between New York City and San Francisco. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE August 1, Saturday: As a result of the murder of Jean Jaurès, Erik Satie left the Radical Party and joined the Socialist Party of France.

Noon. The German ultimatum expired.

4PM. The French government ordered a general mobilization effective at midnight.

5PM. As German forces marched into Luxembourg to secure vital railheads in defiance of Kaiser Wilhelm II’s orders, the Kaiser ordered a general mobilization.

7PM. Germany declared war on Russia. The 1914 season of the Bayreuth Festspielhaus was closing early with a production of Wagner’s Parsifal, and at the performance Ernest MacMillan overheard the conductor, Karl Muck, inform someone of this declaration of war. LISTEN TO IT NOW

All German investments in London were sequestered by the Bank of England, including £50,000 belonging to the musician Richard Strauss. Belgium, Denmark, and Norway declared neutrality in the impending war. Italy informed Germany that the Triple Alliance applied only to a defensive war. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE August 2, Sunday: By this point all the male inhabitants of the Villa Medici (all Prix de Rome winners) had been mobilized into the French army. The only female inhabitant, Lili Boulanger, having left a month earlier, the villa stood empty except for its servants. All theaters, movie houses and music halls in France were closed.

A secret treaty of military alliance was signed between the Ottoman Empire and Germany that virtually placed the Turkish armed forces under German command. READ THE FULL TEXT

Adolf Hitler received permission to enlist, and joined the 16th Reserve Infantry Regiment in München.

German forces completed their occupation of Luxembourg. By 7PM, the German minister in Brussels handed over a note which demanded that Belgium “remain neutral” and not oppose German advances into Belgian territory to face a “French threat.” Germany promised to pay for any damages incurred during the intrusion. 9PM King Albert of Belgium met with his Council of State. They agreed to oppose any German incursion. With Germany’s demand for free passage through Belgium, World War I began. WORLD WAR I

THE FUTURE IS MOST READILY PREDICTED IN RETROSPECT

August 3, Monday: 7AM. A Foreign Ministry courier delivered a note to the German minister in Brussels. Belgium unexpectedly advised Germany that it was “firmly resolved to repel by all means in its power every attack upon its rights.” Belgium had rejected Germany’s demand for free passage through Belgium in its attack upon France.

3PM The British Parliament convened to hear a speech by Foreign Minister Sir William Grey advocating armed support for Belgium, after which the members rose and cheered. Sir Edward Grey remarked to a friend, “The lamps are going out all over Europe; we shall not see them lit again in our lifetime.”

6:30PM Germany declared war on France. WORLD WAR I

Gabriel Fauré wrote to his wife from Geneva that “I have just spent three appalling days with my blasted luggage.” Traveling home from Ems he had found the French border closed so he had taken a circuitous route through Switzerland. Trains in all three countries were being used for mobilization.

A visitor to Bayreuth, Ernest MacMillan, asked the US consul in Nürnberg, Charles Winans, what he should

“Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project The War to End War HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE do in the current political situation. (the British consul having already left the country) Winans told him to return to Bayreuth to see what happens.

German forces captured Kalish, Chenstokhov, and Bendzin in Russian Poland.

Italy declared neutrality in the European war.

The Turkish government sent out sealed envelopes containing a general mobilization order to district and village councils, with strict instructions that they were not to be opened until further notice. A fortnight later, with the approval of the Ittihad Committee, the instruction would go out, for the councils to open these envelopes.

August 4, Tuesday: In the early morning, Germany declared war on Belgium. At 8:02AM forces under General Von Kluck crossed the border along a 24-kilometer front at Gemmerich, heading for Liège (they would reach the Meuse at Visé by nightfall). At noon, King Albert asked for military support from the guarantors of Belgian neutrality. Belgium declared war on Germany. Great Britain delivered an ultimatum to Germany to halt the invasion of Belgium by midnight. A Berlin mob stoned the windows of the British embassy. At 3PM Chancellor Bethmann Hollweg advised the Reichstag stated that German troops were in Luxembourg and maybe already in Belgium. Although this act was illegal, he stated, it would be made right by Germany as soon as their military objectives were achieved. The members voted a war credit of 5,000,000,000 marks and then dissolved for 4 months.

Italy declared that since Austria’s attack on Serbia was an act of aggression, it was absolved from treaty obligations under the Triple Alliance.

2 German warships bombarded Philippeville (Skikda) and Bone (Annaba), Algeria.

President Woodrow Wilson proclaimed United States neutrality in the European conflict. 2 days after signing a secret alliance with Germany, the Ottoman Empire also declared its neutrality.

President Hermes da Fonseca of Brazil declared his country’s “rigorous neutrality” in the European war.

At 11PM, their ultimatum to Germany unanswered, Great Britain declared itself at war with Germany. Kitchener became Secretary of War. WORLD WAR I

August 5, Wednesday: Karol Szymanowski wrote from his home near Elisavetgrad, Russia (Kirovgrad, Ukraine), at which he had just arrived following a harrowing journey from London. He had meant to travel by way of Vienna but, fearing he would not be able to leave Austria, had instead gone by way of Berlin and Warsaw.

The first traffic lights were erected, in Cleveland.

Nicaragua and the United States signed the Bryan-Chamorro Treaty. The US took over economic control of Nicaragua, and gained military and territorial concessions.

German forces attacked at Liège, Belgium, with waves of troops moving into fields of Belgian machinegun HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE fire and being repulsed.

At noon, Austria-Hungary declared war on Russia.

Montenegro declared war on Austria-Hungary.

President Woodrow Wilson tendered the good offices of the United States of America, in the interests of peace.(Eventually President Wilson would declare that through America’s participation in World War I we WORLD WAR I

would “show the world a new and heretofore unheard of motive in warfare,” to wit, righteousness. The righteous might of our arms would make the world safe for democracy.) “There is only one way to accept America and that is in hate; one must be close to one’s land, passionately close in some way or other, and the only way to be close to America is to hate it; it is the only way to love America.” — Lionel Trilling

AMERICAN EXCEPTIONALISM

August 6, Thursday: Ellen Louise Axson Wilson died of Bright’s disease at the White House in Washington DC a couple of years into her husband’s presidency. She had asked the physician to promise to tell her husband “later” that she hoped he would marry again and toward the last murmured “take good care of my husband” (the body would be placed in Myrtle Hill Cemetery in Rome, Georgia among family graves).

Daughter Margaret Woodrow Wilson would take up the duties of First Lady of the United States until President Woodrow Wilson’s 2d marriage in 1915 to Edith Bolling Galt. Margaret was an accomplished singer who made several recordings around 1918. She would not marry. When her father died he left her an annuity of $2,500 a year. After her father’s death she would develop an interest in far-eastern religion. In 1940 she would travel to the ashram of Sri Aurobindo in Puducherry, India, and remain there for the rest of her life. She would become known in the Sri Aurobindo Ashram as Nistha, a name given to her by the holy guru after she became a member of the Ashram (Nistha, in Sanskrit, means “sincerity”). While there, she and Joseph Campbell would edit the English translation of the classical work on the Hindu mystic Sri Ramakrishna, THE GOSPEL OF SRI RAMAKRISHNA BY SWAMI NIKHILANANDA. Their work would be published in 1942 by the Ramakrishna- Vivekananda Center in New York City. Margaret Wilson, or Nistha, would die of uremia at the ashram on February 12th, 1944.

Austria-Hungary went to war against Russia.

Serbia declared war on Germany.

French forces entered Belgium along the Meuse River. Their position increasingly untenable, Belgian defenders of Liége were ordered to retreat to Louvain. 2 days after the United Kingdom had declared war on Germany over the German invasion of Belgium, 10 German U-boats left their base in Helgoland to attack Royal Navy warships in the North Sea.

The German Zeppelin LZ dropped 13 bombs on Liège, killing 9 civilians (thus bringing into the 20th-Century HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE the tradition of influencing the military by destroying the civilians they were supposed to be protecting, that the United States of America had pioneered during the 19th Century in our naval bombardment of the Mexican port of Vera Cruz).

German troops entered France, capturing Longwy.

French troops invaded German Togoland from Dahomey, taking Little Popo (Anecho).

French forces from Brazzaville entered Kamerun and took two German posts inside the border in the northeast of the colony. WORLD WAR I

August 7, Friday: At 5AM, French forces invaded Alsace. They would capture the town of Altkirch, just west of the Rhine. General Joffre was in supreme command of French army.

Portugal informed Great Britain that it intended to honor its treaty obligations.

German troops completed the occupation of the city of Liège.

Still stuck in Geneva, Gabriel Fauré wrote to his wife that “here, as in almost the whole of Switzerland, public morale was excellent and very much on our side.”

Montenegro went to war against Austria.

Great Britain’s Expeditionary Force landed at Ostend, Calais, and Dunkirk. WORLD WAR I

August 8, Saturday: The first of twelve Liège forts, Ft. Barchon, fell to the Germans. Serbia went to war against Germany.

French troops entered Mulhouse without opposition.

The Defence of the Realm Act approved by the British Parliament granted the government wide powers to do whatever seemed necessary to ensure a successful outcome in the war. WORLD WAR I

Censorship of all telegraphic communication was imposed by the Turkish government. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE August 9, Sunday: The first 2 corps of the British Expeditionary Force disembarked at Le Havre (these British combat troops were the 1st to put their boots on French soil in almost a century). WORLD WAR I

At Mulhouse the Germans counterattacked against the French.

Austria-Hungary declared war on Montenegro.

Manuel de Falla wrote to his close friend the lawyer Leopoldo Matos in Madrid. He would need to leave Paris on account of the war and was concerned to find work back home “that will enable me and my family to live.”

August 12, Wednesday: The United Kingdom declared war on Austria-Hungary. The Austro-Hungarian army crossed the Sava and Drina rivers into Serbia and captured Sabac and nearby villages, savaging the local population.

British troops from the Gold Coast landed at Lomé in German Togoland without opposition. Elsewhere in Togoland, British troops exchanged fire with Germans, the 1st shots fired by the British in the war.

Russia invaded East Prussia, capturing the town of Marggrabowa.

Belgian forces repelled German cavalry attacks at Haelen.

Montenegro went to war against Germany.

At 6:30PM, giant German guns began bombarding the forts of Liége. WORLD WAR I

August 13, Thursday: Three more Liège forts fell to the Germans: Pontisse, Embourg, and Chaudfontaine. WORLD WAR I

August 14, Friday: Julián Carillo ended his one year term as director of the Conservatorio Nacional de Música in Mexico City.

Russia declared its intent to be that Poland was to be “united under the sceptre of the Russian Emperor ... free in faith, language and self-government.”

France began a major offensive in Alsace and in Lorraine, toward Sarrebourg and Morhange.

Two more Liège forts fell to the Germans: Liers and Fléron.

Austrians repelled a Serbian counterattack at Sabac, and captured Loznica. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE August 15, Saturday: Sospiri op.70 for strings, harps and organ by Edward Elgar was performed for the first time, in Queen’s Hall, London.

The Colony of Angola was created by Portugal.

Japan declared for the allies and demanded the handing over of the German base at Tsingtao.

Two more Liège forts fell to the Germans: Boncelles and Lantin.

German and native troops captured Taveta, British East Africa (Kenya).

Alvaro Obregón made a triumphal entry into Mexico City at the head of his troops, having defeated the federal armies of Victoriano Huerta.

The US government banned loans from American firms to belligerent nations. WORLD WAR I

The Panama Canal was formally opened to traffic.

AMANAPLANACANALPANAMA The Davis Lock of the Soo opened.

Construction began on the Severn division of the Trent-Severn Waterway.

Macedon’s Erie Canal Lock #60 was abandoned to make way for the Barge Canal. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE August 16, Sunday: With Austrian support, Józef Pilsudski established a Supreme National Committee in Kraków to unite all Polish political parties. He recruited Special Legions to fight the Russians.

Serbians counterattacked along a 50-kilometer front at a bend in the Drina-Sava River, driving the invading Austro-Hungarians back in the Battle of the Jadar.

After an heroic and furious defense of 2 weeks, the final 3 Liège forts, Loncin, Hollogne, and Flémalle, capitulated to the invading Germans. WORLD WAR I

August 17, Monday: 200,000 Russian troops began an offensive into East Prussia. Germans and Russians joined battle a few miles east of Stalluponen, just inside the German border.

Edward Elgar was sworn in as a member of the Hampstead Special Constabulary.

The Belgian capital was removed from Brussels to Antwerp. WORLD WAR I

August 18, Tuesday: King Albert ordered a general withdrawal from the Gette to Antwerp and moved his headquarters from Louvain to Malines.

French forces captured Château Salins near Morhange.

In a day of attacks and counterattacks, the Austrians were stopped by Serbian forces at Sabac. WORLD WAR I

Looting was reported in Sivas, Diyarbekir, and other provinces of Turkey, under the guise of collecting war contributions. Stores owned by Armenian and Greek merchants were vandalized. 1,080 Armenian-owned shops were burned by Turks in the city of Diyarbekir, Turkey.

August 19, Wednesday: Austrian troops killed 150 civilians at Leznica, Serbia.

Belgian troops defeated by the Germans at Aerschot began a retreat to Antwerp. Germans inflicted reprisals for sabotage on the town, by burning houses and killing 150 civilians.

German forces entered Louvain.

The Canadian parliament authorized the raising of an expeditionary force. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE August 20, Thursday: After successes and failures on both sides, the series of engagements over the previous four days around Gumbinnen (Gusev), 110 kilometers east of Königsberg (Kaliningrad), resulted in, by and large, what might be described as a Russian victory. However, the Russian forces would not press their advantage.

The Battle of the Jadar concluded with Austrian troops fleeing under Serbian bombardment. The invading Austrians were ordered to retreat across the Sava River.

In Lorraine, the invading French were cut to pieces by the Germans at Morhange Sarrebourg and forced into retreat.

The German First Army marched into Brussels, parading through the streets. A governor-general was installed.

Upon completing the draft of Act I of Die Frau ohne Schatten, Richard Strauss wrote on the manuscript: “Completed August 20, 1914, on the day of the victory of Saarburg. Hail to our excellent and courageous troops, hail to our German fatherland!”

In Rome, Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto, Pope Pius X, died.

On this day Anton von Webern was scheduled to begin duties in Stettin, but the theater was closed.

Venustiano Carranza de la Garza took charge as, at least nominally, President of Mexico. WORLD WAR I

August 21, Friday: German forces surged south in strength across the Sambre River between Namur and Charleroi, south of Brussels. WORLD WAR I

More than 1,500 glove cutters in Gloversville and Johnstown walked off the job in a wage dispute.

August 22, Saturday: Owing to the condition of Russians reporting for military duty, Tsar Nikolai II ordered that for the duration of the war there would be prohibition (vodka being a state monopoly, he thus eliminated a third of his government’s income).

A furious battle in the Ardennes ended with 27,000 Frenchmen dead, and masses of survivors fleeing southward in disorder (this would be recognized as the costliest day in French military history).

Belgian defenders fled from Namur.

German troops occupied Lunéville, Lorraine.

Austria-Hungary declared war on Belgium.

A day after sacking Tamines, Belgium, German soldiers herded 400 residents of the town into the main square, HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE where they were shot or bayoneted.

French, British, and native forces attacked the Germans on the Chra River, just north of Nuatja, Togoland. The attack failed but during the night the Germans would retire. WORLD WAR I

Riders to the Sea: Symphonic Prologue for orchestra by Henry F. Gilbert was performed for the initial time, in Peterborough, New Hampshire, and was conducted by the composer himself (this was a revision of a prologue written for Synge’s play).

All males of the Ottoman Empire between the ages of 20 and 45 were conscripted into that nation’s armed forces.1 MILITARY CONSCRIPTION

1. It seems not to be well known that the Turks of the Ottoman Empire accomplished the liquidation of the young-male segment of the Armenian population largely by means of the military draft. Official Turkish accounts acknowledge, however, that through concentrating the young men by means of this general conscription, the slaughter of about 800,000 male Armenians was enabled. Refer to Vahakn Dadrian, THE HISTORY OF THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE: ETHNIC CONFLICT FROM THE BALKANS TO ANATOLIA TO THE CAUCASUS (Providence RI: Berghahn Books, 1995, page 226).Henry Morgenthau would report that: In the early part of 1915, the Armenian soldiers in the Turkish army were reduced to a new status. Up to that time most of them had been combatants, but now they were all stripped of their arms and transformed into workmen. Instead of serving their country as artillerymen and cavalrymen, these former soldiers now discovered that they had been transformed into road labourers and pack animals. Army supplies of all kinds were loaded on their backs, and, stumbling under the burdens and driven by the whips and bayonets of the Turks, they were forced to drag their weary bodies into the mountains of the Caucasus. Sometimes they would have to plough their way, burdened in this fashion, almost waist high through snow. They had to spend practically all their time in the open, sleeping on the bare ground — whenever the ceaseless prodding of their taskmasters gave them an occasional opportunity to sleep. They were given only scraps of food; if they fell sick they were left where they had dropped, their Turkish oppressors perhaps stopping long enough to rob them of all their possessions — even of their clothes. If any stragglers succeeded in reaching their destinations, they were not infrequently massacred. In many instances Armenian soldiers were disposed of in even more summary fashion, for it now became almost the general practice to shoot them in cold blood. In almost all cases the procedure was the same. Here and there squads of 50 or 100 men would be taken, bound together in groups of four, and then marched out to a secluded spot a short distance from the village. Suddenly the sound of rifle shots would fill the air, and the Turkish soldiers who had acted as the escort would sullenly return to camp. Those sent to bury the bodies would find them almost invariably stark naked, for, as usual, the Turks had stolen all their clothes. In cases that came to my attention, the murderers had added a refinement to their victims’ sufferings by compelling them to dig their graves before being shot. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE “NARRATIVE HISTORY” AMOUNTS TO FABULATION, THE REAL STUFF BEING MERE CHRONOLOGY

August 23, Sunday: Citing the Anglo-Japanese treaty against the wishes of Great Britain, Japan went to war against Germany and began an attack on Tsingtau. China canceled Germany’s lease of Tsingtao.

Austro-Hungarian and Russian forces met head on at Krasnik, southwest of Lublin. In a 4-day battle the Austrians would push the Russians back.

In attacks between Orlau and Frankenau, south of Königsberg (Kaliningrad), Russians forced Germans to retreat. A Russian attack at Neidenburg (Nidzica), southwest of Tannenburg (Stebark) was repulsed.

German forces counterattacked in Lorraine, but were stopped by a French counterattack. Since August 20th, more than 40,000 French soldiers have been killed.

German troops attacked the British defenders of Mons, 50 kilometers southwest of Brussels. After vigorous resistance, the British were forced to withdraw.

612 residents of Dinant, Belgium (including infants) were shot to death in the town square by German occupiers, who then sacked and burned the town.

After a two-day battle, the Germans threw the French back at Charleroi and took Namur.

After Germans began shooting residents of Visé, Belgium, the entire population of the town (approximately 4,000 persons), escaped to the Dutch border some eight kilometers away.

French Prime Minister René Viviani formed a government of national unity. WORLD WAR I

August 24, Monday: The Germans entered France near Lille. WORLD WAR I

Serbian troops retook Sabac as Austrians evacuated that area.

The War to End War “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE August 25, Tuesday: Austria went to war against Japan.

Austrian forces captured Krasnik, Poland and began an advance toward Lublin.

A Belgian sortie forced the Germans back into Louvain. German troops began to burn the city of Louvain, including its library founded in 1426 and containing 200,000 irreplaceable volumes. It would take six days of burning, sacking, and murderizing to raze the city.

Germans entered Sedan and Mulhouse.

British invaded Kamerun at three points, toward Mara from Yola making for Garoua, and from Ikom making toward Nsanakang. WORLD WAR I

August 26, Wednesday: Viviani became the premier of France.

Germans counterattacked against the Russians at Tannenberg (Stebark).

Major Von Döring, acting German governor of Togoland, surrendered unconditionally.

Austro-Hungarian and Russian forces met at Komarow, 100 kilometers southeast of Lublin. They would struggle for six days, without strategic advantage gained by either side. Simultaneously, Russian forces attacked Austro-Hungarians at the Grila Lipa River. By August 30th the Russians would have driven them back west of Lemberg (Lvov).

Seven hours of artillery duel ended as Germans attacked the British at Le Cateau. Though seriously outnumbered, the British held their ground.

After two days of fighting before Mora, Kamerun the British retreated back into Nigeria with heavy losses. WORLD WAR I

August 27, Thursday: British and Japanese ships began a blockade of Tsingtao Bay.

German forces smashed through the Russian lines at Soldau (Dzialdowo) northwest of Warsaw.

British ships sank 3 German light cruisers and a destroyer in the Helgoland Bight, at the loss of 744 lives. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE August 28, Friday: Austria went to war against Belgium.

After cutting off the Russian line of retreat, the Germans commenced their major blow at Tannenberg (Stebark) northwest of Warsaw.

In 3 days of fighting, the French staved off furious German assaults south of Sedan.

Ministers of the United States, Mexico, and Sweden visited Louvain and witnessed the death and devastation. The news would be sent around the world. WORLD WAR I

Turkish troops were garrisoned in Armenian schools and churches in the Sivas Province. In the city of Sivas, Armenia, 56,000 soldiers of the 10th Army Corps were quartered in and around the Christian districts.

August 29, Saturday: Russian forces continued desperate attempts to break the German encirclement at Tannenberg (Stebark).

French forces counterattacked at Guise to cover the British retreat from Le Cateau and Landrecies. This succeeded. The Germans temporarily withdraw. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE August 30, Sunday: Troops from New Zealand took possession of the German colony in Samoa.

The Battle of Tannenberg (Stebark) ended, 150 kilometers northwest of Warsaw. In five days of fighting, the Russian Second Army had been virtually annihilated with unknown thousands killed. The Russian commander, General Samsanov, killed himself.

A Russian attack at the Gnila Lipa River forced the Austrians into retreat.

German atrocities in Louvain ceased, perhaps owing to worldwide condemnation.

German troops captured Amiens, 115 kilometers north of Paris.

A German Zeppelin dropped bombs on Paris, killing two.

British troops captured Nsanakang, Kamerun but a German counterattack nearly annihilated them. WORLD WAR I

August 31, Monday: British attacked the Germans in Garoua, Kamerun but were repulsed with heavy losses.

Germans retook Neidenburg, East Prussia.

German forces captured Givet and Montmédy and crossed the River Oise, 150 kilometers northeast of Paris. WORLD WAR I

August 30: Amiens was occupied by the Germans. WORLD WAR I

August 31: The Russian army of invasion in East Prussia was defeated at Tannenberg by the Germans under Von Hindenburg. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE September 1, Tuesday: At 1PM, Martha, the last American Passenger Pigeon Ectopistes migratorius, died in the Cincinnati zoo.

Austro-Hungarian forces finally repulse the Russian attack at Komarow, 100 kilometers southeast of Lublin.

British forces, covering their retreat, punish advancing Germans in the forests of Compiègne. WORLD WAR I

September 3, Thursday: Russian forces captured Lemberg (Lvov) from .

The British Expeditionary Force retreated across the Marne and set up defensive positions. German advance units reached the river opposite them by nightfall.

Giacomo Giambattista, marchese della Chiesa became Pope Benedict XV.

Deprived of all great power support, Prince Wilhelm of Wied, their choice to become Prince of Albania, departed from the country. He would never return.

In his house in Baron, near Nanteuil-le-Haudoin, French composer Albéric Magnard opened fire on a couple of German lancers who were about to enter. He was eventually subdued and shot to death. His house, containing priceless art works and manuscripts, was destroyed.

In London, Russia, the United Kingdom, and France agreed not to conclude a separate peace with the central powers.

Paris was placed in a state of siege: The French government was transferred to Bordeaux. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE September 4, Friday: The Germans attack the Russians at the Masurian Lakes (Jezioro Mamry, Jezioro Sniardwy), southeast of Königsberg (Kaliningrad).

German troops occupied Reims, northeast of Paris.

German forces began a furious assault on the defenders of Nancy.

Germans reached Claye, near Paris.

The 1st Battle of the Marne began as French and German troops blundered into each other north of Meaux. WORLD WAR I

September 5, Saturday: Albanian rebels entered the capital Durrës but the nation fell into anarchy.

Frederick and Jelka Delius, hearing the German artillery on the Marne, decided to leave their home at Grez- sur-Loing and jumped aboard a cattle truck with about 50 others. WORLD WAR I

September 6, Sunday: 3AM. After travelling in a cattle truck 75 kilometers in 16 hours, 50-60 refugees, including Frederick and Jelka Delius, arrived in Orléans. With the halting of the German advance, they decided to return home.

Once again, Austro-Hungarian forces attacked into Serbia.

Russian troops attacked the Austro-Hungarians in strength at Ivangorod.

French forces launched a counterattack against advancing Germans along the Marne River. WORLD WAR I

September 6, Sunday-10, Thursday: The Battle of the Marne. Von Kluck was beaten by General Joffre and the German army retreated from Paris to the Soissons-Rheims line. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE September 8, Tuesday: The French moved 6,000 men 60 kilometers from Gagny, near Paris, to the front, by use of a convoy of 600 taxicabs. WORLD WAR I

British forces attacked across the Petit Morin River, forcing the Germans to abandon Montmirail.

Alban Berg sent the 1st and 3d of his Three Orchestral Pieces op.6 to Arnold Schoenberg, hoping to dedicate them to him.

The Turkish government abrogated the Capitulations (the commercial and judicial rights of the Europeans in the Ottoman Empire).

September 9, Wednesday: German forces began their main attack against the Russians at the Masurian Lakes. They manage to cut off the Russian retreat.

British and French forces attack north across the Marne through a gap in the German line at Chateau-Thierry and Marigny. German armies fall back behind the Aisne on a line from Noyon to Verdun.

British troops take Lüderitz in German South West Africa.

German forces attack Abercorn, Northern Rhodesia (Mbala, Zambia) at the extreme southern end of Lake Tanganyika. They were repulsed and retreat to the Lumi River. WORLD WAR I

September 10, Thursday: In fierce fighting at the Masurian Lakes, Russian troops manage to hold the Germans long enough for the main body of their army to escape.

Russian troops rout the Austrians at Rava Russka, northwest of Lemberg (Lvov).

The 1st Battle of the Marne ended. The British and French had stopped the German advance and repulsed them as far as the Aisne River. Both sides began digging trenches. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE September 11, Friday: Australians captured New Pomerania (New Britain) in the Bismarck Archipelago from Germany.

Austro-Hungarians retreated from the Russians almost as far west as Krakow.

French troops advanced as far as Compiègne and Châlons-sur-Marne.

British troops from Northern Rhodesia (Zambia) attacked and scattered the Germans on the Lumi River. WORLD WAR I

The Armenian National Assembly, composed of civil and religious representatives, met in Constantinople and advised Armenians in the provinces to remain calm in the face of provocation.

September 12, Saturday: Russian forces took Grodek, Galicia as the Austrians retreated beyond the San River.

British and French troops forced their way across the Aisne west of Rheims. WORLD WAR I

September 13, Sunday: Australian troops landed to take possession of Kaiser Wilhelm Land (Papua New Guinea) from the Germans.

British and French forces crossed the Aisne but were blocked from splitting the German army in two.

The 1st ship passee through the newly completed Panama Canal.

German forces in France set up defensive position along the Aisne River (trenches).

The name of the Russian capital of St. Petersburg was offically changed to Petrograd, owing to the germanic nature of the original. WORLD WAR I

September 14, Monday: The French reoccupied Amiens and Rheims. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE September 15, Tuesday: Australian forces took possession of the Solomon Islands from Germany.

The First Battle of the Masurian Lakes ended with Russian forces setting up defensive positions across the River Niemen.

At the suggestion of Charles Seeger, Henry Cowell began taking music classes at the University of California, Berkeley while studying “free composition” with Seeger. WORLD WAR I

September 16, day: The British Expeditionary force begins building trenches.

September 17, day: Andrew Fisher replaced Joseph Cook as prime minister of Australia.

The Belgian army falls back to Antwerp.

French troops advance 6 kilometers between Soissons and Compiègne.

September 18, Friday: Japanese troops landed without opposition at Lao-shan Bay, east of Tsingtao.

An allied counterattack called the First Battle of the Aisne was halted at Soissons-Bailly. WORLD WAR I

After 3 years in Europe, Amy Beach arrived in the harbor of New York from Liverpool aboard SS Cretic. She had taken the last train out of Germany, offered by the government at their expense.

In New York City, Mrs. Clara Thayer Perry and Miss Ida M. Thayer were struck by an automobile. Clara was killed, and Ida fatally injured.

September 24, day: South African forces take Raman’s Drift, South West Africa.

September 19, Saturday: Camille Saint-Saëns published the 1st of a series of articles entitled “Germanophile,” wherein he attacked German art and music and suggested a ban on the music of Wagner.

A small South African force landed at Lüderitzbucht, South West Africa (Namibia). WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE September 20, Sunday: The German battlecruiser SMS Königsberg sailed into Zanzibar harbor and sank the British protected cruiser HMS Pegasus and damaged the picket ship HMS Helmuth.

German forces attacked along a 20-kilometer front toward Saint-Mihiel. The French stopped them at Fort Troyon. WORLD WAR I

Four of the songs for voice and piano op.137 by Max Reger were performed for the initial time, in Hildburghausen: Bitte um einem seligen Tod, Uns ist geboren ein Kindelein, Grablied and Lass dich nur nichts nicht daurn. The composer performed at the piano.

September 21, Monday: Kaiser Wilhelm Land (German New Guinea) capitulated to Australian troops.

French troops retook Noyon.

French forces established a beachhead near the mouth of the Muni River, Kamerun.

Rhodesian troops occupied Schuckmannsburg in German South West Africa (Nambia) without opposition. WORLD WAR I

September 25, Friday: German forces recaptured Noyon. WORLD WAR I

The King’s Highway for voice, chorus and orchestra by Charles Villiers Stanford to words of Newbolt was performed for the initial time, in Queen’s Hall, London. Stanford has donated all proceeds from the song to the Prince of Wales’ National Relief Fund.

September 26, Saturday: German artillery began an attack on Antwerp.

A South African invasion force was surrounded and attacked by Germans at Sanfontein, South West Africa (Namibia). After a day long battle, the South Africans were forced to surrender. After the battle, thirsty men from both sides mingle and drink from the same nearby wells as if nothing has happened. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE September 27, Sunday: Japanese forces attacked the outer defenses of Tsingtao.

Russian forces invaded Hungary.

The German garrison at Douala, Kamerun, surrendered to British and French forces offshore. WORLD WAR I

Frédéric Masson of the French Academy published an article urging his countrymen to banish Wagner from the country “by violence if need be.”

On German orders, the Turks closed the Dardanelles to foreign shipping.

News reached Constantinople about the demand made by the Turkish government to the Armenian population in Zeitun, to turn in its weapons, including any and all types of knives.

September 28, Monday: Japanese troops breach the outer defenses of the German outpost of Tsingtao.

German forces counterattack against the Russians along the Vistula River on a wide front between Krakow and Czestachowa.

Germans captured Malines, halfway between Brussels and Antwerp.

Home Rule for Ireland was granted the Royal Assent, but was suspended for the duration of the war. WORLD WAR I

September 29, Tuesday: The bombardment of Antwerp began. WORLD WAR I

September 30, Wednesday: British and French troops from Douala attacked the Germans at Tiko, driving them off. WORLD WAR I

Publishers Breitkopf and Härtel announced that the International Music Society had been discontinued on account of war.

Ezra Pound wrote to Harriet Monroe, the publisher of Poetry magazine, alerting her about “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock”: “[T.S. Eliot] has sent in the best poem I have yet had or seen from an American.”

Turkish authorities distributed arms to the Muslim residents of the town of Keghi in Erzerum Province on the excuse that the Armenian Christians there were unreliable. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE October: With Italy about to enter World War I, the Socialist Party opposed interventionism and some revolutionary syndicalists broke away into a splinter group they called Fasci d'azione rivoluzionaria internazionalista. Benito Mussolini joined the Milan fascio, plumping for Italy to abandon the Triple Alliance, and its relations with Imperial Germany and the Austro-Hungarian Empire, in order to enter the world war on the side of Britain and France (this is what, in the following year, would indeed happen).

Ezra Pound sent T.S. Eliot’s “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock” to Poetry (this would appear in the issue for June 1915). He began to incorporate Ernest Fenollosa’s translations of Chinese poetry and Japanese Noh plays into poems of his own (such as “The River Merchant’s Wife”).

A refortified St. Helena was reinforced with 87 further British soldiers and Governor Major Sir Harry Edward Spiller Cordeaux imposed martial law (which would be continuous, in this “outpost of empire,” until 1918). HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE October 1, Thursday: All foreign postal services in Turkey were closed on government order.

Nazaret Chavush, the most notable Armenian leader in Zeitun, was murdered on the order of Haidar Pasha, governor of Marash.

The end of the world according to the Jehovah’s Witnesses. In fact, they viewed the entirety of World War I as 2 the Battle of Armageddon (Skinner, Stephen. MILLENNIUM PROPHECIES. Stamford CT: Longmeadow Press,

2. Armageddon = the place (possibly to be identified with Har Megiddo, the Mount of Megiddo, near Tel Aviv, near which many battles were fought) designated in REVELATION 16:16 as the scene of the final battle between the kings of the earth at the end of the world. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE 1994, page 102).

MILLENNIALISM HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE October 1, Thursday: France ceased to consider Czechs and Slovaks as enemy aliens.

Russians beat back the Germans in the Augustow Forest, East Prussia.

German troops occupied the perimeter forts of Antwerp.

Nazaret Chavush, leader of the Armenian community in Zeitun, was killed at the order of the Turkish governor. WORLD WAR I

October 2, Friday: The British Admiralty announced its intention to mine areas of the North Sea. WORLD WAR I

October 3, Saturday: Japan took Jaluit Atoll in the Marshall Islands from Germany. WORLD WAR I

October 4, Sunday: German and Austro-Hungarian forces began a combined offensive toward Warsaw.

Germans captured Lens and began bombarding Lille. WORLD WAR I

Violinist Franz Milcke attempted to play through Charles Ives’ Violin Sonata no.1, accompanied by the composer, at the Ives home in West Redding, Connecticut. He found himself unable to do so.

October 5, Monday: Esad Pasha Toptani declared himself president of an Albanian republic, in Durrës.

October 6, Tuesday: King Albert evacuated the Belgian government from Antwerp to Ostend. 250,000 residents of Antwerp began to flee toward France and the Netherlands.

In the face of furious fire, French colonial troops forced the Germans away from the remains of the Yapoma railway bridge over the Dibamba River, thus sparing Douala from attack. WORLD WAR I

October 2, Friday: The British Admiralty announced its intention to mine areas of the North Sea. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE October 7, Wednesday: Japan took the Micronesian islands of Yap and Ponape from Germany.

News reached Constantinople of looting under the guise of war contributions in Shabin-Karahisar, Armenia.

German artillery began to shell Antwerp. WORLD WAR I

October 8, Thursday: Japanese troops occupied the German island of Koror in Palau. WORLD WAR I

October 9, Friday: An Austrian offensive took Jaroslaw on the San River in Galicia, but then stopped.

Antwerp surrendered to the Germans. The French government removed to Ostend. WORLD WAR I

The 2d of the Three Pieces for Organ by Frank Bridge was performed for the initial time, in Twrgwyn Chapel.

October 10, Saturday: German forces defeated Russian forces at Grojec, south of Warsaw.

The remaining Belgian troops in Antwerp surrendered as the Germans completed occupation of the city.

There was news that “the war contribution” looting of Armenians by Turks was continuing in Diyarbekir Province. In Zeitun, Armenia, all the Armenian notables were called to a meeting. About 3 score attended — and were immediately detained.

Follow the Colours, in the version for male chorus, by Edwar Elgar to words of Stretton, was performed for the initial time, at the Royal Albert Hall, London. Also premiered was Elgar’s song A Soldier’s Song: Roll Call to words of Begbie.

Margot, a comedia lírica by Joaquín Turina to words of Martínez Sierra, was performed for the initial time, in Madrid.

King Carol I of Romania died in Sinaia, succeeded by his nephew, Ferdinand I.

A meeting of revolutionary leaders in Aguascalientes agreed to back Eulalio Gutiérrez as President of Mexico.

In Berlin, Ferruccio Busoni wrote in his diary, “Today Antwerp ‘fell’...What to they actually intend to do with Belgium? Hand it back a little damaged.” WORLD WAR I

October 11, Sunday: German troops captured Sochaczew and advanced to within 50 kilometers of Warsaw. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE October 12, Monday: Japan took the Micronesian island of Truk (Chuuk) from Germany.

The trial of Gavrilo Princip and his fellow conspirators began in Sarajevo.

Allied troops evacuated Ostend and Zeebrugge. WORLD WAR I

October 13, Tuesday: German forces captured Ghent and Lille as the British occupied Ypres.

The Belgian government relocated in Le Havre.

An article entitled “An Appeal to the Civilized World” was published in the Paris Le temps. Later called the “Manifesto of 93,” this was a statement from the elite of German art and science (including Engelbert Humperdinck) denying all charges of barbarism by the allies against Germany and refuting the allied cause for the war.

A (presumably anarchist) bomb went off in St. Patrick’s Cathedral in New York, producing minor damage.

The British occupied Ypres. WORLD WAR I

News of requisitions imposed on Armenian businesses as “war contributions” for Turkey reaches Constantinople from every province.

News reaches Constantinople of starvation and the spread of disease in the Sivas Province because of the desperate conditions created by the “war contributions” campaign conducted against the Armenians.

October 14, Wednesday: Japanese troops occupied the German island of Saipan in the Northern Marianas.

German forces captured Bruges.

British troops occupied Yabassi on the Nsake River, Kamerun.

A Canadian Expeditionary Force of 32,000 men landed at Plymouth. WORLD WAR I

October 15, Thursday: German forces captured Ostend and Zeebrugge on the North Sea. The Belgian government was removed to Havre, France.

The Germans began an offensive near Jozefow and Warsaw to drive the Russians across the Vistula.

The Clayton Act was enacted by the US Congress. This granted workers the right to strike and picket. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE October 16, Friday: The 1st 8,574 men of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force sailed from Wellington for France.

The British Expeditionary Force began to halt the German advance at Ypres, Belgium west of Brussels. WORLD WAR I

October 17, Saturday: Roving bands of Moslem chete paramilitaries began looting the property of Armenians, violating women and children, and murdering wholesale in Erzerum Province.

In Erzerum, leaders of the Armenian nationalist Dashnak party organization were arrested.

The 1st 20,226 men of the Australian Expeditionary Force sailed from Albany for France.

Jean Sibelius withdrew from a project to turn Juhani Aho’s novel Juha into an opera. This was the closest he would ever come to writing an opera.

October 18, Sunday: After four days of battle, the German offensive in Poland was halted by the Russians and they began retreating. WORLD WAR I

October 19, Monday: The beginning of the 1st Battle of Ypres. WORLD WAR I

October 20, Tuesday: Russian forces began driving the Germans back from Warsaw.

German submarine U-17 stopped the British ship Glitra 23 kilometers off the coast of Norway. They allowed the crew to be lowered into lifeboats, then opened the sea cocks sending her to the bottom. This was the 1st sinking of a merchant ship by a submarine.

German forces began an offensive on the Flanders front from the La Bassée Canal to the sea, concentrating on Ypres. The Allies attack between Ypres and Givenchy. WORLD WAR I

October 21, Wednesday: Japanese troops occupied the German island of Rota in the Northern Marianas. WORLD WAR I

October 22, Thursday: Germans counterattacked and crossed the Yser River near Tervaete. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE October 23, Friday: Russian forces advanced all along the front, capturing Jaroslaw.

The trial of Gavrilo Princip and his fellow conspirators concluded in Sarajevo. WORLD WAR I

October 24, Saturday: Over the previous three days, French troops had withstood several German attacks north of Ypres. This day began continuous (24-hour) fighting on the Ypres salient. WORLD WAR I

October 25, Sunday: Belgian troops opened the locks at Nieuport, flooding the lowlands as far as Dixmude in an attempt to halt the German advance. WORLD WAR I

October 26, Monday: German forces completed a six-day retreat over 100 kilometers in Poland. They had suffered 40,000 casualties.

Over the previous three days, Belgian and French African troops had held Dixmude against 15 German assaults, and rising water.

French troops occupied Edea, Kamerun, forcing the Germans to retreat to Yaounde. WORLD WAR I

October 22, Thursday: Ismail Enver Pasha authorized the combined German/Turkish navy to carry out a stealth attack upon the nation of Russia, without any prior declaration of war. Hostilities were opened between Turkey and Russia by the shelling of the Russian Black Sea coast, by Ottoman naval vessels under German command. WORLD WAR I

(The line contested by the Russians and Ottomans between the Black and Caspian Sea ran along the heights of the Caucasus mountains. General Paul von Hindenburg urged the Turkish commanders to pull their men off the heights before winter but they would not and many of their men froze. His consideration was that this had happened only because of their “policy of massacre of the Armenians.”) HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE October 28, Wednesday: In the harbor of Penang, Malaya, the German ship Emden fired on and sank the Russian cruiser Zemtchug and the French destroyer Mousquet.

Russian forces captured Lodz and Radon.

Verdicts and sentences were handed down in a Sarajevo court in the killing of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife. Nine defendants were acquitted, 16 found guilty. Of the 16, five were sentenced to death, one was sentenced to life in prison and ten others, being younger than 20 years of age (including the gunman Gavrilo Princip), received prison terms of 20 years or less. Kaiser Franz-Joseph would commute the sentences of two of those sentenced to death to 20 years. WORLD WAR I

October 30, Friday: The flood waters unleashed in Belgium on October 25th finally forced the Germans to withdraw.

Private Adolf Hitler was transferred to the regimental staff, as a runner. WORLD WAR I

October 31, Saturday: The faked-up frigate USS Constellation went on display at Washington DC. Everybody in our nation’s puzzle palace was of course just thrilled at how authentic this fake was.

At noon German forces captured Gheluvelt and broke the British line, but then they were forced back by a British counterattack. WORLD WAR I

November 1, Sunday: Private Adolf Hitler was promoted to Gefreiter (senior private).

German troops at Ypres captured the ridges of Messines and Wytschaete.

The Ottoman Empire declared war on the Allies.

At 7:00PM British and German ships engaged off Coronel, Chile. 2 British ships were sunk with 1,654 fatalities. WORLD WAR I

November 2, Monday: Harry S Truman’s father died.

Russia formally declared war upon the Ottoman Empire. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE November 4, Wednesday: As British and Indian troops attempted to move on Tanga, German East Africa (Tanzania) they were fired upon by German and colonial defenders and a general engagement ensued, enlivened by the appearance of swarms of bees (apparently angered by bullets riddling their hives). The British were repulsed amidst much confusion.

British and Indian troops crossed the border from British East Africa (Kenya) into German East Africa (Tanzania) near Longido. A German and colonial force half their size attacked and sent them into retreat. WORLD WAR I

November 5, Thursday: France declared war on the Ottoman Empire. Great Britain declared war on the Ottoman Empire and annexed Cyprus. Great Britain declared the entire North Sea to be a controlled military area. British subjects in Germany began to be sent to the Ruhleben race course near Berlin for internment. British women would be repatriated in October. WORLD WAR I

Incidental music to Masefield’s play Philip the King by Gustav Holst was performed for the initial time, in Covent Garden, London.

November 6, Friday: Australian forces occupied the German island of Nauru.

Japanese troops breached the final German defenses at Tsingtao.

France declared war on the Ottoman Empire.

Russian forces made advances toward Koprukeui, east of Erzurum. Meanwhile, Russian ships mined the entrance to the Bosporus and bombarded Zonguldak, Turkey. WORLD WAR I

Austria-Hungary launched a major offensive across the Drina into Serbia.

Four of the songs for voice and piano op.137 by Max Reger were performed for the 1st time, in Meiningen: Dein Wille, Herr, geschehel, Am Abend, Klage vor Gottes Leiden and O Jesu Christ, wir warten dein. The composer performed at the piano.

The Camp was Hushed...Reposez vous, vous chevaliers! for men’s chorus by Arthur William Foote to words of Aldrich, was performed for the initial time, in Boston.

Carl Hans Lody was executed by firing squad in a wooden chair at the end of a 100-foot target practice shed at the Tower of London, the 1st German spy to be shot during the war and, it has been said inaccurately, the 1st person executed on the grounds of the Tower of London itself as opposed to such venues as Tower Hill, since 1601, when Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex had been the 7th of 7 with royal connections (including Anne Boleyn, Catherine Howard, and Lady Jane Grey), to get the axe — inaccurately, because in fact during 1743 various Scottish deserters had been done in at the Tower by firing squad. In all, 11 German spies would be executed at the Tower during World War I: Carl Hans Lody, Haicke Janssen, Willem Roos, Francis Buschman, Carl Muller, Ernst Melin, Augusto Roggen, George Breeckow, Irving Ries, Albert Meyer, and Ludovico Hurowitz-y-Zender (the shed and its chair to which they were strapped for execution are of course no longer in existence): HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

November 6, Friday: Australian forces occupied the German island of Nauru.

Japanese troops breached the final German defenses at Tsingtao.

France declared war on the Ottoman Empire.

Russian forces made advances toward Koprukeui, east of Erzurum. Meanwhile, Russian ships mined the entrance to the Bosporus and bombarded Zonguldak, Turkey. WORLD WAR I

Austria-Hungary launched a major offensive across the Drina into Serbia.

Four of the songs for voice and piano op.137 by Max Reger were performed for the 1st time, in Meiningen: Dein Wille, Herr, geschehel, Am Abend, Klage vor Gottes Leiden and O Jesu Christ, wir warten dein. The composer performed at the piano.

The Camp was Hushed...Reposez vous, vous chevaliers! for men’s chorus by Arthur William Foote to words of Aldrich, was performed for the initial time, in Boston.

Carl Hans Lody was executed by firing squad in a wooden chair at the end of a 100-foot target practice shed at the Tower of London, the 1st German spy to be shot during the war and, it has been said inaccurately, the 1st person executed on the grounds of the Tower of London itself as opposed to such venues as Tower Hill, since 1601, when Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex had been the 7th of 7 with royal connections (including Anne Boleyn, Catherine Howard, and Lady Jane Grey), to get the axe — inaccurately, because in fact during 1743 various Scottish deserters had been done in at the Tower by firing squad. In all, 11 German spies would be executed at the Tower during World War I: Carl Hans Lody, Haicke Janssen, Willem Roos, Francis Buschman, Carl Muller, Ernst Melin, Augusto Roggen, George Breeckow, Irving Ries, Albert Meyer, and Ludovico Hurowitz-y-Zender (the shed and its chair to which they were strapped for execution are of course no longer in existence):

November 8, Sunday: Manuel de Falla returned triumphantly from 7 years in Paris, to take up residence in Madrid.

Alban Berg recorded that “Today I saw a long column of wounded soldiers—horrible. And soon afterwards a company of soldiers shouting and singing on their way to the front. These were memories that won’t be wiped out in a hurry. I sometimes feel here as if I were living outside this world.” WORLD WAR I

November 9, Monday: When HMAS Sydney forced the raider SMS Emden aground at the Cocos Islands, the Germans lost 111 crew members (although some did escape).

News from the interior of Turkey reached the community of Constantinople that persecutions already exceeded earlier actions against the Armenians.

Austrians crossed the Sava east of Belgrade but were stopped by Serbian forces. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

November 10, Tuesday: German forces launched another offensive on the Ypres front at Dixmude. WORLD WAR I

November 11, Wednesday: German forces counterattacked against Russians along the Vistula River, crashing through the defenders north of Lodz.

In a blinding rainstorm German troops broke through British lines in Belgium, but the hole was plugged by the last possible reserves. This marked the end of a month of fighting during which both the German advance and an Allied counterattack ground to a standstill in the vicinity of the city of Ypres. WORLD WAR I

A Proclamation of Jihad, directed against England, France, and Russia, was issued in Constantinople and legitimated the formation of armed paramilitary chete bands made up largely of desperate Moslem Turks released from prison.

November 14, Saturday: A “Christmas ship,” the Jason, sailed from New York harbor with $3,000,000 worth of gifts for European war victims. WORLD WAR I

British and Indian troops began to fight their way up the Shatt-al-Arab against Turkish opposition.

The village of Otsni in Erzerum Province was attacked at night by chete forces. The local Armenian priest and many other Armenians were killed. Every house was looted. The 1st attacks by chete forces on the Armenian villages of Erzerum were reported.

The sheikh-ul-Islam, leader of Sunni Muslims, announced in Constantinople a jihad against any and all Christians (except of course their friends the Germans and Austro-Hungarians).

After a convention of Mexican revolutionary leaders broke down, 2 of them, Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa, joined to force a 3d, Venustiano Carranza, out of Mexico City. The 2 victors set up their own government in the capital, while Carranza retired to Veracruz to plot revenge.

November 15, day: The Théâtre des Capucines became the 1st Parisian theater to open since all were closed on August 2. Most theaters would open by the end of the year.

Wenceslao Braz Pereira Gomes replaced Hermes Rodrigo da Fonseca as president of Brazil.

November 16, day: British troops occupied Buea, the former captiol of Kamerun, west of Douala. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE November 18, day: The French government returned to Paris from Bordeaux.

Five songs for voice and piano by Amy Cheney Beach were performed for the 1st time, in Boston: Ein altes Gebet op.72/1; Grossmütterchen and Der Totenkranz op.73 to words of Zacharias; and Separation, to words of Stoddard and The Lotus Isles, to words of Tennyson op.76.

November 21, day: British forces occupied Basra. WORLD WAR I

November 22, day: Russians defeated Austrians near Krakow. WORLD WAR I

Jean Cocteau was found physically unfit for the French army.

The Yugoslav Committee was founded without fanfare in Florence by Ante Trumbic, a Croatian deputy in the Austro-Hungarian Parliament. Its aim was to unite the South Slavs into one state.

November 17, Tuesday: The Finnish press published Tsar Nikolai’s program for the russification of Finland.

German forces withdrww from Longido, German East Africa, allowing the British to invest the town. WORLD WAR I

November 18, Wednesday: The Jihad Proclamation was read in all the provinces of the Ottoman Empire.

November 19, Thursday: Mass executions of Armenian soldiers in the Turkish army took place in various public squares while, with voluntary contributions, Armenian Christians were building several hospitals for the use of the Turkish army through the Red Crescent Society.

5 Bolshevik Duma members were arrested and sent to Turkestan for urging citizens to fight their own government rather than the Germans. WORLD WAR I

November 20, Friday: Orders were sent out from Constantinople for provincial administrators to oust all Armenian functionaries in the service of the Ottoman government.

November 21, Saturday: In Mush, Ittihadist agents distributed arms to the Turkish Moslem population while arousing them with false stories of Armenian Christian outrages. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE November 23, Monday: British Indian troops captured Basra from the Turks.

Previously undisturbed Armenian schools and churches in Sivas Province, together with many private residences, were requisitioned by the Turkish army for use as barracks. The carts, horses, and other travel equipment of the Armenian villagers in the provinces were confiscated.

The Portuguese parliament authorized the government to declare war on Germany if necessary. WORLD WAR I

By order of President Wilson, American forces departed from Vera Cruz, Mexico.

November 25, Wednesday: In furious fighting in sub-zero temperatures, the Germans escaped encirclement by the Russians east of Lodz.

A Polish National Committee was formed in Warsaw by Roman Dmowski. It was anti-German, anti-Semitic and pro-Russian. WORLD WAR I

November 26, Thursday: Robbery and looting on a large scale was reported in Van Province.

The War Ministry distributed explosives, rifles, and other equipment to the irregular forces of the Special Organization (Teshkilati Mahsusa).

Enver’s uncle, Halil Pasha, the military governor of Constantinople, began organizing Special Organization paramilitary bands by enrolling criminals released from prison (chetes, these would be called).

November 28, Saturday: Austrian forces retreated to the east of Krakow and south of the Vistula. WORLD WAR I

November 29, Sunday: Halil “I have endeavored to wipe out the Armenian nation to the last individual” Kut instructed the governor of Izmid (Izmit) to identify leaders for Special Organization units and to release criminals from prisons to join these bands, for the purpose of the extermination of the Armenian nation. The vice-governor of Izmid (Izmit) armed the Special Organization with weapons supplied by the War Ministry. Chete forces consisting of intentionally released convicts were armed by the government in Van Province. In the region of Van requisitions took the form of open robbery and looting. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE November 30, Monday: Germans and Russians engaged at Lowicz-Sanniki. WORLD WAR I

Soleá for voice and guitar by Manuel de Falla was performed for the initial time, in Teatro Lara, Madrid, as part of Martínez Sierra’s play La pasión.

Having completed his job organizing the Special Organization in Artvin, Behaeddin Shakir was instructed to move on to Trebizond.

The central command of the Special Organization sent instruction for supplying chete bands with money, vehicles, and others equipment, for the purpose of the extermination of the Armenian nation.

December 1, Tuesday: Austro-Hungarian forces attacked advancing Russians at Limanowa, southeast of Krakow.

Austro-Hungarian troops occupied Belgrade. WORLD WAR I

Reports reached Constantinople that raids by irregular chete forces on the Armenian villages of Erzerum Province were continuing.

December 2, Wednesday: Turks looted the properties of subjects of Allied nations.

December 3, Thursday: The Ittihad Inspector of Balikesir sent a message to Dr. Mehmed Nazim3 of the central committee of the Special Organization via Midhat Shukri, the Central Secretary of Ittihad, that the Interior Ministry and the Ittihad Committee, in accordance with issued orders, were busy organizing the irregular chete bands.

Serbian forces launched an unexpected counterattack against Austria. WORLD WAR I

Irving Gifford Fine was born in Boston, the 1st of 3 children born to George Fine, a lawyer, and Charlotte Friedman.

String Quartet in e minor by Ethel Smyth was performed for the initial time, in Aeolian Hall, London.

December 6, Sunday: After a month-long battle, the German army marched into Lodz, 120 kilometers southwest of Warsaw. The Russians retreated 50 kilometers to a line along the Rawka and Bzura Rivers.

Russian troops counterattacked the Austro-Hungarians west toward Limanowa.

Austro-Hungarian troops broke in headlong flight to the Kolubara River. The Serbians took 40,000 prisoners. WORLD WAR I 3. The Armenian Genocide was masterminded by the Central Committee of the Committee of Union and Progress (Young Turks, Jöntürkler) which was dominated by Mehmet Talât Pasha, Ismail Enver Pasha, and Ahmed Djemal Pasha. This was a group of racists whose ideology was being articulated by Zia Gökalp, Dr. Mehmed Nazim, and Behaeddin Shakir. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

December 8, Tuesday: A squadron under Admiral Graf Spee lost 4 of its 5 cruisers that had destroyed the Good Hope and Monmouth on November 1st to a British squadron under the command of Rear-Admiral Sturdee off the Falkland Islands. Of the 4 crews of 2,400 men, only 200 of these Germans would survive. The Dresden escaped.«La guerre est une série de catastrophes qui produisent la victoire.» WORLD WAR I

— Georges Clemenceau

Newly arrived Austro-Hungarian forces attacked the Russians north toward Limanowa.

December 11, Friday: A Piano Concerto by Willem Pijper was performed for the initial time, in Utrecht, the composer at the keyboard. This was a concert to celebrate the 40th anniversary of the Utrecht Music School, where Pijper was a student, and constituted Pijper’s public debut. It was very successful.

December 18, Friday: Ak, Julesne fra Bethlehem, for soprano and male chorus by Carl Nielsen to words of Jørgensen, was performed for the initial time.

December 20, Sunday: French forces launched an offensive in Champagne.

December 9, Wednesday: After 6 days of fighting, British and Indian troops capture Qurna, north of Basra, from the Turks.

Serbian forces recapture Lazarevac and Uzice. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE December 13, Sunday: British submarine B-11 cruised through 5 rows of mines in the Dardanelles and sank the Turkish battleship Messudieh in Sari Sigla Bay. The sub escaped submerged. WORLD WAR I

December 14, Monday: Virgie Ileen Peake was born in Jasper, Arkansas.

French commander Joseph Joffre had schemed to break out of the current trench warfare stalemate on the Western Front by means of a major offensive against the Germans, stretching throughout the Artois and Champagne regions of France from Nieuport in the north to Verdun in the south. In the 1st Battle of Champagne, the 8th infantry Brigade at Wytschaete attempted to advance in winter weather in the face of well entrenched machine gun battalions, and the attack of course failed with heavy casualties. WORLD WAR I

At Baylor University in Waco, Texas, a private Baptist institution of higher education, the student body voted on whether the buffalo, eagle, antelope, bookworm, or bear might best do service as their campus mascot. The North American Black Bear won by a few more than half the 406 votes. There is now a Bill & Eva William Bear Habitat near campus, and a Bear Program with a Lead Team elected by the members of the Baylor Chamber of Commerce. Since 1914 a succession of more than 50 such ursines have been able to consider Waco their home away from home.

At the Hotel Savoy in Buenos Aires, Lisandro de la Torre and others founded El Partido Demócrata Progresista (PDP).

The Turkish Cabinet charged Ismail Enver Pasha with command of the offensive on the Caucasian front, and assigned Mehmet Talât Paşa4 as Acting Minister of War while continuing him in his position as Minister of the Interior.

December 16, Wednesday: Italian troops occupied Vlorë, Albania. WORLD WAR I

The Ottoman Empire renounced the Armenian Reform Agreement of February 8th that had guaranteed the rights of Armenian through the European powers.

Prelude and Fugue op.81 for piano by Amy Cheney Beach was performed for the initial time, in Boston. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE December 15, Tuesday: The Russian army fell back before the Germans to a defensive line along the Bzura-Ravka River west of Warsaw. The Russians also began a retreat to defensive positions along the Nida and Dunajec Rivers east of Krakow.

Serbian troops reoccupied Belgrade.

The report of the Committee on Alleged German Outrages appointed by His Britannic Majesty’s Government, made up of the Right Honourable Viscount Bryce, O.M. (presiding), The Right Honourable Sir Frederick Pollock, Bt., K.C., Sir Alfred Hopkinson, K.C, Mr. H.A.L. Fisher, Vice-Chancellor of the University of Sheffield, and Mr. Harold Cox, and instructed to evaluate outrages alleged to have been committed by German troops during the present war, cases of alleged maltreatment of civilians in the invaded territories, and breaches of the laws and established usages of war READ THE FULL TEXT WORLD WAR I December 16, Wednesday: A squadron of German airplanes dropped bombs on the towns of Hartlepool, Scarborough, and Whitby on the east coast of England. WORLD WAR I

4. This man would become the principal architect of the Armenian Genocide. Born in Edirne (Adrianople), he had become a telegrapher at a young age. He was active in the Young Turk movement seeking to overthrow Sultan Abdul Hamid (Abdulhamit) II. He joined the Committee of Union and Progress (Young Turks, Jöntürkler) and quickly emerged a leader in the secret organization. His profession gave him access to the principal means of communication in his era and his assignment as Chief Secretary of Posts and Telegraphs in Salonika (now Thessaloniki, Greece) placed him at the hub of Turkish revolutionary plotting. After the 1908 Young Turk Revolution, Talaat became one of the most influential politicians of the Ottoman Empire. In 1909 he was appointed Minister of the Interior and then Minister of Posts. By 1912 he was Secretary General of the CUP, which the following year seized complete power in the Ottoman Empire. The 1913 coup saw the rise of the so-called Young Turk triumvirate consisting of Talaat as Minister of the Interior, Enver as Minister of War, and Jemal as Minister of the Marine. Talaat was one of the main advocates of the Turkification of the Ottoman Empire. As Minister of the Interior, he assumed primary responsibility for planning and implementing the Armenian Genocide. He employed the system of provincial administration subordinate to his direct authority as the main instrument for carrying out the deportations. The 1915 orders for the eviction of the Armenians from their homes carried his signature, much as subsequent orders clarifying the originally disguised intentions of the deportations as annihilation also bear his name. Talaat personally supervised the process and his ability to operate a telegraph machine enhanced his capacity to carry out the policies of his government through direct and secret communications to other CUP cohorts specifically assigned provincial administrative posts to receive and carry out the orders. This method of operation circumvented the machinery of the central government and permitted a handful of CUP fanatics to subvert the state in order to carry out their criminal conspiracy. The organized and scheduled depopulation of Armenians from one town after another carried out with complete surprise and minimal cost, their systematic liquidation once moved to remote locations, and the methodical plunder of their properties demonstrated Talaat's capacity for calculated cruelty and only increased his power and prestige in the CUP. Talaat went so far as to expressly order the destruction of young Armenian orphans. In February 1917 Talaat became Grand Vizier, earning him the title Pasha. He resigned his post in October 1918 as the empire neared total defeat. Aware of the consequences he faced because of the declared intentions of the Allied Powers to hold him and his associates responsible for the extermination of the Armenians, Talaat fled to Germany where he lived under an assumed name. During the tribunal convened in Constantinople by the post-war Ottoman government, Talaat was tried in absentia, found guilty of capital crimes, including massacre, and was condemned to death. Whereas Germany refused to extradite him, Talaat was identified and gunned down in Berlin in 1921 by Soghomon Tehlirian, an Armenian whose extended family had disappeared from its native town of Erzinjan. Talaat's assassination caused a furor, and Tehlirian's trial became a major media event exposing the knowledge of the German government about the Armenian massacres, which had been kept from the German public during the war. The jury, hearing the eyewitness testimony of German officers, acquitted Tehlirian. As for Talaat's remains, they were returned to Istanbul in 1943 by Nazi Germany and given burial with full honors. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE December 17, Thursday: Great Britain proclaimed a protectorate over Egypt.

Tomás G. Masaryk, professor of philosophy at Charles University, Prague, deputy in the Austro-Hungarian Parliament, left Austria-Hungary to work for the independence of Czechs and Slovaks.

German ships shelled Scarborough, Hartlepool, and Whitby, causing 86 deaths and 424 injuries. WORLD WAR I

December 25, Friday: In Rochester, Minnesota, Edward Calvin Kendall became the 1st person to crystallize Thyroxine, the hormone which controls metabolism in cells and tissues.

British and Indian troops captured Jassin, German East Africa (Tanzania). WORLD WAR I

Christmas Day: The informal “Christmas Truce”: My dear sister Janet, It is 2:00 in the morning and most of our men are asleep in their dugouts — yet I could not sleep myself before writing to you of the wonderful events of Christmas Eve. In truth, what happened seems almost like a fairy tale, and if I hadn’t been through it myself, I would scarce believe it. Just imagine: While you and the family sang carols before the fire there in London, I did the same with enemy soldiers here on the battlefields of France! As I wrote before, there has been little serious fighting of late. The first battles of the war left so many dead that both sides have held back until replacements could come from home. So we have mostly stayed in our trenches and waited. But what a terrible waiting it has been! Knowing that any moment an artillery shell might land and explode beside us in the trench, killing or maiming several men. And in daylight not daring to lift our heads above ground, for fear of a sniper’s bullet. And the rain — it has fallen almost daily. Of course, it collects right in our trenches, where we must bail it out with pots and pans. And with the rain has come mud — a good foot or more deep. It splatters and cakes everything, and constantly sucks at our boots. One new recruit got his feet stuck in it, and then his hands too when he tried to get out — just like in that American story of the tar baby! Through all this, we couldn’t help feeling curious about the German soldiers across the way. After all, they faced the same dangers we did, and slogged about in the same muck. What’s more, their first trench was only 50 yards from ours. Between us lay No Man’s Land, bordered on both sides by barbed wire — yet they were close enough we sometimes heard their voices. Of course, we hated them when they killed our friends. But other times, we joked about them and almost felt we had something in common. And now it seems they felt the same. Just yesterday morning — Christmas Eve Day — we had our first good freeze. Cold as we were, we welcomed it, because at least HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE the mud froze solid. Everything was tinged white with frost, while a bright sun shone over all. Perfect Christmas weather. During the day, there was little shelling or rifle fire from either side. And as darkness fell on our Christmas Eve, the shooting stopped entirely. Our first complete silence in months! We hoped it might promise a peaceful holiday, but we didn’t count on it. We’d been told the Germans might attack and try to catch us off guard. I went to the dugout to rest, and lying on my cot, I must have drifted asleep. All at once my friend John was shaking me awake, saying, “Come and see! See what the Germans are doing!” I grabbed my rifle, stumbled out into the trench, and stuck my head cautiously above the sandbags. I never hope to see a stranger and more lovely sight. Clusters of tiny lights were shining all along the German line, left and right as far as the eye could see. “What is it?” I asked in bewilderment, and John answered, “Christmas trees!” And so it was. The Germans had placed Christmas trees in front of their trenches, lit by candle or lantern like beacons of good will. And then we heard their voices raised in song. “Stille nacht, heilige nacht....” This carol may not yet be familiar to us in Britain, but John knew it and translated: “Silent night, holy night.” I’ve never heard one lovelier — or more meaningful, in that quiet, clear night, its dark softened by a first-quarter moon. When the song finished, the men in our trenches applauded. Yes, British soldiers applauding Germans! Then one of our own men started singing, and we all joined in. “The first Nowell, the angel did say....” In truth, we sounded not nearly as good as the Germans, with their fine harmonies. But they responded with enthusiastic applause of their own and then began another. “O Tannenbaum, o Tannenbaum....” Then we replied. “O come all ye faithful....” But this time they joined in, singing the same words in Latin. “Adeste fideles....” British and German harmonizing across No Man’s Land! I would have thought nothing could be more amazing — but what came next was more so. “English, come over!” we heard one of them shout. “You no shoot, we no shoot.” There in the trenches, we looked at each other in bewilderment. Then one of us shouted jokingly, “You come over here.” To our astonishment, we saw two figures rise from the trench, climb over their barbed wire, and advance unprotected across No Man’s Land. One of them called, “Send officer to talk.” I saw one of our men lift his rifle to the ready, and no doubt others did the same — but our captain called out, “Hold your fire.” Then he climbed out and went to meet the Germans halfway. We heard them talking, and a few minutes later, the captain came HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE back with a German cigar in his mouth! “We’ve agreed there will be no shooting before midnight tomorrow,” he announced. “But sentries are to remain on duty, and the rest of you, stay alert.” Across the way, we could make out groups of two or three men starting out of trenches and coming toward us. Then some of us were climbing out too, and in minutes more, there we were in No Man’s Land, over a hundred soldiers and officers of each side, shaking hands with men we’d been trying to kill just hours earlier! Before long a bonfire was built, and around it we mingled — British khaki and German grey. I must say, the Germans were the better dressed, with fresh uniforms for the holiday. Only a couple of our men knew German, but more of the Germans knew English. I asked one of them why that was. “Because many have worked in England!” he said. “Before all this, I was a waiter at the Hotel Cecil. Perhaps I waited on your table!” “Perhaps you did!” I said, laughing. He told me he had a girlfriend in London and that the war had interrupted their plans for marriage. I told him, “Don’t worry. We’ll have you beat by Easter, then you can come back and marry the girl.” He laughed at that. Then he asked if I’d send her a postcard he’d give me later, and I promised I would. Another German had been a porter at Victoria Station. He showed me a picture of his family back in Munich. His eldest sister was so lovely, I said I should like to meet her someday. He beamed and said he would like that very much and gave me his family’s address. Even those who could not converse could still exchange gifts — our cigarettes for their cigars, our tea for their coffee, our corned beef for their sausage. Badges and buttons from uniforms changed owners, and one of our lads walked off with the infamous spiked helmet! I myself traded a jackknife for a leather equipment belt — a fine souvenir to show when I get home. Newspapers too changed hands, and the Germans howled with laughter at ours. They assured us that France was finished and Russia nearly beaten too. We told them that was nonsense, and one of them said, “Well, you believe your newspapers and we’ll believe ours.” Clearly they are lied to — yet after meeting these men, I wonder how truthful our own newspapers have been. These are not the “savage barbarians” we’ve read so much about. They are men with homes and families, hopes and fears, principles and, yes, love of country. In other words, men like ourselves. Why are we led to believe otherwise? As it grew late, a few more songs were traded around the fire, and then all joined in for — I am not lying to you — “Auld Lang Syne.” Then we parted with promises to meet again tomorrow, and even some talk of a football match. I was just starting back to the trenches when an older German clutched my arm. “My God,” he said, “why cannot we have peace HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE and all go home?” I told him gently, “That you must ask your emperor.” He looked at me then, searchingly. “Perhaps, my friend. But also we must ask our hearts.” And so, dear sister, tell me, has there ever been such a Christmas Eve in all history? And what does it all mean, this impossible befriending of enemies? For the fighting here, of course, it means regrettably little. Decent fellows those soldiers may be, but they follow orders and we do the same. Besides, we are here to stop their army and send it home, and never could we shirk that duty. Still, one cannot help imagine what would happen if the spirit shown here were caught by the nations of the world. Of course, disputes must always arise. But what if our leaders were to offer well wishes in place of warnings? Songs in place of slurs? Presents in place of reprisals? Would not all war end at once? All nations say they want peace. Yet on this Christmas morning, I wonder if we want it quite enough. Your loving brother, Tom WORLD WAR I

December 31, Saturday: Sahag Vartabed Odabashian, newly elected Armenian Christian Prelate of Erzinjan, was traveling from Constantinople via Sivas to Erzinjan where he was to be installed in office, when he was slain in the village of Kanli-Tash, near Shabin-Karahisar, by 6 chetes seemingly organized by Ahmed Muammer Bey, governor-general of Sivas Province. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

1915

When World War I broke out in Europe, the Reverend A.J. Muste, inspired by the Christian mysticism of the Quakers, became a pacifist.

A group of Hicksite Friends, belonging chiefly to Philadelphia Yearly Meeting, initiated Woolman School adjoining Swarthmore College.

Professor of Bible Elbert Russell had since 1895 been the target of numerous evangelical “Holiness Friends” protests on account of his introduction of modernist methods of Bible study. His faculty adversary William Orville Mendenhall, Ph.D., D.D., was for a decade a mathematics professor (who would go on to become the president of Whittier College in California but would be forced out there during World War II because although he wanted to allow conscientious objectors as students, his Board of Directors desired instead to make the college a training center for recruits to the Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps). Russell resigned amid controversy over an attempt to force the resignation of the president of Earlham based upon issues of Quaker religious life on campus for students. He relocated from Indiana to Baltimore, where he would divide his time between Johns Hopkins University and preaching, principally at the Eutaw Street Monthly Meeting (until taking a position at Woolman School in 1917). THE QUAKER PEACE TESTIMONY The committee of the board made some suggestions of changes in practice and policy but in the main stood by the president. A friend of mine on the board was genuinely distressed by the situation, but confessed that they did not know what else to do; they could get another head of the Biblical Department but did not know where they could get another president. Professor David W. Dennis made an effort at reconciliation as late as commencement time. He got President Kelly5 and me together along with mutual friends, but the differences proved irreconcilable. President Kelly defended and justified his policy of minimizing the Quaker influence in the college, and I insisted that it must be made fundamentally a Quaker institution. I protested that I had no personal feelings that would prevent our cooperation; but he said that I had impugned his personal and financial integrity and that there could be no reconciliation unless I withdrew part of my charges before the board. I had made the charges, I asserted, at the request of the board for a statement of criticisms currently made against the administration. I had stated them as criticisms actually made; he had been exonerated by the board. I was willing to leave it there; but on the question of the policy of the college, I saw nothing to be done but for the question of policy to be fought out in the church, to see whether a board of trustees could be secured favorable to a thoroughly Quaker college. In the light of experience I have regretted that I did not pursue a different method in some ways. The division of sentiment in the faculty and among Friends left scars that hampered the

5. Robert Lincoln Kelly had been a student of Professor John Dewey at the University of Chicago, and specialized in child psychology. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE college for many years. All the principal parties in the conflict left Earlham before many years passed and found fields of conspicuous usefulness elsewhere. President Kelly resigned in 1917 and not long afterward left the Society of Friends.6

Kahlil Gibran began to hope for a united Arab military front aided by a general Allied attack, to liberate the Levant from the oppressive Ottoman hegemony. (The Greater Syria region was only at that time beginning to be divided into Lebanon, Palestine and Syria.) He called on Muslims and Christians to fight side by side against the Turks. He fancied himself a romantic fighter and political hero leading his country to liberation, despite his paralyzed left shoulder — until Mary Haskell poured cold water all over this wet dream. He became depressed. He wrote widely about the prospect of an Arab uprising against the Ottomans — the sort of helpful hopeless thingie in which T.E. Lawrence “of Arabia” would in fact become involved. WORLD WAR I

The Tommy gun –the first lightweight semiautomatic infantry rifle– was introduced for use in World War I.

The Isle of Jersey Overseas Contingent departed the island for service elsewhere, leaving this Channel Island entirely undefended (perhaps under the assumption that, since there really wasn’t anything on the island that would be of value to either side in the war, if entirely undefended it could be considered to be a neutral area).

An explosion at the Acton powder mills was felt within a 50-mile radius. The business would struggle along until the completion of the orders created by the killing going on worldwide, and then declare its economic (as well as its moral) bankruptcy. TIMELINE OF ACCIDENTS

6. He would serve as executive secretary of the Council of Church Boards of Education, where he would author in 1924 THEOLOGICAL EDUCATION IN AMERICA: A STUDY OF ONE HUNDRED SIXTY-ONE THEOLOGICAL SCHOOLS IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA, and then as executive secretary of the American Association of Colleges, where he would author in 1940 THE AMERICAN COLLEGES AND THE SOCIAL ORDER. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE R.J. Reynolds’s chewing tobacco manufacturing company in Winston, North Carolina had developed a line of pipe tobaccos, and had in 1913 introduced the first American blend cigarette, known as “Camel.” By his death in 1918 of a pancreatic cancer that hypothetically might now be linked to a lifetime of chewing tobacco, Reynolds would have brought economic development in North Carolina.7 By this year, however, 14 states had banned cigarettes while others enacted control regulations. The taxes on tobacco products had increased, and the government had broken up a trade cartel. An advertising campaign began for a new brand of cigarettes, made of a very much milder than usual mixture of American and Turkish tobacco:

(By 1927 such prohibitions against tobacco would have been rescinded in all states because income from taxes upon tobacco products had rendered our government a full-profit participant in this aspect of the drug trade.)

Richard Martin Willstätter was awarded a Nobel Prize for his work with plant pigments, particularly chlorophyll. After World War I, Willstätter would continue his work in biological chemistry, investigating the synthesis of cocaine and the nature of enzymes. By World War II, Willstätter would suffer the isolation and persecution of so many other Jewish German scientists, and eventually would feel obliged to migrate to Switzerland. At one point during the war Gestapo agents would attempt to take him into custody: “He was in his garden at the time, however, and the Gestapo did not think to look for him there.” BOTANIZING

7. R.J. Reynolds had four children one of whom was either murdered or a suicide, one of whom died of a stomach cancer that may have been smoking-related, and two of whom definitively died because of smoking. READ ALL ABOUT IT HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE THE FUTURE CAN BE EASILY PREDICTED IN RETROSPECT

January 1, Friday: German submarine U-24 sank the battleship HMS Formidable in the English Channel. WORLD WAR I

The 2/4 Field Ambulance of the Royal Army Medical Corps, containing orderly Ralph Vaughan Williams was relocated from Chelsea to Dorking.

The 1st issue of The Musical Quarterly was published in New York City.

Variations and Fugue on a Theme of Mozart op.132 for orchestra by Max Reger was performed for the initial time, in Wiesbaden, the composer conducting.

The Ittihad representative of Bursa reported to the Ittihad Central Committee that local criminals and bandits had been registered in the Special Organization.

Nuri, the vice-governor of Gavar District in Van Province, received orders from the military governor to kill all Armenian soldiers in the Turkish Army who were stationed in his district.

January 2, Saturday: The German garrison at Dschang, Kamerun, north of Douala, surrendered to the British. The victors destroyed the fort and thus ended this expedition into the back country of Kamerun. WORLD WAR I

“Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project The War to End War HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE January 4, Monday: Kady Southwell Brownell died at the Woman’s Relief Corps Veterans’ Home in Oxford, New York. The memorial tombstone is in the North Burial Ground in Providence, and it is a stone inscribed for the entire Brownell family, naming Agnes Hutchinson Brownell –Robert Brownell’s 1st wife who had divorced him for his adultery with Kady– as well as Kady. The death date provided to Agnes on this stone is entirely convenient, listing her as dying even before she divorced him while actually she had been very much alive in Rhode Island well into the 1870s. Robert’s and Agnes’s daughters Josephine Brownell and Maybel Brownell are also listed on this stone (their son Eugene Brownell, unmentioned, had removed to Iowa).

Russian forces defeated Turks at Sarikamish on the Caucasus front. Of the 90,000 Turkish troops sent into the battle, only 12,000 would return home.

Germans attacked Edea, Kamerun but were repulsed by the French garrison. WORLD WAR I

Ferruccio Busoni shut his Berlin apartment and took his entire family on a concert tour of North America. He would not return for almost six years.

The London Stock Exchange reopened.

January 5, Tuesday: The Turkish government publicly accused the Armenian bakers in the army bakeries of Sivas of poisoning the bread. The bakers were cruelly beaten despite the fact that a group of doctors were able to demonstrate the charge to be false by themselves consuming the bread in question. The government would not rescind the accusation.

January 8, Friday: Turkish Sunni Muslims and Kurdish paramilitary chetes (Halil Pasha’s “First Corps”) attacked Armenian and Assyrian villages in northwest Persia. They would remain around the city of Tavriz (Tabriz) and the city of Urmia until January 29th. From Urmia alone more than 18,000 Armenians, together with many Assyrians and even Persian Shi’ite Muslim victims of this ethnic cleansing, fled to the Caucasus Mountains.

French forces attacked Germans near Soissons. WORLD WAR I

Meanwhile, in Wiesbaden, “Eine vaterländische Ouvertüre op.140 for orchestra” was being performed for the initial time, with the composer Max Reger himself conducting.

January 9, Saturday: Germans counterattack at Soissons, shelling the cathedral. WORLD WAR I

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi arrived in Bombay by ship from England.

On this day and the following one, at an organizing convention in Washington DC, more than 100 delegates agreed to form a Woman´s Peace Party (WPP) under President Jane Addams. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE January 12, Tuesday: A measure to extend voting rights to women was defeated in the US House of Representatives.

In order to make future defense impossible for the Armenians, Ahmed Muammer, the Turkish governor- general of Sivas Province, ordered the destruction of Tavra-Koy and other strategically located villages around the city of Sivas. Inside the city of Sivas strategically-located buildings were requisitioned.

A German/colonial attack on the Indian garrison at Jassin, German East Africa, failed.

British troops landed on Mafia Island off the coast of German East Africa, capturing its German and colonial garrison of 52. WORLD WAR I

January 14, Thursday: The Seven Popular Spanish Songs of Manuel de Falla were performed for the 1st time, in Teatro Ateneo, Madrid, with the composer himself at the piano.

German forces launched a final assault on the French lines on the north bank of the River Aisne near Soissons, inflicting 12,000 casualties and taking 5,200 prisoners. WORLD WAR I

January 17, Sunday: The Ugly Duckling op.18 for solo voice and piano by Sergei Prokofiev to words of Anderson, was performed for the initial time, in Petrograd.

General Francisco “Pancho” Villa named his puppet, Roque González Garza, as president of Mexico.

Russian troops defeated the Turkish offensive at Sarikamis, southwest of Kars. WORLD WAR I

January 18, Monday: The Japanese minister in Peking handed to the President of China an ultimatum listing 21 demands for political and economic concessions.

Indian defenders at Jassin, German East Africa once again repel a German assault.

In a night raid, two German Zeppelins bombed England. Zeppelin L-3 dropped bombs on Yarmouth killing 2 and injuring 13 while Zeppelin L-4 bombed King’s Lynn killing 2. WORLD WAR I

January 24, Sunday: The Royal Navy intercepted a German squadron off Dogger Bank, gave chase, and did battle (this British victory cost about 1,000 lives). WORLD WAR I

In Rome’s Teatro Augusteo, Sinfonia drammatica for orchestra by Ottorino Respighi was performed for the initial time. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE January 25, Monday: Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Watson effected the 1st transcontinental telephone communication, from Bell in New York to Watson in San Francisco.

Two Songs and La lune blanche, both for solo voice and orchestra by Frederick Delius to words of Verlaine, were performed for the initial time, at Grafton Galleries.

To Thee! America for chorus and orchestra by Henry F. Gilbert to words of Manly was performed for the initial time, in Peterborough, New Hampshire.

Madame Sans-Gêne, an opera by Umberto Giordano to words of Simoni after Sardou and Moreau, was performed for the initial time, at the Metropolitan Opera, New York.

Germany introduced bread cards. WORLD WAR I

January 28, Thursday: Joaquim Pereira Pimenta de Castro replaced Vitor Hugo de Azevedo Coutinho as prime minister of Portugal.

Maurice Ravel’s Trio for Piano, Violin and Cello was performed for the initial time, at the Salle Gaveau, Paris, Alfredo Casella at the keyboard.

Le Jardin clos op.106, a song cycle by Gabriel Fauré to words of van Lerberghe, was performed for the initial time, in Paris (the composition of this work had been interrupted when the composer, sojourning in Germany on August 3, 1914, had suddenly found himself in enemy territory). WORLD WAR I

January 31, Sunday: In an attack to cover the movement of troops, the Germans fired 18,000 tear gas shells at the Russians at Bolimov. However, freezing temperatures neutralized the gas and winds dispersed it, and no harmful effect was felt (this was the 1st use of gas in the war).

Thomas Merton was born in Prades, Pyrénées-Orientales, France to the artist Ruth Jenkins, an American Quaker. The infant would be baptized in the Church of England in accordance with the wishes of the father, painter Owen Merton.

The British admiralty authorized its captains to raise a neutral (most likely US) flag if they were in danger. WORLD WAR I

NEVER READ AHEAD! TO APPRECIATE JANUARY 31ST, 1915 AT ALL ONE MUST APPRECIATE IT AS A TODAY (THE FOLLOWING DAY, TOMORROW, IS BUT A PORTION OF THE UNREALIZED FUTURE AND IFFY AT BEST). The War to End War “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

February 1, Monday: A Turkish attack on Kantara (El Qantara) on the Suez Canal was repulsed by British ship fire.

German troops attacked at Bolimov and advanced ten kilometers before a Russian counterattack restored the line to its original position. The action cost 60,000 casualties. WORLD WAR I

February 2, Tuesday: Mehmet Talât Paşa advised German Ambassador Count Hans von Wangenheim that the present war was the only propitious moment to conclude the Armenian Question.

February 3, Wednesday: Turkish troops attacked El Firdan and crossed the Suez Canal on pontoons at Ismailia. They were beaten back by Indian and Gurkha troops along with French ships.

Three of the conspirators in the killing of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife were hanged by Austrian authorities. WORLD WAR I

February 4, Thursday: Germany publicly declares a war zone around the British Isles. They announce that all merchant ships may be sunk within that area without warning. WORLD WAR I

February 6, day: La candidata, an operetta by Ruggero Leoncavallo to words of Forzano, was performed for the initial time, at the Teatro Nazionale, Rome and the Politeama Chiarella, Turin.

February 7, Sunday: Germans attack the Russians in what has come to be known as the Winter Battle of Masuria, during a driving blizzard. They succeed in capturing Johannisburg but the Russians doggedly defend the Carpathian passes. WORLD WAR I

Quartet for piano and strings op.133 by Max Reger was performed for the initial time, in Leipzig, the composer conducting.

February 8, day: Oración de las Madres que Tienen a Sus Hijos en Brazos, for solo voice and piano by Manuel de Falla to words of Martinez Sierra, was performed for the initial time, in the Hotel Ritz, Madrid, the composer at the piano. It was part of the 1st concert of the Sociedad Nacional de Música, formed to promote Spanish music. The work was the 1st of Falla’s public antiwar statements.

Birth of a Nation, a film by D.W. Griffith, opened at Clure’s Auditorium in Los Angeles. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE February 9, day: French forces captured Saint-Rémy.

February 14, day: Paris, a patriotic ode for tenor and orchestra by César Franck was performed for the initial time, in Paris.

February 19, day: 9:51 a.m. The attack on Gallipoli began as a combined British and French task force attempted to force the Dardanelles.

Jules Ecorcheville, the 42-year-old French musicologist and editor of the music catalogue of the Bibliothèque National de Paris, was killed in action in Champagne.

February 24, day: The Violin Sonata no.1 of Frederick Delius was performed for the initial time, in Houldsworth Hall, Manchester.

February 10, Wednesday: President Woodrow Wilson sent simultaneous protests to Great Britain and Germany — Britain for its January 31st authorization for misuse of the American flag, and Germany for its February 4th declaration of a war zone.

The Russians were defeated by the Germans in the Battle of Masurian Lakes. WORLD WAR I

S. Pasdermadjian, the 2d Director of the Ottoman Bank, was murdered in the presence of German Major- General Posseldt — who would report to his government that no investigation was carried out by the Turks, nor was any attempt made by the authorities there to apprehend the guilty parties.

Ismail Enver Pasha’s brother-in-law Hafiz Hakki died of typhoid fever and was replaced by Mahmud Kamil as Commander of the 3d Army (Erzerum).

February 15, Monday: Russian forces began a week-long furious resistance against advancing Germans in the Augustow Forest.

Germans took Plozk on the Vistula.

French forces attacked the Germans west of Verdun and continued the attack until March 16. While the French advance was measured in meters, their dead were measured in the thousands. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE February 17, Wednesday: German forces surrounded 70,000 Russians in the Augustów Forest.

French forces made slight gains near Verdun, in Artois, Champagne and Vosges. Germans counterattacked in Champagne at night.

The 2 Zeppelins that raided Norfolk on January 18th were forced down by high winds in Denmark. 4 crew members were killed and the remainder interned by the Danish. WORLD WAR I

February 18, Thursday: A German submarine “blockade” of British Isles began. WORLD WAR I

February 22, Monday: After a week of heroic resistance in the Augustow Forest between Sopotakin (Sopotskin, Belarus) and Seini (Sejny, Poland), the main body of the Russian army escapes the Germans. The Winter Battle of Masuria ends with the capture of 100,000 Russians by the Germans. WORLD WAR I

February 25, Thursday: The Allied fleet destroyed the outer forts of the Dardanelles. WORLD WAR I

After a 5-day hiatus because of bad weather, British ships resumed their bombardment of the Dardanelles forts. Turkish and German forward artillery batteries abandoned their positions.

British ships began a blockade of German East Africa (Tanzania).

By this date all Armenians in the army of the Ottoman Empire had been removed into labor battalions. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

MARCH 1915

March 1, Monday: The Turkish government suspended the Parliament in order to facilitate the extermination of Armenians.

In Marash, Armenians in the Turkish Army were stripped of uniforms and arms.

Russian forces took Dilman (Salmas), 150 kilometers west of Tabriz.

Great Britain announces a total blockade of merchant shipping to and from Germany. WORLD WAR I March 2, Tuesday: Allied troops landed at Kum-Kale, on the Asiatic side of the Dardanelles strait. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE March 3, Wednesday: D.W. Griffith’s feature-length film The Birth of a Nation opened in New York City. The darkies were a laughing, happy folk, trusting and supportive of their betters, until they were freed, at which point they became tricky, violent, and sex-obsessed. The scholarship of Woodrow Wilson was the major source of historical realism for this film. Wilson would arrange for a special White House screening.

(deathmask) US CIVIL WAR Germans used liquid fire for the 1st time, at Vosges.

Sergei Prokofiev arrived in Rome for his 1st foreign performing engagement, expenses paid by Sergei Diaghilev.

In Van Province, regular gendarmes and chetes were reported attacking many villages inhabited by Armenians and Assyrians. A dispatch from the Ittihad Central Committee was released announcing the decision to exterminate the Armenians. Armenian soldiers in the Erzerum army area were deprived of their uniforms and arms.

The British decided to make an amphibious assault on the strait of the Dardanelles. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE March 4, Thursday: In spite of naval bombardment, Turkish defenders drove off British landing parties and replaced their artillery at Kum Kale and Cape Helles. WORLD WAR I

The Portuguese government closed the Parliament buildings to forestall protests against them. Deputies met elsewhere, declaring their assembly to be legal.

March 5, Friday: Anton von Webern wrote to the director of Universal-Edition, urging him to help effect Arnold Schoenberg’s release from military duty.

March 6, Saturday: King Konstantinos of Greece dismissed Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos because of his decision to allow the Allies to land at Thessaloniki and his intention to send Greek troops to Gallipoli.

Russian forces drove Germans from the Augustów Forest. WORLD WAR I

March 10, Wednesday: Demetrios Gounaris replaced Eleftherios Kiriakou Venizelos as Prime Minister of Greece.

British and Canadian forces attacked the Germans at Neuve-Chapelle in Flanders, advancing a kilometer and capturing the town at the cost of 9,000 lives. WORLD WAR I

Maurice Ravel was pronounced fit for duty. He would be assigned to the French army.

Variations and Fugue on a Theme of G.P. Telemann op.134 for piano by Max Reger was performed for the initial time, in Berlin. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE March 12, Friday: Massacres and robberies were carried in Alashkert District as part of a general campaign led by chete bands against the Armenian villages of the district.

Mass arrests of Armenians were carried out in Dortyol and a public announcement was made that those arrested would be sent to work on road construction near Aleppo (they were never be heard of again).

Ismail Enver Pasha8 left for Berlin to see Kaiser Wilhelm II.

Charles T. Griffes signed a contract with G. Schirmer to publish his piano pieces op.5 & 6.

Britain and France announced their agreement that Russia might annex Constantinople and the Dardanelles.

Turkish paramilitary attacks began against several Armenian areas in the Alashkert district, with murdering, raping and looting. Mass arrests and deportations of Armenians began in Dortyol.

German forces counterattacked at Neuve-Chapelle but the British held. The battle for Neuve-Chapelle had to that point cost 26,000 casualties. The line stabilized in the sector. WORLD WAR I

March 14, Sunday: Sahag, the Catholicos of Cilicia, advised Armenians in Zeitun that they should not under any circumstances offer any resistance to the Turks.

8. İsmail Enver Paşa was an instigator of the Armenian Genocide. A military officer, Enver was the principal proponent of Germanophile policies in the Young Turk government. Enver demonstrated organizational and leadership skills at an early age. He was one of the organizers of the 1908 Young Turk Revolution. In 1911 he organized the defense of Libya against Italy and in 1913, after leading the January 23 coup which installed the Committee of Union and Progress (Young Turks, Jöntürkler) in power, he reversed the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in the First Balkan War by recapturing Edirne (Adrianople) from the Bulgarians. By 1914 he was married into the Ottoman imperial family and was Minister of War. He steered the Ottoman state into war on the side of the Central Powers by entering into an alliance with Germany. While nominal command of the Ottoman armies was exercised by Turkish officers, planning, strategizing, and financing devolved to the large German military mission serving out of the War Ministry. In pursuit of his quest for a Pan-Turkic empire stretching to Central Asia, Enver personally led the first major campaign against Russia which resulted in a disastrous defeat at the border outpost of Sarikamish in the Armenian highlands. Enver played a major role in the Armenian Genocide. He took the first steps to implement the CUP blueprint for genocide by ordering the Armenian recruits in the Ottoman forces to be disarmed and reassigned to labor battalions before their summary executions. While these instructions were explained on the basis of accusations of treasonous activity, the defeat of his army only provided the pretext for escalating a campaign of extermination whose instruments had already been forged and which now were unleashed against the civilian population also. Within the Ministry of War, Enver had at his disposal a secret outfit called the Special Organization (SO), Teshkilâti Mahsusa in Turkish. The SO was led by Behaeddin Shakir, a medical doctor, and its cohorts in the field were commanded by CUP confidants whose singular assignment was the execution of the Armenian population. These mobile killer units carried out the systematic massacres of the deported Armenians. Upon the collapse of the Russian front in 1918, the advance of the Ottoman armies into the Caucasus, under the command of Enver's brother, Nuri, provided further opportunity for the SO operatives to instigate atrocities against Armenians in Azerbaijan. At the end of the war Enver took refuge in Germany. A post-war tribunal in Constantinople tried him in absentia and condemned him to death. Many officers of the Special Organization were arrested by the British occupation authorities after the Ottoman surrender. While some were eventually put on trial and found guilty of crimes, most eluded justice when Mustafa Kemal Atatürk negotiated their release in exchange for British prisoners. As for Enver, in 1920 he traveled to Russia and offered his services to the new Soviet regime which sent him to quell rebellion among the Muslims of Central Asia, only to see him join the Basmaji revolt as soon as he arrived in Bukhara. He was killed in action by Soviet forces. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE March 15, Monday: Paraphrases of the National Anthems of the Allied Nations, by Alyeksandr Glazunov was performed for the initial time, at one of the “patriotic concerts” at Petrograd Conservatory, directed by the composer.

March 16, Tuesday: Absinthe was outlawed in France.

Russian forces advanced between Urmia and Tavriz. WORLD WAR I

March 18, Thursday: An Allied attack on the Dardanelles began. The British-French task force almost made its way through the strait but was at the last turned back by furious fire from defending Turks. 3 battleships were sunk and 3 damaged by mines. Hundreds of allied sailors were killed. The forts at Chanak and Kilid Bahr were destroyed. WORLD WAR I

In Zeitun, Turkish forces arrested many of the remaining Armenian notables and intellectuals, whom they would torture and then kill.

The Orquesta Filarmónica de Madrid offered its inaugural performance. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE March 19, Friday: To terrify the Armenian population, 6 Armenian soldiers from the town of Gurun were publicly hanged in Sivas.

Many ethnic Greeks drafted into the army were executed near Smyrna (modern İzmir) by the Turks.

Pergamum Thyatira

Smyrna Sardis Philadelphia Ephesus Laodicea Patmos

The Seven Churches of Asia

After serving 2 months solitary confinement in Nürnberg for being an unregistered enemy alien, Ernest MacMillan was taken to an internment camp at Ruhleben. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE The Piano Sonata no.6 by Alyeksandr Skryabin was performed for the initial time, in Moscow.

The orchestral suite Adventures of a Perambulator by John Alden Carpenter was performed for the initial time, in Orchestra Hall, Chicago. It was instantly popular.

March 20, Saturday: South African forces invaded South West Africa.

Prométhée, le poème du feu, for orchestra, piano, organ, chorus and light machine by Alyeksandr Skryabin, was performed for the initial time with the light machine, in Carnegie Hall, New York. The composer was at the piano.

March 21, Sunday: 2 German Zeppellins dropped high explosives and incendiary bombs on Paris, killing 1 and injuring 8. WORLD WAR I

March 22, Monday: The Austrian fortress of Przemysl, west of Lemberg (Lvov), surrendered to the Russians. 120,000 Germans became prisoners of war. WORLD WAR I

Klage op.25/2 for chorus and orchestra by Hans Pfitzner to words of Eichendorff was performed for the initial time, in München.

Airs populaires flamands, an organ work by Nadia Boulanger, was performed for the initial time, in Paris by the composer.

March 23, Tuesday: All Night Vigil op.37, for acappella chorus by Sergei Rakhmaninov, was performed for the initial time, in the Great Hall of the Nobility, Moscow. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

APRIL 1915

April 1, Thursday: The mass arrest of Armenian political leaders was carried out in Sivas and other provinces.

When French pilot Lt. Roland Garros shot down a German Albatros with a newly outfitted forward-firing machine gun, the era of the dogfight began. WORLD WAR I

April 4, Sunday: Russian forces reached Sztropko, inside Austo-Hungary. WORLD WAR I

A Nunc dimittis for acappella chorus by Gustav Holst was performed for the initial time, in Westminster Cathedral, London.

April 6, Tuesday: French forces attacked the Germans east of Verdun (Battle of the Woëvre) with negligible results. This attack would disintegrate around April 24th. WORLD WAR I

April 9, Friday: Turks declared a meeting in Marash to deport the Armenians. The Turkish government forbade civilian action on the ground that the March 16th Army command covered the situation.

Giacomo Puccini begins the finishing touches of La Rondine, fulfilling a commission from the Karlstheater, Vienna (in 6 weeks Italy would declare war on Austo-Hungary).

April 11, Sunday: Mehmet Talât Paşa promised the Armenian parliamentary deputy Bedros Halajian that there would be no massacres.

The Tramp, a film starring Charlie Chaplin, was released in the United States. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE April 12, Monday: Widespread attacks on, and looting of, Armenian villages in Bitlis and Erzerum Provinces were fueled by Turkish accusations that it was the Armenians who had caused the war.

A Turkish attack was repulsed by the British and Indians at Shaiba (Az Zubayr), southwest of Basra. WORLD WAR I

April 15, Thursday: Armenian refugees from villages surrounding the city of Van arrived and notified the inhabitants that 80 villages in Van Province were already obliterated and that 24,000 Armenians had been killed in 3 days.

In Petrograd, Alyksandr Skryabin played the final recital of his life.

While at an internment camp at Ruhleben, Germany, Ernest MacMillan completed the oratorio England: an Ode and sent it to his examiners for the DMus at Oxford. WORLD WAR I

El amor brujo, a ballet by Manuel de Falla to a story by Martínez Sierra, was performed for the initial time, at the Teatro Lara, Madrid. It received a mixed response.

New York’s Barge Canal’s Lower Aqueduct at Crescent was demolished, in preparation for the opening of the new section between Waterford and Rexford, set for the following month. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE April 22, Thursday: At 5:00PM the Germans used poison gas for the 1st time in the war, at Ypres. They send a cloud of chlorine toward the 45th French Reserve division who promptly ran in horror to the rear. The gap in the allied line was plugged by the First Canadian Division after the Germans gained five kilometers south toward the town. WORLD WAR I

The German chemist who had developed this gas, Fritz Haber, personally oversaw the attack.9 poison gas

“Fiddle-dee-dee, war, war, war, I get so bored I could scream!” —Scarlet O’Hara

9. It is an interesting footnote to history that soon afterward his wife Clara Haber, also a chemist, would at a dinner party in tribute to her husband’s involvement in the slaughter shoot herself through the heart with his service weapon, that in 1918 Herr Haber would be awarded a Nobel prize as a benefactor of humanity for having developed in 1913 a technique for the cheap manufacture of ammonia fertilizer from the hydrogen and nitrogen in the air, that during the 1920s he would develop the Zyklon gas that would be used to poison Jews in German concentration camps, and that in 1934 he would be forced out of Germany because, despite his early conversion to Christianity, and despite his wholehearted service to their cause, the Nazis would consider him to be still “racially” a Jew. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE April 23, Friday: Having identified the gas as chlorine, Allied commanders advised their troops at Ypres to hold wet cloths over their mouths — since chlorine was water-soluble. At 4:15PM the British launched a counterattack, but it stalled under withering German machine gun fire. WORLD WAR I

27-year-old poet Sub. Lt. Rupert Brooke died of blood poisoning on a French hospital ship off the island of Skyros.

Three Little Songs “Recollections of my Childhood” for voice and piano by Igor Stravinsky to traditional Russian words were performed for the 1st time, at Petrograd Conservatory.

April 24, Saturday: German troops used gas again, driving the Canadians back past St. Julien toward Ypres. However, French, Belgian, and Canadian troops regained most of the losses. WORLD WAR I

«La guerre est une série de catastrophes qui produisent la victoire.» — Georges Clemenceau

The Turkish Interior Ministry ordered the arrest of any Armenian suspected of nationalist sentiments.

Ottoman authorities arrested 250 Armenian intellectuals and community leaders in Constantinople and transported them to Chankri and Ayash prisons in European Turkey where they would later be killed. Thousands would be arrested throughout the country over the following few weeks.

Camille Saint-Saëns departed Bordeaux for New York. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

The editors and staff of Azadamart, the leading Armenian newspaper of Constantinople, were arrested, and on June 15th would be slain in Diyarbekir, where they had been transported and imprisoned.

The Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople and Zohrab, Armenian deputy in the Ottoman Parliament, petitioned the Grand Vizier, Said Halim, the Minister of the Interior Mehmet Talât Paşa, and the President of the Senate, Rifat, on behalf of the arrested Armenian of Constantinople. Though approached separately, all three give identical answers; that the government was isolating the Armenian leadership and dissolving the Armenian political organizations.

A map of the Armenian genocide:

http://www.24april1915.com/eng/images/Armenian_Genocide_(arm1).jpg

April 25, Sunday: In the 1st modern amphibious assault, the British went ashore at the Gallipoli peninsula just to the north of the Dardanelles, and got pinned down on the beach. (Winston Churchill’s reputation would scarcely survive this debacle. The sad history of this British invasion force would bring home the idea that amphibious operations amounted to a special, difficult problem of warfare, for the successful prosecution of which special tactics, special tools, and special training would be imperative.) MARINES

Dawn. The invasion of the Gallipoli (Gelibolu) peninsula began. Some of the 200 Allied ships sailing from Lemnos entered the Gulf of Saros and opened fire on Bulair. French troops landed at Kum Kale and captured the Turkish fortress there. Anzac forces reached shore north of their intended landing point at Gaba Tepe. Australians scaled the Sari Bair cliffs and put the Turks there to flight.

However the Turks rallied and halted the Australians’ advance. British troops attempted to land at Sedd el Bahr on Cape Helles, but withering Turkish fire allowed only about 200 to reach shore. British landed successfully at Tekke Burnu and took the high ground at Eski Hissarik Point. British also landed unopposed 6 kilometers north at Y beach.

German forces recaptured Lizerne. WORLD WAR I

A prominent Moscow surgeon made two incisions into Alyeksandr Skryabin’s swollen lip. A blood test revealed the presence of streptococcus and staphylococcus.

The Armenians arrested during the previous day were sent into the interior of Turkey. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE April 26, Monday: In Mush 3 Armenians were hanged publicly without trial.

The Armenian intellectuals arrested on April 24th were placed in two prisons near Ankara. Over the next few months most of them would be killed.

Alyeksandr Skryabin’s swelling has been reduced remarkably during the night and he feels well enough to desire to compose. But pleurisy due to blood poisoning has already set in. A lung specialist was summoned.

The British force at Y beach on Gallipoli evacuated after suffering 700 casualties during the night.

German troops attacked the South African-Rhodesian invasion force at Trekkopjes, South West Africa (Namibia), but were repulsed. Meanwhile, South Africans defeated Germans at Gibeon, South West Africa, 90 kilometers south of Windhoek. WORLD WAR I

In London an Italian delegation signed a secret Treaty of London. They agreed to declare war on the Central Powers within a month in exchange for the South Tyrol, Gorizia, Istria. and most of Dalmatia.

String Quartet in C op.2 by Paul Hindemith was performed for the initial time, in Frankfurt-am-Main.

April 27, Tuesday: 8:05AM. Alyeksandr Nikolayevich Skryabin died of septicaemia in Petrograd at the age of 43.

When Austian submarine U-5 torpedoed the French cruiser Leon Gambetta, 547 French sailors were killed.

Allied ships continued to try to land more Anzac troops and supplies at Gallipoli under intense Turkish fire. No headway could be made out of the beachhead. WORLD WAR I

In Helsinki, 2 works for male chorus by Jean Sibelius were performed for the 1st time: Herr Lager och Skön fager (Mr. Lager and the Fair One) op.84/1 to words of Fröding, and På berget (On the Mountain) to words of Gripenberg.

A 2d meeting in Erzerum to organize a communal massacre was disbanded by the government as interference in the affairs of the Army.

In Marsovan (Merzifon), 26 Armenian leaders were arrested. A 2-week-long search for weapons was started accompanied by acts of violence and the abuse of women.

Russian citizens of Armenian origin were arrested in Constantinople. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE April 28, Wednesday: British forces fought their way out of Sedd el Bahr but managed to advance only 5 kilometers. WORLD WAR I

Arthur Honegger wrote from Paris to his parents in Zurich. He told them that he would not be going to Germany to continue his studies. He had decided that, after his compulsory military service in Switzerland, he would return to Paris and become a composer.

The 4th of the Eight Songs op.6 by Arnold Schoenberg was performed for the initial time, in the Schubertsaal, Vienna.

April 29, Thursday: Funeral services for Alyeksandr Skryabin were held in the Church of the Miracle Worker in Moscow. Because of the great desire of the public to attend, tickets were issued. Among those attending were his sometime rival, Sergei Rakhmaninov. Rakhmaninov would play a number of recitals of Skryabin’s music for the benefit of his widow.

German Zeppelin LZ-38 bombed Ispwich and Bury Saint Edmunds. WORLD WAR I

In a Vodka Shop and The Princess’ Rose Garden for piano by Arnold Bax were performed for the 1st time, in Grafton Galleries.

The disarming of the Armenians of Constantinople was carried out with many outrages.

April 30, Friday: The vice-governor of Erzinjan began the persecution of the Armenians with the arrest of many intellectuals. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

MAY 1915

May 1, Saturday: American steamer Gulflight was torpedoed off the Scilly Isles by a German submarine, with the loss of 3 lives. WORLD WAR I

The Cunard liner RMS Lusitania left New York harbor for the final time. As the boat was exiting the harbor, the Master at Arms discovered 3 Germans still on board who should have left the ship. The Germans had a camera with them. Captain Turner confiscated the camera and ordered that the Germans were to spend the voyage in the ship’s brig (in the vessel’s forward hold was a large consignment of live artillery shells).

The arrest of the Armenian professors and teachers of the American Euphrates College in Kharput began.

During the late morning, French troops, with British artillery support, attacked the Germans at Ypres. The attack failed miserably, with heavy losses. Allied troops began a withdrawal to new defensive positions east of Ypres.

At 10PM, Turkish troops attacked the invaders at Cape Helles but make no headway.

A German zeppelin bombed London. WORLD WAR I

Meeting in the Hague, Netherlands, 1,200 delegates to the International Congress of Women adopted resolutions calling for women’s suffrage and peaceful negotiations of international disputes. The delegates represented 12 countries including many of the warring powers and the United States.

The Moscow journal Musika informed its readers that Igor Stravinsky, currently in Switzerland, was working on a new project that was neither an opera nor a ballet, called “Svadebka (Les Noces).”

May 2, Sunday: 6AM. Germans and Austro-Hungarians began a massive offensive against the Russians. Bombardment began all along the line stretching from the Carpathian Mountains to the Vistula River. German troops captured Gorlice southeast of Krakow. WORLD WAR I

In Barcelona, 2 works for cello and piano by Enrique Granados were performed for the initial time: “Madrigal” and “Trova.”

British South Africa troops under General Botha captured Otymbingue in German Southwest Africa.

Halil Pasha’s forces, defeated by the Russian Army in the Caucasus and in northern Iran, retreated to Van, Bitlis, and Mush — where they participated in the massacre of Armenians.

3,000 English and French civilians were taken into custody in Constantinople. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE May 3, Monday: House searches were made in Aleppo.

Macedonian Turkish immigrants were installed in Zeitun by the government.

The Turkish authorities began mass deportations of Armenians from Erzerum province.

British troops captured Ndupe, Kamerun.

German and Austro-Hungarian forces destroyed 3 Russian divisions between Gorlice and Tarnow leaving a 20-kilometer gap in the line. They were able to advance 13 kilometers. WORLD WAR I

May 4, Tuesday: Prime Minister Salandra of Italy sent private messages to Germany and Austria denouncing the Triple Alliance.

British troops captured Wum Biagas, Kamerun. WORLD WAR I

Mass arrests of Armenian leaders in Aintab began. 200 Armenian leaders in Erzerum were arrested.

A British and French assault on the Turkish defenders of the heights near Krithia failed.

May 5, Wednesday: Arrests and persecutions began in Kharput. ETHNIC CLEANSING

South African troops moved into Karibib, South West Africa (Namibia), northwest of Windhoek, without opposition.

Gabriele d’Annunzio arrived back in Italy and in Genoa began a series of nationalistic speeches in order to whip up support for war against Germany and Austria. He was being secretly funded by Prime Minister Salandra. WORLD WAR I

May 7, Friday: The Germans captured Libau, a Russian Baltic port.

At 14:10 Greenwich Mean Time in the afternoon, the RMS Lusitania, a Cunard liner that was carrying not only civilian passengers but also munitions of war which had been loaded aboard her in full sight without any attempt at secrecy,10 was struck by a single torpedo from the German U-boat U-20, Captain Schwieger, 14 miles off the Old Head of Kinsale on the Irish coast, a region of the ocean which was known by the British to be inhabited by German submarines, with the loss of (counting the 3 anomalous Germans who had been discovered aboard without tickets, being held in the ship’s brig) 1,152 passengers, plus 49 crewmembers. Of the passengers, 102 had been Americans. After the torpedo struck the forward cargo hold, there had been a large secondary explosion and the ship had gone under in 18 minutes.11

10. There have of course been allegations that this mingling of civilian and military was done as a purposed provocation, designed to create a win/win situation: if they elect to let such a vessel through, we have transported the armaments, while if they elect to sink the vessel, they have granted us a provocation for righteously entering a state of war with them. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE The blackest count in the indictment against Germany is foreshadowed in the warning by the Imperial German Embassy at Washington to all Americans, of the crime which was to follow on May 7th, 1915.

Upon hearing the news of the RMS Lusitania, a group of commuters at the Hanover Square Station of New York’s Third Avenue Elevated Railroad, prompted by a nearby hurdy-gurdy, began spontaneously to sing “In the Sweet Bye and Bye.” One of the commuters was Charles Ives, an insurance executive, who would commemorate the event in his Second Orchestral Set.

It would be in part on the basis of disinformation about this sinking, Fake Facts such as that the vessel was unarmed and was not carrying war materials and had not been warned, that the United States of America would eventually declare war on Germany. WORLD WAR I

At the invitation of Isabella Stewart Gardner, Harvard student Roger Sessions played some Richard Strauss on the piano at a musical evening in her Renaissance palazzo in Boston. Also in attendance were 2 friends of Sessions, ee cummings and Chandler R. Post.

11. This shifted American opinion far enough for the country to seriously entertain the possibility of joining World War I, and the general reaction in Germany was fear of causing the US to become involved. The Kaiser therefore called a halt to unrestricted submarine warfare in British waters, and for the better part of two years Britain would obtain a respite from the U-boat offensive, giving it an opportunity to recoup its losses and build up both merchant and naval shipping tonnage. WORLD WAR I «La guerre est une série de catastrophes qui produisent la victoire.» — Georges Clemenceau HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE May 8, Saturday: The 2d British-French assault on Turkish defenders near Krithia failed.

Advancing Germans in Galicia cross the Wisla River.

5:30 a.m. German artillery begins shelling the entire Ypres front. They mount three attacks on the British defending the Frezenberg Ridge, the 3d being successful, then attack along the entire front.

The British beat back most of the attack, but in the north, the Germans manage to open a five kilometers wide gap in the British line. WORLD WAR I

Danza lenta for piano by Enrique Granados was performed for the initial time, in Barcelona.

May 9, Sunday: Lord Grey, British Minister of Foreign Affairs, sent a message to İsmail Enver Paşa of Turkey, holding him personally responsible should anything happen to his 3,000 captive English and French civilians.

British forces went over the top against the Germans at Neuve-Chapelle. The attackers sustained more than 11,000 casualties. Simultaneous with the British assault, French forces attack the Germans at 3 points: the River Scarpe east of Arras, Lorette, and Vimy Ridge. The French advanced 5 kilometers in 90 minutes before German reserves plugged the hole. WORLD WAR I

British cellist and conductor Lieutenant Edward Mason was killed in action at the age of 37.

Charles Villiers Stanford wrote to Horatio Parker telling him he would not be able to travel to Connecticut for the premiere of his Piano Concerto no.2. He booked passage to sail May 15th on the RMS Lusitania.

May 10, Monday: 950 prominent Armenians were arrested in Diyarbekir on orders from Dr. Mehmed Reshid, governor-general of Diyarbekir Province.

The Armenian refugees from Zeitun found in Marash, who had previously been spared deportation, were removed into the Syrian Desert.

German and Austro-Hungarian forces overwhelmed the Russians near Sanok southwest of Lemberg (Lvov).

Anton von Webern wrote to Arnold Schoenberg that he has been transferred to Windisch Feistritz, south of Marburg, and promoted to corporal.

North Country Sketches for orchestra by Frederick Delius was performed for the initial time, in Queen’s Hall, London.

A German Zeppelin LZ-38 bombed Southend, London. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE May 11, Tuesday: French forces occupied Eseka, Kamerun, west of Yaounde.

Russian forces began a wholesale retreat along the 300-kilometer front in Galicia, toward the Vistula River.

South African leader Louis Botha spoke by telephone with the governor of German South West Africa, Theodor Seitz. They agreed to a 48-hour cease-fire to begin on May 20th, and a meeting at Giftkop. WORLD WAR I

Pietro Mascagni wrote to his lover Anna Lolli from Milan. “And if [there was war] I would weep forever over my country, destroyed by...a band of madmen and criminals.”

May 12, Wednesday: Vartkes, an Armenian deputy in the Ottoman Parliament, visited Mehmet Talât Paşa to protest the arrests of April 24th.

During the early morning a Turkish destroyer put 3 torpedoes into the British battleship Goliath in Morto Bay. The Goliath sank in 2 minutes, taking with it 500 crewmen. WORLD WAR I

South African forces captured Windhoek, capital of German South West Africa without opposition.

French troops took Clarency.

After a triumphal procession from Genoa, Gabriele d’Annunzio arrived in Rome for 2 days of nationalistic harangues in the city, all secretly funded by Prime Minister Salandra to gain public support for war against Germany and Austria. Meanwhile, the prime minister postponed the opening of Parliament until May 20th to change the minds of the members, most of whom were opposed to a declaration of war.

May 15, Saturday: Studies by Raymond Dodge and Francis G. Benedict on the effects of ethanol consumption on task performance were published by the Carnegie Nutrition Laboratory of Boston. Dodge, an experimental psychologist, would present some of this work at the National Academy of Sciences on November 2d in a paper “Neuromuscular Effects of Moderate Doses of Alcohol.”12

The Armenian community leaders in the town of Bayburt were arrested by Turkish authorities and subsequently killed in Urbajioghli-Dere.

Armenians were deported from the northern villages of Erzerum Province.

String Quartet no.2 by Darius Milhaud was performed for the initial time, in Paris. The composer played the violin part.

Frederic Coolidge died in New York, of the effects of syphilis contracted accidentally during a surgery he had performed. His wife, Elizabeth Sprague Coolidge, was at his side.

At 11:30PM British and Indian troops attacked at Festubert, north of Arras. The night attack produced complete confusion. No strategic objectives were met. WORLD WAR I 12. Street, W.R. A CHRONOLOGY OF NOTEWORTHY EVENTS IN AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGY. Washington DC: American Psychological Association, 1994 HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

May 16, Sunday: German and Austro-Hungarian troops reached Jaroslau (Jaroslaw, Poland), west of Lemberg (Lvov). WORLD WAR I

May 17, Monday: A deadly British artillery barrage at Neuve-Chapelle created 450 German prisoners before the infantry attack began, but the ensuing attack could make no headway. WORLD WAR I

José de Castro replaced a 5-man military junta as Prime Minister of Portugal.

May 18, Tuesday: Turkish military courts martial were set up in Marash to try the Armenian leaders who had shortly before been arrested there.

Russian-Armenian soldiers reached Van and lifted the siege by the Turkish army. The Russians believed that 55,000 Armenians had been killed in and around Van.

Austrian troops crossed the San River and took Sieniawa. WORLD WAR I

The British suspended their assault at Neuve-Chapelle, having made little progress.

May 19, Wednesday: Advance troops of the Russian Army in the Caucasus led by Armenian volunteers reached Van and lifted the siege of city.

Moslem Turks began massacres of Armenian Christians in the Khnus region of Erzerum province.

Fokker demonstrated a machine gun synchronized with an aircraft propeller near Berlin. Germans almost immediately began sending them to the front. WORLD WAR I May 20, Thursday: The Italian Chamber of Deputies voted 407-74 for emergency powers to be given to the government “in case of war.”

Arnold Schoenberg reported for military service in the Austro-Hungarian army, but was sent home.

South African General Louis Botha and Governor Theodor Seitz of German South West Africa met in Giftkop to discuss an end to hostilities. The talks would fail. WORLD WAR I

La Ballade des lutins for band by Claude Champagne was performed for the initial time. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE May 20, Thursday: The Italian Chamber of Deputies voted 407-74 for emergency powers to be given to the government “in case of war.”

Arnold Schoenberg reported for military service in the Austro-Hungarian army, but was sent home.

South African General Louis Botha and Governor Theodor Seitz of German South West Africa met in Giftkop to discuss an end to hostilities. The talks would fail. WORLD WAR I

La Ballade des lutins for band by Claude Champagne was performed for the initial time.

May 21, Friday: Armenian parliamentary deputy Vartkes visited Police Commissioner Osman Bedri to protest the arrests of the Constantinople Armenian community leaders.

Regular troops of the Russian army reached Van. They began cremating the corpses of 55,000 Armenians slaughtered by Turks, that had been lying in and around the city. 55,000 corpses would be identified as Armenian. WORLD WAR I

May 22, Saturday: Turkish refugees were settled in the emptied Armenian villages of the Tortum District of Erzerum Province.

Quatre poèmes do Léo Latil op.20 for voice and piano by Darius Milhaud was performed for the initial time, in Paris.

Camille Saint-Saëns reached San Francisco from New York, with stops in Philadelphia and Chicago.

May 27, Thursday: The Temporary Law of Deportation was proclaimed in the Ottoman Empire. Although this law mentioned no group by name, it provided for the forced deportation of all Armenians within the borders of the Empire. Turkish authorities deported 2,000 Armenians from Marash. 300 Armenians arrested on May 10th in Diyarkebir were killed while in custody.

Sonata for two violins and piano op.15 by Darius Milhaud was performed for the initial time, in Salle des agriculteurs, Paris. The composer plays one of the violin parts. Also premiered were two works by Charles Koechlin, the composer at the keyboard: La jeune Tarentine op.23/1 for voice and piano to words of André Chénier, and Sonata for viola and piano op.53. The viola soloist was Darius Milhaud. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE May 29, Saturday: 630 Armenians arrested on May 10th in Diyarkebir were slaughtered in the village of Bisheri while in custody, and their bodies thrown into the Tigris River.

President Manuel José de Arriaga Brum da Silveira e Peyrelongue of Portugal resigned, replaced ad interim by Joaquim Teófilo Fernandes Braga.

Lewisohn Stadium, New York was officially dedicated and opened.

May 31, Monday: British and Indian troops broke through the Turkish lines at Qurna (Al Qurnah), north of Basra. WORLD WAR I

Navidad for double quintet of winds, strings and piano by Enrique Granados was performed for the initial time, in Madrid.

May 23, Sunday: Italy declared war on Austria-Hungary and began an invasion on a 60-mile front.

(It did not declare war also upon Germany or Turkey, although this was required by the Treaty of London.) WORLD WAR I

May 24, Monday: A note was sent by the Allied Powers to the Turkish Cabinet holding it responsible for the massacres of the Armenians.

Morning. Alfredo Casella left his Paris home and ventured out into the city. He found joy and delirium everywhere as Parisians celebrated the entry of Italy into the war. On hearing the news, Casella reported to the Italian consulate to find out what was required of him.

Germans renewed their offensive at Ypres making small gains. The British, nearly out of artillery shells, failed to counterattack. Thus the Second Battle of Ypres ended. The Germans had successfully reduced the allied salient, while 105,000 men were dead or wounded.

German forces pushed east of the San River. WORLD WAR I

May 26, Wednesday: The German Zeppelin LZ-38 once again bombed Southend, killing 3 and injuring 3. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE May 27, Thursday: German Marshal Otto Liman von Sanders reported that the deportations of Armenians from Turkey were planned by the Committee of Union and Progress (Young Turks, Jöntürkler), and had been received the approval of all the ministries, and that the execution of the plans had been placed in the hands of the governors-general, their subordinates, and the police.

The Temporary Law of Deportation was proclaimed in the Ottoman Empire on this day, months after the depopulation of Armenian settlements was initiated. Although this law mentioned no group by name, it provided for the forced deportation of all Armenians within the borders of the Empire.

Turkish authorities deported 2,000 Armenians from Marash. 300 Armenians arrested on May 10th in Diyarkebir were slaughtered while in custody.

Sonata for two violins and piano op.15 by Darius Milhaud was performed for the initial time, in Salle des agriculteurs, Paris. The composer plays one of the violin parts. Also premiered were two works by Charles Koechlin, the composer at the keyboard: La jeune Tarentine op.23/1 for voice and piano to words of André Chénier, and Sonata for viola and piano op.53. The viola soloist was Darius Milhaud.

May 31, Monday: British and Indian troops broke through the Turkish lines at Qurna (Al Qurnah), north of Basra.

Navidad for double quintet of winds, strings and piano by Enrique Granados was performed for the initial time, in Madrid.

German Zeppelins bombarded the suburbs of London. WORLD WAR I

Two weeks of outrages, perpetrated against the Armenians of the town of Chomaklu under the guise of forcing the Armenians to give up their arms, came to their completion.

German Ambassador Hans von Wangenheim advised his government against attempting to interfere with the deportations from Turkey. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

JUNE 1915

June: Talat Pasha, in a conversation with Dr. Mordtmann of the German Embassy, stated that: Turkey was taking advantage of the war in order to thoroughly liquidate (grundlich aufzaumen) its internal foes, i.e., the indigenous Christians, without being thereby disturbed by foreign intervention. ETHNIC CLEANSING

June 2, Wednesday: Robert Moffat Palmer was born was Syracuse, New York.

Botho Sigward, Count of Eulenberg, German composer of orchestral and vocal music, was killed in action in Galicia.

In Constantinople, 20 Armenian social democrat leaders were publicly hanged.

British troops took the village of Qal’at Salih on the Tigris.

Serbia invaded Albania against little resistance. WORLD WAR I

June 3, Thursday: German forces retook Przemysl, west of Lemberg (Lvov), after heavy fighting.

British and Indian troops captured Al-Amarah, north of Basra. WORLD WAR I

A federal court in New Jersey found United States Steel not guilty of antitrust violations.

2 new orchestral works were premiered at the Norfolk Festival in Connecticut: Tam O’Shanter, a symphonic ballad by George Whitefield Chadwick and the Piano Concerto no.2 op.126 of Charles Villiers Stanford.

Recessional for chorus, trumpet, and 3 trombones by Arthur William Foote to words of Kipling was performed for the initial time, in Boston.

Ayub Bey, an arch-assassin, left Adana for Aleppo in connection with the organizing of massacres of the Armenians.

June 4, Friday: Ismail Enver Pasha issued a circular dispatch classified secret and urgent, concerning the deportations of the Armenians.

Anzac troops attack at Cape Helles making small gains and causing 15,000 total casualties.

On this day, and the 2 following ones, German aircraft were bombing English towns. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

June 7, Monday: British composer Charles Denis Browne was killed in action at Gallipoli.

The 1st convoy of Armenian deportees left Erzinjan toward Kemakh on their way into the Syrian Desert.

The Armenian Prelate of Shabin-Karahisar, Vaghinag Vartabed, was assassinated.

The Armenians of Constantinople appealed to the German and the Austrian Embassies to prevent the deportations and associated outrages, but received no satisfactory reply.

The Armenians arrested in Sivas on April 1st and transported to Angora Province were murdered in the woods of Meshedler-Yeri. The mass slaughter was witnessed by Greek woodcutters who report the news to the Armenians of Sivas.

June 8, Tuesday: The 2d convoy of Armenian deportees from Erzinjan departed for the Syrian Desert.

Anton von Webern was promoted to cadet aspirant (sergeant) at Frohnleiten, near Bruck. He was placed in charge of training recruits aged 37-42.

British and Rhodesian troops captured Bismarcksburg, German East Africa (Tanzania), at the southern end of Lake Tanganyika. WORLD WAR I

June 10, Thursday: The German garrison at Garoua, Kamerun, southwest of Fort Lamy (N’Djamena), surrendered to a combined British-French force. WORLD WAR I

Beginning on this day, through June 13th, 25,000 Armenians deported from Erzerum province were massacred by Turks at Kemakh. A law enacted by the Ottoman government mandated how the property of arrested Armenians was to be dispositioned.

Francisco Jerónimo de Jesús Lagosw Cházaro replaced Roque Gonzálex Garza as acting President of Mexico.

June 11, Friday: Italian troops attacked Austrian positions near Plava. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE June 13, Sunday: German forces went on the offensive in Galicia. WORLD WAR I

The Turkish War Ministry ordered the seizure of all the domestic animals of the Armenians. The Ministry warned that the permits they had granted to individual Armenians exempting them from the deportations, and safety certificates, were merely temporary and provisional. Instructions concerning procedures for the deportations, urging extreme strictness, were sent to provincial governors. Subhi Bey, assistant to the Undersecretary of the Interior Ministry, asked for a list of Armenians working in the shipyards, docks, and arsenals of the Ministry of the Marine.

25,000 Armenians had been murdered by the 4th day of the Kemakh massacre. The 86th Cavalry Brigade with its officers and the 2nd Reserve Cavalry Division of the Turkish Army had participated in the slaughter.

The 3d convoy of Armenian deportees exited the town of Bayburt.

300 Armenian community leaders were arrested in Shabin-Karahisar.

June 15, Tuesday: 20 members of the Armenian Social Democratic Hnchak Party were publicly hanged in Constantinople, as a signal to the provinces of the Ottoman Empire to intensify their measures. The editors and staff of the leading Armenian newspaper in Constantinople were killed in Diyarkebir (they had been taken into custody on April 24th). 12 leaders of the Armenian community in Sivas were publicly hanged. The Armenians of Shabin-Karahisar organized a defense against chete forces and the regular Turkish Army.

Allied aircraft bombed Karlsruhe, Baden to retaliate against German air raids earlier in the month.

German successes in their Galicia offensive at Lubaczow and Mosciska created a new front line from Zolkiev to Rava-Russka to Lemberg (Lvov). WORLD WAR I

June 17, Friday: The Italian assault begun June 11th halted with no advance.

The German army reached Magierow. WORLD WAR I

Talaat was reported to have declared that he would uproot the internal enemy.

1,213 Armenian men were arrested in Marsovan (Merzifon).

8,500 Armenians withdrew into the ruined castle of Shabin-Karahisar to defend themselves against the Turks.

June 20, Monday: South African troops entered Omaruru, South West Africa (Namibia), northeast of Windhoek, that had been evacuated by the Germans. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE June 22, Tuesday: German and Austro-Hungarian forces retook Lemberg (Lvov, Ukraine) from the Russians.

British, Indian and African troops attacked Bukoba on Lake Victoria. In the face of fierce resistance, they advanced only 5 kilometers by nightfall. WORLD WAR I

June 24, Thursday: Roger Sessions was allowed to graduate from Harvard University, although he would not finish his requirements for a Bachelor of Arts until the following year.

The Armenian notables of Trebizond were sent by boat toward Samsun and on the way were heaved, tied together into bundles, into the Black Sea.

June 25, Friday: The massacre of the Armenians in Bitlis by Turkish authorities was carried out under the direct orders of Mustafa Abdulhalik Renda.

The Ottoman Empire issued a decree instructing the 30,000 Armenians in Trebizond to depart from that city within 5 days.

June 26, Saturday: Turkish authorities ordered the removal of all Armenians from the Harput area. All remaining Armenian men in Sivas were arrested.

A decree issued in Erzerum ordered all Armenians to leave for Syria.

An decree issued in Samsun ordered all Armenians to depart within 15 days.

The Montenegrins entered Scutari, Albania. WORLD WAR I

June 28, Monday: The previously arrested Armenian educators and community leaders in Kharput were taken from prison to be murdered.

British troops captured Ngaundere, Kamerun in the midst of a tornado.

When British forces attacked at Gully Spur, Gallipoli, they advanced a kilometer and lost 3,800 of their number.

June 29, Tuesday: Vartkes and Zohrab, 2 Armenian deputies in the Ottoman Parliament, deported from Constantinople, arrived in custody in Aleppo.

German forces reached Tomaszow. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

JULY 1915

July: Erich Muenter, a former Harvard College professor opposed to World War I private sales of US munitions to the Allied Powers, used a homemade bomb to redecorate the Reception Room of the US Senate. What he found out, of course, was that you can’t expect to kill the Devil with a bomb, any more than you can kill the Devil with a gun, or with a sword. Bummer. :-(

(Well, shouldn’t he have known basic stuff like that? He had been, after all, a college professor, and aren’t college professors supposed to understand about stuff? –At least about basic stuff? Aren’t college professors supposed to know how to find their asses with both hands?) WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE July: In response to high wartime prices wheat farmers had turned the sod of millions of acres of grassland across the homesteaded plains of what would become America’s Dust Bowl. US yields for the 1st time topped 1,000,000,000 bushels of wheat, despite $100,000,000 damage by newly arrived Hessian flies.

In the course of a vacation in the mosquito-free mountains of Virginia, wealthy unhappily married National Museum entomologist Harrison Gray Dyar, Jr., a specialist in the family Culicidae, became intrigued with a rather unattractive middleaged spinster kindergarten schoolteacher of Washington DC, Miss Wellesca “Aseyeh” Pollock. He would name a newly discovered moth species in her honor — Parasa wellesca:

In Turkey, Behaeddin Shakir, chief of the Special Organization of Erzerum Province, sent a telegram to Nazim Bey Resneli via Sabit Bey, governor-general of Kharput Province, desiring to be informed whether the Armenians he was deporting were being exterminated or merely convoyed.

Behaeddin Shakir ordered the governor-general of Kastamonu Province to begin deportation of the Armenians there. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE Mehmet Talât Paşa informed the Ittihad party organization in Malatia that half the loot taken from Armenian families was reserved to the Central Committee of Ittihad in Constantinople, with only the other half distributed to chetes. (On December 12, 1918 the newspaper Sabah would report that each chete in the Malatia area had received 15,000 Turkish pounds.)

Governor-general Reshid Pasha reported to the Interior Ministry that deportation of Armenians from Kastamonu Province had been completed.

Behaeddin Shakir sent a cipher telegram to the governor-general of Adalia Province, Sabur Sami Bey, asking him what steps he was taking at a time, when in Erzerum, Van, Bitlis, Diyarbekir, Sivas, and Trebizond Provinces, not a single Armenian remained because they have all been sent in the direction of Mosul and Der- el-Zor (Deir el-Zor). Sabur sent a copy of the telegram to Talaat to show that he had received these indirect instructions.

The vice-governor of Yozgat District, in Angora Province, reported to the Interior Ministry that 68,000 Armenians had been slain there.

Sabit, the governor-general of Kharput Province, informed the Interior Ministry that the roads were filled with the bodies of women and children but time could not be found to bury them.

“MAGISTERIAL HISTORY” IS FANTASIZING: HISTORY IS CHRONOLOGY

July 1, Thursday: 2,000 Armenian soldiers in the Turkish Army being used as laborers near Harput were put to death near the city of Kharput.13

The 1st convoy of Armenian deportees departed from the seaport of Trebizond heading south.

The governor-general of Sivas announced that the 1st convoy of deportees from the city was to leave by July 5th, in groups according to street residence. A total of 48,000 persons were to be deported. The governor, commissioner of police, two parliamentary deputies, the qadi (the chief religious judge), and the mufti (the religious chief) advised the Armenians that they were being resettled for the duration of the war in order to forestall any resistance.

Horatio Parker’s opera Fairyland op.77, to words of Hooker, was performed for the initial time, in Los Angeles. It was the winner of a $10,000 prize from the National Federation of Women’s Clubs.

The War to End War “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE July 2, Friday: German troops occupy the fortress at Zamosc but Russian defenders of Krasnik hold off an Austrian attack. WORLD WAR I

The British Parliament passed the Munitions of War Act, which required compulsory arbitration of labor disputes, banned strikes and lockouts, limited profits and placed other restrictions on management and labor.

Turkish and Kurdish paramilitaries began attacks on convoys of Armenians being deported south through Erzinjan.

A bomb destroyed a reception room in the United States Senate. It had been placed by Erich Muenter (AKA Frank Holt), a German instructor at Cornell University.

Bands of 4,000 chetes operating out of the mountains around Erzinjan began daily raids against the southward- bound convoys of Armenian deportees.

A deportation decree was issued in the city of Mush.

13. It seems not to be well known that the Turks of the Ottoman Empire accomplished the liquidation of the young-male segment of the Armenian population largely by means of the military draft. Official Turkish accounts acknowledge that concentrating the young men through this conscription enabled the slaughter of about 800,000. Refer to Vahakn Dadrian, THE HISTORY OF THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE: ETHNIC CONFLICT FROM THE BALKANS TO ANATOLIA TO THE CAUCASUS (Providence RI: Berghahn Books, 1995, page 226). Henry Morgenthau described one such episode in which some 2,000 Armenian “amélés” (“such is the Turkish word for soldiers who have been reduced to workmen”) were dispatched from the city of Harpoot, ostensibly for a road-construction project: The Armenians in that town understood what this meant and pleaded with the Governor for mercy. But this official insisted that the men were not to be harmed, and he even called upon the German missionary, Mr. Ehemann, to quiet the panic, giving that gentleman his word of honour that the ex-soldiers would be protected. Mr. Ehemann believed the Governor and assuaged the popular fear. Yet practically every man of these 2,000 was massacred, and his body thrown into a cave. A few escaped, and it was from these that news of the massacre reached the world. A few days afterward another 2,000 soldiers were sent to Diarbekir. The only purpose of sending these men out in the open country was that they might be massacred. In order that they might have no strength to resist or to escape by flight, these poor creatures were systematically starved. Government agents went ahead on the road, notifying the Kurds that the caravan was approaching and ordering them to do their congenial duty. Not only did the Kurdish tribesmen pour down from the mountains upon this starved and weakened regiment, but the Kurdish women came with butcher’s knives in order that they might gain that merit in Allah’s eyes that comes from killing a Christian. These massacres were not isolated happenings; I could detail many more episodes just as horrible as the one related above. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE July 9, Friday: From the western front, Robert Rudoph Hindemith send a note authorizing his son Paul to sign contracts in his name. He would shortly be killed in Flanders.

David Leo Diamond was born in Rochester, New York, the 2d of 3 children born to Osias Diamond, a cabinet maker and Anna Schildhaus, a dressmaker. The parents were Jewish immigrants from Austria.

German forces in South West Africa surrendered to British South African troops under General Botha at Tsumeb, north of Windhoek. 1,597 soldiers had died in the South West Africa campaign. WORLD WAR I

July 10, Saturday: Turkish soldiers massacred 2,700 Armenians in a 2d massacre at Mardin.

July 11, Sunday: The beginning of a 4-day Turkish massacre in Mush under the combined orders of parliamentary deputy Elias, vice-governor Servet, and Governor-general Mustafa Abdulhalik Renda, Mehmet Talât Paşa’s brother-in-law.

The Interior Ministry directed that the Armenian villages be settled with Muslim immigrants.

British ships destroyed the German battle cruiser Königsberg on the Rufiji River, German East Africa (Tanzania). WORLD WAR I

July 12, Monday: The Turkish government advised all governors-general that Der-el-Zor (Deir el-Zor) District was saturated and that the remainder of the Armenian deportees should therefore be routed to Kirkuk District in northern Iraq, to the south of Aleppo, and to the east of Syria.

Instructions were issued to distribute Armenian orphans to Turkish homes.

July 13, Tuesday: The Muslim holy month of Ramadan began. During this month of Muslim religious observance the greatest concentration and universalization of massacring and murdering of Armenian Christians would occur in every province of Turkey.

The final convoy, containing all the remaining Armenians in Kharput, departed.

Zaven, Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople, was declined an audience with Mehmet Talât Paşa. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE July 14, Wednesday: On the 1st Bastille Day since the beginning of the current war, the ashes of Rouget de Lisle, composer of La Marseillaise, were brought to Napoléon’s tomb at Les Invalides in Paris. WORLD WAR I

Ahmed Jemal Pasha,14 Commander of Aleppo’s 4th Army Corps, protested to Dr. Reshid, the governor- general of Diyarbekir Province, about the dumping of dead bodies into the Euphrates River, and advised sanitary burial. From June 22d to July 17th, a period of 25 days, a steady stream of bodies of massacred Armenians had been floating down the Euphrates River.

July 18, Sunday: In the region of Dersim, 3,000 Armenian Christians were slaughtered by Turkish Moslems. Almost all of the large Kurdish population of Dersim refused to participate, and sheltered a number of Armenians.

German forces took Krasnostav.

During the early afternoon Italian forces began the 2d Battle of the Isonzo but made only small gains. WORLD WAR I

14. Ahmed Jemal [Djemal, Cemal] Pasha (1872-1922) was the overseer of the Armenian Genocide. A graduate of the War Academy, Jemal was posted in 1898 to the Third Army in Salonika where the new captain joined the underground movement of Ottoman officers known as the Committee of Union and Progress (Young Turks, Jöntürkler), which was opposed to the regime of Sultan Abdul-Hamid (Abdulhamit) II. He used his position as a military inspector and staff officer to spread the CUP network in Thrace. By the time of the 1908 Young Turk Revolution, Jemal was one of the leaders of the movement and was soon on the executive committee of the CUP. He rejoined his military unit to help suppress the April 1909 counter-revolution. Thereafter he served in a succession of military and administrative posts as the CUP’s main trouble-shooter across the Ottoman Empire. In August 1909 he was appointed vali (governor-general) of Adana after the massacre of Armenians in the province. He came to prominence with the January 1913 CUP coup d'etat, which he helped engineer. Thereupon he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-general, given command of the First Army based in Istanbul and made military governor of the city, where he also brutally suppressed the liberal opposition. In December 1913 he joined the CUP cabinet as Minister of Works. His appointment as Minister of the Navy in February 1914 placed the key Ottoman ministries in the hands of the CUP and signaled the complete consolidation of power by the Young Turk dictatorial triumvirate of Enver, Mehmet Talât Paşa and Jemal. From the time of the Ottoman entry into WWI in November 1914 until December 1917, Jemal was stationed in Damascus as commander of the Fourth Army and served simultaneously as military governor of Syria including the regions of Palestine and Hijaz (Arabia). He led unsuccessful campaigns in 1915 and 1916 against the British in Egypt by advancing on the Suez Canal. Before the British turned the tide, Jemal’s administration of Syria had devastated the civilian population in the region. Arab nationalists were summarily hanged, Zionists were persecuted and steps taken to remove Jewish settlements, grain requisitions in Lebanon had driven the populace to the brink of starvation. These calamities, however, paled in comparison to the destruction of the deported Armenian population carried out in Syria during Jemal's rule. By virtue of the fact that he controlled all the resources and the agencies of government in Syria, Jemal had oversight over the final leg of the deportation of the Armenians and the extermination of the surviving population. By mid-1915 Syria was dotted with concentration camps where the weaker members of the Armenian population were starved to death and where the still able-bodied were employed as virtual slave laborers on construction projects, the most notorious being the Baghdad rail line then still to be laid through the mountain passes of northern Syria. Lastly, the infamous killing sites of Rakka, Ras ul-Ain, and Deir el-Zor were locations in his jurisdiction. In this respect, of the Young Turk triumvirs who conspired and executed the Armenian Genocide, Jemal held responsibility as the final enforcer of the secret plan of extermination. With the surrender of the Ottomans in 1918, Jemal joined Enver and Talaat in flight, first to Berlin, then to Switzerland and Russia. He made contact with the Bolsheviks in Moscow who facilitated his travel to Afghanistan, where he reorganized the Afghan army to carry on the fight against the British. In the meantime he was tried in absentia by a military tribunal in Istanbul, found guilty of war crimes and sentenced to death. While in Moscow, he also established contact with Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and assisted Enver's uncle, Halil, who negotiated on Kemal's behalf for a supply of arms, ammunition and gold from the Bolsheviks. Jemal was assassinated in Tbilisi in 1922 by two Armenians on his trail. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE July 28, Wednesday: A 4th British-French assault on Turkish defenders near Krithia failed.

An angry mob stormed the French legation in Port-au-Prince, Haiti and forcibly removed President Sam, whom they discovered hiding under a bed. The president was thrown over a wall to Haitian citizens who literally tore him to shreds, making his various body parts the central attraction of a parade through the streets of the capital. American admiral William B. Caperton disembarked from his gunboat, USS Washington, in Port-au-Prince harbor, and at the head of a contingent of US Marines, took control of the government, beginning what would turn out to be our longest and least satisfactory Caribbean intervention (until August 15th, Wednesday, 1934). US MILITARY INTERVENTIONS

The governor-general of Erzerum Province reported widespread looting and rape of Armenians.

The Interior Ministry issued a circular telegram instructing that Muslims be settled in the large Armenians villages.

The deportation of the Armenians of the town of Aintab began.

The deportation of the Armenians of the town of Kilis began.

The deportation of the Armenians of the town of Adiaman began.

Professor Kakig Ozanian of the American College and others from Marsovan (Merzifon), together with the Armenians community leader Dikran Diranian and others from Samsun, were transported to the prisons of Sivas to be killed. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE July 30, Friday: The withdrawal of the Russian Army from the city of Van began.

Arthur Honegger began his training for the Swiss armed forces.

There was a mass arrest of Armenians in the city of Angora (Ankara). Those detained would be slaughtered by the Turkish authorities on the following day at a place 6 hours distance from the city.

Haicke Janssen and Willem Roos, German spies, were executed by firing squad in the moat area of the Tower of London. Janssen was strapped into the wooden chair at 6AM and his corpse had been removed and replaced by the living body of Roos by 6:10AM. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

AUGUST 1915

August 1, Sunday: The deportation of 25,000 Armenians from Adabazar, near Constantinople, began.

20,000 Armenian deportees arrived in Aleppo.

Mass torture was inflicted on 500 Armenians in the prisons of Adabazar.

August 5, Thursday: German troops enter Warsaw without opposition. WORLD WAR I

August 6, Friday: Dr. David Starr Jordan’s “The Long Cost of War” appeared in Science (Vol. 42, No. 1075, New Series: 189-190).

In the afternoon, British and Anzacs attacked at Cape Helles causing 11,000 casualties but making no appreciable gains. Simultaneous Anzac attacks from Anzac Cove brought modest success with 10,000 total casualties. At 10PM, British troops landed at Suvla Bay (Büyük Kemiki Burun) on the west of the peninsula and began moving inland without opposition. WORLD WAR I

18 Armenians were publicly hanged in the town of Everek near Kayseri.

August 8, Sunday: At the entrance to the Gulf of Riga, Russians defeated a German fleet of 9 battleships and 12 cruisers. WORLD WAR I

British submarine E-11 sank Turkish battleship Barbarossa Harradin in the Dardanelles.

Baron von Wangenheim, German ambassador to Turkey, protested the Armenian massacre to Minister of the Interior Mehmet Talât Paşa, to no avail.

Anzacs reached the summit of Chunuk Bair, which overlooked their positions on Gallipoli, but were forced to withdraw. That night the British in Suvla Bay attacked but were beaten back.

Pianist Maria Janotha, who had for some years based her career in Britain, was deported as a German. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE August 10, Tuesday: A surprise Turkish counterattack from Sari Bair on Gallipoli forced the Allies to withdraw with 12,000 casualties. Among the dead soldiers lay the corpse of physicist Henry Moseley, who had made fundamental discoveries about the structure of the atom. WORLD WAR I

All the Armenians of Chorum were deported via Boghazli and Bozanti with the Syrian Desert, purportedly, as their ultimate destination.

A circular telegram called for the registration of all Muslim creditors of the Armenians.

CHANGE IS ETERNITY, STASIS A FIGMENT

August 13, Friday: Between this day and August 17th, 15,000 Armenians would be taken out of the Central Prison of the city of Sivas, where many Armenian intellectuals, political leaders, and leading men of the villages surrounding Sivas had been imprisoned, and massacred in the 36 extermination centers of the region.

Instructions were sent out to the Turkish Moslem committees that were in charge of liquidating the “abandoned goods” of the Armenian Christians, as to precisely how to deposit the funds obtained through such activities.

August 14, Saturday: The 3d and final day of the public holiday of Bairam among the Turkish Moslems of Azerbaijan.

Alban Berg reported for an Army medical examination in Vienna and was found fit to serve. WORLD WAR I

August 16, Monday: Armenian journalist Rupen Zartarian of the Dashnak Party was killed.

50,000 Armenian deportees were observed on the road from Bozanti to Aleppo.

Alban Berg reported for military service in Vienna. WORLD WAR I

When a large number of men invaded the prison at Milledgeville, Georgia and abducted the Jewish prisoner Leo Frank, they were not resisted by the prison guards.

The War to End War “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE August 18, Wednesday: The New York Times reported on a plan for the destruction of the entire Armenian nation.

Alma (Schindler) Mahler, the widow of Gustav Mahler, got married with the architect Walter Gropius, now a lieutenant in the German army, in Berlin. On the following morning he would return to the front.

German forces took Kovno. WORLD WAR I

August 19, Thursday: 250 Armenians were killed in the city of Urfa in a massacre by Turks inaugurating the first attempt to uproot the Armenians of Urfa. The Armenians of Urfa began the defense of their city.

Lord Bryce reported that 500,000 Armenians had been murdered in Turkey.

German forces captured Kaunas.

German forces captured Novo-Georgiewsk (Modlin) and 90,000 Russian prisoners.

Turks attacked the Armenians of Urfa, killing 250 despite the fact that the Armenians put up a defense.

The White Star liner Arabic was sunk by a German submarine off Fastnet Rock, the most southerly point of Ireland, with the loss of 44 of the 423 passengers and crew, 2 of whom were American citizens. WORLD WAR I

August 25, Wednesday: German occupying forces established a Polish government in Warsaw. General Hans Hartwig von Beseler was named governor-general.

Brest-Litovsk, a Russian fortress, was captured by the Austro-Germans. WORLD WAR I

The War Ministry requisitioned all soap found in the homes and stores of the deported Armenians. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE August 26, Thursday: German forces captured Brest-Litovsk. WORLD WAR I

President Woodrow Wilson reversed earlier policy to begin to allow private loans to belligerent nations.

The overture to Ethel Smyth’s unperformed opera “The Boatswain’s Mate” was performed for the initial time, in Queen’s Hall, London.

Armenian poet Daniel Varoujan, together with the poet physician Rupen Sevak and others, incarcerated in the Ayash prison, were murdered by chetes operating on orders from Jemal Oguz. They were taken into a woods and tied naked to trees. Then they were cut up slowly with knives. Their screams could be heard from a great distance.

60,000 deported Armenians in the Aleppo area were ordered to depart toward Hawran, an Arab district in northern Trans-Jordan.

The Armenian Catholics in Angora were arrested.

Instructions were issued forbidding the purchase of property from Armenian deportees. The Turkish War Ministry requisitioned for its military supply depots all wood, coal, and copper found in the homes and stores of deported Armenians.

August 27, Friday: German troops captured Bialystok. WORLD WAR I

August 28, Saturday: Ferruccio Busoni ended his 4th tour of the United States, sailing for Europe.

The Armenian students of the Sanasarian Academy in the city of Sivas were murdered by the Turks of the town of Gemerak some 30 miles southwest of Sivas.

Italian forces reached Cima Cista, to the north-east of Trent. WORLD WAR I

August 30, Monday: A British submarine attacked Constantinople and managed to damage the Galata Bridge.

August 31, Tuesday: Lutsk, a Russian fortress, was captured by the Austrians. WORLD WAR I

Talaat advised German ambassador Prince Ernst Hohenlohe-Langenburg that “the Armenian Question” was no longer a question (Hohenlohe had assumed the German ambassadorship on July 20th). HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

SEPTEMBER 1915

September 1, Wednesday: Germany ordered its U-Boats not to attack passenger ships without warning and without making provision for noncombatants. WORLD WAR I

British troops assaulted Mora, Kamerun.

September 2, Thursday: German forces took Grodno (Belarus), west of Minsk, and attacked Vilna (Vilnius). WORLD WAR I

4,750 Armenians were murdered in Jezire.

September 3, Friday: 10,000 survivors from the Armenians deported from Bursa and Izmid (Izmit) arrived in Konia (Konya).

The New York Times reported that Izmid (Izmit) had been put to the torch and the Armenians massacred.

15,000 Armenian deportees were reported at Eskishehir, 5,000 at Alayund, and 2,000 at Chai.

September 4, Saturday: The US administration in Haiti declared martial law, to put down a rebellion in Port-au-Prince.

September 5, Sunday: Tsar Nikolai II took over personal command of his army at the military headquarters in Mogilev, east of Minsk. WORLD WAR I

September 6, Monday: At Pless, Germany, Bulgaria signed a pact committing it to enter the war on the side of the Central Powers, for which it was to receive Serbian Macedonia and part of Serbia as well as a port on the Adriatic and small concessions from Turkey.

US newspapers published secret documents captured by the British, outlining Austrian and German plans for sabotage against US industries.

Czar Nicholas of Russia assumed command of the Russian armies. Grand Duke Nicholas was transferred to the Caucasus. WORLD WAR I

In Marsovan (Merzifon), of the group of 62 Armenian girls who had been rescued by American missionaries, by this date only 21 remained (21 others having been abducted by Muslim Turks). HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

The Interior Ministry ordered all Armenian schools to be placed at the disposal of Turkish authorities.

Massacres of Armenians were carried out in Yozgat District.

The War Ministry instructed that the goods requisitioned from the Armenians were to be distributed to the Third, Fourth, and Iraq Armies.

The second Liquidation Commission of Armenians in Kayseri was organized.

September 7, Tuesday: Turks carried out massacres of Armenians in Yozgat district.

September 8, Wednesday: 5,000 Armenian deportees were reported at Bozanti.

British troops gave up their attempt to take Mora, Kamerun.

The United States loaned $500,000,000 to Great Britain and France. WORLD WAR I

September 9, Thursday: German forces began a new offensive against the Russians, thrusting toward Dvinsk and Vilna (Vilnius). WORLD WAR I

Secretary of State Robert Lansing ordered Austrian Ambassador Konstantin Graf von Dumba, who has been implicated in schemes to disable American war-making industry, to exit the United States of America.

September 15, Wednesday: In a circular letter Mehmet Talât Paşa explained that the real intention of sending the Armenians to the Der-el-Zor (Deir el-Zor) Desert had been to annihilate them.

The Czech External Committee was established in Paris. WORLD WAR I

Lament for orchestra by Frank Bridge was performed for the initial time, in Queen’s Hall, London, the composer conducting. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE September 16, Thursday: The body of Ezra Ripley Thayer, father of 11-year-old Ethel Randolph Thayer (Polly Thayer Starr), was found in the Charles River not far from the family home at 77 Bay State Road. This would be regarded as suicide, since he had been suffering for several years from such insomnia and acute depression that he had not been teaching his classes at the Harvard Law School or attending to his duties as its Dean (fellow Professor Roscoe Pound would take up his deanship and an Ezra Ripley Thayer Professorship would be created in his memory).

The nation of Haiti in the Caribbean, in effect in receivership due to disfunction, was by treaty transformed into a virtual protectorate of the United States. Sorta like Cuba.

The Russian Duma was prorogued.

German troops captured Pinsk. WORLD WAR I

Talaat sent instructions by circular telegram to mete out the same fate to Armenian women and children, that had been being meted out to Armenian men. A circular dispatch was issued advising caution against the looting of the property of foreigners, making special mention of the property of the Singer Sewing Machine Company. A telegram went out to Ali Suad Bey, Governor of Der-el-Zor (Deir el-Zor), explaining his responsibilities.

September 18, Saturday: German forces captured Vilna (Vilnius), taking 50,000 casualties. WORLD WAR I

In Aleppo, Nuri and Ali Bey consulted about the prospective massacre of the few Armenians who were still surviving in the harsh conditions of the Syrian Desert at Der-el-Zor (Deir el-Zor). HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE September 19, Sunday: German forces captured Lublin.

Francis Buschman, a German spy, was executed by firing squad in a wooden chair at the end of a 100-foot target practice shed at the Tower of London. The shed, and its chair to which spies were strapped, are no longer in existence:

WORLD WAR I

September 25, Saturday: At 7AM British forces sent 150 tons of chlorine toward the Germans, then went over the top at Loos. They managed to push the Germans back to their secondary defense line. At 9:15AM French forces attacked along a 30-kilometer front in Champagne.

At noon French forces attacked along a 30-kilometer front in Artois. The combined assault makes small gains, capturing Souchez, but then was pushed back with vigor.

Fritz Jürgens, 27-year-old German composer, was killed in action in Champagne. WORLD WAR I

Robert Rudolph Hindemith, father of Paul Hindemith, died in Belgium.

In Kayseri alone, 24 Armenians schools were requisitioned in 4 days.

The Sanitation Division of Turkey’s War Ministry requisitioned all the medical implements and pharmaceuticals held by Armenians (cleanliness is next to extermination). HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE September 26, Sunday: A Law on Abandoned Goods was ratified by the Ottoman Senate legalizing ex post facto the looting by the government of the properties of the Armenians.

British forces continued to attack at Loos across open fields into German machine gun fire. WORLD WAR I

September 27, Monday: 2d Lieutenant John Kipling, only son of Rudyard Kipling, was mortally wounded at Loos.

Sergeant Léo Latil of the French 67th Infantry, a budding poet, was killed in action in Champagne. At that moment his good friend Darius Milhaud was crossing the Place de Villiers and felt a sharp pain and thought of Léo. Milhaud would dedicate his String Quartet no.3 to the memory of Léo Latil. WORLD WAR I

The Turkish Interior Ministry by circular telegram ordered the deportation of all Armenian women, children, and the sick.

September 28, Tuesday: The German ambassador in the United States of America, Johann Heinrich Count von Bernstorff, suggested that the stories about massacres in Turkey could only be fabrications.

A circular telegram advised that all Armenian property now belonged to the Turkish government.

The Turkish governor-general of Diyarbekir Province, Dr. Reshid, reported to the Interior Ministry that more than 120,000 Armenians had been deported from Diyarbekir Province.

French troops reached the German reserve lines in Champagne west of Tahure but could not break through. WORLD WAR I

September 29, Wednesday: By this date 10,000 Armenian deportees had arrived at Afiyon-Karahisar, 50,000 had arrived at Konia (Konya), and 10,000 had arrived at Intille (Intili), while 150,000 were reported at Katma.

After a 3-day battle, British and Indian troops took Kut al Imara (Al Kut), southeast of Baghdad.

A socialist conference in Zimmerwald, Switzerland calls for and end to the imperialist war.

Rudi Stephan, a 28-year-old German neo-classical composer, was killed in action on the Russian front near Tarnopol. WORLD WAR I

Robert Brownell died in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. The body was placed in section 17 of the East Harrisburg Cemetery (no stone bearing his name is to be seen). HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

OCTOBER 1915

October 1, Friday: French troops make slight gains attacking Vimy Ridge, south of Souchez. WORLD WAR I

US Secretary of State Robert Lansing delivered a note to German Ambassador Bernstorff relating to the massacres of the Armenians.

The governor-general of Sivas Province, Ahmed Muammer, traveled to Amasia and elsewhere to inspect the completion and effect of the massacres of Armenians in preparation for Talaat’s inspection trip.

600 Armenian orphan boys were Turkified in Herek.

October 3, Sunday: Athur Honegger returned to Paris after 3 months military duty in the Swiss army. WORLD WAR I

October 5, Tuesday: The Allied governments broke diplomatic relations with Bulgaria.

A Franco-British force landed at Thessaloniki in nominally neutral Greece, in anticipation of an attack by the Central Powers on Serbia. The Greek ministry resigned.

Germany apologized for sinking the RMS Lusitania and agreed to pay reparations. WORLD WAR I

Bernardino Luís Machado Guimarães replaced Joaquim Teófilo Fernandes Braga as President of Portugal.

After being required to leave by the US government, Austrian Ambassador Konstantin Graf von Dumba departed for home from New York. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE October 7, Thursday: By this date the number of deported Armenians still living was estimated at 360,000 minimum, and the number of Armenians dead was estimated at 800,000 minimum.

$75,000 was collected in the United States for relief for the Armenian deportees.

In the British House of Lords a general discussion of the Armenian situation took place. Lord Bryce, Lord Crewe, and Lord Cromer condemned the Turkish barbarities.

Austro-Hungarian and German forces attacked across the Danube into Serbia. WORLD WAR I

Unhappy with the pro-Allies policy, King Konstaninos replaced Eleftherios Kiriakou Venizelos with Alexandros Thrasivoulou Zaimis as Prime Minister of Greece.

October 8, Friday: Mehmet Talât Paşa requested that provincial officials provide him with the documents that would prove Armenian “treason” in “justification” of the Turkish massacres.

October 9, Saturday: Belgrade was again occupied by the Austro-Germans. WORLD WAR I

Over the following 2 days, 11,000 Armenians would be transported by rail from Konia south to detention camps. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

October 11, Monday: German troops captured Semendria and Pozarevac in Serbia. WORLD WAR I

In memoriam Franz Neruda, for reciter and orchestra by Carl Nielsen to words of Clausen, was performed for the initial time, directed by the composer. This concert was the 1st with Nielsen as permanent conductor of the Copenhagen Music Society.

October 12, Tuesday: 6AM. In Belgium, Germans executed English nurse Edith Cavell by firing squad, whose only crime had been tending to wounded British soldiers and helping them get back home. Executed next to her was Philippe Baucq, an architect who had assisted her.15 WORLD WAR I

Orders were issued forbidding Turkish men to intermarry with Armenian women.

October 13, Wednesday: Over the following 4 days, 9,600 Armenians would be transported by rail from Konia south to detention camps. In Berlin it was announced that a story that was going around, a story having to do with “Armenian massacres,” was merely an Allied fabrication.

London was bombarded by Zeppelins killing 55 and injuring 114. WORLD WAR I

October 14, Thursday: Bulgaria openly joined the Central Powers by declaring war on Serbia and invading Macedonia and driving toward Zajecar and Pirot. WORLD WAR I

October 15, Friday: The dean of the Realschule (the German technical school) in Aleppo and German professors there protested against the massacres of the Armenians, to the German Foreign Office.

16,000 Armenian deportees were observed at Afiyon-Karahisar and 80,000 at Konia (Konya).

6,000 Turkish soldiers staged the final attack on the Armenians defending themselves in Urfa, losing 400 of their number as the victims, with no alternative, struggled to the bitter end.

Great Britain and Montenegro declared war on Bulgaria. WORLD WAR I

15. Some would consider helping wounded men get back home to be an unproblematic hobby. Some would consider shooting nurses and architects to be unsportsmanlike. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE October 16, Saturday: France declared war on Bulgaria. WORLD WAR I

Immunity from prosecution was guaranteed to Turks carrying out the massacres of the Armenians in Der-el- Zor (Deir el-Zor).

16,000 Armenian deportees from Bursa and Izmid (Izmit) left Afiyon-Karahisar for Konia (Konya).

Turks massacred the 20,000 Armenians being deported from Urfa.

Lord Bryce remarked that Germany could have stopped the Turkish massacres of the Armenians had it had a reason to do so.

October 17, Sunday: France declared war on Bulgaria. WORLD WAR I

Over the following 5 days 9,850 Armenians would be being transported by rail from Konia south to detention camps.

October 19, Tuesday: Great Britain ceased to consider Czechs and Slovaks as enemy aliens.

Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Guatemala, Uruguay, and the United States formally recognized Venustiano Carranza as president of Mexico while his general, Alvaro Obregón, was in the process of defeating both General Francisco “Pancho” Villa and Emiliano Zapata.

Italy and Russia declared war on Bulgaria. WORLD WAR I

October 21, Thursday: After 3 days of bombardment, the Italian army attacked on the Isonzo front. Gains were small. WORLD WAR I

French forces from the south drove off Bulgarians from Strumica and proceeded to Negotino.

The 1st transatlantic radio telephone communication was effected between Arlington, Virginia and the Eiffel Tower.

October 23, Saturday: 25,000 suffragists marched in New York City.

October 24, Sunday: Berceuse héroique, a work for small orchestra composed by Claude Debussy to honor King Albert of Belgium, was performed for the initial time, in Paris. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE October 29, Friday: René Viviani, blamed for the failed autumn offensive and the failure to woo Bulgaria, was replaced by Aristide Briand as prime minister of France. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

NOVEMBER 1915

November 3, Wednesday: Doctor Schacht, a German army physician stationed near the village of Der-el-Zor (Deir el- Zor), reported counting 7,000 severed Armenian heads (skulls) in Sabgha District near the Euphrates River.

A combined British-French force took Tibati, Kamerun, northeast of Yaounde.

Arnold Schoenberg was once again called up for military service.

November 4, Thursday: The German consul in Mosul reported that Halil Pasha’s soldiers had massacred the Armenians north of Mosul and were preparing to massacre the Armenians in the city of Mosul.

The Champagne and Artois campaigns came to a halt. Total casualties: 176,000.

The 3d Battle of the Isonzo ended without strategic result. Total casualties: 109,000.

String Quartet no.2 by Frank Bridge was performed for the initial time, in Aeolian Hall, London.

November 5, Friday: The Germans surrendered Banyo, Kamerun, north of Yaounde, to the British.

Bulgarian forces captured Nis, Serbia.

The 1st concert of the Sociedad Nacional de Música took place in Buenos Aires.

Nish, the Serbian war capital, was captured by the Bulgarians. WORLD WAR I

On this date 10,000 Armenian deportees were reported in Bozanti, 20,000 in Tarsus, 40,000 in Islahiye, and 50,000 in Katma. 150,000 were reported scattered between Adana and Aleppo crossing the Amanos Range. 20,000 were reported in Adana.

November 6, Saturday: German forces took Krusvac.

After a month of training camp in the Austro-Hungarian army at Bruck an der Leitha, Alban Berg suffered acute asthma attacks and a bronchial catarrh. He was immediately hospitalized.

Sinfonietta op.5 for orchestra by Sergei Prokofiev was performed for the initial time, in Moscow. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE November 7, Sunday: Stephanos Skouloudis, a neutralist, replaced Alexandros Thrasivoulou Zaimis as Prime Minister of Greece.

German forces took Aleksinac, Serbia.

A German or Austrian U-boat sank the Italian ocean liner Ancona off Cape Carbonara, Sardinia, killing 272.

November 8, Monday: Turkish authorities again made preparations to deport the 200,000 Armenians of Constantinople.

November 10, Tuesday: A 4th battle along the Isonzo River began between Italian and Austro-Hungarian forces, between Plava and Doberdo.

Etudes by Claude Debussy were performed for the 1st time, at the Société National de Musique, Paris.

November 11, Thursday: Jemal Pasha, as Turkish commander of Syria, sought to court-martial the dean of the Realschule in Aleppo and other German signatories of the protest of October 15th, for having publicized the Armenian events in Cilicia.

British and colonial forces took Zor, advancing on Baghdad.

November 12, Friday: Great Britain annexed the Gilbert and Ellice Islands (Kiribati and Tuvalu).

November 21, Sunday: The ship carrying the expedition of Ernest Shackleton, the Endurance, was crushed by Antarctic pack ice.

November 22, Monday: British forces attacked the Turks at Ctesiphon, near Baghdad, but could only take the Turkish front lines at a heavy cost. WORLD WAR I

November 23, Tuesday: British and French leaders decided on the evacuation of Gallipoli.

German forces defeated the Serbians at Pristina and Mitrovica taking 17,000 prisoners. Bulgarian forces cut off the Serbian escape route and the remaining 200,000 Serbian soldiers began a long retreat into Albania. WORLD WAR I

November 24, Wednesday: A Serbian breakout attempt in Macedonia was cut off by the Bulgarians. The Serbian government relocated to Scutari in Albania. Remaining Serbian units began a retreat through Albania and Montenegro. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

DECEMBER 1915

December 1, Wednesday: After a concert of Skryabin’s piano works by Sergei Rakhmaninov (during which a disturbance by Skryabin partisans broke out), Sergei Prokofiev and Rakhmaninov had an icy exchange, thus ending whatever good relations they had.

Lee de Forest published an article entitled “Audion Bulbs as Producers of Pure Musical Tones,” describing the musical properties of sounds produced by vacuum tubes.

Because of numerous reports and rumors of espionage, President Woodrow Wilson demanded the recall of the German military attaché Franz von Papen, naval attaché Karl Boy Ed, head of the German trade mission Heinrich Albert and the Austrian ambassador Konstantin Dumba. WORLD WAR I

The fields around the village of Mamure (Mamura) were reported littered with several thousand corpses of starved or murdered Armenian deportees who had been traveling through.

December 2, Thursday: En blanc et noir for 2 pianos by Claude Debussy was performed for the initial time, at Chez Durand, Paris, the composer and Louis Albert performing.

December 3, Friday: The United States expelled two German diplomats on charges of spying. WORLD WAR I

December 8, Wednesday: A poem titled “In Flanders Fields” appeared in Punch. It had been written by a Canadian medical officer named John McRae. After the war, money would be raised for veterans of several nations by the sale of poppies. WORLD WAR I

Symphony no.5 by Jean Sibelius was performed for the initial time, in Turku, directed by the composer on his 50th birthday. Also on the program was the premiere of Two Serenades for violin and orchestra.

December 13, Monday: Serbia having fallen into enemy hands, the Allied fighters fled to Greece. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE December 15, Wednesday: General Sir Douglas Haig succeeded Field Marshal Sir John French as Commander-in- Chief of British forces in France. WORLD WAR I

Arnold Schoenberg entered military service in the Hoch-und Dettschmeister Regiment in Vienna.

Enrique Granados and his wife arrived in New York City after a rough Atlantic crossing during which the ship had been searched twice.

A Turkish circular telegram instructed that the true purpose of the deportations of Armenians from the Ottoman Empire was annihilation.

December 16, Thursday: Instructions were issued to the Turkish local authorities advising against slowing the deportations and urging the dispatch of the Armenians into the desert.

December 19, Sunday: The British had completed the preliminary evacuation of Suvla Bay and Anzac Cove on Gallipoli, removing 80,000 men. This night, the small boats returned and took away 20,000 more.

The Germans used phosgene gas for the 1st time, north of Ypres, but without strategic result.16 WORLD WAR I

December 20, Monday: As the last British and Anzac troops ignominiously sneaked away from Suvla Bay and Anzac cove, explosives they had left behind in their ammunition dumps went off creating tremendous detonations. Allied troops had managed to abandon this terrain without further loss of life. WORLD WAR I

Medically unfit to be sent to the front, Alban Berg reported for guard duty in Vienna.

Igor Stravinsky conducted for the 1st time in public at a concert in Geneva organized by Sergei Diaghilev to support the International Committee of the Red Cross.

December 22, Wednesday: Henry Ford left his peace party at Christiania and returned to the United States. WORLD WAR I

Orders were issued in the Ottoman Empire, forbidding the acceptance from any Armenian of an application of exemption from the deportations.

December 24, Friday: Max Reger wrote “Now I, too, think and hope that the killing cannot last for much longer. It was really terrible! It seems that mankind lives in a downright frenzy of hatred, bloodthirstiness, etc. — This was the greatest mockery if one considers how our governments — and that of course also includes, in particular, the governments of our enemies — continue to toss around buzzwords such as ‘culture’ and ‘civilization.’ It was horrible! After all, it was only ten people who instigated this terrible tragedy!” WORLD WAR I 16. The only thing worse than using chemical weapons on a Sunday is using them on a Sunday without killing anybody. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

1916

The years of WWI would be terrible ones for Robinson Jeffers. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE British concern over prostitutes who were providing cocaine to their soldier customers contributed to the passage of a “Defense of the Realm Act.”

Although this Act was primarily intended to curb military and domestic use of cocaine, it in addition enacted controls over opium.

The German secret agents who in the previous year had begun operations in Romania and in the USA, waging a campaign of biowarfare against the enemy livestock, began to stage their attacks also in Argentina, in Spain, and in Norway. The dates and details of this operation are now obscure, as in fact they obtained no significant results from their attempts to pour bacteria cultures on animal feed and to administer needle injections to the domestic livestock. All we know for sure is that various attempts, over the following three-year period, would HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE be prosecuted with great determination. BIOTERRORISM WORLD WAR I

Two duckbill dinosaur fossils possessing extremely rare skin impressions were sunk to the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean, when a German warship fired upon the vessel carrying them.

DO I HAVE YOUR ATTENTION? GOOD.

Ohiyesa, or Doctor “Charles Alexander Eastman,” produced FROM THE DEEP WOODS TO CIVILIZATION: CHAPTERS IN THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF AN INDIAN, his second attempt at autobiography.

The War to End War “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

JANUARY 1916

January: A French translation was published, of a spurious book prepared by Mehmet Talât Paşa’s office charging the Armenians with treason and revolution.

January 1, Saturday: Chinese President Yüan Shih-k’ai became emperor.

Yaounde, capital of the German possession of Kamerun, surrendered to British and African troops from Nigeria. All German officials had fled the city.

The Armenian deportees concentrated in Suruj District, near Urfa, were sent out toward Der-el-Zor (Deir el- Zor) under very severe winter conditions, completely lacking food, shelter, and suitable clothing.

January 5, Wednesday: Mustafa Abdulhalik Renda sought to oust Ali Suad, the Arab governor of Der-el-Zor (Deir el- Zor) District, for lack of severity, by applying directly to Mehmet Talât Paşa.

January 8, Saturday: The immediate deportation to the desert of the Armenians working on the railroads or in railway construction was ordered.

A combined Austrian land and sea attack began on the fort at Kouk, Montenegro.

In the last fighting of the Kamerun campaign, German troops checked British and French forces until all German officials and dependents had escaped safely into Rio Muni (Equatorial Guinea). HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE January 4, Tuesday: A British force sent to relieve the defenders of Kut al Imara besieged by Turks started out from Ali al Gharbi up the Tigris River. WORLD WAR I

January 6, Thursday: The British relief force attacked Turks at Sheikh Saad without success. WORLD WAR I

January 7, Friday: British forces took the forward Turkish positions at Sheikh Saad.

With the British force down to 19,000 on Cape Helles, the Turks finally attacked but were cut down as they crossed 100 meters of open ground. WORLD WAR I

January 9, Sunday: 4AM. The last Allied troops left Gallipoli at W Beach. Moments later, mines they had left behind in their ammunition dumps went off. Cape Helles had been evacuated, again with no casualties. This was their only success in the entire Gallipoli campaign. The cost of their 10-month operation had been 500,000 casualties.

The Russian campaign in Galicia ended with only small gains at a cost of 50,000 casualties.

Turkish troops evacuated Sheikh Saad and the British occupied the village. WORLD WAR I

January 10, Monday: Russian forces surprised the Turks in an attack at Koprukeui, east of Erzurum.

Montenegrin defenders of the fort at Kouk abandoned their positions in the face of Austrian bombardment. WORLD WAR I

As part of a campaign of revenge for President Woodrow Wilson’s recognition of Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa and his men stopped a train in Santa Ysabel, Sonora, and killed 16 American engineers on board. The men had been traveling to reopen a mine.

January 11, Tuesday: The Greek island of Corfu was occupied by the French. WORLD WAR I

Instructions were sent to prevent foreign officers from photographing dead Armenians.

Russian forces began an offensive into Armenia.

Austro-Hungarian troops captured Cettinje, the capital of Montenegro. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE January 13, Thursday: German astronomer Karl Schwarzschild’s “On the gravitational field of a mass point according to Albert Einstein’s theory,” in which we find the initial description of “black holes.”

Cettinje, the capital of Montenegro, was occupied by the Austrians. WORLD WAR I

US.Ambassador Henry Morgenthau during his farewell visit with the Turkish government under Mehmet Talât Paşa was advised of the pointlessness of inquiring about the Armenians.

January 14, Friday: The Critic or An Opera Rehearsed, an opera by Charles Villiers Stanford to words of James after Sheridan, was performed for the initial time, in the Shaftesbury Theater, London. The press was generally positive and it was given eleven performances.

In high winds, dikes began breaking around the Zuiderzee in the Netherlands causing flooding.

January 16, Sunday: Fantasie WoO.18 for two pianos by Alyeksandr Skryabin was performed for the initial time, in Moscow, 27 years after it was composed.

Two Songs for chorus and orchestra op.144 by Max Reger were performed for the 1st time, in Heidelberg.

January 17, Monday: Montenegro surrendered to the Central Powers. WORLD WAR I

King Nikolai reached Brindisi.

The Hebridean Symphony by Granville Bantock was performed for the initial time, in Glasgow.

January 20, Thursday: Incidental music to Giffin’s play Red Silence by Henry Cowell was performed for the initial time, in Hotel St. Francis, San Francisco.

January 23, Sunday: Austro-Hungarian forces captured Scutari (Shkodër), Albania. WORLD WAR I

British forces attacked Senussi tribesmen at Halazin, southwest of Matruh. There were something more than 1,000 casualties.

Enrique Granados and Pablo Casals gave a performance at the Ritz-Carlton Hotel, New York.

Granados played music from his soon-to-be-performed opera Goyescas. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

January 25, Tuesday: Personal envoy of President Woodrow Wilson Edward House would be meeting for 6 days with German officials in Berlin, looking for peace. WORLD WAR I

January 26, Wednesday: German Marshal Colmar von der Goltz was appointed Commander of the Eastern Front. WORLD WAR I

January 27, Thursday: A Military Service Bill became law in Great Britain, requiring all unmarried men and widowers 18-41 years of age without dependents to make themselves available for national service. WORLD WAR I

The Spartacus Group was founded in Berlin. This marked the beginning of an organized communist movement in Germany.

January 28, Friday: The Boatswain’s Mate, a comedy by Ethel Smyth to her own words after Jacobs, was performed for the initial time, in the Shaftesbury Theater, London.

Goyescas, an opera by Enrique Granados to words of Periquet y Zuaznabar, was performed for the initial time, at the Metropolitan Opera, New York. The work receives an enthusiastic reception, “ecstatic applause” and Granados was praised by the critics. However, Goyescas received only 5 performances in New York City and would be dropped. The libretto was faulted.

January 29, Saturday: A suite from Sergei Prokofiev’s unperformed ballet Ala i Lolli, called the Scythian Suite op.20, was performed for the initial time, in Petrograd, the composer conducting. One audience member, Alyeksandr Glazunov, finds the music so distasteful that he storms out of the hall. The composer remarks, “The price of rotten eggs has gone up in St. Petersburg.” Une voix dans le désert op.77 for reciter and orchestra by Edward Elgar to words of Cammaerts, was performed for the initial time, in Shaftesbury Theatre, London.

A zeppelin attack on Paris killed 18 and injured 31. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE January 30/31: German Zeppelins again bombed Paris, and various towns in England.«La guerre est une série de WORLD WAR I

catastrophes qui produisent la victoire.» — Georges Clemenceau HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

FEBRUARY 1916

February 1, Tuesday: Carl Nielsen’s Fourth Symphony “the Inextinguishable” was performed for the initial time, in Copenhagen. It was extremely successful.

February 2, Wednesday: Boris Vladimirovich Stürmer replaced Ivan Longinovich Goremykin as prime minister of Russia.

Edward House, looking for peace as the personal envoy of President Woodrow Wilson, met for 7 days with French officials in Paris. WORLD WAR I

February 3, Thursday: According to Lord Bryce, 486,000 Armenian deportees were still living: 100,000 were locatable between Damascus and Maan, 12,000 at Hama, 20,000 at Homs, 7,000 at Aleppo, 4,000 at Maara, 8,000 at Bab, 5,000 at Munbij (Munbuj), 20,000 at Ras-el-Ain (Ras ul-Ain), 10,000 at Rakka, and 300,000 at Zor.

A Turkish circular telegram instructed that Armenian orphans who did not remember their parents were to be send from Aleppo to Sivas. Those who confided that they remembered their parents were to be send to Der- el-Zor (Deir el-Zor) where no expenditures were to be made for their continued existence.

February 4, Friday: The French periodical La Renaissance published opinions as to whether the music of Wagner should be permitted in France after the war — 5 favored this but there were 16 opposed.

Marshal Liman von Sanders replaced Marshal Colmar von der Goltz as Commander of the Turkish Caucasian, or Eastern, Front. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE February 10, Thursday: Trois poèmes en prose de Lucile de Chateaubriand op.10 for voice and piano by Darius Milhaud was performed for the initial time, in Paris.

Tango of the Green Eyes for piano by Enrique Granados was performed for the initial time, in New York.

A British conscription law went into effect. WORLD WAR I MILITARY CONSCRIPTION

The deportation commissioner in Aleppo requested funds from the Interior Ministry to cover to the expenses of destroying Armenian orphans.

Erzberger, a German Reichstag representative, visited Enver and Mehmet Talât Paşa, to protest the massacres and the excesses of the deportations of Armenians.

February 11, Friday: Emma Goldman was taken into custody for having delivered a lecture on birth control.

Russian forces began a new offensive at Erzerum in Turkey. WORLD WAR I

The Baltimore Symphony Orchestra gave its inaugural concert.

February 19, Saturday: Kamerun, a German colony in Africa, was captured by the British. WORLD WAR I

February 21, Monday: The Battle of Verdun began. The Germans took Haumont. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE February 25, Thursday: German forces captured Ft. de Douaumont on the approaches to Verdun, signalling the imminent fall of the city. The French withdrew to new defensive positions east of Verdun. WORLD WAR I

Charles Ephraim Burchfield found himself confirmed by something in Waldo Emerson’s essay on SPIRITUAL LAWS in the same ESSAYS: 1ST SERIES volume that he had earlier been reading. He found the following: He may have his own. A man’s genius, the quality that differences him from every other, the susceptibility to one class of influences, the selection of what is fit for him, the rejection of what is unfit, determines for him the character of the universe. A man is a method, a progressive arrangement; a selecting principle, gathering his like to him, wherever he goes. He takes only his own out of the multiplicity that sweeps and circles round him. He is like one of those booms which are set out from the shore on rivers to catch drift-wood, or like the loadstone amongst splinters of steel. Those facts, words, persons, which dwell in his memory without his being able to say why, remain, because they have a relation to him not less real for being as yet unapprehended. They are symbols of value to him, as they can interpret parts of his consciousness which he would vainly seek words for in the conventional images of books and other minds. What attracts my attention shall have it, as I will go to the man who knocks at my door, whilst a thousand persons, as worthy, go by it, to whom I give no regard. It is enough that these particulars speak to me. A few anecdotes, a few traits of character, manners, face, a few incidents, have an emphasis in your memory out of all proportion to their apparent significance, if you measure them by the ordinary standards. They relate to your gift. Let them have their weight, and do not reject them, and cast about for illustration and facts more usual in literature. What your heart thinks great is great. The soul’s emphasis is always right. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE and from this, by application of red pencil to the printed text, the artist selected out the following: A man’s genius, the quality that differences him from every other, the susceptibility to one class of influences, the selection of what is fit for him, the rejection of what is unfit, determines for him the character of the universe. A man is a method, a progressive arrangement; a selecting principle, gathering his ... own out of the multiplicity that sweeps and circles round him.... Those facts, words, persons, which dwell in his memory without his being able to say why, remain, because they have a relation to him not less real for being as yet unapprehended. They are symbols of value to him, as they can interpret parts of his consciousness which he would vainly seek words for in the conventional images of books and other minds.... It is enough that these particulars speak to me. A few anecdotes, a few traits of character, manners, face, a few incidents, have an emphasis in your memory out of all proportion to their apparent significance, if you measure them by the ordinary standards. They relate to your gift. Let them have their weight, and do not reject them, and cast about for illustration and facts more usual in literature. What your heart thinks great is great. The soul’s emphasis is always right. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

MARCH 1916

March 2, Thursday: A 4th French attempt to retake Ft. Douaumont failed. Among the wounded was Captain Charles de Gaulle, who was taken prisoner.

At the Villa Medici in Rome, Lili Boulanger wrote in her diary, “Am in anguish about this German attack on Verdun—so much more unhappiness—I think of those who would not return and my heart aches.”

Conscription of single men between 18-41 years of age began in Britain. WORLD WAR I

March 4, Saturday: The British and French governments divided the German possession of Kamerun between themselves. WORLD WAR I

March 6, Monday: After stiff French resistance, the Germans resumed their attack on Verdun at Le Mort Homme, northwest of the city. They took Forges and Regneville. WORLD WAR I

March 8, Wednesday: A British attack on the Dujaila Redoubt was defeated by the Turks.

French defenders of Verdun threw back German attacks on Le Morte Homme and Fort Vaux.

South African forces took Salaita, German East Africa, abandoned by the Germans.

Enrique Granados performed at a lunch at the home of the Spanish ambassador in Washington. WORLD WAR I

March 9, Thursday: A force of 400 under the command of Pancho Villa crossed the US border and attacked the town of Columbus, New Mexico, 110 kilometers west of El Paso, killing as many US citizens as they could find. After a skirmish with American troops, the Mexicans would retire across the border.

Germany declared war upon Portugal because it was refusing to hand over some German ships it had seized in the port of Lisbon. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE March 11, Saturday: Italian forces attacked Austro-Hungarians along the Isonzo River for the 5th time. This would go on until March 29th, without strategic result.

Enrique Granados and his wife boarded the SS Rotterdam in New York, making for England.

British forces attacked Latema-Reata, German East Africa, but were repulsed. The Germans withdrew at night. WORLD WAR I

March 13, Monday: South African troops reached Moshi, but failed to trap or engage the Germans.

Mexican President Carranza tacitly approved of a punitive expedition by American forces into Mexico against Pancho Villa.

Summer for orchestra by Frank Bridge was performed for the initial time, in Queen’s Hall, London, the composer conducting. WORLD WAR I

March 16, Thursday: After ten days of furious assaults, the Germans gave up trying to capture Le Mort Homme, northwest of Verdun.

António José de Almeida replaced Afonso Augusto da Costa as prime minister of Portugal.

American General John J. Pershing led 6,000 men across the border into Mexico in an attempt to punish Pancho Villa and his forces for their raid on Columbus, New Mexico. WORLD WAR I

March 15, day: Austria-Hungary declared war on Portugal. WORLD WAR I

March 18, Saturday: Russian forces attacked the Germans at Lake Naroch, north of Minsk. They met fierce resistance. WORLD WAR I

March 21, Tuesday: After 3 days of stalemate, Russian troops managed to take the German forward lines at Lake Naroch and Postavy. WORLD WAR I

Pastoral, for women’s chorus by Gustav Holst to anonymous words, was performed for the initial time, in New York’s Waldorf-Astoria Hotel.

March 22, Wednesday: German troops retook Postavy. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE March 24, Friday: Enrique Granados and his wife boarded the British mail boat SS Sussex for the channel crossing at Folkestone. At 3:00PM the boat was torpedoed by German submarine UB-29. A panicked telegraph operator gave the wrong location. The ship did not sink and 138 passengers were saved but 50 were lost including Granados and his wife. International pressure would force Germany to pay an indemnity of 666,000 pesetas to their children and issue an official apology. Granados was 48 years of age. WORLD WAR I

March 31, Friday: German troops captured Malancourt near Verdun. WORLD WAR I

March 24: Although the Sussex, a French cross-channel steamer, was sunk by a submarine off Dieppe with many American citizens on board, everyone was saved. WORLD WAR I

March 31: In the Battle of Verdun, Melancourt was taken by the Germans. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

APRIL 1916

April 2, Sunday: Choses vues à droite et à gauche for violin and piano by Erik Satie was performed for the initial time, at Ecole Lucien de Flagny, Paris. Also premiered were Satie’s Trois Poèmes d’amour for voice and piano to his own words.

April 4, Tuesday: Frederick John Napier Thesiger, Baron Chelmsford replaced Charles Hardinge, Baron Hardinge of Penshurst as Viceroy of India.

South African troops defeated Germans and Africans at Lolkisale Hill. WORLD WAR I

April 5, Wednesday: In a new attempt to rescue the Allied troops in Kut al Imara, British forces attacked Fallahiyeh and Sannaiyat. After initial success, the Turks held.

German forces captured Haucourt at Verdun. WORLD WAR I

April 7, Friday: Russian forces renewed their offensive at Lake Naroch, with limited results. WORLD WAR I

April 8, Saturday: German forces took Bethincourt at Verdun. WORLD WAR I

April 9, Sunday: German forces launched a coordinated attack on both sides of the Meuse. They captured part of Le Mort Homme, northwest of Verdun.

Noches en los jardines de España, a symphonic suite for piano and orchestra by Manuel de Falla, was performed for the initial time, in the Teatro Real, Madrid.

Noël des enfants qui n’ont plus de maison, for voice and piano by Claude Debussy to his own words, was performed for the initial time, in Paris. WORLD WAR I

April 11, Tuesday: Alberto Evaristo Ginastera was born in Buenos Aires.

Kuutamolla (In the Moonlight)for male chorus by Jean Sibelius to words of Suonio was performed for the initial time, in Helsinki. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

April 12, Wednesday: Irish revolutionary Roger Casement was spirited into Ireland by a German U-boat. American sources had provided rifles and funding for a revolution.

An American scouting party, 300 kilometers inside Mexico in the town of Parral, was fired upon by civilians. Mexican federal troops soon joined the engagement on the side of the civilians. The Americans withdrew. There were 42 dead.

Symphony in Yellow op.3/2 to words of Wilde from Tone-Images for solo voice and piano by Charles T. Griffes was performed for the initial time, in the Punch and Judy Theater, New York. WORLD WAR I

April 14, Friday: By this date, 70,000 Armenian Christians were reported massacred by Turkish Moslems at Ras-el- Ain (Ras ul-Ain).

Russian forces made one final attempt to dislodge the Germans at Lake Naroch. It failed. The offensive had cost them 130,000 casualties.

A combined Russian land and sea attack on Kara-dere sent Turkish troops into retreat toward Trebizond. WORLD WAR I

April 18, Tuesday: Russian forces captured Trebizond (Trabzon) on the Black Sea from Turkey without opposition. Of the large Armenian population there they found only a few surviving widows and orphans.

President Woodrow Wilson threatened Germany with a break in relations if submarine attacks on passenger ships were not stopped.

Two of the Trois Mélodies by Erik Satie to words of Godebska and Chalupt, were performed for the 1st time, at the Société Lyre et Palette, Paris. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE April 19, Wednesday: President Woodrow Wilson issued another warning to Germany, that it had better not persist in its current submarine policy. WORLD WAR I

50 to 100 Armenian deportees were reported to be dying of starvation per day in Meskene, Abu Herir (Abuharar), Sabkha (Sebka), and Hammam (Hamam).

April 20, Thursday: British forces again attacked the Turks at Sannaiyat and again they failed.

The 1st complete performance of the Two Portraits for orchestra op.5 by Béla Bartók took place in Budapest.

Russian troops landed at Marseilles for service on the French front. WORLD WAR I

April 23, Sunday: Sir Roger Casement came ashore from a German U-boat at Tralee. He was arrested by British authorities.

The Finnish Senate awarded a professorship to Jean Sibelius.

April 24, Monday: Padraic Pearse, at the head of about 1,500 volunteers, proclaimed the Irish Republic on the steps of the Dublin Post Office, beginning 5 days of fighting with British troops. The Republicans seized 14 of the city’s important buildings. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE April 25, Tuesday: In an effort to support the Irish Easter Rebellion, German ships bombarded Lowestoft and Yarmouth. They were chased away by the Royal Navy. 3 submarines were sunk — 2 German and 1 British. WORLD WAR I

April 26, Wednesday: The British gunboat Helga bombarded Dublin, destroying the Liberty Hall headquarters of the Labour Party and other buildings. Shells from the Helga and British artillery killed many Irish civilians and started fires in the city. When British troops landed at Kingstown and marched toward Dublin, an ambush could not prevent their arrival.

April 29, Saturday: After a 5-month siege, the starving, diseased British defenders of Kut-al-Imara (Al Kut), 9,000 men under General Townshend, surrendered to the Turks.

Padraic Pearse announced the unconditional surrender of Republican rebel forces in Ireland. WORLD WAR I

April 30, Sunday: Claude Shannon was born in Gaylord, Michigan. Claude’s father was also named Claude Elwood Shannon, and his mother was Mabel Catherine Wolf Shannon.

The Irish Easter Rebellion ended with the unconditional surrender of President Patrick Pearse and various other leaders, who would be tried by British courts-martial and of course executed. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

MAY 1916

May 3, Wednesday: According to the New York Times, before the fall of Erzerum, 15,000 Armenians had been massacred in the nearby town of Mamakhatun, west of the city of Erzerum.

Padraic Pearse and 2 other Irish rebel leaders were executed by a British firing squad. 15 Irish rebels would be shot through May 12th.

German forces began a massive artillery bombardment of Côte, northwest of Verdun. WORLD WAR I

The 2d and 3d parts of The Spirit of England op.80, for solo voice, chorus and orchestra by Edward Elgar to words of Binyon, were performed for the 1st time, in Leeds, the composer conducting.

May 4, Thursday: The German government pledged to the United States that they would not attack merchant ships without warning (this was prompted by the Sussex incident of March 24th). WORLD WAR I

May 5, Friday: Hussein ibn Ali became the King of Arabia.

After two days of bombardment, the Germans managed a foothold on Côte 305 at Verdun.

Amidst the threat of civil war, and against the wishes of President Juan Isidro Jiménez, US Marines landed in the Dominican Republic.

Professor Albert Einstein became head of the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft (German Physical Society) as successor to Max Planck. WORLD WAR I

May 8, Monday: Off the Irish coast a White Star liner, the Cymrio, was torpedoed.

After 3 days of close, sometimes hand-to-hand fighting, the Germans captured Côte 304, northwest of Verdun. At Ft. Douaumont, containers of flamethrower fuel were ignited and the fire reached a store of artillery shells. The explosion blew up or asphyxiated most of the men in the fort. Survivors, with blackened faces from the blast, staggered from the building and were gunned down by their own comrades — who were mistaking them for French African troops. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE May 9, Tuesday: German forces attacked British and South Africans holding Kondoa Irangi, German East Africa (Tanzania), unsuccessfully. WORLD WAR I

Album de viaje op.15 for piano by Joaquín Turina was performed for the initial time, in Madrid.

May 14, Sunday: The Italian positions were overrun by the Austrians. WORLD WAR I

May 15, Monday: Jesse Washington was emasculated and his fingers were cut off, and was then hung over a bonfire outside the Waco, Texas city hall. Many children attended the event, as it was their lunch hour. Many photographs would be snapped, with a charred black body in the foreground and grinning white people in the background. Parts of the body would be sold as souvenirs. TORTURE

A battalion of US Marine began our occupation of the Dominican Republic.

Vimy Ridge was gained by the British. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE May 16, Tuesday: The secret Sykes-Picot Agreement between England and France divided up the Middle East. WORLD WAR I

READ THE FULL TEXT

May 10, Wednesday: Milton Byron Babbitt was born in Philadelphia.

Khairi, the Shaikh-ul-Islam, a Turkish religious leader, resigned under pressure. Musa Kiazim, a Turkish war criminal, succeeded him as Shaikh-ul-Islam and as Minister of Pious Foundations.

May 12, Friday: 1,400 Armenian orphans were distributed to various places by the Ittihad Committees. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE May 16, Tuesday: Austrian forces took the Italian trenches at Soglio d’Aspio.

A secret agreement negotiated by Sir Mark Sykes and Georges Picot, representing Britain and France respectively, on the postwar division of the Middle East, was formally agreed to by the 2 nations (this agreement was in direct contravention of British assurances to Sherif Hussein of Mecca that Arabs would gain a restoration of land and autonomy, assurances brokered by T.E. Lawrence). France would be awarded Lebanon, Syria, and other smaller areas, while Britain would be awarded Mesopotamia, Haifa, and Acre. Russia would be awarded the Armenian and Kurdish areas. Lands not already doled out would become a confederation of Arab states under the influence of Britain and France. Palestine would have an international government.

Trois mélodies by Erik Satie to words of Fargue, Godebska and Chalupt, were performed for the 1st time, in Paris, on the eve of the composer’s 50th birthday.

May 19, Friday: Ismail Enver Pasha, one of the triumvirate rulers of Turkey, publicly declared: The Ottoman Empire should be cleaned up of the Armenians and the Lebanese. We have destroyed the former by the sword, we shall destroy the latter through starvation. In reply to US Ambassador Morgenthau, who was deploring the massacres against Armenians and attributing them to irresponsible Turkish local subalterns and underlings in distant provinces, Ismail Enver Pasha’s reply was categorical: You were greatly mistaken. We have this country absolutely under our control. I have no desire to shift the blame onto our underlings and I am entirely willing to accept the responsibility myself for everything that has taken place.

May 20, Saturday: Austro-Hungarian troops were forced to pause in their Trentino offensive after taking Cima di Leva and part of the Marcai Ridge.

Germans again failed to take Le Morte Homme at Verdun. WORLD WAR I

May 21, Sunday: Austrians took Monte Cost’alta and the Costesin Ridge south of Vezzana. WORLD WAR I

News was received concerning the fate of 19,000 Armenian deportees in one caravan, of whom 16,500 were reported killed on the banks of the Khabur River, northeast of Der-el-Zor (Deir el-Zor), and 2,500 survivors were reported having arrived at Mosul. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE May 22, Monday: After 5 days of artillery bombardment, French forces launched an assault on Ft. Douaumont at Verdun. Despite devastating German artillery, they managed to take most of the superstructure, but not the fort itself. WORLD WAR I

Three of the four Songs of Farewell by Hubert Parry were performed for the initial time, at the Royal College of Music, London.

Gordon Ware Binkerd was born in Lynch, Nebraska.

May 23, Tuesday: German forces counterattacked at Ft. Douaumont and succeeded in killing or capturing all the French that had found safety inside it inside on the previous day. WORLD WAR I

May 24, Wednesday: Austrian forces gave up trying to take Monte Pasubio from the Italians. WORLD WAR I

The New York Times reported that 80,000 Armenians had died of starvation around Damascus.

May 26, Friday: Austrian forces captured Monte Kempel and move don toward Asiago.

Twelve years after its premiere in Brunn (Brno), Jenufa by Leos Janácek was performed in the National Theater in Prague for the 1st time. The evening was an enormous success, “probably the happiest day of my life.” | The Bulgarian Army invaded Greece and occupied forts on the Struma. WORLD WAR I

May 27, Saturday: The Austrian advance reached Arsiero, where both sides began making trenches.

Maurice Ravel wrote from the front: “Adelaide and I –Adelaide was my truck– escaped the shrapnel, but the poor dear couldn’t keep going and after losing her number plate in a danger zone where parking was forbidden, in despair she shed a wheel in a forest where I did a Robinson Crusoe for ten days until someone came to rescue me.”

President Woodrow Wilson proposed a “universal association of nations” to settle future disputes. WORLD WAR I

The 1st of the Six Choral Folk Songs op.36b by Gustav Holst was performed for the initial time, at Central High School for Girls, Newcastle-on-Tyne. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE May 31, Wednesday: A major naval engagement between German and British fleets took place off Jutland, costing 25 ships and 8,642 lives. This was a tactical German victory but the German fleet would never again be able to thus challenge the British. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

JUNE 1916

June 1, Thursday: Walter Dill Scott became the 1st psychologist to be designated a “Professor of Applied Psychology” (he received this title at the Carnegie Institute of Technology during a leave of absence from Northwestern University).17

German forces began a new assault at Verdun on the right bank of the Meuse. On the 1st day they managed to advance through the Caillette Woods and part of the Fumin Woods. WORLD WAR I

The 1st Jew was appointed to the United States Supreme Court: Louis Brandeis.

June 2, Friday: Fighting raged through the day at Fort Vaux near Verdun. By nightfall, both German forces and French forces claimed parts of the fort. WORLD WAR I

June 3, Saturday: German troops cut off Fort Vaux from the main French lines. Fighting continued in the darkened interior corridors of the fort.

The Allied commander in Thessaloniki ordered all Greek officials out of the town, effectively imposing military control.

The US Congress approved the National Defense Act which included an increase in the army of 27% over 5 years. WORLD WAR I

June 4, Sunday: Russian forces attacked the Austro-Hungarians north of Dubno (Ukraine) near the Dneister River. The Austrians fled in panic.

French forces charged toward Fort Vaux but were fought off by the Germans. Inside the fort, Germans used flamethrowers in an attempt to dislodge the French. This failed. At night, 300 French soldiers made it out of the fort, but most would be killed or captured. WORLD WAR I

17. Street, W.R. A CHRONOLOGY OF NOTEWORTHY EVENTS IN AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGY. Washington DC: American Psychological Association, 1994 HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE June 5, Monday: HMS Hampshire struck a mine off the Orkneys and went down with the loss of nearly all aboard, including Great Britain’s war minister Lord Kitchener and his staff.

At Fort Vaux, Germans again used flamethrowers inside the fort but unexpected air currents turned the flames back on the Germans. WORLD WAR I

Ali and Feisal, sons of Sherif Hussein Ibn Ali, Amir of Mecca, began an Arab revolt in Medina against Turkish rule. They led 30,000 men but Turkish artillery at Medina routed them.

June 6, Tuesday: President Yüan Shih-k’ai of China died of uremia and was succeeded by Li Yuan-hung.

Another French effort to relieve their comrades inside Fort Vaux near Verdun was cut to pieces by the Germans.

Russian forces attacked the Austro-Hungarians along the Dniester around Czernelica (Chernelitsa, Ukraine), southeast of Lemberg (Lvov). WORLD WAR I

Hora mystica, a symphony by Charles Martin Loeffler was performed for the initial time, in Norfolk, Connecticut, the conductor composing.

June 7, Wednesday: Fewer than 100 French survivors of Fort Vaux surrendered to the Germans. WORLD WAR I

After the Ligue Nationale pour la Défense de la Musique Française desired to ban all music by German and Austrian composers not in the public domain, a truck driver in the French army named Maurice Ravel wrote to express his repugnance toward the idea, refusing to join the organization.

Sherif Husein ibn Ali declared the independence of Hejaz.

All Armenian deportees in the Aleppo (Halab) area were ordered to leave for Deir el-Zor.

June 8, Thursday: Unaware that Fort Vaux has surrendered, the French sent a new relief effort. Again, they were cut to ribbons. Simultaneously, the Germans advanced toward fort Tavannes.

Belgian troops occupied Usumbura, German East Africa (Bujumbura, Burundi) on the northern end of Lake Tanganyika. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE June 10, Saturday: Russian troops crossed the Dniester moving southwest, but the Germans halted the Russian advance west of Dubno (Ukraine).

Italian forces halted the Austro-Hungarian attack toward Bassano after a 20-kilometer advance. The offensive had cost 250,000 casualties. WORLD WAR I

June 16, Friday: German and Austro-Hungarian forces counterattacked against the Russians between Lutsk and Kovel, 150 kilometers northeast of Lemberg (Lvov), making little ground but suffering heavy casualties.

After Allied bombing flights the Turkish garrison at Jeddah surrendered to the Arabs. WORLD WAR I

Horatio Parker’s masque Cupid and Psyche op.80 to words of Chapman was performed for the initial time, in New Haven.

June 17, Saturday: The Austro-Hungarian offensive in the Trentino was effectively ended after an advance of about 20 kilometers. Total casualties numbered 40,000, with 42,000 taken prisoner.

French defenders repulsed German attacks on Le Morte Homme, Thiaumont and Hill 320 at Verdun.

Russian forces captured Czernovitz from the Austrians. WORLD WAR I

Two Old English Songs for string quartet by Frank Bridge was performed for the initial time, in Aeolian Hall, London.

June 19, Monday: Paolo Boselli replaced Antonio Salandra as prime minister of Italy. Boselli was ousted amidst mounting criticism of the war.

British and South African troops marched into Handeni, German East Africa (Tanzania), west of Tanga. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE June 22, Thursday: Alexanderos Thrasivoulou Zaimis replaced Stephanos Skouloudis as Prime Minister of Greece. Zaimis acceded to the Allies demands, except the calling of new elections.

The Germans unleashed phosgene gas at Verdun. It penetrated gas masks and killed every breathing creature along the French lines.

Ralph Vaughan Williams crossed the channel with his unit, to Le Havre. Their destination was Maizières, near the Somme. WORLD WAR I

A song by George Gershwin, Making of a Girl, to words of Atteridge, was performed for the initial time, as part of the revue The Passing Show of 1916 at the Winter Garden Theater, New York.

June 23, Friday: British forces began a week of artillery bombardment along the Somme front. 1,700,000 shells would fall on the Germans. WORLD WAR I

At 5AM the phosgene gas ceased and was replaced by artillery shelling at Verdun. Then 30,000 Germans went over the top on a 5-kilometer front at Fleury. At the end of the day they took Fleury. Germans made further advances toward Verdun but French resistance stiffened.

June 24, Saturday: The French launched a massive counterattack at Fleury but the Germans held. WORLD WAR I

Carl Nielsen’s contribution to Prologue to the Shakespeare Memorial Celebrations by Rode was performed for the initial time, at Elsinore.

June 25, Sunday: Tsar Nikolai II signed a conscription order for his Central Asian subjects, hitherto exempt. The uprising which followed would be brutally suppressed, causing the deaths of perhaps 100,000 Kazakhs.

British forces defeated the Germans at Makunda on the Lukigura River. WORLD WAR I

July 2, Sunday: A German counterattack at Montaubon failed. In the evening, the Germans evacuated the Flaucourt Plateau. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE July 5, Wednesday: British and Indian troops entered Tanga, German East Africa (Tanzania), on the Indian Ocean, 200 kilometers north of Dar-es-Salaam. It was evacuated by the Germans. WORLD WAR I

The massacre of Armenian soldiers in the Turkish army began in Sivas and would continue until July 26th. 7,000 people would be killed, at the rate of about 300 per day.

Due to the presence of polio in the city, children under 16 were banned from all theaters in New York.

July 7, Friday: British and German troops battled in the Mametz Wood. The Germans held. WORLD WAR I

July 9, Sunday: Mihály Károlyi formed the Party of Independence, a democratic, anti-German party advocating that Hungary conclude a separate peace with the Allies. WORLD WAR I

July 10, Monday: Leftist leader Rosa Luxemburg was arrested in Germany for sedition. WORLD WAR I

According to Zdenka Janáckova, Leos Janácek returned home to Brunn (Brno) from Prague and began to berate her as the cause of all his troubles and an obstacle to his creativity. On that night she took an overdose of morphia. She would be hospitalized for a week but would survive.

July 11, Tuesday: The Germans used phosgene gas once again at Verdun but the French had been equipped with new gas masks. The ensuing German attack was cut to pieces. WORLD WAR I

The 1st three of the Six poèmes for voice and piano by Arthur Honegger were performed for the 1st time, in Salle Oedenkoven, Paris.

July 12, Wednesday: British forces succeeded in clearing Mametz Wood, 4.5 kilometers past the German lines on the Somme. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE July 13, Thursday: The British temporarily pierced the German line at Bezantin Ridge on the Somme. They advanced about 5.5 kilometers. WORLD WAR I

Camille Saint-Saëns gave a concert in the Solis Theater, Montevideo.

July 14, Friday: The French drove the Germans back to their starting points of July 11 and stalemate ensues again. WORLD WAR I

British troops rook Mwanza, a German port on Lake Tanganyika.

Tristan Tzara declares the 1st “manifesto” of Dada, in Zürich, and their 1st public show takes place.

Kazakhs rioted near Zaisan.

July 15, Saturday: Russian troops took Baiburt, northwest of Erzurum.

Russian forces began a month-long advance against Austro-Hungarians east of Lemberg (Lvov). They took thousands of prisoners.

South African troops captured Delville Wood, five kilometers past the German lines on the Somme. WORLD WAR I

Claude Debussy was ordered by the court to pay 30,000 francs as a down payment for his ex-wife’s alimony. He had not paid it for six years.

William Boeing and George Conrad Westervelt founded Pacific Aero Products. In the following year, the name would be changed to Boeing Airplane Company.

July 17, Monday: British troops took Waterlot Farm and the German fortress of Ovillers on the Somme front. WORLD WAR I

June 5: The cruiser Hampshire was sunk off Scotland’s Orkney Islands. Aboard the vessel had been the British Secretary of War, Kitchener, on a diplomatic voyage to Russia. WORLD WAR I

June 6: In an attack near Verdun, the Germans were able to capture Fort Vaux. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE June 21, day: A joint British-French statement to King Konstantinos demands that Greece demobilize its reserves, hold new elections and dismiss officials opposed to the allies.

The 2/4 Field Ambulance of the Royal Army Medical Corps, containing orderly Ralph Vaughan Williams, was posted to France.

After repeated warnings Mexican federal troops fired on an American force at Carrizal, south of El Paso, killing 12 and capturing 23. WORLD WAR I

June 27: King Constantine ordered the demobilization of the Greek army. WORLD WAR I

June 30, Friday: Ambassador von Wolff-Metternich reported to the German Chancellor that the Ittihad Party was devouring the remaining Armenian refugees.

On the argument that those who refused were going to be deported into the desert again, the proposal was made to the Armenian labor battalions in Damascus and to the civilian deportees that they convert to Islam. Precious few would accept.

Sarah Brown, one of the younger of John Brown’s 20 children, who had come west with her mother Mary Ann Day Brown and lived in Rohnerville for a number of years, died at her daughter’s home in Campbell, California.

Mexico released the 23 prisoners of war taken at Carrizal. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

JULY 1916

July 1, Saturday: At 7:28AM a huge mine blew up the German positions near Beaumont-Hamel.

At 7:30AM the week-long bombardment of the Germans, consuming over 1.7 million shells, stopped. There was a moment of silence. Then 60,000 British and some French soldiers went over the top across a 25- kilometer front along the Somme River, 130 kilometers north of Paris just east of Amiens. 40,000 more would join the attack later in the day. They captured Montauban, two kilometers past the German line, but lost 60,000 casualties on the 1st day of battle, the greatest number of losses in any one day in the history of the British army. Germans loses totaled 8,000. British attacks at Gommecourt, Beaumont-Hamel, Thiepval, and La Boiselle were repulsed with extremely heavy casualties. The offensive would last five months.

Turkish forces captured Kermanshah.

Both north and south of the Somme River, the British and the French forces went on the attack. WORLD WAR I

Lord Bryce submitted to Lord Grey, British Secretary of Foreign Affairs, his book on THE TREATMENT OF THE ARMENIANS IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE.

The State of Georgia granted a new charter to the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE July 1916-March 1917: By March 1917, the Turkish Army on the Caucasian Front would have lost 60,000 of its current 80,000 effective fighting men to starvation, disease, and other causes, leaving effective only 20,000 soldiers of that army. Marshal Liman von Sanders would attribute these losses to the destruction of Turkish agricultural production consequent upon their deportations of the Armenian!

July 5, Wednesday: The massacre of the 7,000 Armenian troops imprisoned in Sivas began. The massacre would last for 21 days with an average of 1,000 killed during each 3 days. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE July 6, Thursday: The Russian Army occupied Bayburt and Erzinjan in Turkey.

Your Uncle Sam wanted to know what YOU were doing for “preparedness,” which consisted, apparently, in getting yourself psyched up to be sent off to some foreign country to kill people you had never met: HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE July 10, Monday: The US Congress proposes a day of commemoration for the collection of funds for the Armenians.

July 14, Friday: The British cavalry penetrated the German 2d line. WORLD WAR I

July 15, Saturday: Longueval was captured by the British. WORLD WAR I

July 19, Wednesday: British forces began a new attack at Loos. They met heavy German resistance and only a small Australian force managed to hold onto gains through the night. WORLD WAR I

July 20, Thursday: Russian forces took Ardasa, southwest of Trebizond.

British and French troops attacked between Pozières and Foucaucourt on the Somme front. They advanced 275 meters at heavy cost. German forces retook Delville Wood on the Somme from the South Africans. Only Australians at Pozieres managed to make decisive gains. Author Robert Graves was severely wounded by artillery. Left for dead, he would miraculously survive. WORLD WAR I

July 23, Sunday: In order to further the Islamization and Turkification of the Armenian remnants in the Hawran District, all the Armenian clerics found there were murdered by the Turks.

Armenian medical personnel in the Turkish army at Sivas were asked to convert to Islam. Almost all refused and were immediately killed.

Anzac troops captured Pozières, behind the German line on the Somme, although the general attack failed. WORLD WAR I

July 25, Tuesday: Pozieres was occupied by the British. WORLD WAR I

July 28, Friday: Belgian troops captured Kigoma, German East Africa (Tanzania) on the northern end of Lake Tanganyika.

Russian forces captured Brody and attacked along the Dniester. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE July 30, Sunday: At 2:08AM a major explosion, probably created by German saboteurs, occurred on Black Tom Island off Jersey City, New Jersey, followed by several smaller explosions over the next few hours. The Island was a depot currently holding millions of pounds of explosives for shipment to the Allies. The explosion was so great that the Statue of Liberty sustains $100,000 damage from shrapnel, and Ellis Island was evacuated. WORLD WAR I

Ernst Bloch arrived in New York for the 1st time, as conductor for the dance tour of Maud Allan, 8 days out of Liverpool. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE July 30, Sunday: The British and the French advanced between Delville Wood and the Somme River.

2:08 AM: At a wharf in New Jersey, German saboteurs blew up the 100,000 pounds of TNT and 417 cases of detonating fuses aboard a hazardous materials barge, the Johnson 17, that had been illegally moored there. On nearby Ellis Island there was extensive structural damage to buildings, and on Bedloe’s Island the explosion popped some of the bolts on the upraised right arm of the Statue of Liberty.

The arm would be more or less repaired but ever since has been off limits to tourists who are not celebrities. WORLD WAR I

Our Perennial Quest to Do Harm So Good Will Come

Extermination of the Pequot Tribe 1634-1637 “King Phillip’s” Race War 1675-1676 Secession from Britain 1776-1783 The War of 1812 1812-1815 The Revolution of the Texians 1835-1836 War on Mejico 1846-1848 Race War in the Wild West 1862-1863 Secession from the Union 1862-1865 War to End War 1916-1919 Stopping Hitler 1940-1945 The Korean Police Action 1950-1953 Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 Helping South Vietnam be Free 1959-1975 yada xxxx yada yada xxxx yada yada yada xxxx HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

“To be active, well, happy, implies rare courage. To be ready to fight in a duel or a battle implies desperation, or that you hold your life cheap.” — Henry Thoreau HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

AUGUST 1916

August 2, Wednesday: Australian troops continued to push north of Pozieres.

Belgian troops captured Ujiji, German East Africa (Tanzania) on the northern end of Lake Tanganyika. WORLD WAR I

August 3, Thursday: In London, Irish revolutionary Roger Casement was hanged (after a wave of such executions, public opinion would favor independence).

The French recaptured Fleury. WORLD WAR I

August 8, Tuesday: Italian forces captured Görz (Gorizia).

German troops recaptured Thiaumont at Verdun. WORLD WAR I

15,000 Armenian deportees were sent from Aleppo (Halab) into the Syrian desert.

August 17, Thursday: A treaty was signed in Bucharest committing Romania to an alliance with the Allies. In return for the ceding of Transylvania and an Allied advance from Thessaloniki, they agree to attack Austria-Hungary no later than August 28th.

Italian commanders called a halt to their successful Isonzo offensive. They had advanced 5 kilometers over a 20-kilometers front at a cost of 100,000 casualties.

Bulgarian forces attacked down the Kenali Valley and seized the Florina railway station. Another group advanced into Macedonia. Simultaneously, German forces attacked southwest of Lake Doran. WORLD WAR I

August 26, Saturday: Italy declared war on Germany.

The Bulgarian offensive in Serbia was halted.

Indian and Rhodesian troops enter Morogoro on the central railway 175 kilometers west of Dar-es-Salaam, German East Africa (Tanzania) as the Germans retreat east.

Romania declares war on Austria-Hungary and Germany during the day and launched an attack at night into Transylvania. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE August 27, Sunday: Roumania declared war upon Austria-Hungary. WORLD WAR I

August 28, Monday: Italy declared war upon Germany while Germany declared war upon Roumania. WORLD WAR I

August 30, Wednesday: Germany declared war on Romania.

German businessman Auguste Bernau arrived in Meskene on a covert mission to bring aid to the Armenians. He had been aided by American diplomats. He estimated that in Meskene alone there were 60,000 Armenian dead.

August 31, Thursday: The Ottoman Empire declared war on Roumania. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

SEPTEMBER 1916

September 2, day: Along the Dobrudja frontier, Bulgarian forces invaded Roumania. WORLD WAR I

Prestami tua moglie, an operetta by Ruggero Leoncavallo to words of Corradi, was performed for the initial time, at the Montecatini Casino. It enjoys a good success.

This night Zeppelins raid England dropping 500 bombs from Gravesend, east of London, to Peterborough. Four people were killed, twelve injured. One Zeppelin, Schutte-Lanz S.L. 11, was shot down over London by a British airplane.

September 4, day: British troops take Guillemont.

September 6, day: Romanian troops take Hermannstadt (Sibiu), capital of Transylvania.

September 7, day: 60,000 more Armenian deportees were reported killed by Turkish authorities in the area of Deir el- Zor.

The US Congress approves the Federal Employees Compensation Act, extending workmen’s compensation to federal employees.

September 9, day: After two months of an offensive along the Somme, British forces take Ginchy, six kilometers from their original line.

Forces of the Central Powers take Silistria, Romania.

September 10, day: French and Serbian forces break out of Thessaloniki, advancing north.

September 12, day: Allied forces began an offensive against Bulgarians in Macedonia. Serbian troops take the foothills of of Mount Kajmakcalan but the French make no headway at Monastir.

March! March! for chorus and orchestra by Arthur Farwell was performed for the initial time, in Central Park, New York.

September 14, day: Italians and Austro-Hungarians battle each other along the Isonzo River for the seventh time. The Italian assault gains San Grado di Merna.

September 15, day: The British army introduces the tank to human warfare as they attempt a “breakthrough” in the Somme between Bouleaux Wood and Mouquet Farm. Of the 49 tanks, only 18 manage to make it into No Man’s Land. They advance a few kilometers and take Flers and Courcelette. Raymond Asquith, son of the British prime minister, was killed in action. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE September 17, day: French and Russian forces take Florina, Macedonia.

Choral Fantasia for organ by William Walton was performed for the initial time, in the Cathedral Church of Christ the King, Oxford.

September 22, day: Ghalib Pasha, Turkish governor-general of Hejaz, surrendered the garrison of At Taif to Arabs under Abdullah ibn Hussein.

September 23, day: Twelve Zeppelins bomb London creating major fires in the east end. The British manage to destroy two of the invading aircraft.

September 25, day: Aircraft from the Central Powers bomb Bucharest.

British and French forces take Morval and Lesboeufs on the Somme.

September 27, day: Zauditu, daughter of Menelik II, replaced Iyasu V and became Queen of Ethiopia under regency.

September 28, day: Canadians advance north of Courcelette and Thiepval. Allied troops take Combles and Gueudecourt.

Theme and Variations for flute and string quartet op.80 by Amy Cheney Beach was performed for the initial time, in San Francisco. The composer was not present, having left California for home about August 6.

September 30, day: Serbian forces retake the eastern and western peaks of Mount Kajmakcalan.

The Hell Gate railroad bridge over the East River in New York was opened to traffic. Designed by Gustav Lindenthal, at 297.9 meters, it was the longest steel arch in the world.

September 1, Friday: Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire declared war on Romania. Combined German, Bulgarian and Turkish forces attacked Romania. WORLD WAR I

The Keating-Owen law was passed by the US Congress, banning children from interstate commerce. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE September 3, Sunday: A British and French attack met heavy resistance and heavy casualties on the Somme front. The British advanced at Guillemont and the French took Foret and much of Clery.

German, Bulgarian, and Turkish forces attacked into the Dobrudja region of Romania.

British forces captured Dar-es-Salaam in German East Africa. WORLD WAR I

President Woodrow Wilson signed the Adamson Act mandating an 8-hour day for railroad workers.

A 5-member commission of Turks arrived in the Hawran District to convert the Armenian deportees to Islam.

September 5, Tuesday: The Ottoman Empire dictated that all Armenian orphans were to receive Turkish names.

September 7, Thursday: 60,000 more Armenian deportees were reported massacred in the Der-el-Zor (Deir el-Zor) area.

September 13, Wednesday: British forces attacked the Germans at Machukovo, Macedonia. The attacks fail with heavy losses.

The Italians defeated the Austrians on the Carso. WORLD WAR I

September 15, Friday: The British, using a new weapon being referred to as the “tank,” captured Flers, Courcelette, and other German positions on the Western front. WORLD WAR I

September 26, Tuesday: Combles and Thiepval were captured by British and French forces. WORLD WAR I

Bulgarian troops forced the Serbians off of the summit of Mount Kajmakcalan.

German forces took Turturkai, and 25,000 Romanian prisoners.

Canadian forces took Thiepval on the Somme.

Two Old English Songs for strings by Frank Bridge was performed for the initial time, in Queen’s Hall, the composer conducting. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE September 29, Friday: German forces took Hermannstadt (Sibiu) sending the Romanians into headlong retreat.

The Roumanians began a retreat out of Transylvania. WORLD WAR I

The German Cabinet, in its 86th session, discussed the Turkish massacre of the Armenians. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

OCTOBER 1916

October 3, Tuesday: Advancing Germans forced Romanians back across the Danube and to the Transylvania-Romania border.

Count Wolff-Metternich left his post as ambassador to Turkey, recalled by the German General Staff at the request of Enver because he had protested against the Armenian Genocide. Wilhelm Radowitz would be interim Chargè d’affaires for Germany until November 16 and the arrival of the new ambassador, Richard von Kuhlmann.

October 4, Wednesday: The German charge d’affaires in Constantinople, Wilhelm Radowitz, reported to Chancellor Theobald von Bethman Hollweg that 1,175,000 Armenians had been killed by the Turks, whereas 1,500,000 had been deported. He further stated that 325,000 Armenians were still alive and in Turkey.

A revised version of Ariadne auf Naxos, an opera by Richard Strauss to words of Hoffmannsthal, was performed for the initial time, at the Vienna Court Opera. This was at first received cautiously, but would soon replace the original.

Water Colors, a song cycle for voice and piano by John Alden Carpenter to words of Chinese poets, was performed completely for the 1st time, in Chicago, the composer at the keyboard.

October 1, day: At Austro-Hungarian army headquarters in Graz, Anton von Webern fails an eye examination, thereby disqualifying him for front-line service.

British troops attacked at the Transloy Ridges on the Somme. WORLD WAR I

October 2, day: A combined French and Russian force drives Bulgarians from their positions on San Marco. WORLD WAR I

October 6, day: French and Russian attacks were stopped by Bulgarians at Florina. Serbians have some success along the Crna between Brod and Scacevir. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE October 7, Saturday: From a hospital bed in Châlons-sur-Marne, army ambulance driver Maurice Ravel wrote that during the previous week he has been operated on for dysentery.

At about 2:30 PM, Captain Hans Rose’s submarine U-53 surfaced in the Narragansett Bay near the Naval War College. Numerous prominent Rhode Island residents, such as the Arthur Curtis Jameses and their house guests, and the wealthy Kathleen Vanderbilt, boarded the German U-boat, and its captain indicated an intention to pay a courtesy call on Rear Admiral Austin Knight. The captain handed a letter to one reporter, asking that it be forwarded to the German ambassador. The U-53 remained in the bay for merely 3 hours. According to this captain, “Admiral Knight obviously thought it most desirable that the U-53 should leave again the same evening. If I had not announced that such was my intention, I think I should have been given a pretty broad hint on the subject.” WORLD WAR I

October 8, Sunday: At about 5:30 AM, Captain Hans Rose’s U-53 surfaced off Nantucket Island to intercept a freighter, the Kansan. When the freighter attempted to telegraph its plight, the U-boat jammed the transmission. One of the officers of the Kansan produced the ship’s American papers, whereupon this vessel was allowed to proceed. At about 6:00 AM, however, the U-boat encountered the British passenger ship Stratheden and advised its crew and passengers to abandon ship. As soon as the crew and passengers were clear of the vessel, it was torpedoed. At 10:45 AM this was repeated the British steamship SS West. All told, in a period of 15 hours the U-53 would sink a total of 9 non-US vessels in international waters just off the American coast, setting 256 persons adrift. One of these vessels, a Dutch one, had been carrying gasoline to London, and another, the Blommersdyk, contained “absolute and conditional contraband.” Although a flotilla of 16 US destroyers came out from Newport, Rhode Island, the United States and Germany were not at war so all they could do was attempt to get in between the submarine and the international shipping. Captain Rose entered into his log that “though it would have been very desirable to extend our activities off the American coast as long as possible, yet any further delay would have endangered the whole enterprise because of the fuel supply.” WORLD WAR I

October 9, Monday: Count Mutsatake Terauchi replaced Marquis Shigenobu Okuma as prime minister of Japan.

Eleutherios Venizelos arrived in Thessaloniki to establish a pro-Allies provisional government and raise an army.

The International Mercantile Marine Company alerted all its ships flying the British flag to leave American ports. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE October 10, Tuesday: Tsar Nikolai II suspended the Mogilev offensive. It had cost 1,412,000 Russian casualties.

3PM. Italians and Austro-Hungarians battled each other along the Isonzo River for the 8th time.

Italians attacked east of Gorizia and the Vertojbica River toward Nad Logem and Monte San Marco.

The Allies sent an ultimatum to King Konstantinos demanding that he surrender the Greek fleet.

Spyridon Pavlou Lambros replaced Nikolaos Spirisonou Kalogeropoulos as Prime Minister of Greece. WORLD WAR I

October 11, Wednesday: A highly secret Ittihad Party convention was convened in Constantinople to review existing policy toward the Armenians and to decide on a future course of action.

The Greek government acceded to the Allied demands of October 10th. WORLD WAR I

Unable to have children of their own, Charles and Harmony Ives formally adopted 2-year-old Edith Osborne.

Macmillan published Robinson Jeffers’s CALIFORNIANS. At about this point the poet was entering into negotiations with the War Department towards enlistment in the collective war effort, but he would discover his wife Una to be bitterly opposed to any such idea: As to my motives in offering (rather late) to become a soldier: I did feel a duty to protect the country that had protected me and my few possessions.... On the other hand I felt a duty to stay home and help take care of year old sons ... I had no conscientious objection to fighting; it seems to me a natural condition of the race. But I was never deluded with ideas of a noble or crusading war; it seems to me an unavoidable spectacular madness. Throughout the call for troops my mind was perplexed and at conflict with itself. I felt quite sure that this conflict emotionally realized the external world for me and made much of the difference between my verses before the war and my verses since. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

October 20, Friday: German forces captured Tuzla.

Serbian troops took Brod.

After recurrent asthma attacks, Arnold Schoenberg was discharged from the Austro-Hungarian army. WORLD WAR I

October 25, Wednesday: The German advance into Romania was stalled by strong defenses at Targu Jiu and Curtea de Arges along with approaching winter.

A German attack against South Africans at Iringa, German East Africa, was repulsed. WORLD WAR I

October 26, Thursday: Germans counterattacked 4 times against French gains at Verdun, without success. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE October 27, Friday: Another German counterattack at Verdun failed as the French moved 350 meters beyond Ft. Douaumont. WORLD WAR I

In Variety, an article appeared describing “Jass” bands. This was perhaps the 1st printed use of the word to describe music.

October 28, Saturday: After French artillery hit an ammunition store in Ft. Douaumont, setting off a great explosion, German commanders ordered the evacuation of the fort. WORLD WAR I

October 24, Tuesday: After 5 days of artillery bombardment, French troops went over the top at Verdun. They retook Fort de Douaumont and overran German lines around Fleury at Verdun. They captured 6,000 Germans.

Captain T.E. Lawrence, while nominally on leave, performed his 1st Intelligence mission to the Hejaz on behalf of the Arab Bureau. He met Sherif Hussein’s sons Ali ibn Hussein, Feisal ibn Hussein, Abdullah ibn Hussein, and Zeid, ibn Hussein in the hills of Al Hamra overlooking Yanbu al Bahr and concluded that Feisal ibn Hussein was the most likely to succeed as a leader of the Arab revolt in the field. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

NOVEMBER 1916

November 1, Wednesday, 11AM: After a week of on-and off-artillery bombardment along the Isonzo River, Austro- Hungarians and Italians went at it for the 9th time. Italian forces broke through the Austrian lines. WORLD WAR I

November 2, Thursday: After 6 days of bombardment Ft. de Veaux at Verdun was abandoned by the Germans and re- occupied by the French.

Erik Satie delivered his initial public lecture, “Les animaux dans la musique.” WORLD WAR I

November 4, Saturday: The 9th Battle of the Isonzo River concluded with Italian forces having advanced 5 kilometers on the Carso Plateau.

In Mecca, Sherif Hussein was crowned King of the Arabs. WORLD WAR I

November 5, Sunday: The emperors of Germany and Austria-Hungary proclaim the Kingdom of Poland as a hereditary, constitutional monarchy. It was a fraction of the size of 18th century Poland, consisting mostly of the formerly Russian parts. They proclaim a joint protectorate over the new kingdom. WORLD WAR I

Incidental music to Hoffmannsthal’s play Everyman (translated by Jalkanen) by Jean Sibelius, for chorus, piano, organ and orchestra, was performed for the initial time, at the Finnish National Theater, Helsinki.

About 300 members of the Industrial Workers of the World meet in Seattle and then board two boats for Everett, Washington to support local striking shingle workers. About 200 armed vigilantes, led by the local sheriff, attempt to keep the 1st boat from landing. A gun battle ensues. The captain was able to reverse the boat and speed back to Seattle, warning the other boat in the process. At least seven people were killed, with 45-50 injured. 73 IWW members would be arrested but none were ever convicted.

November 11, Saturday: German forces began an offensive, crashing through Romanian defenses in Wallachia. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE November 14, Tuesday: German troops capture Caineni, Romania. WORLD WAR I

Max Aitken (later Baron Beaverbrook) buys a controlling interest in the Daily Express.

November 15, Wednesday: German forces take Targu Jiu, Romania. WORLD WAR I

November 18, Saturday: British forces move 900 meters beyond Beaucourt and Beaumont Hamel. This action effectively ends the Somme offensive. After four and a half months of fighting, the British have pushed back the German line ten to eleven kilometers. The offensive has cost 1,100,000 total casualties. WORLD WAR I

November 23, Thursday: A combined force of Germans, Austro-Hungarians, Bulgarians and Turks crosses the Danube and capture Zimricea.

Alyeksandr Fyodorovich Trepov replaced Boris Vladimirovich Stürmer as prime minister of Russia.

Two piano works by Gabriel Fauré, the Barcarolle no.12 op.106 and the Nocturne no.12 op.107, were performed for the 1st time, at the Concerts Durand, Paris. Also on the program was the premiere of Elégie op.143 for violin and piano by Camille Saint-Saëns, the composer at the keyboard.

The provisional government of Greece at Thessaloniki, under Eleutherios Venizelos, declared war on Germany and Bulgaria. WORLD WAR I

November 26, Sunday: A 25-member Council of State, appointed by Germany and made up entirely of conservatives, begins functioning as the government of the Kingdom of Poland. WORLD WAR I

November 6, Monday: Six Songs op.38 were performed for the 1st time, in Moscow, with the composer Sergei Rakhmaninov himself at the piano.

November 7, Tuesday: Voters in Montana sent Jeannette Rankin to be the 1st female member of the United States Congress. (Excuse me, sir, uh, which way to the bathroom for female Congressmen?) FEMINISM

Woodrow Wilson was re-elected as President of the United States of America. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE November 13, Monday: The Sheikhdom of Qatar was made a protectorate of Great Britain.

Daniel Chennevière (Dane Rudhyar) arrived in New York, via Spain.

British forces captured Beaumont-Harmel and Beaucourt-sur-Ancre along the Somme front, with Frederick Septimus Kelly, a 35-year-old Australian pianist and composer, and Hugh Hector Munro, who wrote short stories under the name Saki, killed in action.

WORLD WAR I

November 21, Tuesday: Franz Josef, Emperor of Austria, Archduke of Austria, King Ferenc József I of Hungary, King of Bohemia, died at Schloss Schönbrunn and was succeeded by his greatnephew as Emperor Karl I, Archduke Karl IV of Austria, King Károly IV of Hungary, King Charles VII of Bohemia.

The Britannic, sister ship to the Titanic, was in use as a hospital ship when it sank in the Aegean Sea following an unexplained explosion. The vessel, which was only on its 6th voyage, may have hit a mine. Only 30 of the more than 1,100 on board were killed. TIMELINE OF ACCIDENTS WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE «La guerre est une série de catastrophes qui produisent la victoire.» — Georges Clemenceau

November 22, Wednesday: Jack London died in Glen Ellen, California at the age of 40.

Emperor Franz Josef of Austria-Hungary died and was succeeded by Charles I. WORLD WAR I

November 23, Thursday: German warships bombarded the English coast. WORLD WAR I

November 28, Tuesday: Wind o’ the Westland, a song for voice and piano by Amy Cheney Beach to words of Burnett, was performed for the initial time, in New York.

The Roumanian government relocated to Jassy. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE November 29, Wednesday: The United States announced its official occupation of the Dominican Republic and the declaration of a US military government (the troops had been there since May). WORLD WAR I

November 30, Thursday: The government of King Konstantinos of Greece rejected the Allied ultimatum of November 19th and Allied troops began to disembark at Piraeus. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

DECEMBER 1916

December 1, Friday: Romanian forces began a counterattack against the Germans.

After a skirmish in Athens between Allied troops and Greek sailors and marines, and a surrender of Greek arms and munitions, the Allies reembark their forces. WORLD WAR I

December 3, Sunday: The Romanian counterattack begun December 1 was crushed. King Ferdinand of Romania and his government fled Bucharest and went to Iasi, capital of Moldavia. WORLD WAR I

December 5, Tuesday: The Reichstag approves the Patriotic Service Law. All German men from 17-60 were required to work in the war industry. WORLD WAR I

Gustav Holst’s chamber opera Savitri op.25, to words of the composer after the Mahabharata, was performed for the initial time, in Wellington Hall, St. John’s Wood, London.

Moy Mell: An Irish Tone Poem for two pianos by Arnold Bax was performed for the initial time, in Aeolian Hall, London.

December 6, Wednesday: Bucharest, the capital of Roumania, was captured by Austro-Germans. WORLD WAR I

December 7, Thursday: German forces occupied Bucharest, abandoned by the Romanian army.

David Lloyd George succeeded Asquith as Prime Minister. WORLD WAR I

December 8, Friday: Allied ships began a blockade of Greece. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE December 10, Sunday: David Lloyd George replaced Herbert Henry Asquith as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. WORLD WAR I

Sergei Prokofiev’s work for solo voice and orchestra The Ugly Duckling, after Andersen, was performed for the initial time, in Petrograd. Also premiered was his Humoresque Scherzo op.12b for bassoon quartet, Five Poems for voice and piano op.23 to wordsof Bal’mont, Sarcasms for piano op.17 and Toccata op.11 for piano.

The Sonata for flute, viola and harp by Claude Debussy was performed for the initial time, privately, at the Paris home of Jacques Durand.

December 12, Tuesday: Germany called for peace negotiations. The Allies termed this German offer empty and insincere. In response to President Woodrow Wilson’s call for a League of Nations, the Allies demanded restorations, reparations, and indemnities. WORLD WAR I

The 9 Etudes-Tableaux op.39 for piano by Sergei Rakhmaninov were performed for the initial time, in Petrograd, by the composer.

The Chivalry of the Sea, an ode for chorus and orchestra by Hubert Parry to words of Bridges, was performed for the initial time, in London.

December 13, Wednesday: A new offensive in Mesopotamia begins with a British bombardment of Sannaiyat. WORLD WAR I

December 16, Saturday: The United Kingdom recognized the Sherif of Mecca as King of Hejaz, independent of the Ottoman Empire. WORLD WAR I

December 18, Monday: President Woodrow Wilson made peace overtures to the belligerents. WORLD WAR I December 18, Monday: President Woodrow Wilson asked all belligerents to state their war objectives, as a 1st step toward peace.

Eight Waltzes op.6 for piano duet by Paul Hindemith was performed for the initial time, in Frankfurtam-Main. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE December 19, Tuesday: Lullay My Liking, for soprano and chorus and Terly Terlow for chorus, oboe and cello by Gustav Holst to anonymous words, were performed for the 1st time, in Aeolian Hall, London.

The 1st two of theThree Tone Pictures op.5 arranged for woodwinds and harp by Charles T. Griffes were performed for the 1st time, in Cort Theater, New York.

December 20, Wednesday: Heinrich, Count Clam-Martinitz replaced Ernst von Koerber as prime minister of Austria. WORLD WAR I

December 21, Thursday: British forces took El Arish southwest of Jerusalem, without opposition.

Anton von Webern was declared unfit for military service due to deficient eyesight.

Incidental music to Martínez Sierra’s play Navidad by Joaquín Turina was performed for the initial time, in Teatro Eslava de Madrid.

When US Secretary of State Robert Lansing announces that the country was being drawn into the war, the volume of trade on the New York Stock Exchange reached a 15-year high. WORLD WAR I

Incidental music to Martínez Sierra’s play Navidad by Joaquín Turina was performed for the initial time, in Madrid.

December 23, Saturday: Anton von Webern was discharged from military service.

Turkish troops at Magdhaba surrendered to the British after a day-long battle. WORLD WAR I

December 26, Tuesday: Germany replied to President Woodrow Wilson’s peace overture by suggesting a conference of the belligerents, on neutral ground. WORLD WAR I

Golden Lane, the 1st of the Songs of Hradcany by Leos Janácek for soprano, female chorus, flute and harp, to words of Procházka, was performed for the initial time, in Smetana Hall, Prague.

December 27, Wednesday: Great Britain and France divided the German Togoland Colony between them. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE December 30, Saturday: The French government, on behalf of Entente Allies, replied to President Woodrow Wilson’s overture by announcing that they would refuse to discuss any peace agreement until Germany had pre-agreed that as part of the settlement it would provide restitution, reparation, and guarantees. WORLD WAR I

Emperor Karl I was crowned King Charles IV of Hungary and Croatia in Budapest. Grand Duke Purishkevich and Prince Felix Yusupov poisoned the mysterious confidant of the Tsarina, Father Grigori Yefimovich Novykh (Rasputin) at Yusupov’s home in Petrograd. After this attempt at murder failed, the pair shot Rasputin and dropped his body through the ice of the River Neva, from which it would be recovered on January 2d. An autopsy would reveal the cause of death as drowning.

String Quartet no.1 by Ernest Bloch was performed for the initial time, in New York. It was very successful.

December 31, Sunday: The Allies responded unfavorably to Germany’s peace offer. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

1917

When the draft came to America in preparation for the Great War, Richard Bartlett Gregg, age 32, escaped by being slightly over the age limit.

The World War curfew was set at 1AM, superceding New York City’s all-night licenses for the sale of intoxicating drinks.

New York City began drawing its water supply from the Catskill Mountains as a tunnel was completed.

The co-op at 121 Madison, on 30th Street, was converted to rental apartments.

Brooklyn politician John Francis Hylan, running on the Democratic ticket, defeated incumbent John Purroy Mitchel and Socialist Morris Hillquit to become mayor of New York City (would serve 1918-1925).

Richard F. Walsh started as an apprentice electrician in Brooklyn’s Fifth Avenue Theater.

Composer W. C. Handy arrived in New York City from Memphis, Tennessee.

The Jerome Avenue (Bronx) branch of the Lexington Avenue IRT subway opened.

Brooklyn’s New York Dock Company had come to include 34 piers, 159 warehouses, 20 manufacturing buildings, and a cold storage plant.

Hugo Leander Blomquist would serve as a musician 1st class during World War I.

Charles R. Bagley (T ’14) became Trinity College’s 1st Rhodes Scholar.

YOU HAVE TO ACCEPT EITHER THE REALITY OF TIME OVER THAT OF CHANGE, OR CHANGE OVER TIME — IT’S PARMENIDES, OR HERACLITUS. I HAVE GONE WITH HERACLITUS.

The War to End War “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE When Italy called him up for military service, Benito Mussolini promptly got wounded during grenade practice (what luck) and was thus able to return to edit his newspaper Il Popolo d'Italia (The Italian People). And Adolf Hitler had enlisted in 1914, and would be gassed by the British in 1918. Thus it is possible for us to say that both the European leaders of World War II in Europe, Mussolini as well as Hitler, had themselves been casualties during World War I — in the very same sense in which it is possible for us to say that both of our Commanders in Chief in the war on Iraq, the Bush father and son, had previously themselves served in the US military! Imagine that. PROTO-NAZISM WORLD WAR I “Our prayer is: Lord God, let us never hesitate, let us never play the coward, let us never forget the duty which we have taken upon us.” — Adolf Hitler, March 1933

WORLD WAR II GERMANY

“HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE” BEING A VIEW FROM A PARTICULAR POINT IN TIME (JUST AS THE PERSPECTIVE IN A PAINTING IS A VIEW FROM A PARTICULAR POINT IN SPACE), TO “LOOK AT THE COURSE OF HISTORY MORE GENERALLY” WOULD BE TO SACRIFICE PERSPECTIVE ALTOGETHER. THIS IS FANTASY-LAND, YOU’RE FOOLING YOURSELF. THERE CANNOT BE ANY SUCH THINGIE, AS SUCH A PERSPECTIVE.

The War to End War “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE The US Navy built 58 barracks for 1,300 sailors on Bumkin Island in Hingham Bay. Germans taken off ships in the harbor would be held there during World War I and after the war this embarrassment would be razed.

WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE After two centuries of private ownership, with farms, inns, summer homes and fishermen’s cottages, Great Brewster Island had passed into the ownership of the City of Boston, and in this year was sold to the US

government. It would serve as the site of Harbor Entrance Defensive Positions during World Wars I and II. Summer homes were quite numerous in the 1920s and 1930s, and children living on Great Brewster could play with the up to 16 children of the three families of lightkeepers at the Boston Light on Little Brewster Island as at low tide it was possible to walk from one island to the other. (The island is now owned and managed by the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Management.) WORLD WAR I

In keeping with the naval tradition of naming new ships after famous predecessors, a new WWI battle cruiser under construction was christened the USS Constellation. The sailing frigate’s official name was therefore changed to Old Constellation. WORLD WAR I

During this period of great peril some 1,500 US soldiers would in addition be quartered at Fort Strong on Long Island in Boston Harbor to defend the American mainland against an anticipated assault by German soldiers in spiked helmets and waterwings.

In standing the blows others shirk In grasping the chance that returns not And never yet shirking my work. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE For these gifts, Oh! God, I thank Thee Pray let me continue the same Since, by doing things well which are nearest Perhaps I shall yet rise to fame. It is not in intricate planning Nor yet in regretting the past That great men whose lives we are watching Have gained to their greatness at last. Hence praise we the just mead of striving Which foolish make light of as luck There never was yet luck in shirking While much is accomplished through pluck. So seize I the things which are nearest And studious fall on my feet Do ever in all things my damndest And never, Oh, never retreat!

Senator Hiram Johnson commented that “The first casualty when war comes is truth.” (Had he been aware of the above one-handed poems by the temporary lieutenant-colonel, he might have opinioned instead that “The first casualty when war comes is poetry.”) WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE Masticophis taeniatus girardi, the Central Texas Whipsnake, was named in honor of Charles Frédéric Girard (Stejneger and Barbour).

U.S. entry into World War I was precipitated by intelligence that Germany was preparing to begin unrestricted submarine warfare, and that it was seeking an alliance with Mexico, suggesting that by such an alliance it would reclaim the lost territories of California, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, and Colorado (in the German communication, for some reason, Texas wasn’t mentioned). WORLD WAR I

January: The printers at Doves Press, a press named after a nearby old pub, had become sensitized to each other. Their dispute centered on future use of the Doves Font typeface they had designed for their fine books. Their partnership dissolution documents called for the Doves Type to pass to one upon the death of the other, but rather than allowing this to happen the punches and matrices from which the type had been cast had been destroyed in 1913, and on this date one of the partners cast the last of the actual blocks of lead/antimony from the nearby Hammersmith Bridge in London into the Thames River. There had about a tonne (British ton) of lead/antimony to dispose of and this was the final midnight expedition, of some 170 such expeditions to the bridge. He would inform people involved in his press, mysteriously, that he had “bequeathed” the font to the Thames. His surviving widow would need to pay some £700 to settle a lawsuit. Some 150 pieces of the actual type would be recovered from the riverbank and shallow waters next to the bridge, in 2015, and from these HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE and the published books of this press, the Doves Type typeface would be recreated and would be distributed by Typespec and retailed by MyFonts.

Robert Koch, a German bacteriologist, had isolated the anthrax bacillus in 1876. For the past couple of years, German secret agents had been operating in Romania and in the USA in a campaign of biowarfare against livestock, attempting to spread glanders and anthrax not only through pouring bacteria cultures into animal feed but also through needle injection. In Karasjok, a town of northeastern Norway, during this month, Baron Otto Karl von Rosen was apprehended as in the possession of a number of factory-sealed soup tins containing not soup but explosives. In his luggage, curiously, were discovered also 19 rough lumps of sugar. Two of these lumps have been preserved at the police museum in Trondheim, Norway, and we can note that a small hole is bored in each one, and in one of these preserved lumps, a glass capillary tube, sealed at the end, is embedded. Tested eighty years later, the anthrax inside the capillary tube still remained deadly. Presumably the baron had been intending to interfere in the course of the war by feeding these sugar cubes to the local beasts of burden, such as horses and reindeer. Presumably the animals would have gratefully accepted the sugar lumps, and munched on them. Had he succeeded in his German germ warfare mission, it is likely that the outbreak would have killed not only these beasts, but also a number of humans. WORLD WAR I GERM WARFARE

“NARRATIVE HISTORY” AMOUNTS TO FABULATION, THE REAL STUFF BEING MERE CHRONOLOGY

January 1, Monday: Turkey declared its independence of the suzerainty of European powers.

Two Poems for orchestra by Frank Bridge was performed for the initial time, in Queen’s Hall, London, the composer conducting.

The Ivernia, a Cunard liner, was sunk in the Mediterranean. WORLD WAR I

The War to End War “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE January 2, Tuesday: Negotiations between Robinson Jeffers and the War Department had proceeded to the point at which the poet had received orders to respond by this date to the Local Board for Monterey County, Salinas, California with “draft data necessary for induction”: Red Ink Serial Number 2060, Local Order Number 1529 In reply to this summons, however, the poet filed a claim for exemption:

ANSWERING QUESTIONNAIRE, DECEMBER 31, I CLAIMED DEFERRED CLASSIFICATION (CLASS IV) ON ACCOUNT OF DEPENDENT WIFE AND TWO CHILDREN, CLAIM STILL PENDING. (Although this claim for exemption would be granted by the local draft board, by that point Jeffers would again have changed his mind and would be volunteering to become a pilot!) WORLD WAR I

Silvestre Revueltas was confirmed as 1st violin in the Orquesta Sinfónica Nacional in Mexico City, directed by Jesús M. Acuña.

Salmon Brown was quoted in The Ferndale Enterprise as averring that “The tannery business, farming, wool buying and the raising of blooded stock were my father’s life occupations, though all of them were subordinated to his one consuming passion — freeing the slaves.” JOHN BROWN

THE FALLACY OF MOMENTISM: THIS STARRY UNIVERSE DOES NOT CONSIST OF A SEQUENCE OF MOMENTS. THAT IS A FIGMENT, ONE WE HAVE RECOURSE TO IN ORDER TO PRIVILEGE TIME OVER CHANGE, APRIVILEGING THAT MAKES CHANGE SEEM UNREAL, DERIVATIVE, A MERE APPEARANCE. IN FACT IT IS CHANGE AND ONLY CHANGE WHICH WE EXPERIENCE AS REALITY, TIME BEING BY WAY OF RADICAL CONTRAST UNEXPERIENCED — A MERE INTELLECTUAL CONSTRUCT. THERE EXISTS NO SUCH THING AS A MOMENT. NO “INSTANT” HAS EVER FOR AN INSTANT EXISTED.

January 3, Wednesday: The United States of America severed all diplomatic relations with Germany, and Count Von Bernstorff was handed his passports. WORLD WAR I The War to End War “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

January 7, Sunday: Ulysses Simpson Kay, Jr. was born in Tucson, Arizona, the son of Ulysses Simpson Kay, Sr., a barber, former cowboy and jockey, and Elizabeth Davis.

The California, an Anchor liner, was sunk off the Irish coast. WORLD WAR I

January 9, Tuesday: Prince Nikolai Dmitrievich Golitsyn replaced Alyeksandr Fyodorovich Trepov as prime minister of Russia.

British troops took Rafah, but withdrew earing a Turkish counterattack.

A day-long battle in Mesopotamia left the British 900 meters beyond their original position. WORLD WAR I

January 10, Wednesday: Buffalo Bill became Mister Death’s favorite.18

National Woman’s Party pickets held up two banners in our nation’s puzzle palace, Washington DC: “Mr. President, What Will You Do For Woman Suffrage?” and “How Long Must Women Wait For Liberty?” These pickets would rotate hourly, on the sidewalk outside President Woodrow Wilson’s White House, for half a year. Their banners would become more and more offensive. Police would begin arresting suffragettes who were picketing there, and some, including Paul and Lucy Burns, would go on hunger strike while in jail; their militancy would meet with sympathy from some quarters but disdain from others. CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE FEMINISM

The Allied powers responded to President Woodrow Wilson’s request for war aims with a list of their non- negotiable demands. WORLD WAR I

18. A month after his death the US military would negate his Medal of Honor on the grounds that since he had been a mere mercenary civilian rather than a soldier, he shouldn’t have received anything more than his contracted cash payment for services rendered. They would never make an attempt, however, to recover the medal itself from the surviving family — and much later on, a special tribunal would in Cody’s individual case reassert this heroism award. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE January 13, Saturday: The Afric, a White Star liner, was sunk by a submarine. WORLD WAR I

January 15, Monday: Henry Cowell left the Institute of Musical Arts in New York, in which he had enrolled 2 months earlier.

Roger Sessions matriculated at Yale University for a Bachelor of Music degree.

January 16, Tuesday: A telegram was sent from German Foreign Minister Arthur Zimmermann to his minister in Mexico City, Heinrich von Eckhardt. Zimmermann believed that a war between Mexico and the United States would prevent American involvement in the European war. If the United States should enter the war, Eckhardt was told to offer President Venustiano Carranza joint conduct of the war and the peace. He further offered financial support and territory lost by Mexico to the United States in 1848 and 1853 as part of a post-war treaty. That territory would definitely include California, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, and Colorado (for some reason Texas seems to have gone unmentioned). WORLD WAR I

January 17, Wednesday: The terms of sale of the Danish West Indies (Virgin Islands) were agreed to. The United States would pay $25,000,000.

The Original Dixieland Jazz Band opened at Reisenweber’s Restaurant at 58th Street and 8th Avenue, New York.

British troops on the Ancre captured German positions. WORLD WAR I

January 18, Thursday: The students of Yale University voted 1,102-286 in favor of compulsory military training. Student Roger Sessions voted with the minority. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE January 19, Friday: Turkish troops withdrew across the Tigris.

At 6:52PM an explosion was heard and, indeed, felt all over London and Essex. An area in Silvertown had disappeared from the face of the Earth. News would arrive, that this blast had been heard for more than 100 miles, in for instance Southampton and Norwich. The glow of the fires in Silvertown could be seen for 30 miles, in for instance Guildford and Maidstone. The blast had occurred in a chemical works that had been established in Silvertown in 1893, producing mainly soda crystals but also caustic soda. Production of caustic soda had been discontinued in 1912 and that part of the plant had been neglected until the outbreak of World War I. It had in September 1915 been re-opened as a plant for the purification of TNT. What had happened was that 50 tons of TNT standing in railway wagons had been detonated by a fire near the plant’s “melt-pot.” It would be found that only 73 people had lost their lives in the blast, although more than 400 had been injured, because at that time of the evening at the end of the work week, most of the laborers had been home having supper with their families, because there had been warnings of a fire before the occurrence of the detonation, and because people in the locale were aware of what it was that was being manufactured. TIMELINE OF ACCIDENTS WORLD WAR I

“The only lesson of history is that there are no lessons of history.” — A.J.P. Taylor

January 20, Saturday: 80 people were killed when an arms factory exploded in London. WORLD WAR I

Sergei Rakhmaninov conducted in Russia for the last time, at the Bolshoi Theater, Moscow.

January 22, Monday: 300,000 workers struck in Petrograd to commemorate Bloody Sunday, 1905.

President Woodrow Wilson again called for a League of Nations to safeguard future peace. WORLD WAR I

January 23, Tuesday: German forces began a new offensive toward Riga. They encountered fierce Russian resistance. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE January 25, Thursday: A British attack on the Turkish salient at Hai meets initial success but was beaten back by a Turkish counterattack.

Arab forces under Feisal and Lawrence, supported by British ships, took Al Wajh.

The Laconia, one of the Cunard liners, was torpedoed off the Irish coast. (The German U-boat campaign would accomplish the creation of a total of 134 such wonderful new ocean- bottom fish habitats — and yet some folks do persist in regarding human warfare as inherently wicked! WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE January 26, Friday: Indian troops retook the losses of the previous day at Hai.

Ave Atque Vale for orchestra by Frederick S. Converse was performed for the initial time, in St. Louis.

Kut-el-Amara was recaptured from the Turks by the new British Mesopotamian expedition under the command of General Sir Stanley Maude. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE January 28, Sunday: The United States federal government made public a communication from the Germans to Mexico proposing that that nation ally itself with Germany in order to recover territories it had lost to the USA. WORLD WAR I

February 4, Sunday: Mehmet Talât Pasha replaced Said Halim Pasha as Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire. ARMENIAN GENOCIDE

The US Congress overrode President Woodrow Wilson’s veto of the Immigration Act. Among other things, it barred immigration from a large swath of Asia and the Pacific Islands.

February 5, Monday: Leos Janacek’s cantata The Eternal Gospel, to words of Vrchlicky, was performed for the initial time, in Prague.

President Carranza of Mexico announced the new “Constitution of Querétaro” recently completed by a popularly elected constituent assembly. This was to be put into effect on May 1st. At the same time, the last of the American punitive expeditions was to leave Mexican soil. WORLD WAR I

February 13, Tuesday: Margaret Gertrude Zelle (Mata Hari) was arrested in Paris as a German spy. WORLD WAR I

February 16, Friday: Japan and Great Britain agreed that Japan should receive all German concessions in China and German Pacific islands north of the equator. Britain would receive German Pacific islands south of the equator. WORLD WAR I

February 17, Saturday: British and colonial troops gained control of the right bank of the Tigris between Kut and Yusifiya, but an attack on Sunnaiyat failed.

A French attack north of the Ancre River was halted by German artillery. WORLD WAR I

Burlesque for piano by Bohuslav Martinu was performed for the initial time, in Policka.

February 20, Tuesday: Japan and Russia agreed that Japan should receive all German concessions in China. WORLD WAR I

March 1, Thursday: Japan and France agree that Japan should receive all German concessions in China.

After release by the State Department last night, the Zimmermann telegram was printed in American morning papers. The House of Representatives votes 403-13 to authorize President Wilson’s request for armed neutrality. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

March 3, Saturday: The British advanced on Bapaume.

Mexico denied that it had received any offer of an alliance from Germany. WORLD WAR I

March 4, Sunday: The armed neutrality bill was filibustered and defeated in the Senate.

German Foreign Minister Zimmermann publicly acknowledged that the telegram to Mexico was authentic. WORLD WAR I

March 10, Saturday: The Russian Tsar suspended sittings of the Duma parliament. WORLD WAR I

March 11, Sunday: China severed diplomatic relations with Germany.

British forces under General Maude occupied Baghdad, ending 300 years of Turkish rule. They also occupied Kadhimain to the north.

During the afternoon in Moscow, Sergei Rakhmaninov offered a recital, half the proceeds to benefit the sick and wounded of the Russian army.

Heures séculaires et instantanées for piano by Erik Satie was performed for the initial time, in Galerie Barbazzanges, Faubourg St. Honoré.

The Fountains of Rome, a tone poem by Ottorino Respighi, was performed for the initial time, at the Teatro Augusteo, Rome. Also premiered was the 2d set of Impressioni dal vero for orchestra of Gian Francesco Malipiero.

La Ballata di Maggio for solo voice and ensemble, composed for Salvini’s play Dante by Pietro Mascagni, was performed for the initial time in Teatro Niccolini, Florence. WORLD WAR I

March 14, Wednesday: Order No. I of the Petrograd Soviet. READ THE FULL TEXT

China broke with Germany. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE March 5, Monday: Virgil Thomson joined a field artillery regiment of the Missouri National Guard at Independence. WORLD WAR I

The Turkish government distributed 400 Armenian orphans from Aleppo by rail to various villages and towns.

In Syria, in order to keep the 350 residents of an Armenian Christian orphanage from falling into the hands of the Turks and being given new names and raised as Moslems, these foundlings were distributed to surviving relatives no matter how distantly related.

March 15, Thursday: Tsar Nicholas of Russia abdicated. Prince Lvoff would head a new cabinet. WORLD WAR I

20,000 Armenians in the city of Aleppo were reported in extreme distress. The Turkish government declined American offers of aid to these Armenian survivors — everything’s as it should be.

March 16, Friday: The Russian provisional government announces its desire to convene a constituent assembly, grant civil rights, create general democratization and provide amnesty for political prisoners.

Jean Sibelius writes in his diary, “Big changes afoot in Russia. Are we to be permitted to determine our own destiny? That was the big question. A heavy weight hangs over Finland.” German forces began to pull back to strong defensive positions (known to the Allies as the Hindenburg Line) on a 150 kilometers front between Arras and Soissons. They destroy the land they give up, burning villages, trees, contaminating wells and leaving booby traps.

The new Società Nazionale di Musica gives its 1st concert in the Accademia Santa Cecilia in Rome.

The society was organized by Alfredo Casella and includes Ottorino Respighi and Gian Francesco Malipiero. It would soon change its name to Società Italiana di Musica Moderna. WORLD WAR I

March 17, Saturday: Bapaume fell to the British. Roye and Lassigny were occupied by the French.

The Ukranian Rada was established by socialists in Kiev.

British troops occupied Bapaume in the area evacuated by the Germans while the French occupied Roye.

A public disagreement with members of his cabinet over war policy forced French Prime Minister Aristide Briand to resign. He was replaced by Alexandre Felix Joseph Ribot.

La Société Française de Musicologie was founded in Paris. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

George Gershwin left his job as a song plugger at Jerome A. Remick’s music publishing to seek a career in musical theater, but without immediate prospects.

The 1st jazz recording was issued by the Victor Company. Livery Stable Blues was on one side, Dixieland Jazz Band One Step was on the other.

Mexico declared neutrality in the Great War.

Snow for piano by Bohuslav Martinu was performed for the initial time, in Policka by the composer. WORLD WAR I

March 18, Sunday: British and colonial troops take Nukhta, Buhriz and Ba’qubah in Mesopotamia.

British troops occupy Péronne in the area evacuated by the Germans while the French occupy Noyon.

The Irish Rhapsody no.5 op.147 by Charles Villiers Stanford was performed for the initial time, in London.

Peronne, Chaulnes, Nesle, and Noyon were evacuated by the Germans, who retired along an 85-mile front.

The City of Memphis, the Illinois, and the Vigilancia, three American ships, were torpedoed. WORLD WAR I «La guerre est une série de catastrophes qui produisent la victoire.» — Georges Clemenceau HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE March 19, Monday: German forces complete their withdrawal behind the Hindenburg Line.

Alexander Ribot became the French premier, succeeding Briand. WORLD WAR I

March 21, Wednesday: The Healdton, an American ship bound from Philadelphia to Rotterdam, was sunk without warning, with the loss of 21 lives. WORLD WAR I

March 26, Monday-31, Saturday: The British advanced on Cambrai. WORLD WAR I

Spring: Americans were hysterical to demonstrate that they were patriotically more eager to kill someone they did not know, than anyone other American lad could possibly be. The situation has been described by Friend Elbert Russell in his autobiography: THE QUAKER PEACE TESTIMONY WORLD WAR I The entry of the United States into the World War against Germany and her allies created an atmosphere at Johns Hopkins in which a pacifist was not always comfortable. On the Sunday afternoon before Congress was to vote on President Wilson’s recommendation to declare war, a big meeting of protest was held in the Academy of Music. President David Starr Jordan was the speaker. There were rumors that some of the prowar citizens would try to break up the meeting, and Dr. Richard Hoge, who conducted the Sunday afternoon forums, promised the management of the Academy that in case of attempted violence the meeting would adjourn. I was among those invited to sit on the platform as sponsors of the meeting. The Academy was packed to the top of the galleries. Dr. Jordan had spoken but a short time when there was a commotion at the door, and a group of young men came rushing down the aisles carrying the U.S. flag. There were indignant protests from the galleries, but Dr. Hoge asked the audience quietly to disband in order to keep faith with the management. The mob was made up chiefly of members of the Fourth National Guard, who had met at their Armory and decided that it would be patriotic to break up the meeting. They brushed aside the fifty-odd policemen on guard at the Academy, who made no resistance. Not one of the Baltimore papers condemned the mob. Some seemed quite proud of the red-blooded patriotism of the young men who would not brook conventional restraints in such an emergency. Ten years afterward the leader of the mob wrote President Jordan a letter apologizing for his action and confessing that the former’s attitude had been correct and that at the time he himself did not know what it was all about. After the declaration of war there was a great stampede to convert the university to war work. It was a distinct shock, therefore, to many to have Secretary Weeks, who gave the HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE convocation address in June, tell the university that the greatest service it could do the country was to go on training scholars, technicians, and leaders, since the war could last but a few years at most and then the country would suffer if there was a generation without qualified leaders.

April 1, Sunday: Edgard Varèse made his American conducting debut at the Hippodrome on 6th Avenue in New York City on this Lord’s Day, conducting the Requiem of Hector Berlioz in honor of all those who have suffered in the “Great War” (he, and the concert, were a smashing success).

However, nevermind that bullshit about this being the Lord’s Day, the suffering wasn’t over: • 12,000 Armenian Christians were slaughtered by Turkish Moslems in Buseira near Der-el-Zor. • French troops occupied Vauxaillon in the area evacuated by the Germans. • The Aztec, an armed American ship, was sunk in the submarine zone.

April 5, Thursday: German forces completed redeployment behind the Hindenburg Line. WORLD WAR I

This was the night before President Woodrow Wilson’s war message to Congress. He was chatting with an old friend, Frank Cobb, editor of the New York World. He said when a war got going it was just war, and there weren’t two kinds of it. It required illiberalism at home to reinforce the men at the front. We couldn’t fight Germany and maintain the ideals of government that all thinking men shared. He said we would try it, but it would be too much for us. “Once lead this people into war,” he said, “and they’ll forget there ever was such a thing as tolerance. To fight you must be brutal and ruthless, and the spirit of ruthless brutality will enter into the very fiber of our national life, infecting Congress, the courts, the policeman on the beat, the man in the street.” Conformity would be the only virtue, said the President, and every man who refused to conform would have to pay the penalty. He thought the Constitution would not survive it, that free speech and the right of assembly would go. He said a nation couldn’t put its strength into a war and keep tis head level; it had never been done. Frank Cobb’s recollection of the conversation would appear in 1924 in a posthumously edited collection of his writings, John L. Heaton’s COBB OF THE “WORLD” (NY: E. P. Dutton).

Meanwhile the Missourian, an American steamer, was being sunk in the Mediterranean.

Dmitri Shostakovich and his family took part in a massive funeral procession through Petrograd for 184 victims of the February Revolution. At the Field of Mars the mourners sang the revolutionary hymn “You Fell a Victim,” a tune he would use several times in his career. During the evening he reproduced the song at the piano. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE April 6, Friday: As the House of Representatives voted 373-pro/50-anti, the United States officially declared war on Germany. Inspired, George M. Cohan composed the song “Over There.”

The American army currently numbered 5,791 officers and 121,797 enlisted men. Bingo bango bongo, this foreign war thingie was going to do great things for the American military! WORLD WAR I

Under the leadership of Carrie Chapman Catt, in order to gain support for women’s suffrage the National American association aligned itself with the WWI war effort. President Woodrow Wilson authorized the federal Bureau of Investigation to detain enemy aliens. During WWI the Bureau acquired responsibility for enforcement of the Espionage, Selective Service, and Sabotage Acts, and investigated enemy aliens on behalf of the Department of Labor.

FEMINISM

April 7, Saturday: Kaiser Wilhelm II promised universal suffrage for Prussia.

The Finnish Senate gave cautious approval to independence from the Russian provisional government.

Sergei Rakhmaninov gave a charity concert at the Bolshoi Theater, performing three concertos: his own 2d, Tchaikovsky, and Liszt, the proceeds to go to army relief. This was his final performance in Moscow.

El corregidor y la molinera, a pantomime by Manuel de Falla to words of Martínez Sierra after Alarçón, was performed for the initial time, in the Teatro Eslava, Madrid, conducted by Joaquín Turina. It was wildly popular.

The United States of America, Cuba, and Panama entered World War I.

US MILITARY INTERVENTIONS There would be an US Army testing program headed by R. Yerkes. EUGENICS HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE Lenin would occur. The Russian Revolution would occur. Russia would capitulate and withdraw. Etc.

James Montgomery Flagg, a notorious stage-door Johnny (womanizer), for the nonce painted himself in an Uncle Sam costume. Instead of depicting himself saying, for purposes of sexuality, “I want your sweet ass” to one or another chorus-line cutie, for purposes of war he depicted himself as our national government saying “I want YOU for U.S. Army” to a young male victim:

We would lose far more of our boys to disease than to any bullet or shrapnel or poison gas:

Of the 118,497 men from Minnesota who would serve in the war, 1,432 would die in uniform. At the end of the war, the so-called Spanish influenza pandemic which would begin on our troopships bringing the boys home would spread to Minnesota and kill 7,521 initially and 4,200 more over the following two years. It is possible to go to almost any cemetery in the world and find a similar cluster of graves from the fall of 1918. Between September and November of that year, as the First World War came to an end, an extraordinarily lethal strain of influenza swept the globe, killing between twenty million and forty million people. More Americans died of the flu over the next few months than were killed during the First World War, the Second World War, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War combined. The Spanish flu, as it came to be known, reached every continent and virtually every country on the map, going wherever ships sailed or cars or trucks or trains traveled, killing so many so quickly that some cities were forced to convert streetcars into hearses, and others buried their dead in mass graves, because they ran out of coffins. — Malcolm Gladwell, “The Dead Zone,” in The New Yorker for September 29, 1997 HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

April 8, Sunday: Austria-Hungary broke with the United States. WORLD WAR I

April 9, Monday: British forces attacked on a 30-kilometers front around Arras. They took the German front line along the entire attack front in less than an hour. Canadian troops captured most of Vimy Ridge, north of the city, while British troops took Fampoux, Feuchy, and Neuville Vitasse.

Vladimir Illyich Ulyanov (Lenin) and about 30 followers departed from Zürich for Russia from the main railroad station. As a small crowd jeered them they sang the Internationale. Among another group of onlookers was an American music student, Otto Luening.

Igor Stravinsky’s orchestral arrangement of The Song of the Volga Boatman, composed as a replacement to the Tsarist anthem, was performed for the initial time, at a Ballet Russe performance in Paris.

Roger Sessions wrote “I expect to be exempt (from conscription), but if I can’t get out of it, I shall probably seek work in the Medical Corps, and try with all my might to get it; and if I fail, I would simply have to take the consequences—prison or even death…I am willing to risk my life for any principle of ultimate good, but I am not willing to do what seems to me to be harm in so doing. or, if possible, to help take the lives of others who may be—and many of whom undoubtedly were—in my position.”

Bolivia broke with German. WORLD WAR I

April 10, Tuesday: German resistance and bad weather slowed the allied advance at Arras. WORLD WAR I

April 11, Wednesday: Australian troops penetrated the Hindenburg Line south of Arras but were forced back. WORLD WAR I

April 13, Friday: Vimy, Givenchy, Bailleul, and positions about Lens were captured by the Canadians. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE April 14, Saturday: A British attack makes gains east of Monchy, but Germans regain the ground. The main phase of the British offensive at Arras ends. WORLD WAR I

Le drapeau belge op.79 for reciter and orchestra by Edward Elgar, to words of Cammaerts, was performed for the initial time, in Queen’s Hall, London.

April 16, Monday: After a ride through Germany in a train sealed by the Kaiser’s government (so as not to infect German citizens), Lenin arrives in Petrograd at the Finland Station. He gives his famous speech on top of an armored car. Among the throng welcoming him was a ten-year-old boy named Dmitri Shostakovich.

French forces attacked Germans along an 80 kilometers front from Soissons to Rheims (Second Battle of the Aisne). The French make modest gains in the face of strenuous German counterattacks.

Thousands of workers strike over inefficient food distribution in Berlin, Leipzig, Magdeburg, and Kiel. WORLD WAR I

April 17, Tuesday: British forces attacked Turks in Gaza for a 2d time, again with no effect, at a cost of 8,400 casualties.

French troops attacked the Germans at Auberive, east of Rheims but can make no headway beyond the German front line. WORLD WAR I

April 18, Wednesday: British and colonial forces defeated Turks at the Shatt al Adhaim.

Germans counterattacked on the Aisne, but to no effect. WORLD WAR I

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was tried in Motihari, Bihar, India for causing a public disturbance (he was conducting inquiries into the case of indigo growers in the province). He was released without bail while the magistrate awaited instructions from the Lieutenant-Governor.

April 20, Friday: Walter Roy Harding was born in Bridgewater, Massachusetts. In World War II he would be a conscientious objector.

The United States of America and the Ottoman Empire severed diplomatic relations.

The main offensive in the 2d Battle of the Aisne was halted. By taking 130,000 casualties the French had advanced 500 meters. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE April 22, Sunday: President Woodrow Wilson suggested to the belligerents that it might be possible to achieve a peace without a victory. WORLD WAR I

April 30, Monday: Germany announced that its intention was to sink any and all vessels its U-boats could discover within the zone of war around the British Isles, regardless.«La guerre est une série de catastrophes qui WORLD WAR I

produisent la victoire.» — Georges Clemenceau

May 8, Tuesday: Counterattacking Germans retook Fresnoy on the Arras front.

British forces once again attempted an attack against Bulgarians near Lake Dojran (this would fail). WORLD WAR I May 9, Wednesday: French, Russian and Serbian troops launched a coordinated offensive in Macedonia, but Buglarians and German defenders repulsed them.

Liberia broke with Germany. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE May 11, Friday: Guillaume Apollinaire publishes an “introduction” to Erik Satie’s ballet Parade, to be premiered a week hence, in the Paris journal Excelsior. “In short, Parade would upset the ideas of quite a number of spectators. They would be surprised, to be sure, but in the pleasantest way, and fascinated; and they would learn how graceful modern movement can be — something they had never suspected.”

Two operas by Ferruccio Busoni to his own words were performed for the 1st time, in the Zürich Statdttheater, conducted by the composer: Arlecchino, oder Die Fenster, and Turandot. One of the dancers in Turandot was Karoline Blamauer, who would soon acquire the stage name Lotte Lenya.

The Russian Council of Workmen’s and Soldiers’ Delegates demanded that there be a peace conference. WORLD WAR I

May 12, Saturday: Italians and Austro-Hungarians battled each other along the Isonzo River for the 10th time. In a battle which would continue until June 8th, Italians making limited gains with great loss of life. WORLD WAR I

The Wooden Prince, a ballet by Béla Bartók to a scenario by Balázs, was performed for the initial time, at the Budapest Opera House. To the surprise of the composer, the ballet was a great success, owing largely to the considerable efforts of the conductor, Egisto Tango.

May 14, Monday: British troops took Roeux on the Arras front.

Austrian ships destroyed the nets across the Straits of Otranto sinking 4 Allied ships and 14 net drifters. WORLD WAR I

Some of the Paysages et marines op.63 for piano by Charles Koechlin were performed for the 1st time, in Paris.

Lou Silver Harrison was born in Portland, Oregon, the 1st of 2 children born to Clarence Maindenis Harrison, who held several occupations before becoming proprietor of a tire business bought with his wife’s inheritance, and Calline Lillian Silver, daughter of a streetcar mechanic, and owner of the Silver Court Apartments, also bought with her inheritance. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE May 15, Tuesday: Marshal Henri Philippe Pétain was named Commander-in-Chief of French forces, succeeding General Nivelle. His tasks were to turn back an imminent German offensive and quell wholesale mutinies in the French army. He would succeed at both. General Foch became Chief of Staff. WORLD WAR I

Two orchestral works by Heitor Villa-Lobos were performed for the 1st time, the composer conducting: the symphonic poem Naufrágio de Kleônikos and the overture to his unperformed opera Izaht.

The initial US military pilot selection tests, conducted by the Physical Examining Unit of the US Army Signal Corps Aviation Section, began at the University of Pennsylvania hospital. The 33-item test battery included tests for stereoscopic vision, equilibrium, and color vision. By the fall, 67 units would be conducting examinations. The testing program would come to be administered by an Air Service Medical Research Laboratory established in October. PSYCHOLOGY HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE May 16, Wednesday: In Petrograd, troops mutinied against pro-war ministers in the provisional government.

In the Arras battles, Bullecourt was captured by the British. WORLD WAR I What goes around keeps coming around and around and around... HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE May 17, Thursday: The Orquesta Sinfónica Nacional of Mexico was suspended for a lack of funds.

Russian Foreign Minister Pavel Miliukov and War Minister Alexander Guchkov resigned in response to the events of the previous day.

An Italian-French attack against Bulgarians and Germans at north of Monastir failed.

British forces took Bullecourt on the Arras front.

Honduras broke with Germany.

After being released by the British, Lev Trotsky reached Petrograd. WORLD WAR I

May 18, Friday: Parade, a ballet réaliste by Erik Satie to a story of Cocteau and Massin, with sets and costumes designed by Pablo Picasso, was performed for the initial time, at the Théâtre du Chátelet, Paris. The audience was generally appreciative, the critics were savage. In his program notes, Guillaume Apollinaire says the work was “a kind of surrealism”, the 1st use of the term. One writer says Satie’s music was “infinitely more stupid than ingenious, more boring than drole, more senile and antiquated than audacious and innovative.”

Sonata for violin and piano op.64 by Charles Koechlin was performed for the initial time, in Paris.

A conscription bill was signed by President Woodrow Wilson. All American men aged 21-30 must register for the draft.19 WORLD WAR I MILITARY CONSCRIPTION

May 19, Saturday: The Provisional Government and the Petrograd Soviet agreed to a combined government, over the objections of the Bolsheviks.

Nicaragua broke with Germany. WORLD WAR I

May 22, Tuesday: The Allied offensive in Macedonia petered out, having achieved minimal gains and cost 14,000 casualties.

The Italians would advance on the Carso until the 26th. WORLD WAR I

19. What if they gave a war and nobody came? HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE May 24, Thursday: Great Britain instituted a convoy system to protect merchant ships from German submarines. WORLD WAR I

Symphonic Prelude by Roger Sessions was performed for the initial time, in Woolsey Hall of Yale University. During the concert, announcement was made that Sessions has won the Steinert Prize ($100).

May 25, Friday: 23 Gotha bombers attacked Folkestone, England, killing 95 and injuring 195. WORLD WAR I

May 28, Monday: The American Psychological Association’s Committee on Psychological Examination of Recruits met at Vineland, New Jersey to devise personnel classification methods for the US military. Robert M. Yerkes was chair while other participants were Edgar A. Doll, Henry H. Goddard, Thomas H. Haines, Lewis M. Terman, Frederick L. Wells, and Guy M. Whipple, and the committee would develop the Army Alpha and Army Beta Tests. Captain George Smith Patton, Jr. boarded ship to France as General Pershing’s aide. He would be transferred from the Cavalry to the fledgling Tank Corps and would organize the American Tank School at Langres in France. He would train the 304th Tank Brigade, the soldiers of which would constitute the first 500 soldiers in the US Tank Corps. WORLD WAR I

May 30, Wednesday: On opening day of the Austrian Parliament, Czech deputies demanded the union of Czechs and Slovaks in a federated empire and Polish deputies demanded a free and unified Poland.

British artillery began a week-long bombardment of the Messines Ridge. WORLD WAR I

The critic Jean Poueigh, after savaging Parade, received a card, written in beautiful calligraphy, which communicated, “Sir and dear friend, You were nothing but an asshole, and an unmusical asshole at that. Erik Satie.”

May 31, Thursday: John Philip Sousa enlisted in the US Naval Reserve and received the rank of Lieutenant (he was the 1st US Navy musician to receive a commission). WORLD WAR I

June 1, Friday: Protests and marches began among French troops on the Aisne River front. They sang the Internationale and waved red flags. There would be about 250 incidents of this type, involving 35,000 soldiers.

Maurice Ravel was granted a “temporary discharge” from the French army.

These Things Shall Be for unison choir by Charles T. Griffes to words of Symonds was performed for the initial time, in the Hippodrome, New York. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE June 2, Saturday: After some of its vessels were sunk by German submarines, Brazil revoked its neutrality and seized German ships in port. WORLD WAR I

June 5, Tuesday: Istvan, Count Tisza resigned as prime minister of Hungary due to discontent over the war.

Arthur Farwell got married with a 25-year-old actress, Gertrude Everts Brice, daughter of a civil engineer, in New York.

Symphony no.1 “Sermons in Stone” by John Alden Carpenter was performed for the initial time, privately, in the Music Shed of the Litchfield County Choral Union.

This was Registration Day for the new draft army in the United States of America, land of the free and home of the slave. WORLD WAR I

June 6, Wednesday: Desirous of peace, sailors aboard the German warship Prince Regent Leopold staged a hunger strike. Similar actions followed on other German ships. On September 5th the leaders of the strike would be executed by firing squad.

Georges Auric, Louis Durey, and Arthur Honegger organized an homage to Erik Satie in Salle Huyghens. This was the beginning of the group of young composers organizing itself around Satie, soon to be called Nouveaux Jeunes.

The US 5th Marine Regiment sailed for France. WORLD WAR I

June 7, Thursday: At 3:10AM some 600 tons of explosives were set off in 19 tunnels under the German lines, whereupon British, Australians, and New Zealanders captured the Messines Ridge southeast of Ypres. An estimated 10,000 Germans were killed by the blast. The explosion was heard as far away as Paris and London. Citizens of Lille thought it to be an earthquake. WORLD WAR I

June 8, Friday: General John “Black Jack” Pershing, Commander-in-Chief of the American expeditionary force, arrived in England en route to France. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE June 10, Sunday: 5:15AM. An Italian offensive begam in Trentino. The Austrian line generally held despite modest Italian advances. WORLD WAR I

Nationalist riots occurred in Dublin, organized by Sinn Fein.

June 11, Monday: France delivered an ultimatum to the Greek government, demanding that King Konstantinos abdicate the throne. Simultaneously British and French troops entered Thessaly and French forces took the Isthmus of Corinth. WORLD WAR I

Eduardo Dato y Iradier replaced Manuel García Prieto, marqués de Alhucemas as Prime Minister of Spain.

The Fringes of the Fleet, a stage work for 4 baritones and orchestra by Edward Elgar to words of Kipling, was performed for the initial time, in the London Coliseum, the composer conducting. The orchestra numbered only 25, mostly women and girls, the men having been called up to active service.

June 12, Tuesday: With Britain and France backing the rival government of Eleftherios Venizelos, King Konstantinos of Greece abdicated and was succeeded by his son Alexandros. This would bring Greece into the war on the side of the Allies. The king left for exile in Switzerland. WORLD WAR I

Hans Pfitzner’s musical legend Palestrina, to his own libretto, was performed for the initial time, in München.

Works by John Ireland were performed for the 1st time, in Wigmore Hall, London, the composer at the keyboard: Piano Trio no.2, and three songs for voice and piano, The Cost to words of Cooper, The Heart’s Desire to words of Houseman, and The Soldier to words of Brooke.

June 13, Wednesday: 14 German bombers attacked London, killing 162 people and injuring 432. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE June 15, Friday: Móric, Count Esterházy de Galantha replaced István, Count Tisza de Borosjenö et Szeged as Prime Minister of Hungary.

Siegfried Sassoon sends a letter to his commanding officer with several copies to writers, journalists and politicians. He claims that the war was being deliberately prolonged by those who could stop it. “I believe that this war, upon which I entered as a war of defence and liberation, has now become a war of aggression and conquest.” WORLD WAR I

At 2:30AM Austro-Hungarian forces counterattacked in Trentino, but would be successfully countered by the Italians. The day would end in stalemate.

All Irish veterans of the Easter Rebellion still in custody were freed by the British government.

The Espionage Act was signed by President Wilson. Among the provisions was one to empower the Postmaster-General to refuse to mail publications considered detrimental to the war effort. Many socialist and German language magazines would be banned from the US Mail. The act criminalized such interference with the draft as any attempt to discourage loyalty by explaining to a young man the possibility of conscientious objection. This was to be enforced by the federal Bureau of Investigation. UNAMERICANISM FBI

June 18, Monday: Italian artillery opened up all along the Trentino front from Porta Lepozze to the Assa Gorge.

Haiti broke with Germany. WORLD WAR I

June 19, Tuesday: At 6AM the Italian assault began. They managed to take the summit of Monte Ortigara, but elsewhere the attack failed. WORLD WAR I

King George V ordered all British princes to drop their German titles. The “Gotha” name of the royal family, with its resonance of “the Goths and Vandals and Huns, Germanic tribers,” was changed to the convenient name “Windsor” — simply because this happened to be the name of one of their royal residences, and because it had a more British sound to it.

The British Parliament granted suffrage to women over 30.

June 22, Friday: The Capitol police began to arrest the National Woman’s Party pickets on the sidewalk in front of President Woodrow Wilson’s White House on a charge of obstructing sidewalk traffic. As these pickets were tried and found guilty, they would refuse to pay $25 fines and be sentenced to up to six months at the Occoquan Workhouse in Virginia. FEMINISM HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE June 23, Saturday: Russian forces attacked the Austro-Hungarians again, with some success. WORLD WAR I

Ernst Seidler von Feuchtenegg replaced Heinrich, Count Clam-Martinitz as prime minister of Austria.

June 24, Sunday: The Russian Black Sea Fleet mutinied at Sevastopol. WORLD WAR I

June 25, Monday: An Austrian counterattack in Trentino recaptured Monte Ortigara. WORLD WAR I

June 26, Tuesday: The 1st contingent of the American Expeditionary Force landed in France. The commander, General John J. Pershing declared “Lafayette, we were here!” WORLD WAR I

June 27, Wednesday: Eleftherios Kiriakou Venizelos arrived in Athens and proclaimed his pro-Allies government the legitimate one. He replaced Alexandros Thrasivoulou Zaimis as prime minister. WORLD WAR I

June 29, Friday: Greece declared war on Germany, Turkey, and Bulgaria. WORLD WAR I

June 30, Saturday: Austro-Hungarian forces retook Porta Maora, the last position lost to the Italian Trentino offensive. The battle had caused 32,000 casualties. WORLD WAR I

Incidental music to Moreto’s play La adúltera penitente by Joaquín Turina was performed for the initial time, in Barcelona.

July 1, Sunday: Russian forces began an offensive against Germans, Austro-Hungarians and Turks in Gallicia toward Lemberg (Lvov), with their Minister of War, Alexander Kerensky, leading in person, along a 160-kilometer front. WORLD WAR I

Pu-yi reached the age of 9 and was restored by the warlord Chang Hsun, whose army surrounded Peking, to the throne of China. That is, the child signed and sealed a decree that he was once again Emperor (six days later a plane would drop three bombs on the Forbidden City — and the child’s supporters would make themselves real scarce real quick). HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE July 3, Tuesday: Rapsodia Satanica, a film with music by Pietro Mascagni was shown for the 1st time, in Teatro Augusteo, Rome.

Race riots over the last 3 days in East St. Louis, Illinois had produced 9 white corpses and more than 100, at the closest round number, black corpses.

The American expeditionary force arrived in France. WORLD WAR I

July 6, Friday: The Canadian House of Commons passed a Compulsory Military Service Bill.

German defenders did heavy damage to advancing Russians at Brzezany (Berezhany, Ukraine) southeast of Lemberg (Lvov).

Howeitat tribesmen commanded by T.E. Lawrence and Auda abu Tayi captured Aqaba after a 2-month trek across the desert. Lawrence would immediately cross Sinai to Suez to carry the news to the British. Thereafter, with British assistance, Akaba would be built up as a new base for Feisal’s rebel forces. It would serve as a center for political propaganda, and as the jump-off point for raids into northern Syria. WORLD WAR I

On doctor’s orders, Frederick Delius left his home in Grez-sur-Loing for a spa in Normandy. He could barely walk.

July 8, Sunday: President Woodrow Wilson ordered that all exports of food, fuel, and war supplies pass through the hands of his federal administration. WORLD WAR I

July 9, Monday: 2/3ds of the Polish soldiers in the German army renounced their oath of fealty. WORLD WAR I

In a New York courtroom, Alexander Berkman and Emma Goldman were found guilty of obstructing the draft. They were each fined $10,000 and sentenced to 2 years in federal penitentiaries. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE July 12, Thursday: Andrew Newell Wyeth, who would paint “Christina’s World,” was born on Henry Thoreau’s birthday.

Also, on Thoreau’s birthday, King Constantine of Greece abdicated in favor of his 2d son, Alexander. Virginia Woolf, writing in the Times Literary Supplement, delivered a centenary tribute to Thoreau: “we have a sense of beholding life through a very powerful magnifying glass. To walk, to eat, to cut up logs, to read a little, to watch the bird on the bough, to cook one’s dinner — all these occupations when scraped clean and felt afresh prove wonderfully large and bright.”

Phelps Dodge, a major mining company of Arizona, deputized a 2,000-member citizens’ posse with a machine gun, that seized the telegraph office and rounded up about 1,300 striking mine workers, their supporters, and citizen bystanders. Those arrested were accumulated at a baseball park in Bisbee and then, guarded by 186 armed guards, they were loaded onto cattle cars with manure on the floor and deported across the state line 200 miles to Tres Hermanas, New Mexico. This 16-hour train journey was through desert country and entirely without food or water. Once unloaded at their destination, these deportees, mostly without funds, were warned not to attempt to return to Bisbee. 2 of the men had been killed in the process.

Over the last 6 days, Russian troops had advanced 50 kilometers against the Austro-Hungarians south of the Dniester. WORLD WAR I

Erik Satie was sentenced to 8 days in prison, fined100 francs and ordered to pay 1,000 francs in damages in the libel suit of Jean Poueigh brought as a result of the card Satie had sent following Poueigh’s review of “Parade.”

July 16, Monday: Allied artillery opened up along the Flanders front in preparation for a new offensive. WORLD WAR I

July 16, Monday-23, Monday: The Russians retreated along a front of 155 miles. WORLD WAR I

July 19, Thursday: After being slightly pushed back by Russian forces, the Central Powers counterattack east of Lemberg (Lvov) as the Russian army begins to collapse.

The German Reichstag passed a resolution 212-126 expressing its desire for peace.

German and colonial troops were attacked by British and colonial troops west of Kilwa, German East Africa (Tanzania). After a day-long battle, the Germans withdrew. WORLD WAR I

August 19, Sunday: Italian troops crossed the Isonzo River and captured Austrian positions. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE July 20, Friday: Exiled politicians from Croatia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia issued the Corfu Declaration calling for a unified south Slav state to be designated as the “Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes,” under the Karadordevic dynasty.

Siegfried Sassoon appeared before a military medical board who determined that he was suffering from shell shock.

Alexander Kerensky became the Russian premier, succeeding Lvoff.

The drawing of draft numbers for the American conscript army began. WORLD WAR I

July 21, Saturday: Alyeksandr Fyodorovich Kerensky replaced Prince Georgy Yevgenyevich Lvov as prime minister of Russia. He organized a new cabinet.

A Russian offensive in the northern sector of the eastern front began. Officers threatened their soldiers with guns to get them to attack. WORLD WAR I

July 22, Sunday: Siam declared war upon Germany and Austria. WORLD WAR I

July 26, Thursday: German and Austro-Hungarian troops captured Tarnopol (Ternopol, Ukraine), east of Lemberg (Lvov). WORLD WAR I

July 27, Friday: British troops occupy 2,700 meters of the abandoned German front line. WORLD WAR I

July 30, Monday: Siegfried Sassoon’s letter of June 15 was read out in the House of Commons. WORLD WAR I

In an attempt to relieve her pain, an appendectomy was performed on Lili Boulanger. It would not produce the desired effect. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE July 31, Tuesday: A Franco/British attack penetrated the German lines on a 20-mile front. WORLD WAR I

At 3:50AM, after 10 days of artillery bombardment, Allied (Australia-Belgium-France-New Zealand-United Kingdom) forces attacked Germans at Ypres (Third Battle of Ypres). They gained Bixschoote, St. Julien, and Pilkem north of the city.

Siegfried Sassoon’s letter of June 15th was published in The Times of London.

The Petrograd government dissolved the Finnish parliament.

August: Harry S Truman was sworn into regular army service as a member of the 129th Field Artillery regiment. Give ’em hell, Harry. WORLD WAR I

The Sultan of Zanzibar, Sayyid Khalid bin Barghash al Said, described for the record as “Pretender to the Sultanate of Zanzibar,” arrived on St. Helena with a party of 25 mostly consisting of harem members. They would be prisoners, so to speak, in Jamestown at Pilling School on the Military Parade Ground. There would be virtually zero interaction with these folks during the entire sojourn, until in 1921 they would be relocated to the Seychelles Islands (except that some islanders would preserve mental images of beautiful women covered in flowing silk robes).

August 1, Wednesday: Allied troops at Ypres held in the face of German counterattacks.

IWW organizer Frank Little was kidnapped and hanged from a railroad trestle at Butte, Montana.

Pope Benedict XV made a plea for a peace based neither on annexation nor indemnity. WORLD WAR I

August 7, Tuesday: Liberia declared war upon Germany. WORLD WAR I

August 8, Wednesday: The Canadian Conscription Bill passed its 3d reading in Senate.20 WORLD WAR I MILITARY CONSCRIPTION

BETWEEN ANY TWO MOMENTS ARE AN INFINITE NUMBER OF MOMENTS, AND BETWEEN THESE OTHER MOMENTS LIKEWISE AN INFINITE NUMBER, THERE BEING NO ATOMIC MOMENT JUST AS THERE IS NO ATOMIC POINT ALONG A LINE. MOMENTS ARE THEREFORE FIGMENTS. THE PRESENT 20. What if they gave a war and nobody came? HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE MOMENT IS A MOMENT AND AS SUCH IS A FIGMENT, A FLIGHT OF THE IMAGINATION TO WHICH NOTHING REAL CORRESPONDS. SINCE PAST MOMENTS HAVE PASSED OUT OF EXISTENCE AND FUTURE MOMENTS HAVE YET TO ARRIVE, WE NOTE THAT THE PRESENT MOMENT IS ALL THAT EVER EXISTS — AND YET THE PRESENT MOMENT BEING A MOMENT IS A FIGMENT TO WHICH NOTHING IN REALITY CORRESPONDS.

August 13, Monday: Paul Hindemith received his army record card after his induction into the German army. He was stationed at Frankfurt-am-Main. Later sent to France, he would never see action, always having musical duties. “I play the big drum,” he would report home. WORLD WAR I

August 14, Tuesday: Feng Kuo-chang replaced Li Yuan-hung as president of China. China declared war upon Germany and upon Austria-Hungary. WORLD WAR I

August 15, Wednesday: A Polish National Committee was established in Lausanne. This would be recognized by the Allies as the official voice of Poland.

Pope Benedict XV issued a call for peace. He advocated evacuation of Belgium and France, restoration of German colonies, and a peace settlement. The Papal nuncio at München, Cardinal Pacelli, announced that Austria-Hungary was seeking a peace settlement.

Canadian troops captured Hill 70, dominating the French town of Lens. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE August 23, Thursday: In Houston, Texas, 150 black enlisted men of the 3d Battalion of the 24th Infantry Regiment of the US Army, in the Houston area to guard a construction site at Camp Logan where Ellington Field was being created, retaliated after local cops brutal beat a black woman and a black soldier, and then also brutally beat a black MP who had been sent to find out what had happened. Of these 150 black protesters, 13 courts-martial would result in the death penalty by hanging, and 41 courts-martial would result in a sentence of life in prison, while the remainder of the courts-martial would produce sentences of something less than life in prison. Racial disparity would be exact, for none of the white civilians involved in the incident would ever be brought to trial, and a couple of white Army officers who had also played roles would be released without any punishment. Efforts to get President Woodrow Wilson to commute these harsh sentences would of course be ignored, our President being such a racist that he could not possibly have concerned himself for the fates of black World War I soldiers. WORLD WAR I

The “Soldier’s Qualification Card,” devised by a committee headed by Walter Dill Scott, was approved by the Adjutant General of the US Army, H.P. McCain. This brief questionnaire, derived from Scott’s “Rating Scale for Selecting Captains,” was the 1st objective instrument used to select candidates for officer training camps.21

August 28, Tuesday: Pope Benedict XV’s idea that it might be possible to arrange a peace based neither on annexation nor indemnity was rejected out of hand by President Woodrow Wilson. WORLD WAR I

September 1, Saturday: At 4AM German troops attacked and crossed the Dvina, creating an 11-kilometer bridgehead. WORLD WAR I

September 2, Sunday: German forces attacking out of the Dvina bridgehead encountered stiff Russian resistance.

Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz and other conservatives founded the German Fatherland Party to oppose peace initiatives. WORLD WAR I

September 3, Monday: In their initial night raid, four Gothas bombed the Chatham, England naval station, killing 131 and injuring 90.

German forces crossed the Gross Jegel toward Riga. Riga was captured by the Germans. WORLD WAR I

21. Street, W.R. A CHRONOLOGY OF NOTEWORTHY EVENTS IN AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGY. Washington DC: American Psychological Association, 1994 HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE September 5, Wednesday: German forces captured Riga as Russian troops retreated toward Wenden.

Federal agents raided Industrial Workers of the World (IWW, “wobblies”) headquarters in 24 American cities. Ten were taken into custody. Over three days some five tons of material would be confiscated. WORLD WAR I

September 6, Thursday: Prime Minister Kerensky ordered the arrest of General Lavr Kornilov, who was at that time moving toward Petrograd with troops, fearing he was intending to establish a military dictatorship. Workers and Bolsheviks joined in a defense of Petrograd. WORLD WAR I

September 10, Monday: Sun Yat-sen became Generalissimo of the Chinese government. WORLD WAR I

September 12, Wednesday: A majority of the Petrograd Soviet supported the Bolsheviks.

Paul Painlevé replaced Alexandre Felix Joseph Ribot as prime minister of France.

The German government established a Polish Council of Regency to rule the kingdom, in lieu of a king. WORLD WAR I

September 13, Thursday: Prime Minister Kerensky formed a new government called the Directory. WORLD WAR I

Robert Eugene Ward was born in Cleveland, last of 5 children born to Albert E. Ward, owner of a moving and storage company, and Carrie Mollenkopf.

“The Gulf Between” was released in the United States (this was the 1st feature-length film in Technicolor).

The Forgotten Rite for orchestra by John Ireland was performed for the initial time, in Queen’s Hall, London.

September 14, Friday: General Lavr Kornilov, commander of the Russian army, was arrested at Mogilëv and accused of plotting the overthrow of the provisional government. WORLD WAR I

Incidental music to Móricz’s play Lark Song by Zoltán Kodály was performed for the initial time, in Budapest.

Paul Painleve succeeded Ribot as the French premier. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE September 15, Saturday: Alyeksandr Kerensky proclaimed the Russian Republic. WORLD WAR I

The US government seized control of the nation’s sugar industry.

September 16, Sunday: Kerensky proclaimed Russia to be a republic. WORLD WAR I

September 17, Monday: Isang Yun was born in Duk San, San Chun Gun, Tongyong (Chung Mu), Korea, son of Yun Ki Hyon, a poet.

Arnold Schoenberg was inducted into the Austro-Hungarian army for a 2d time, forcing him to suspend work on Der Jakobsleiter. WORLD WAR I

September 18, Tuesday: The Moscow Soviet came under the control of the Bolsheviks. WORLD WAR I

In Yalta, Sergei Rakhmaninov made his final appearance in Russia, performing Liszt’s E flat Piano Concerto.

The United States Patent Office granted a patent to the Honolulu Ad Club for a musical instrument termed “ukulele.”

September 19, Wednesday: Argentina broke diplomatic relations with Germany. WORLD WAR I

September 20, Thursday: After more torrential rains, British forces resumed their attack at Ypres. British and Australian troops advanced southeast of the city. They made modest gains. In response the Germans for the 1st time used mustard gas in warfare.

Costa Rica broke with Germany. WORLD WAR I

September 21, Friday: General Tasker H. Bliss was named Chief of Staff of the United States Army. WORLD WAR I

September 24, Monday: Over the next week, Gustav Holst’s classes at Morley College, London were interrupted by air raids. The basement gymnasium he uses as a rehearsal hall was also an air raid shelter. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE September 25, Tuesday: Paul Hindemith’s 1st published work was brought out by Breitkopf and Härtel, Leipzig: Three Pieces for cello and piano.

September 26, Wednesday: 3 strongpoints east of Ypres –Zonnebeke, Polygon Wood, and Tower Hamlets– were overrun by the British, who occupied all of Polygon Wood. WORLD WAR I

On the recommendation of Paul Dukas, Francis Poulenc visited Paul Vidal, conductor of the Opéra-Comique, in search of composition lessons. Poulenc showed him his Rapsodie nègre. When he saw the dedication to Satie Vidal he stood and bellowed, “Your work stinks, it was ridiculous, it was merely a load of balls.... Ah! I see you were running with Stravinsky, Satie, and company. Well then, good day!”

Vaslav Nizhinsky danced for the last time, in La Spectre de la Rose and Petrushka, with the Ballet Russe in Buenos Aires.

September 27, Thursday: At the opening of the State Theater in Petrograd, the audience required that the orchestra play the Marseillaise no less than 9 times. WORLD WAR I

Edgard Degas died in Paris at the age of 83.

September 29, Saturday: British troops routed the Turks at Ramadia (Ar Ramadi).

Ahmed Bey’s Turkish army in Mesopotamia surrendered to the British. WORLD WAR I

October 2, Tuesday: The British government ordered an embargo on trade with the neutral nations Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden, in order to prevent such goods from ending up in the hands of the Germans. WORLD WAR I

October 4, Thursday: Another British attack at Ypres gained 650 more meters of terrain. WORLD WAR I

Erik Satie wrote to his publisher, Alexandre Rouart: “I am in the most critical situation: penniless.”

The Spirit of England op.80 for solo voice, chorus and orchestra by Edward Elgar was performed completely for the 1st time, in Birmingham.

October 5, Friday: Peru broke diplomatic relations with Germany. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE October 6, Saturday: Uruguay broke diplomatic relations with Germany. WORLD WAR I

October 9, Tuesday: In a Franco/British attack, Poelcapelle and other German positions were overrun. WORLD WAR I

October 13, Saturday: The Board of Education of New York City forbade any lectures about German operas. Better be safe than sorry! WORLD WAR I

October 15, Monday: Margaretha Geetruida Zelle, also known as “H21” and as “Mata Hari” (which in Malay means “Eye of the Dawn”) was suspected of being a double agent spying both for the French and the Germans. It is fakelore that she threw open her fur coat and flashed the 12-man French firing squad at Vincennes. Her body was taken to be dissected by University of Paris medical students and her head went to the Museum of Anatomy in Paris (where in the year 2000 it would be stolen). WORLD WAR I THE MARKET FOR HUMAN BODY PARTS

October 17, Wednesday: The ends of the Trans-Australian Railway met near Ooldea in South Australia (the line joined Brisbane with Perth).

British and Nigerian troops attacked Germans and colonials at Mahiwa, German East Africa (Tanzania), up the Lukuledi River from Lindi. After a day-long battle no advantage had been gained by either side.

An American transport sailing west from France, the Antilles, was torpedoed with the loss of 67 lives.

WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

October 18, Thursday: The struggle at Mahiwa continued for a 2d day without strategic advantage.

The US Department of War began to set up at Hazelhurst Field, New York an Air Service Medical Research Laboratory within the Army Signal Corps, to begin on January 19, 1918 (this has become the Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine). John B. Watson was on its initial medical research board and Knight Dunlap headed its Psychology Department, studying personnel selection, ability requirements, and the effects of “mental state” on pilot performance.22 WORLD WAR I

October 19, Friday: Husein ibn Ali proclaimed himself King of Arabia.

Nils Edén replaced Karl Johan Gustaf Swartz as Prime Minister of Sweden.

In a night raid, October 19-20, eleven German dirigibles flew over England bombing towns from Hull and Norwich to London. WORLD WAR I

Symphony no.1 “Sermons in Stone” by John Alden Carpenter was performed publicly for the initial time, in Chicago.

October 20, Saturday: The Provisional Council of the Republic, a sort of “pre-parliament,” formed in Petrograd. During its 1st meeting, the Bolsheviks walked out.

British and colonial troops took Jabal Hamrin on the Diyala River. WORLD WAR I

October 23, Tuesday: Piano pieces by John Alden Carpenter, “Little Indian” and “Little Nigger,” were performed for the 1st time, in Aeolian Hall, New York.

French forces attacked the Germans at Malmaison northeast of Soissons. By November 2d, they would eliminate the Soissons salient and take all the heights above the Aisne. At this point the new American troops in France (American Expeditionary Force) were beginning to participate in the ongoing trench warfare. WORLD WAR I

October 24, Wednesday: Austro-Hungarian and German forces crossed the Isonzo River at Caporetto and battled Italians for the twelfth time. The German troops, led by Capt. Erwin Rommel, took Caporetto. WORLD WAR I

22. Street, W.R. A CHRONOLOGY OF NOTEWORTHY EVENTS IN AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGY. Washington DC: American Psychological Association, 1994 HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE October 25, Thursday: German and Austrian forces took Monte Stol and Italian forces evacuated the Bainsizza Plateau, retreating across the Isonzo River. WORLD WAR I

Elizabeth Hallett Prichard Hoar died in her childhood home at 140 Main Street in Concord. The life would be reported to the public in the pages of the Boston Transcript and the body would be positioned at Sleepy Hollow Cemetery. Several incidents of more than ordinary interest are identified with Mrs. Hoar’s life. As a very young child she saw General Lafayette when he visited Concord and the great Frenchman took her up and kissed her, an incident which was always clearly remembered by her, throughout her life. On the last appearance of Halley’s comet, in 1910, Mrs. Hoar looked from her window to view the unusual sight and vividly remembered how, three- quarters of a century or more before that, she had looked from the very same window to have her first sight of this comet.

October 26, Friday: At 5:30AM, in the rain, Canadian troops began an advance toward Passchendale.

Austro-Hungarian and German troops occupied the Bainsizza Plateau and Monte Maggiore.

A version of Modest Musorgsky’s Sorochintsy Fair, organized by Cesar Cui using all available music, some orchestrations by Lyadov and additional music by Cui, was performed for the initial time, at the Theater of Musical Drama, Petrograd.

Six Songs op.88 by Jean Sibelius to words of Franzen and Runeberg were performed for the 1st time, in Helsinki.

Mujeres españolas op.17 by Joquín Turina was performed for the initial time, in Madrid.

Brazil declared war upon Germany. WORLD WAR I

October 27, Saturday: Austrian and German troops took Cividale and reached the Torre Rivers. 700,000 Italians began to retreat. WORLD WAR I

October 28, Sunday: The Austro-Hungarian advance in Italy reached Udine, northeast of Venice. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE October 29, Monday: German forces breached the Italian line on the Torre River. WORLD WAR I

October 30, Tuesday: Canadians renewed their attack at Ypres, taking Bellevue Spur.

Vittorio Emmanuele Orlando replaced Paolo Boselli as prime minister of Italy.

Although the Providence Journal was trying to make trouble by insisting that to demonstrate his loyalty, German-born conductor Karl Muck must conduct “The Star-Spangled Banner” at the Boston Symphony Orchestra concert in Providence, Rhode Island on this evening, Charles Ellis, the orchestra manager, decided against adding that piece to the performance. Rumors would spread that Muck had refused to perform the patriotic piece — despite his having been completely unaware of this kerfuffle. WORLD WAR I

October 31, Wednesday: Australian forces took Beersheba (Be’er Sheva) in Palestine from the Turks, 70 kilometers southwest of Jerusalem.

As the Austro-Hungarians and Germans advanced in Italy to Tagliamento, northeast of Venice, the Italians destroyed the bridges over the Tagliamento River.

Georg Michaelis resigned as chancellor of Germany and Minister-President of Prussia. WORLD WAR I

November 1, Thursday: The Germans abandoned their position on Chemin des Dames.

British forces began an assault on Gaza.

Georg, Count Hertling replaced Georg Michaelis as chancellor of Germany and Minister-President of Prussia.

Five Poems of Ancient China and Japan op.10 for solo voice and piano by Charles T. Griffes to words of east Asian poets, were performed for the 1st time, in Aeolian Hall, New York, the composer at the piano. WORLD WAR I

November 3, Saturday: Italian forces set up a defensive line along the River Piave.

Manuel García Prieto, marqués de Alhucemas, replaced Eduardo Dato y Iradier as prime minister of Spain.

The Americans in the trenches in France suffered 20 casualties in German attacks.23 WORLD WAR I

23. That didn’t classify, in WWI-speak, as “brisk fighting.” In the news reports of the period, a reference to “brisk fighting” would indicate that more than 50% of the soldiers had been killed or wounded. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE November 6, Tuesday: Canadian forces took Passchendaele and the ridge beyond, effectively ending the 3d Battle of Ypres. During the battle of more than 3 months, Allied forces had advanced 6 kilometers at a cost of 570,000 casualties.

Armed Bolsheviks seized railway stations, bridges, the state bank, and the telephone exchange in and around Petrograd. The pro-Bolshevik crew of the battleship Aurora anchored its ship in the Neva River adjacent to the Winter Palace, seat of the provisional government. Hard at work on a revision to his Piano Concerto no.1, Sergei Rakhmaninov barely noticed this struggle.

The State of New York voted to grant its female citizens the franchise to vote.

Sonatina no.3 for piano by Ferruccio Busoni was performed for the initial time, in Zürich Tonahalle.

British Mesopotamian forces defeated the Turks at Tekrit, northwest of Bagdad. WORLD WAR I

November 7, Wednesday: 10:00AM. In Russia, the Bolshevik “Coup d’Etat.” Lenin and Trotsky led in the seizure of Potrograd, deposing Kerensky. READ THE FULL TEXT

The Bolsheviks announced the overthrow of the Provisional Government of Russia. Russian Prime Minister Kerensky escaped Petrograd in a car owned by the American Embassy. Bolshevik forces took the Winter Palace with a loss of six lives. The new government announced their intention to withdraw the country from the war. The Second Congress of Soviets convened in Petrograd. 390 of the 650 delegates were controlled by Lenin. Lev Borisovich Kamenev became president of the Russian Republic.

Austro-Hungarian and German forces reached the Piave River northeast of Venice. Here Italian troops halted their advance 110 kilometers from its start.

After eight months of struggle, British forces finally took Gaza from the Turks. WORLD WAR I

November 8, Thursday: General Diaz succeeded General Cadorna as Commander-in-Chief of Italian armies. WORLD WAR I

On the day after the Bolshevik Revolution, Anatoly Vasilyevich Lunacharsky was appointed People’s Commissar of Public Education. He would oversee Soviet music during the 1st twelve years of its existence. Other members of the cabinet of the new Russian government were announced: Chairman of the People’s Commissars: Vladimir Illyich Ulyanov (Lenin), Commissar of the Interior: Alexis Rykov, Foreign Commissar: Trotsky, plus others, including Iosef Vissarionovich Dzugashvili, known as “Stalin” (Steel). The term “minister” was dropped as too bourgeois. The Council of People’s Commissars issued a Decree of Peace, proposing a 3-month armistice and negotiations toward a general settlement. Lev Borisovich Kamenev was named Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (head of state). HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE November 10, Saturday: Vladimir Illyich Ulyanov (Lenin) became Premier of Russia, succeeding Kerensky. WORLD WAR I

Kerensky reached Pskov, where hundreds of Cossacks began a march on Petrograd.

Violin Sonata no.2 op.108 by Gabriel Fauré was performed for the initial time, by the Société National de Musique, Paris.

Elégie for orchestra by Heitor Villa-Lobos was performed for the initial time, in the Teatro Municipal, Rio de Janeiro.

November 11, Sunday: Otto Ritter von Dandl replaced Georg, Prince von Hertling as President of the Council of Ministers of Bavaria.

Piano Concerto no.2 by Alyeksandr Glazunov was performed for the initial time, at Petrograd Conservatory, the composer conducting.

November 12, Monday: Cossack troops attempting to enter Petrograd were defeated by sailors, workers, and Red Guards. WORLD WAR I

November 13, Tuesday: British troops broke the Turkish defense at Junction Station, west of Jerusalem. WORLD WAR I

November 14, Wednesday: Bolsheviks and Social Revolutionaries gained control in Tashkent. WORLD WAR I

Leos Janacek’s orchestral work The Fiddler’s Child was performed for the initial time, in Prague.

November 16, Friday: Bolsheviks took power in Moscow after several days of fighting.

Germans and Austrians attacked along the Piave River but made little progress.

Anzac troops took Jaffa while British units seized Ramallah. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE November 17, Saturday: Georges Clemenceau replaced Paul Painlevé as prime minister of France.

Auguste Rodin died in Meudon at the age of 77.

Rhapsodie for two flutes, clarinet and piano by Arthur Honegger was performed for the initial time, in the Parthénon, Paris. It was very well received.

Several new works by Heitor Villa-Lobos were performed for the 1st time, in the Salão Nobre, Rio de Janeiro, including the piano pieces Movimento de Tarantella (2 pianos), Kankikis and Suite Floral Idîlio na Rêde, Improviso no.7 and Martíro dos insetos, both for violin and piano, and Cromo no.2 for solo voice and piano.

November 19, Monday: The Ukranian Rada declared Ukraine an independent, non-Bolshevik, People’s Republic. WORLD WAR I

November 20, Tuesday: British forces used massed tanks for the 1st time, in their attack against Germans along a 10- kilometers front south of Cambrai. They advanced 8 kilometers in 10 hours taking Gramcourt, Marcoing, Havrincourt, and Ribecourt.

Jan Kucharzewski became the 1st prime minister of Poland. WORLD WAR I

November 21, Wednesday: Ribecourt, Flesquieres, Havrincourt, Marcoing and other German positions were captured by the British. WORLD WAR I

A Bolshevik government for the Province of Livonia took control in Valka.

Yakov Mikhailovich Sverdlov replaced Lev Borisovich Kamenev as Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (head of state).

November 22, Thursday: People’s Commissar for Foreign Affairs Lev Trotsky begins publishing secret agreements made by the Allies revealing goals of territorial aggrandizement.

Austrian and German forces take Monte Tomba but the Italian line generally holds.

A German counterattack at Cambrai takes Fontaine. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE November 23, Friday: The 2d All-Russian Congress of Peasant Deputies met in Petrograd. Many Social Revolutionaries left the city.

A British attempt to take Bourlon Ridge at Cambrai failed.

Italians repulsed Germans along the whole front from the Asiago Plateau to the Brenta River. WORLD WAR I

November 24, Saturday: Cambrai menaced by British, who approach within three miles, capturing Bourlon Wood. WORLD WAR I

November 25, Sunday: German and colonial troops cross the Rovuma River into Portuguese East Africa (Mozambique) at Ngomano, beating off Portuguese troops who try to stop them. WORLD WAR I

November 26, Monday: The Bolshevik government offered an armistice to the Central Powers.

A Tatar constituent assembly assumed power in the Crimea, led by Kadets and the Tatar National Party.

Siegfried Sassoon was recertified fit for duty. WORLD WAR I

The National Hockey League was founded by 6 Canadian teams in Montréal.

Trois poèmes op.18 for voice(s) and piano or orchestra by Charles Koechlin to words of Kipling (translated by Fabulet and d’Humières) was performed completely for the 1st time, in Théâtre du Vieux-Colombier, Paris, the composer conducting on the eve of his 50th birthday. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE November 27, Tuesday: Erik Satie appealed the judgement of July 12th, 1917. Eventually the sentence would be suspended and the Princesse de Polignac would help him pay the damages and fine.

The joint Austrian-German offensive in Italy ended. The front stabilized.

British commanders suspended their offensive near Cambrai. WORLD WAR I

President Woodrow Wilson urged former ambassador Henry Morgenthau to write a book based on his experiences in the ethnic cleansing of Turkey.

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE

End of November: Toward the end of this month, with World War I virtually over, Richard Geoffrey Gordon Byron, lineal descendant of George Gordon, Lord Byron, was commissioned in the Army and joined the Fourth Royal Irish Dragoon Guards (he would serve as part of the Army of occupation in Cologne).

November 30, Friday: German forces counterattacked against British at Cambrai. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE December 1, Saturday: German troops took Masnieres and Les Rue Vertes near Cambrai.

The last resistance in German East Africa ended.

The Supreme War Council of the Allied Powers, representing the United States of America, France, Great Britain, and Italy, held its first meeting at Versailles. WORLD WAR I

American secretary of war makes a speech

December 2, Sunday: Hostilities between Russia and the Central Powers ceased. WORLD WAR I

The Democratic Moldavian Republic was proclaimed at Kishinev.

Georg Friederich Count von Hertling replaced Georg Michaelis as Prime Minister of Prussia.

December 3, Monday: The Russian Bolsheviki arranged an armistice with the Germans. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE December 5, Wednesday: The All-Turkestan Muslim Congress declared autonomy for South Central Asia at Kokand.

German forces took La Vacquerie on the Cambrai front. The British retired from Bourlon Wood, Graincourt, and other positions west of Cambrai.

WORLD WAR I

December 6, Thursday: The Finnish Parliament declared independence from Russia. The acting Head of State was Pehr Evind Svinhufvud.

A German counterattack south of Cambrai ended after winning back most of the British gains in November.

1,900 people lost their lives as the Mont Blanc, a French munitions carrier, collided with a Belgian merchant steamer, the Imo, at the narrow entrance to Halifax Harbor, Nova Scotia, Canada. The collision caused a fire aboard the Mont Blanc and the crew abandoned ship allowing it to drift toward the city where firemen, unaware of its cargo, began to fight the fire. At 9:05AM the 3,000-ton vessel, carrying 2,300 tons of wet and dry picric acid, 200 tons of TNT, ten tons of gun cotton, 35 tons of benzol, and 300 live artillery shells, exploded. 9,000 were seriously injured. Many of those injured would die promptly, as hospitals were stretched to four or five times their capacity. One gun from the ship landed almost six kilometers away. Part of the anchor, weighing over 500 kilograms, landed five kilometers away. The shock was felt in Sydney, over 430 kilometers away. Windows were broken for a distance of 80 kilometers. Fires began throughout the city from overturned stoves. 1,630 buildings were destroyed and many more damaged — more than 300 acres of city buildings adjoining the harbor were demolished. LOST AT SEA WORLD WAR I

(31,000 people were left homeless —this would go on record as the largest man-made explosion ever, until a nuclear weapon would come whistling down from the maw of a bomber. This explosion was so severe that, when J. Robert Oppenheimer would go about calculating the likely effect of an atomic bomb upon a human city might prove to be, he would use data from this accident. Refer to Laura M. Mac Donald’s 2005 CURSE OF THE NARROWS, NY: Walker & Company.) TIMELINE OF ACCIDENTS HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

«La guerre est une série de catastrophes qui produisent la victoire.» — Georges Clemenceau

December 7, Friday: The Russian Senate, in effect the Supreme Court, rules that the Bolshevik government was illegal. The Bolshevik government abolished the Senate.

Almost 3 months after his induction, Arnold Schoenberg was released from military service.

The United States declared war on Austria-Hungary.

From Dusk Till Dawn, a ballet by Arnold Bax to a scenario by Lowther, was performed for the initial time, in the Palace Theater, London.

Finland declared its independence. WORLD WAR I

December 8, Saturday: Jerusalem, held by the Turks for 673 years, surrendered to the British forces under General Allenby. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE December 9, Sunday: Romania signed an armistice with the Central Powers at Foçsani.

Turkish troops abandoned Jerusalem, ending 400 years of Turkish rule. WORLD WAR I

December 10, Monday: The Vatican forbade Roman Catholics to dance the tango.

An Italian submarine sank the Austrian battleship Wien off Trieste.

Panama declared war upon Austria-Hungary.

WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE December 11, Tuesday: The United States of America declared war upon Austria-Hungary. WORLD WAR I US MILITARY INTERVENTIONS

British troops entered Jerusalem. This was the 1st time that Jerusalem had fallen into Christian hands since the Crusades . Das Christ-Elflein, a spieloper by Hans Pfitzner to his own words after von Stach, was performed for the initial time, in Dresden. This was a revision of his incidental music for von Stach’s play.

Rapsodie nègre, for baritone, piano, string quartet, flute and clarinet by Francis Poulenc was performed for the initial time, at the Vieux-Colombier, Paris. This was the 1st work of Poulenc to be performed in public. When the singer failed to make an appearance, the composer performed the vocal part.

December 12, Wednesday: Pro-German Sidónio Bernardino Cardoso da Silva Pais replaced Afonso Augusto da Costa as prime minister of Portugal. WORLD WAR I

December 14, Friday: Russian Commissar of Public Education Anatoly Lunacharsky called on “all comrades – painters, musicians, and artists– who wished to work toward the rapprochement of the broad popular masses with art in all its aspects, as well as the comrade-members of the Union of Proletarian Artists and Writers, to report to the office of the Commissar of Public Enlightenment in the Winter Palace.” Not many would show up, but a few important ones would.

December 15, Saturday: Settings of Five Slovak Folk Songs for male chorus, by Béla Bartók, were performed for the initial time, in Vienna.

Of One That was so Fair and Bright op.34/3 for vocal soloists and chorus by Gustav Holst to anonymous words, was performed for the initial time, in Newcastle.

On the eastern front at Brest-Litovsk, an armistice was signed between Germany (the Central Powers) and Russia. WORLD WAR I

December 16, Sunday: Bolsheviks occupied Russian army headquarters at Mogilëv.

France authorized the formation of a Czecho-Slovak Legion connected to the Czechoslovak National Council and under the authority of the French High Command. WORLD WAR I

The 1st suite of Ancient Airs and Dances for orchestra by Ottorino Respighi was performed for the initial time, in Teatro Augusteo, Rome. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE December 17, Monday: In Canada, a coalition government of Sir Robert Borden was returned, and considered confirmed. WORLD WAR I

December 18, Tuesday: Improvisation on “Wie wohl ist mir, o Freund der Seele” for 2 pianos by Ferruccio Busoni was performed for the initial time, in the Zürich Tonhalle.

December 19, Wednesday: General Kornilov and other members of the Russian general staff escaped detention in Bykhov. All of them would eventually reach the volunteer army on the Don River. WORLD WAR I

Quintet in g minor for piano and strings by Arnold Bax was performed for the initial time, privately, in the Savoy Hotel, London.

December 20, Thursday: The Cheka (secret police) was established in Russia by the Council of People’s Commissars.

December 22, Saturday: Heinrich, Baron Bodman replaced Alexander, Baron Dusch as prime minister of Baden.

Two new carols by Hubert Parry were performed for the 1st time, in London: I sang the birth, and Welcome Yule.

December 23, Sunday: The Democratic Moldavian Republic declared independence and petitioned Romania for help against the Bolsheviks.

December 26, Wednesday: President Woodrow Wilson declared all rail and water systems in the nation to be under federal control.

December 27, Thursday: All Russian banks were nationalized.

December 28, Friday: Bessarabia proclaimed its independence as the “Moldavian Republic.”

A Moscow newspaper announced that Sergei Rakhmaninov was leaving the city for a concert tour of Scandinavia “lasting more than two months.”

The 1st round of negotiations at Brest-Litovsk ended with an invitation to the Allies to participate.

Padua was bombed, killing 13 and injuring 60. WORLD WAR I

On a slow news day, H.L. Mencken’s great bathtub hoax. He wrote in the New York Evening Mail that on this day 75 years earlier (December 20, 1842), an adventurous cotton broker in Cincinnati, Ohio, one Adam HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE Thompson by name, had lowered himself naked into America’s 1st bathtub, an apparatus constructed of mahogany and lined with lead. This had, the reporter averred, precipitated a storm of protest. Of course such bathing was to be universally condemned as an affectation, and as a menace to health and morals. Medical societies had, he averred, expressed their disapprobation, state legislatures had imposed prohibitive taxes to prevent the custom from spreading, and the city of Boston –then as now zealous to protect its citizens from harmful contacts– passed a special ordinance forbidding such appliances and behavior. There had been, he averred strong public resentment when President Millard Fillmore had a tub installed in the White House in Washington DC — but ultimately his Presidential example had carried the day and bathing had thus come to be tolerated if not practiced by our grandfathers. FAKELORE

This would be a story with legs. The humorist Mencken would disavow it in 1926, and again, and again and again, to no effect. Something in this story was repeatedly seizing the public mind. A certain sort of American mentality persisted in hearing the story and grabbing onto it and crediting it. In 1949 Mencken would write: The success of this idle hoax, done in time of war, when more serious writing was impossible, vastly astonished me. It was taken gravely by a great many other newspapers, and presently made its way into medical literature and into standard reference books. It had, of course, no truth in it whatsoever, and I more than once confessed publicly that it was only a jocosity.... Scarcely a month goes by that I do not find the substance of it reprinted, not as foolishness but as fact, and not only in newspapers but in official documents and other works of the highest pretensions.

December 29, Saturday: An autonomous government for Latvia was declared within the Soviet Republic.

Frederick Delius wrote that he and his wife had decided to return to England from their home in France — because it was a particularly brutal winter and coal was no longer available.

December 31, Monday: The Volunteer Army on the Don River agreed to be commanded by General Kornilov. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

1918

Toward the end of the 1st First World War, Sinn Féin achieved political victory in Ireland. WORLD WAR I

The minister (!) at the Moses Brown School in Providence, Rhode Island resigned from his post at this Quaker- funded school in order to enlist in the US military (!) and take part in World War I. (Meine Gott, whatever happened to the Quaker Peace Testimony? –Nowadays there happens to be a plaque at the school to honor its students who got killed while attempting to kill the enemy, but happens not to be any plaque to honor any student who had sought to honor our Peace Testimony.)

A “free public campground” was opened at Longmire on the slopes of Mount Rainier with seasonal entry permits at $2.50 per auto — and immediately the grounds were overrun by visitors.

Friend Floyd Schmoe, a Conscientious Objector, agreed to join a Red Cross ambulance unit serving at the front in France but never to touch a weapon of any kind. After the armistice but while German armies still occupied Eastern Europe, the Hoover Commission sent him to assist in delivering a trainload of food and clothing to refugees inside Poland. Upon his return to Kansas he would get married with his high school sweetheart, Friend Ruth Pickering, a pianist.

No Nobel Peace Prize was awarded in this year — there wasn’t anyone to hand it to (the Red Cross having already been the recipient, in the previous year). THE QUAKER PEACE TESTIMONY HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE Football was reinstated at Trinity College following a 23-year ban.

By this point, all known modern human flu variants had arisen. The worst pandemic in history would be caused over the following two years by influenza variants H1N1 and H5N1. Since not fewer than 20,000,000 people would die, historians consider this outbreak comparable to the bubonic plague. During this year and the next, an epidemic of Spanish flu would be causing 40 million deaths in Europe and America. This epidemic killed many people in Duluth. Since so many of the American dead would be returning soldiers trapped without medical services aboard troopships, men who at this point had no place either in a war economy or a peace economy, in essence this abrupt spike in our mortality statistics would be ignored as meaningless. Meanwhile, in THE EDUCATION OF HENRY ADAMS, a prominent Washington DC historian of impeccable credentials was confessing that chaos being the law of nature and order being but a dream dreamt by human beings, history was bunk, was in essence incoherent and immoral. History had either to be taught as such, he offered — or falsified.

“Chaos was the law of nature; Order was the dream of man.” — Henry Adams, THE EDUCATION OF HENRY ADAMS

(One trusts that in this historical database, the course of our history is adequately presented as in essence immoral, and utterly, utterly incoherent.)

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“History is the how of now.”

— Austin Meredith

Dr. William Simpson had explained this phenomenon succinctly in 1882. He had explained why it is that we react in such a relaxed manner in regard to deadly killers: It comes out, as a peculiar fact, that the most dreaded diseases are the least fatal, and the least dreaded diseases are the most fatal ... the disease that comes unexpectedly, and passes over quickly is looked upon with greater feelings of terror than the disease which may be more fatal, but more common. (When victims can be cleanly dead and gone — they no longer count for that much. We bury and forget.) It is possible to go to almost any cemetery in the world and find a similar cluster of graves from the fall of 1918. Between September and November of that year, as the First World War came to an end, an extraordinarily lethal strain of influenza swept the globe, killing between twenty million and forty million people. More Americans died of the flu over the next few months than were killed during the First World War, the Second World War, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War combined. The Spanish flu, as it came to be known, reached every continent and virtually every country on the map, going wherever ships sailed or cars or trucks or trains traveled, killing so many so quickly that some cities were forced to convert streetcars into hearses, and others buried their dead in mass graves, because they ran out of coffins. — Malcolm Gladwell, “The Dead Zone,” in The New Yorker for September 29, 1997

Welch’s developed its first jam product, called “Grapelade.” The initial quantity of this curious substance was purchased in its entirety by the US Army. The doughboys who, surviving the war and the Spanish influenza epidemic, were able to return to civilian life, would create a demand for it.

Here is how the epidemic was experienced in the household of Friends Elbert Russell and Lieuetta Cox Russell in Pennsylvania, at the Woolman School near Swarthmore College: In place of the usual classes at Woolman School I arranged a number of lecture courses in various Friends centers for the winter. The beginning of these programs was delayed until November by the great epidemic of influenza which swept over the country and was particularly virulent in eastern Pennsylvania and in the congested shipbuilding and industrial area along the Delaware river, where it seemed almost as serious as the great HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE yellow fever plagues of the 1790s. It broke out about the beginning of October. Schools were closed and public meetings abandoned. Marcia telephoned us from Westtown saying that the authorities were sending all pupils home whose temperature was normal, and who lived within twenty-five miles of Westtown. She said there were four girls from Ohio and Indiana who had no place to go and asked if they could come with her and Helen. We told her to bring them. Within thirty-six hours five of the girls had the flu. I had a light attack, and later our cook and butler came down with it. Lieuetta escaped, although she nursed ten cases altogether. We were fortunate in getting a trained nurse, and under Dr. Starbuck’s care we came through with no serious results. It was the first week in November before all the girls returned to school and my courses of lecture began.

In a Europe just chock-full of corpses, Gavrilo Princip –who had been too young to be executed for his assassination of the Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife Sophia in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914– died of tuberculosis.

WORLD WAR I

Katherine Mansfield described the experience of being a tuberculosis patient: “The man in the room next to mine has the same complaint as I. When I wake in the night I hear him turning. And then he coughs. And I cough. And after a silence I cough. And he coughs again. This goes on for a long time. Until I feel we are like two roosters calling to each other at false dawn. From far-away hidden farms.”

Newell Convers Wyeth illustrated an edition of Jules Verne’s THE MYSTERIOUS ISLAND.

During this year of World War I the illustrator was offered an assignment by the American Red Cross, to go to France. He stayed on top of Sugar Loaf, a local elevation, wrapped in a blanket, alone, all night, and then walked back to his homestead in the early hours of the dawn, having decided to turn down this opportunity: “I’m totally satisfied that this is the little corner of the world where I shall work out my destiny.”

Edward Dahlberg enlisted in the US Army during the last few weeks of World War I. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE Charles Ephraim Burchfield was during this late period of World War I inducted into the United States Army, which in accordance with its peculiar sense of humor of course would consign him to its Camouflage Section. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE President Woodrow Wilson had declared that through America’s participation in World War I we would “show the world a new and heretofore unheard of motive in warfare,” to wit, righteousness. Yes, the righteous might of our arms had made the world safe for democracy.

(deathmask of a self-privileger) Fort Bragg was established in North Carolina. Our War Department had organized “moral zones” around military camps such as this to protect our boys from liquor and loose women (one in eight of these Johnnies was currently getting it in his gun, contracting syphilis). We would continue the great crusade against the Demon Rum back home – Prohibition. AMERICAN EXCEPTIONALISM

“Killing to end war, that’s like fucking to restore virginity.” — Vietnam-era protest poster

Woodrow Wilson’s ethos was found to be an unattractive one, by Dr. Sigmund Freud, who considered it as merely a projected mask for self-privileging: When a pretension to free the world from evil ends only in a new HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE proof of the danger of a fanatic to the commonweal, then it is not to be marveled at that a distrust is aroused in the observer which makes sympathy impossible.24

24. Freud spent his final years, while dying of cancer in England, in the writing of a Presidential biography. Freud assures us that Wilson, the highbrow president-elect, had asserted, before witnesses, that “God ordained that I should be the next president of the United States,” and that “Neither you nor any other mortal or mortals could have prevented it,” and commented in regard to these sound bites that “I do not know how to avoid the conclusion that a man who is capable of taking the illusions of religion so literally and is so sure of a special personal intimacy with the Almighty is unfitted for relations with ordinary children of men. As everyone knows, the hostile camp during the war also sheltered a chosen darling of Providence: the German kaiser. It was most regrettable that later on the other side a second appeared. No one gained thereby: respect for God was not increased.” Freud’s observations may now be generalized from President Wilson into remarks about a lowbrow President not yet born, George W. Bush, who, we know, has made similar self-privileging assertions. “There is only one way to accept America and that is in hate; one must be close to one’s land, passionately close in some way or other, and the only way to be close to America is to hate it; it is the only way to love America.” — Lionel Trilling HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE Conscientious objectors in World War I numbered more than 4,000. CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE

The US law of conscription was encapsulated during 1918 in Selective Draft Law Cases, 245 US 366. There was less tolerance of conscientious objection than even during the US Civil War. At Alcatraz, 17 of these draft resisters would die of maltreatment. MILITARY CONSCRIPTION

OHNE MICH!

This is not a photograph of Alcatraz while it was being used to house the American COs who died of maltreatment, but of a British prison in use for the same purpose of the isolation and neutralization of attitudes HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE of conscientious objection, in this same period (I do not know of any Brits who died of maltreatment):

“In the course of one year of conscription, 64,693 made application to be excused from combatant status, and of this number, 3,989 desired exemption also from non-combatant duty. Of this number, 99 consented to be sent to France and to engage in reconstruction activities, 1,200 worked on farms, and in other ways their number was reduced to 503, who were given prison sentences.”

“A total of 1,461 [were found to be sincere]. Those found to be insincere numbered 103. The remaining cases HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE were disposed of by various means.” Here is a group of WWI conscientious objectors, photographed in prison:

WORLD WAR I

In Illinois during this year, German-born American Robert Prager failed to stand during our national anthem. Stripped of most of his clothes, he was forced to kiss the American flag. He was bound with strips of cloth torn from an American flag and lynched before a cheering crowd of some 500 or more people. When those responsible were brought to trial, their defense was the “unwritten law” and the jury acquitted in less than an hour, characterizing what had happened as “patriotic murder.” COLDBLOODED MURDER

FIGURING OUT WHAT AMOUNTS TO A “HISTORICAL CONTEXT” IS WHAT THE CRAFT OF HISTORICIZING AMOUNTS TO, AND THIS NECESSITATES DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN THE SET OF EVENTS THAT MUST HAVE TAKEN PLACE BEFORE EVENT E COULD BECOME POSSIBLE, AND MOST CAREFULLY DISTINGUISHING THEM FROM ANOTHER SET OF EVENTS THAT COULD NOT POSSIBLY OCCUR UNTIL SUBSEQUENT TO EVENT E.

The War to End War “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

When the War to End All War ended, Germany was broken by the Treaty of Versailles. The Weimar Republic was founded. Austria overthrew its emperor and became a republic. However, the important lesson that people were to take away from all this was the overriding vision, that Germans are evil.

Never under any circumstance should you ever trust any German. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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President Woodrow Wilson created his “Fourteen Points.” READ THE FULL TEXT

Great Britain created its client state of Iraq.

Righteousness simply abounded.

Adolf Hitler would later describe his experience during this year, with British chemical warfare: The British used the yellow gas whose effect was unknown to us, at least from personal experience. I was destined to experience it that very night. Towards morning I also began to feel pain. It increased with every quarter of an hour; and about seven o’clock my eyes were scorching as I staggered back and delivered the last dispatch I was destined to carry in this war. A few hours later my eyes were like glowing coals and all was darkness around me. During the last few days I had begun to feel somewhat better. The burning pain in the eye-sockets had become less severe. Gradually I was able to distinguish the general outlines of my immediate surroundings. And it was permissible to hope that at least I would recover my sight sufficiently to be able to take up some profession later on. That I would ever be able to draw or design once again was naturally out of the question. And, finally, almost in the last few days of that titanic struggle, when the waves of poison gas enveloped me and began to penetrate my eyes, the thought of becoming permanently blind unnerved me; but the voice of conscience cried out immediately: Poor miserable fellow, will you start howling when there are thousands of others whose lot is a hundred times worse than yours? And so I accepted my misfortune in silence, realizing that this was the only thing to be done and that personal suffering was nothing when compared with the misfortune of one’s country. WORLD WAR I The fact that he had himself been poison-gassed may have had something to do with his willingness to poison- gas the Jews, for in MEIN KAMPF (MY STRUGGLE) he would comment indignantly that: If twelve or fifteen thousand of these Jews who were corrupting the nation had been forced to submit to poison-gas, just as hundreds of thousands of our best German workers from every social stratum and from every trade and calling had to face it in the field, then the millions of sacrifices made at the front would not have been in vain. ANTISEMITISM

IT IS NO COINCIDENCE THAT IT IS MORTALS WHO CONSUME OUR HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE HISTORICAL ACCOUNTS, FOR WHAT WE ARE ATTEMPTING TO DO IS EVADE THE RESTRICTIONS OF THE HUMAN LIFESPAN. (IMMORTALS, WITH NOTHING TO LIVE FOR, TAKE NO HEED OF OUR STORIES.)

The War to End War “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

JANUARY 1918

January 4, Friday: Delegations from Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire met at Brest-Litovsk to discuss the end of the war in the east.

The Bolshevik government recognizes the independence of Finland, as does Sweden and France.

Former French Prime Minister Joseph Caillaux was arrested, on orders of Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau, for fomenting a coup and seeking peace with Germany. WORLD WAR I

January 5, Saturday: Sergei Rakhmaninov and his wife left Petrograd and Russia, never to return.

Robinson Jeffers still was waffling in his attitudes toward the war and toward the military, and at this point received his requested deferred-parent classification, IV, from the local Selective Service board:

FROM THE AVIATION EXAMINATION BOARD: DISCONTINUANCE OF APPLICATIONS FOR BALLOON DIVISION, IN THE SIGNAL OFFICERS’ RESERVE CORPS. SUGGEST AMENDING APPLICATION TO READ “PILOT.” WORLD WAR I

January 6, Sunday: Czech deputies in the Austrian parliament, Czech members of provincial assemblies, leading Czech intellectuals and businessmen join in the Epiphany Declaration, demanding independence for Czechs and Slovaks.

Germany recognizes the independence of Finland.

Sergei Rakhmaninov and his wife arrive in Stockholm from Petrograd. He has been requested to appear in Stockholm by a Swedish concert manager. This turns out to be a perfect pretext for fleeing the Bolshevik Revolution. WORLD WAR I

January 8, Tuesday: The French ambassador in Washington DC requested US cooperation for an invasion of Siberia.

Speaking to a joint session of Congress, President Woodrow Wilson announced his “Fourteen Points” for the aftermath of World War I.

Q.) “Let’s try to pretend all this killing and bang-bang accomplished something, OK?”

A.) “OK, we’ll all try.” WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE January 17, Thursday: Francis Poulenc entered the French military.

Robinson Jeffers received a request for clarification from the Aviation Examining Board:

APPLICATION FOR C OMMISSION INDICATES SOME QUESTION IN J EFFERS’ MIND AS TO HIS “UNDERSTANDING OF THE TERM ‘PILOT.’” Soon this board would be informing the poet that he was simply too old to become a pilot:

IT IS TO BE REGRETTED THAT THE FACT THAT YOU HAVE REACHED YOUR THIRTY-FIRST YEAR EXCLUDES A CHANGE OF YOUR APPLICATION AT THE PRESENT TIME TO THAT OF “PILOT.” The 31-year-old poet would apply again, as an aerial observer, and would again be turned away:

FROM THE AVIATION EXAMINATION BOARD: APPLICATION FOR ADMISSION. BOARD IS NOT AUTHORIZED TO EXAMINE AT PRESENT ANY APPLICANTS FOR SERVICE AS AERIAL OBSERVERS. WORLD WAR I So, what was it that was going on in Jeffers’s mind? He tells us, to the best of his understanding, in these notes: It seemed to him that war was unavoidable as the world was (and is) arranged. He thought in 1916 that our entrance into the war on one side or the other was unavoidable. (Is not so sure of that now.) Disliked the cant of our neutrality, followed by the cant of “our war for democracy” “war to end war,” our belligerancy [sic]. Did not enlist in the ranks because we were very poor, seemed to have no financial future, and had two babies. Suffered considerable disturbance of mind on the subject. Made various unsuccessful applications for training for commission — examined for aviation, rejected on account of high blood pressure. Disturbance of mind and Conflict of motives on the subject of going to war or not was probably one of several factors that about this time made the world and his own mind much more real and intense to him. A kind of awakening So that he felt at the age of thirty-one a kind of awakening, such as adolescents and religious converts are said to experience. Later on, when preparing his THE DOUBLE AXE AND OTHER POEMS for publication in the World War II timeframe, Jeffers would inform his editors Bennett Cerf and Saxe Commins at Random House that his sour attitude toward human superfluous activities “devoted to self-interference, self-frustration, self-incitement and self-worship” were attitudes that had come to him “at the end of the war of 1914.” It is based on the recognition of the astonishing beauty of things and on a rational acceptance of the fact that mankind is neither central nor important in the universe.

January 21, Monday: The Philharmonic Society of New York banned works by living German composers. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE January 22, Tuesday: Mrs. William Jay wrote to the Boston Symphony Orchestra demanding that they discharge their conductor, Karl Muck, who was a living German. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

FEBRUARY 1918

February 9, Saturday: Germany and Austria-Hungary concluded peace with the Ukranian Rada. Both recognized the independence of Ukraine. Germany granted the Polish province of Chelm to Ukraine. The government of the Kingdom of Poland resigned in protest.

Alexandru Averescu replaced Ion I.Constantin Bratianu as prime minister of Romania. Bratianu refused to negotiate with the Germans and resigned.

Two collections for piano four hands by Igor Stravinsky were performed for the 1st time, in Paris: Three Easy Pieces and Five Easy Pieces. WORLD WAR I

February 10, Sunday: The Bolsheviks walked out of peace negotiations, refusing both the enemy’s terms and the resumption of war. WORLD WAR I

February 11, Monday: During the Finnish Civil War, Red troops searched the house of Jean Sibelius in Järvenpää, while the composer played the piano to calm his children. WORLD WAR I

Fearing the loss of Rostov to the Bolsheviks, Cossack leader Alexei Kaledin, commander of an independent anti-Bolshevik army, resigned and then shot himself.

Romanian Folk Dances for orchestra by Béla Bartók were performed for the 1st time, in Budapest.

Pan and Syrinx, a symphonic poem by Carl Nielsen, was performed for the initial time, in Copenhagen.

February 12, Tuesday: All Broadway Theaters were closed in an attempt to save coal. WORLD WAR I

February 21, Thursday: Australian forces captured Jericho from the Turks.

German troops entered Minsk. WORLD WAR I

Easter Hymn for voice and piano by Frank Bridge to words of Wagemann, was performed for the initial time, at the Royal College of Music, London. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE February 24, Sunday: The Estonian Liberation Committee, created five days ago, declared the independence of Estonia from Russia. Konstantin Päts was named leader of the provisional government.

The Bolshevik Central Committee accepted the German peace offer.

Lev Trotsky was appointed Commissar of Foreign Affairs. WORLD WAR I

February 25, Monday: The main body of the German Jäger Battalion arrives in Finland, providing an anti-Bolshevik army. Germans occupy Estonia.

This was Alien Registration Day in Duluth, Minnesota. The local Commission on Public Safety required all non-citizens to register and declare the names of their relatives participating on either side of the world war, with their draft status, their citizenship status, the value and location of their real property, and the value and location of their personal property including the contents of any bank safety deposit boxes.

WORLD WAR I

February 27, Wednesday: Anton Ponikowski replaced Jan Kucharzewski as prime minister of Poland.

Realizing that the values of Duluth, Minnesota (above) were of great importance, with malice aforethought the Interior Ministry of Turkey requested that he be provided without delay with a complete list of any Armenians being employed by the Turkish railways. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

MARCH 1918

March: Ben Kahn, an immigrant from Poland who was traveling as a liquor salesman, was waiting for his breakfast in a hotel in Montana when he incautiously presumed that in America there was still such a thing as freedom of speech, or perhaps still such a thing as a sense of humor. He referred to the wartime food regulations as a “big joke.” Less than a month later he would find himself enjoying the free food and lodgings at the Deer Lodge prison, under sentence for sedition. He was sentenced to 7½ to 20 years and, although the World War I armistice was signed later this year, would remain in this Montana prison for almost three more years.

His sentence for sedition would be reversed, with an apology — but not until 2006, long after his death. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE March 1, Friday: The Bolshevik government recognized the revolutionary government in Helsinki and turned over Petsamo to it.

Ralph Vaughan Williams embarked for France a 2d time, from Southampton. This time he was assigned to the artillery.

The 1st company of psychologist officers in the US Army, commissioned as psychological examiners in the Sanitary Corps at Camp Greenleaf, Georgia, included Calvin P. Stone, Walter S. Hunter, Albert T. Poffenberger, Edgar A. Doll, Donald G. Paterson, Karl M. Dallenbach, Edwin G. Boring, Horace B. English, John W. Bare, and John E. Anderson.25 WORLD WAR I

“We’re too valuable to let ourselves get shot at.”

March 3, Sunday: The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk between Russia and the Central Powers was signed by Russia, Turkey, and Germany. The hostilities with Russia were officially ended. Mehmet Talât Paşa declared that he would grant amnesty to the Armenians (meaning, any we missed, any that might still happen at this point to be alive). READ THE FULL TEXT Russia recognized the independence of Ukraine, Georgia, and Finland while handing over Poland and the Baltic States to Germany and Austria-Hungary. Kars, Ardahan, and Batum were given to the Ottoman Empire. The Armenians still alive in these districts were placed back under Turkish rule.

Communal riots began in Baku between Azeris and Armenians. They would continue through March.

German troops took Kiev. WORLD WAR I

The Second String Quartet of Béla Bartók was performed for the initial time, in Budapest.

Sonata in b minor for violin and piano by Ottorino Respighi was performed for the initial time, in Bologna, with the composer at the keyboard.

The Volunteers, a march by John Philip Sousa, was performed for the initial time, at the New York Hippodrome.

March 4, Monday: The 1st case of the Spanish flu that would initiate a pandemic. WORLD WAR I

25. Street, W.R. A CHRONOLOGY OF NOTEWORTHY EVENTS IN AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGY. Washington DC: American Psychological Association, 1994 HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE March 5, Tuesday: German and Romanian representatives signed a preliminary peace agreement at Buftea. Romania gave up Dobrudja and territories along the Hungarian border. WORLD WAR I

March 6, Wednesday: A detachment of Royal Marines landed in Murmansk. WORLD WAR I

Piano Quintet in e minor op.7 by Paul Hindemith was performed for the initial time, in Frankfurt-am-Main.

March 7, Thursday: In München, Anton Drexler organized a branch of German Workers’ Peace. PROTO-NAZISM

March 9, Saturday: Byelorussia declared its independence.

By a directive of Commissar of Public Education Anatoly Lunacharsky, Alyeksandr Glazunov was saved from having his apartment confiscated by the government.

Romania agreed to withdraw its troops from Moldavia. WORLD WAR I

British troops occupied Hit on the Euphrates, without opposition.

March 11, Monday: German planes bombed Paris killing 106 people and injuring 79. Many buildings were destroyed. WORLD WAR I

Hundreds of soldiers at Fort Riley, Kansas began showing symptoms of influenza.

Incidental music to Barber’s play The Cortege by Granville Bantock entitled Music for a Harlequinade was performed for the initial time, in London.

At Fort Riley, Kansas, an Army private reported to the base hospital before breakfast, complaining of fever, sore throat, and headache. Soon another soldier showed up, with similar complaints. By noon there were more than a hundred soldiers on sick call. By the end of the week there would be 500. INFLUENZA

March 13, Wednesday: German troops entered Odessa.

Erik Satie was almost killed in a German air raid in the Place de la Concorde, Paris. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE March 14, Thursday: Hundreds of police were stationed in and around Carnegie Hall, New York as the Boston Symphony Orchestra gives a concert directed by Karl Muck. Dr. Muck has been criticized for refusing to conduct The Star-Spangled Banner (which was untrue) and demands have been made to prove that he was not a German citizen. Muck does conduct The Star-Spangled Banner followed by the Third Symphony of Johannes Brahms. Founder of the BSO, Henry Higginson, then appears on stage and presents the audience with proof of Muck’s Swiss citizenship. WORLD WAR I

March 15, Friday: Ernst Krenek reported for military service and was posted to the 13th Imperial-Royal Heavy Field Artillery Regiment of the Austro-Hungarian army. WORLD WAR I

Edward Elgar underwent a tonsilectomy in London. The operation was a success but recovery would be slow. While hospitalized Elgar would write down the opening theme of his Cello Concerto.

The French Minister of the Interior probationally suspended the punishment of Erik Satie, on good conduct.

After receiving the last rights of the Roman Catholic Church, Lili Boulanger died in Mézy-par-Meulan at 24 years of age.

March 16, Saturday: After 5 months at Kislovodsk in the Caucasus, Sergei Prokofiev departed for Moscow with a safe conduct pass from the local soviet. WORLD WAR I

March 19, Tuesday: Pro-German Alexandru Marghiloman replaced Alexandru Averescu as prime minister of Romania. WORLD WAR I

A funeral in memory of Lili Boulanger took place in L’Eglise de la Trinité, Paris. Following this, the remains were deposited in Montmartre.

Violin Sonata no.1 by Arthur Honegger was performed completely for the initial time, at the Théâtre du Vieux Colombier, Paris. Also on the program was the premiere of Poèmes sénégalais for voice and string quartet by Francis Poulenc.

The Standard Time Act became law in the United States. It authorized the Interstate Commerce Commission to establish standardized time zones for the country. Daylight Savings Time would begin as of March 31st.

March 20, Wednesday: Bernd Alois Zimmermann was born in Bliesheim, near Cologne, the 3d of 5 children born to Jakob Zimmermann, a farmer and Katharina Broichheuser, daughter of farmers. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE March 21, Thursday: Ludendorff launches his series of major offensives, known as the “Kaiserschlacht” in an effort to gain a decisive victory before the effect of the America entering into the War can be fully realized. Major successes were reported.

«La guerre est une série de catastrophes qui produisent la victoire.» — Georges Clemenceau

4:40 A.M. A massive German offensive (Second Battle of the Somme) began along a 100-kilometer front from Arras to the Oise at La Fère with 7,000 artillery pieces firing more than a million shells, a quarter of them filled with poison gas.

9:30 A.M. The German infantry began to advance — they would make gains all along the front. Among the thousands of British casualties was the baritone Lance Corporal Charles Mott, mortally wounded (Mott had in the previous year taken part in the premiere of Elgar’s “The Fringes of the Fleet”). WORLD WAR I

March 22, Friday: British forces began stiffening in the northern sector of the Somme front, but the Germans continue to make gains through the day, capturing Vracourt, Tergnier and the Oise Canal. WORLD WAR I

Antonio Maura y Montaner replaced Manuel García Prieto, marques de Alhucemas as prime minister of Spain. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE March 23, Saturday: German forces continued to press their advantage on the Somme as the British pulled back. The German offensive redirected itself towards Amiens and Paris.

The Paris Opéra canceled its evening performance due to the bombardment of the city by Big Bertha, a gigantic long-range artillery piece used by the Germans. It was so christened by the French, who named it after the wife of the German arms manufacturer Krupp. Twenty-two shells hit the city on this day, killing 16 and injuring 29. WORLD WAR I

The ballet pantomime The Dance in Place Congo by Henry F. Gilbert was performed for the initial time, in the Metropolitan Opera House, New York.

March 24, Sunday: German forces took Peronne after advancing 23 kilometers in 4 days. The British began a full-scale retreat.

Big Bertha continued to shell Paris. WORLD WAR I

March 25, Monday: The Byelorussian Rada declared the country a national republic at Minsk.

Big Bertha resumed the shelling of Paris.

10:00PM: During the German bombardment Achille-Claude Debussy died in Paris of cancer at the age of 55.

On his return from concertizing in New York City, Boston Symphony Orchestra conductor Karl Muck was arrested as an “enemy alien” by Boston police and federal agents (he pointed out in response that his citizenship was Swiss and that these Swiss, they were concentrating merely on defending themselves amid their mountains and had not been setting out to make themselves anybody’s enemies, so, duh, like, why don’t you get the hell off my case, you idiots....). WORLD WAR I

March 26, Tuesday: The Turkish governor-general of Aleppo Province provided a list of the Armenian railway employees to the Turkish Military Commissioner for Railways.

British forces defeated Turkish forces at Khan al Baghdadi. WORLD WAR I

Tsezar Antonovich Kyui (Cui) died in Petrograd at the age of 83. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE March 28, Thursday: The German operation code-named “Mars” was repulsed by British forces at Arras.

The body of Claude Debussy was laid to rest in the cemetery of Père-Lachaise, Paris, in the presence of the Minister of Education and about 25 others (50 had begun the procession, but many had drifted off along the way). WORLD WAR I

March 29, Friday: The German gun “Big Bertha” began shelling Paris again. Only 4 rounds hit the city but one landed on the Church of Saint Gervais while a concert was in progress, killing 75 and injuring 90. WORLD WAR I

March 31, Sunday: The Austro-Hungarian Air Service began the 1st regularly scheduled air mail runs, between Vienna and Lemberg (Lvov). HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

APRIL 1918

April: At a rally in Fairmont, Minnesota a call went up for the confiscation of the property of disloyal Minnesotans. An order was issued prohibiting the employment of the disloyal, either in public or in private schools.

WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE April 1, Monday: British troops withdrew from Transcaucasia. WORLD WAR I

The Royal Flying Corps and the Royal Naval Air Service were joined together to form the Royal Air Force (this would constitute the 1st air force independent of ground armies and navies).

The Military Commissioner for Railways sent a reply to Osman Bedri, Turkish governor-general of Aleppo Province, relating to the destruction of the Armenian railway workers, and on the same day the list of these workers was delivered to the Aleppo Police Department — which was serving as the concentration and transit center for the deportations and massacres.

April 4, Thursday-5, Friday: Australian forces halted the German advance at Villers Bretonneux.

WORLD WAR I

April 4, Thursday: The German offensive slows to a halt after going 70 kilometers since March 21. They were now just 20 kilometers east of Amiens. WORLD WAR I

April 5, Friday: Japanese troops occupied Vladivostok.

American and British forces landed at Murmansk.

The German offensive in the Second Battle of the Somme petered out. WORLD WAR I

Turkish troops reoccupied Van. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE April 7, Sunday: According to a Duluth, Minnesota newspaper, at about 7:30PM on Thursday of the previous week, several hundred citizens of Proctor had gathered at the local high school, to make a bonfire of its textbooks of the German language and stand around the fire singing “Yankee Doodle.” When their bonfire had died down, the group went over to the Odd Fellows Hall and ripped pages containing German songs out of some books there. The crowd dispersed peacefully with a march while singing “'Tramp, tramp, tramp, the Boys are Marching.” The town Constable, McTaggart, did not appear on the scene until subsequent to the burning of HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE the books.

WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE April 13, Saturday: Harry S Truman arrived in Brest, France, on board the USS George Washington. WORLD WAR I

Turkish forces occupied Kars.

Lev Trotsky was appointed Commissar for War.

April 23, Tuesday-24, Wednesday: The British attempt to blockade the harbor of Ostend failed. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

MAY 1918

May: Harry S Truman was promoted to captain, although he would not receive official notification until October. WORLD WAR I

May 3, Friday: Charlie Soong died of stomach cancer.

British and colonial troops took Taza. WORLD WAR I

May 4, Saturday: British and colonial troops entered Kirkuk. WORLD WAR I

The Berkshire Colony was formally dedicated in Pittsfield, Massachusetts under the patronage of Elizabeth Sprague Coolidge.

May 11, Saturday: A North Caucasian Federal Republic was founded in Tiflis (Tbilisi). WORLD WAR I

May 14, Tuesday: Fighting between Czechs and Hungarians in Chelyabinsk caused the Czech Legion to defend itself. WORLD WAR I

Doppelfuge op.1a for piano by Ernst Krenek was performed for the initial time, in the Vienna Staatsakademie für Musik und Darstellende Kunst. This was the 1st public performance of a Krenek work. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE May 14, Tuesday/15, Wednesday: William Henry Johnson, a member of an African American labor unit who had been asked by the French to serve with their Army in the Argonne Forest because their French soldiers had been depleted in combat, was on watch when after midnight there was a raid. He engaged in hand-to-hand bayonet and knife combat, killing at least 4 German soldiers while rescuing injured 17-year-old Needham Roberts, sustaining in the process 21 wounds mostly from German bayonets and knives. The French would award him a Croix de guerre with star and bronze palm, France’s highest award for extraordinary valor. The US Army would promote him to Sergeant. The Saturday Evening Post would report the incident, commenting approvingly that in the future “n-i-g-g-e-r will merely be another way of spelling the word American.” These African American labor units would have no place in the victory parades at the end of the war and when his unit would be sent home, some of them would find themselves aboard cattle boats. There would be no recognition of his serious wounds and not a cent of disability pay, but the wounds would render him incapable of hard physical labor such as his former duties as a “Redcap” railway porter. He would die in poverty in 1929 but in 1996 the US Army, discovering that he had been interred at Arlington Military Cemetery, would award the Purple Heart, posthumous. In 2002 he would receive the Distinguish Service Cross, posthumous. In 2015 a 3d attempt to obtain for him the Medal of Honor, posthumous, would prove successful under President Barack Obama. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE May 15, Wednesday: Finnish troops completed the conquest of Karelia.

Turkish forces invaded Alexandropol to the northwest of Yerevan. Stiff Armenian resistance allowed thousands of civilians to escape. WORLD WAR I

Many of the very 1st airmail stamps were accidentally printed with the plane inverted and these faulty stamps have since become prized collector’s items. However, the pilot on the initial Washington DC/New York City flight on this day lost his way (no, he hadn’t been flying upside down), ran out of fuel, landed in Maryland — and was forced to send on his precious mail pouch by train.

In a nationwide effort, US officials rounded up 80 suspected anarchists.

May 16, Thursday: A Sedition Act passed by the United States Congress prohibited any criticism of the government, or criticism of the draft, or labor action. WORLD WAR I

The politician Eamonn De Valera and most of the leadership of Sinn Féin were arrested after leading a successful campaign against conscription in Ireland.

May 18, Saturday: According to a Duluth newspaper, on the previous Tuesday a detachment of 90 Home Guards had gone on a search for deserters and slackers. The contingent had arrived in Proctor on a special train at 6:30PM and had started back toward Duluth at 10:30PM. They had intercepted about 100 men who had been unable to promptly produce credentials, of whom some 6 were still under suspicion of being deserters from the military or slackers from the war effort. WORLD WAR I CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTION

CONTINGENCY ALTHOUGH VERY MANY OUTCOMES ARE OVERDETERMINED, WE TRUST THAT SOMETIMES WE ACTUALLY MAKE REAL CHOICES.

The War to End War “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE May 20, Monday: Hungarian soldiers in Pecs mutiny and were disarmed after heavy fighting with loyal Habsburg troops. WORLD WAR I

Exaltation op.10, a song for voice and piano by Howard Hanson was performed for the initial time.

May 22, Wednesday: Armenian forces, including many survivors of genocide, make a last stand against invading Turks at Sardarabad, Bash-Abaran and Karakilisia. They manage to stop the Turkish advance and drive them back to Hamamalu, thus saving the Armenian people from complete annihalation. WORLD WAR I

May 24, Friday: British and colonial troops abandon Kirkuk and set up bases at Tuz and Kifri.

Duke Bluebeard’s Castle op.11, an opera by Béla Bartók to words of Balázs, was performed for the initial time, at the Budapest Opera House. The press was generally favorable.

Costa Rica declares war on the Central Powers. WORLD WAR I

May 25, Saturday: Fighting breaks out all along the Trans-Siberian Railway between former allies: the Czech Corps and the Red Army. This was seen as the beginning of the civil war. WORLD WAR I

May 26, Sunday: The Transcaucasian Federal Republic disintegrates. The Georgian Democratic Republic was proclaimed under President of the National Council Noe Nikolozis dze Zhordania. WORLD WAR I

Silvestre Revueltas performs as violin soloist at a commencement ceremony at St. Edwards College, Austin, Texas.

May 27, Monday: The Germans launched their “Blucher” offensive. WORLD WAR I

May 28, Tuesday: An Armenian Republic was proclaimed in Russian Transcaucasia. WORLD WAR I

May 29, Wednesday: The German advance to the Marne was stopped by the US forces. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE May 30, Thursday: As the Transcaucasian Republic dissolved, Armenia declared its independence.

The Czech Legion captured Tomsk.

German forces reached the Marne River 60 kilometers from Paris, creating a salient 30 kilometers deep and 50 kilometers wide. WORLD WAR I

During a visit of Thomas Masaryk to the United States, Czechs in exile drew up a charter of independence in Pittsburgh. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

JUNE 1918

June 4, Tuesday: The Ottoman Empire claimed a protectorate over Armenia.

Horatio Parker’s morality play The Dream of Mary op.82 to words of Chapman was performed for the initial time, in Norfolk, Connecticut. Also premiered was Land of Our Hearts for male chorus and orchestra by George Whitefield Chadwick to words of Ware, conducted by the composer.

United States forces saw major action for the 1st time in the war, at Belleau Wood near Château-Thierry.

The Port of New York was closed because German U-boats had just sunk 9 ships off the Atlantic coast. WORLD WAR I

June 6, Thursday: The US Marine “devil-dogs” advanced into Belleau Wood against German machine gun nests. WORLD WAR I

Perhaps this was the day on which 1st Sergeant Daniel “Dan” Joseph Daly motivated a group of his fellow Marines by crying out “For Christ’s sake men — COME ON! Do you want to live forever?” Or perhaps it wasn’t.

June 7, Friday: The Czech Legion took Omsk. WORLD WAR I

The String Quartet no.1 by Arnold Bax was performed for the initial time, in Aeolian Hall, London. It was dedicated to Edward Elgar.

June 8, Saturday: The Czech Legion captured Samara. WORLD WAR I

June 9, Friday: General Paul von Hindenburg wired Ismail Enver Pasha requiring the Turkish forces to evacuate all Caucasian areas except Kars, Ardahan, and Batum. The Ottoman Empire would ignore this demand. Local massacres of Armenians were being reported throughout the occupied areas.

German forces attacked the allies in the Marne salient. They gained 10 kilometers and stalled. WORLD WAR I

Pablo Picasso finished his drawing of Manuel de Falla.

Incidental music to Bax’s play The Sneezing Charm by Gustav Holst was performed for the initial time, at the Royal Court Theater, London. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE June 11, Tuesday: French and American troops counterattacked the Marne salient. Americans took Belleau Wood while the French captured Mery, Belloy, and Fretoy. WORLD WAR I

150 US Marine arrived in Murmansk to make sure it could not be used as a German U-Boat base.

William Walton passed the 1st half of his Bachelor of Music examination at New College, Oxford. Dr. Thomas Strong, Dean of Christ Church Cathedral, wrote to Walton’s father, urging him to allow the boy to matriculate at Oxford.

June 12, Wednesday: Germans attacked in the Marne salient, driving toward Compiègne, but were pushed back by the French. WORLD WAR I

At a public rehearsal in Vienna an unknown woman approaches Arnold Schoenberg and hands him an envelope. In it were 10,000 kronen with a note “To the great artist, an admirer, a Jew.”

June 13, Thursday: Austro-Hungarian forces attacked the Italians through the Tonale Pass. The attack failed.

Germans counterattack in Belleau Wood but were driven back by Americans. WORLD WAR I

At the internment camp of Ruhleben, Germany, Ernest MacMillan received word that his Oxford examiners had accepted his oratorio England: an Ode.

June 14, Friday: Turkish troops advanced into Persia and took Tabriz. WORLD WAR I

Gustav Holst passes the minimum medical examination to become a YMCA Music Organizer. His duties might include organizing musical activities among training camps and hospitals in England, or might include internment camps in neutral and enemy countries.

Hubert Parry received a letter from Macmillan publishers rejecting his manuscript “Instinct and Character.”

June 15, Saturday: Charles Lindbergh, Jr. received his high school diploma in Little Falls, Minnesota.

The Bolshevik government demanded that the Allies evacuate Murmansk.

The main Austro-Hungarian offensive at Asiago on this day and the following one along the River Piave from Lake Garda to the Adriatic would be defeated by a combined British and French force. They make limited gains that would quickly be countered by the Italians. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE June 16, Sunday: Austro-Hungarian forces attacked Italians across the Piave River. In the Montello sector they establish an effective bridgehead but elsewhere they were driven back to their original line. WORLD WAR I

Eugene Victor Debs made an anti-war speech in Canton, Ohio, protesting the war raging in Europe, and was arrested under the Sedition Act of 1918. He would act as his own attorney and be convicted and sentenced to serve 10 years in prison and disenfranchised for life, losing his citizenship. Debs made his best-remembered statement at his sentencing hearing:

“Your Honor, years ago I recognized my kinship with all living beings, and I made up my mind that I was not one bit better than the meanest on earth. I said then, and I say now, that while there is a lower class, I am in it, and while there is a criminal element I am of it, and while there is a soul in prison, I am not free.”

Debs would appeal his conviction all the way to the United States Supreme Court. In its ruling on Debs v. United States, the Court would examine several statements Debs had made regarding World War I. While Debs had carefully guarded his speeches in an attempt to comply with the Espionage Act, the Court found he still had the intention and effect of obstructing the draft and recruitment for the war. Among other things, the Court cited Debs’s praise for those imprisoned for obstructing the draft. Sadly (for his own posterity), Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes stated in his opinion that little attention was needed since Debs’ case was essentially the same as that of Schenck v. United States, where the Court upheld a similar conviction. He would be sent to prison on April 13, 1919. While at the federal penitentiary in Atlanta, Georgia he would run for president in the 1920 election and receive 913,664 votes (3.4%), the most ever for a Socialist Party presidential candidate in the US and slightly more than he had won in 1912, when he had obtained 6% of the vote. This stint in prison would also inspire Debs to write a column deeply critical of the prison system, which appeared in sanitized form in the Bell Syndicate and be collected into his only book, WALLS AND BARS, with several added chapters (published posthumously). On December 25, 1921 President Warren G. Harding would release Debs from prison, commuting his sentence to time served. Debs, however, would never recover his health from that time in prison and would die 5 years later at the age of 70 in Elmhurst, Illinois. In 1976 Debs’s citizenship would be restored posthumously.

June 18, Tuesday: Italians began a counterattack on the Piave front. WORLD WAR I

The Ziegfeld Follies of 1918 opened at the New Amsterdam Theater, New York, for the 1st time with the participation of George Gershwin. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE June 20, Thursday: The Hungarian army was called out to quell civil unrest. This action prompted a 9-day general strike. WORLD WAR I

Frederick Delius wrote from Biarritz that his home in Grez-sur-Loing had been requisitioned and occupied by the French army.

Ruth Crawford gave a public performance of the Variations Brillantes op.12 by Frédéric Chopin, in Duval Theater at a recital of the advanced students of the School of Musical Art, Jacksonville, Florida.

June 21, Friday: Aleksandur Pavlov Malinov replaced Vasil Hristov Radoslavov as prime minister of Bulgaria. WORLD WAR I

June 22, Saturday: White Russian troops began an offensive in the northern Caucasus.

Austro-Hungarians, who had forced their way across the Rive Piave on June 16th, withdrew back across that river. WORLD WAR I

June 24, Monday: Moslem Turks slaughtered the 2,000 remaining Armenian Christians in Kara-Kilise.

Erik Satie’s drame symphonique Socrate, to words of Plato translated by Cousin, was performed for the initial time, privately, at the home of soprano Jane Bathori in Paris.

June 26, Wednesday: After 20 continuous days of fighting that had sometimes been hand-to-hand, American troops forced the Germans out of Belleau Wood. WORLD WAR I

June 27, Thursday: British forces took Bandar-e-Pahlavi (Enzeli). WORLD WAR I

June 28, Friday: Sultan Mehmet V Reshad, who had been a total rubber-stamp for the Ittihadists, died and was succeeded by Mehmet VI Vahideddin.

To destroy the survivors, the Turkish government condemned 14,000 Armenian Christians to hard labor.

The Russian government nationalized all major industries in the nation, without compensation. WORLD WAR I

June 29, Saturday: The Marines of the USS Brooklyn went ashore at Vladivostok, Siberia.26 WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

26. They went in to protect the American consulate and other points in the fighting between the Bolshevik troops and the Czech Army which had traversed Siberia from the western front. A joint proclamation of emergency government and neutrality would be issued by the American, Japanese, British, French, and Czech commanders in July. In August 7,000 fighters would land in Vladivostok and remained until January 1920 as part of an allied occupation force. In September 1918, 5,000 American troops would be joining the allied intervention force at Archangel and would remain until June 1919. Since these operations were in response to the Bolshevik revolution in Russia they were partly supported by Czarist or Kerensky elements. US MILITARY INTERVENTIONS HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

JULY 1918

July 3, Wednesday: Sultan Mehmed V of the Ottoman Empire died and was succeeded by his brother, Mehmed VI.

Our national birthday, Thursday the 4th of July: In New York there was a “pageant parade,” with 40 nationalities represented.

In Philadelphia, there was a “parade of nations,” with nearly 100,000 foreign-born persons marching.

The London Daily Telegraph cabled 4th of July greetings to 20 leading American daily newspapers, as well as to President Woodrow Wilson, “as an indication of the good-will all England feels towards America.” In Washington DC, foreign-born citizens including nearly 5,000 performers in costume presented a pageant, termed “Democracy Triumphant,” in front of President Wilson and government officials at the Capitol. The President then went to Mount Vernon to deliver an oration at an “international Fourth of July celebration.” In Florence, Italy, they were conferring the honor of “the freedom of the city” upon the President.

Nearly 100 American military ships were being launched at various US ports, “to help build the ocean bridge for the allied fighting forces in Europe.” Meanwhile Allied (United Kingdom-Australia-United States) forces were attacking at Hamel. WORLD WAR I

The New York Times published a full-page facsimile of the Declaration of Independence.

The 1st official Toronto, Canada celebration of the 4th of July, ever, took place, with the American flag flying above its City Hall.

In Indianapolis, an Americanization Day parade, featuring primarily immigrants, took place.

In Duluth on this day of great national patriotism and public celebration, birthday of our nation “the land of the brave and the home of the free,” a citizens’ group terming itself the Public Safety Commission issued a “Fight or Work” declaration according to which there were to be no slackers, as follows:

EVERY MALE PERSON IN MINNESOTA SHALL BE REGULARLY ENGAGED IN SOME USEFUL OCCUPATION. MINNESOTA CELEBRATING OUR B-DAY HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

July 5, Friday: A 7-man junta led by Sun Yat-sen came to power in the Naking government of China.

Aaron George Rochberg was born in Paterson, New Jersey, son of Morris Rochberg and Anna Hoffman, immigrants from the Ukraine.

Avedis Aharonian, President of the Armenian Delegation, met with the German ambassador to Constantinople, Count Bernstorff, on behalf of the Armenian Republic.

July 6, Saturday: Sergei Prokofiev offered a recital in Tokyo, on his way from Russia to the United States of America.

White forces took Yaroslavl.

Two Left Socialist Revolutionaries murdered Count Wilhelm von Mirbach, the German ambassador to Russia (they were hoping to embarrass the Bolsheviks so much that Germany would reopen the war).

Italian forces counterattacked against the Austro-Hungarians, winning back all the Austro-Hungarian gains since June 13th. WORLD WAR I

July 7, Sunday: Five RAF de Haviland bombers attacked Constantinople, setting fire to an ammunition factory. WORLD WAR I

July 8, Monday: A Red Cross ambulance driver named Ernest Hemingway was wounded during fighting near Fossalta, Italy. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE July 9, Tuesday: At Nashville, Tennessee, an inbound local train collideed with an outbound express, killing 101 and injuring 171 — the deadliest rail accident in US history so far.

The Lithuanian State Council proclaims the State of Lithuania a kingdom. WORLD WAR I

July 10, Wednesday: The Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic was established by the Bolsheviks. A constitution was published by the All-Russia Council of Soviets. WORLD WAR I

July 11, Tuesday: Captain Harry S Truman was assigned command of Battery D, 129th Field Artillery regiment, 35th Division. This battery was composed of 188 men, 167 horses, and a complement of French-designed 75mm guns. WORLD WAR I

July 12, Friday: The Petrograd and Moscow Conservatories were nationalized by the Bolshevik government.

The brother of Tsar Nikolai II, Grand Duke Mikhail, was killed at Perm by the Reds. WORLD WAR I

July 13, Saturday: Wilhelm von Urach, Duke of Wurtemberg was proclaimed King Mindaugas II of an independent Kingdom of Lithuania.

Turkish forces began their last offensive to recover Jericho.

Virgil Thomson completes his training at the Army Air Service school for radio officers at Columbia University and was commissioned a 2d lieutenant. He was ordered to report to Fort Sill, Oklahoma. WORLD WAR I

July 15, Saturday: Ludendorff launched the final offensive.

After a silence of five weeks, Big Bertha began again to shell Paris. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE July 16, Tuesday: German forces attacked the Allies (France-Italy-United States) around Rheims and cross the River Marne west of the city.

Tsar Nikolai II, Tsaritsa Alyeksandra, their children Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia, Alyeksis and others in their retinue were killed by Bolsheviks in the cellar of a merchant’s house in Yekaterinburg.

A brigade of British troops reaches Hamadan. WORLD WAR I

July 17, Monday: Adolf Hitler saved the life of his 9th Company Commander. WORLD WAR I

The German advance that had begun on July 15th was halted by French, Italian and American troops along the Marne.

The Communists executed Tsar Nicholas II, along with Tsarina Alexandra and their children Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia, and Alexei, plus Eugene Botkin, Anna Demidova, Alexei Trupp, and Ivan Kharitonov.

FINAL EXECUTIONS

Louis Crowie and Richard final hangings on the island of St. Helena February 2, 1905 Crowie

gunned down along with Tsarina Alexandra and their children Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia, and July 16/17, 1918 Tsar Nicholas II Alexei, plus Eugene Botkin, Anna Demidova, Alexei Trupp, and Ivan Kharitonov

22-year-old black American hanged in public in Owensboro, Kentucky before a crowd of 20,000 August 14, 1936 Rainey Bethea including more than 200 visiting sheriffs and depu- ties; last person publicly executed in the USA

July 18, Tuesday: Russian music stores, warehouses and publishing houses were nationalized by the government.

French, British, and American forces attacked in the Aisne-Marne Salient and the Germans quickly fell back.

A vast Allied counter-offensive, including US Marines, met the Germans south of Soissons. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE July 19, Wednesday: The cruiser USS San Diego sank after hitting a mine that had been laid in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Long Island by a German U-boat. This would be the sole major US warship lost during WWI. Of 829 crewmen, 6 died. The hulk is at #4 on this map.«La guerre est une série de catastrophes qui produisent

WORLD WAR I la victoire.» — Georges Clemenceau

A general German retreat from the Marne River began.

The 1st Communist constitution for Russia was promulgated.

July 21, Sunday: American troops advance to within five kilometers of Soissons. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE July 22, Monday: President Woodrow Wilson approved the transport of 3 battalions of soldiers to northern Russia. WORLD WAR I

July 23, Tuesday: Bolsheviks retook Yaroslavl. WORLD WAR I

July 25, Thursday: The Czech Legion enters Yekaterinberg, a week after the Russian royal family was killed. WORLD WAR I

Max, Baron Hussarek von Heinlein replaced Ernst Seidler von Feuchtenegg as prime minister of Austria.

July 26, Friday: White forces pull off a coup d’etat in Baku, imprisoning Red officials. WORLD WAR I

July 28, Sunday: American and German troops exchanged possession of the village of Sergy 7 times.

At the end of the day, it was in American hands. WORLD WAR I

July 30, Tuesday: 31-year-old poet Joyce Kilmer was killed in battle near Seringes. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

AUGUST 1918

August 2, Friday: Sergei Prokofiev departed from Tokyo heading for Honolulu, Hawaii.

A relatively small group of British, French, and US troops landed in Arkhangelsk and scattered local Bolsheviks. A provisional government was set up. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE August 4, Sunday: Adolf Hitler received the Iron Cross, 1st Class.

WORLD WAR I The above photograph gives us occasion to ask, did this man actually have blue eyes? Ernst Hanfstaengl knew Adolf Hitler during the 1920s and described him as having “clear blue eyes.” Joseph Goebbels wrote about meeting him in about 1926 “Shakes my hand. Like an old friend. And those big blue eyes. Like stars. He is glad to see me. I am in heaven.” When Karl Lüdecke first heard him speak, he reported that he “was a slight, pale man with brown hair parted to one side. He had steel-blue eyes....” Sefton Delmer accompanied him during an election campaign in 1932 and commented about “a savage fury blazing from his pale blue eyes.” Martha Eccles Dodd met him in 1933 and wrote in 1939 that his eyes “were startling and unforgettable — they seemed pale blue in color, were intense, unwavering, hypnotic.” Léon Degrelle, who met Hitler in 1936 and 1945, wrote in 1994 that he “had deep blue eyes that many found bewitching, although I did not find them so.” However, I am unsure as to the extent to which Aryan race fantasies and wish fulfilment fantasies entered into such observations, and I have been unable to date to produce photographic evidence that Hitler’s eyes actually were blue. Here is the clearest color photo I have been able to derive, and to my conception, the evidence HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE remains inconclusive:

No extant color photograph is sufficiently clear. Above they might be described as blue or as steel blue or as slate or as gray or as dark — according to your personal prejudice.

Hitler as a wax dummy now clearly has been granted blue eyes. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

In the 1978 movie “The Boys from Brazil,” all 94 Hitler clones, played by Jeremy Black, have alarmingly blue eyes. (Jeremy has subsequently starred as Jesus in an off-off-Broadway play, “Sessions with Jesus.”) HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE THE FUTURE CAN BE EASILY PREDICTED IN RETROSPECT

August 5, Monday: A small unit of British troops reached Baku to aid in the city’s defense.

Big Bertha began shelling Paris again. WORLD WAR I

August 6, Tuesday: Anti-Bolshevik (white) forces captured Kazan, east of Moscow, where the Tsarist government had its gold reserves. WORLD WAR I

August 7, Wednesday: As the Allies forced the Germans back to their lines of March 27th, the 2d Battle of the Marne ended. WORLD WAR I

August 8, Thursday: British, French, Australian, and Canadian forces attacked the Germans along a 23-kilometer front in the Amiens/Somme/Noyon Salient east of Amiens, supported by heavy artillery and 400 tanks. British tanks advanced 10-12 kilometers on the 1st day. Thousands of Germans surrendered. Canadian forces advanced beyond Mézières taking German positions between Beaucourt and Cayeux. This would become known as “The Black Day of the German Army.” Ludendorff would describe this as having been the German Army’s “Black Day.” WORLD WAR I

A scow engaged in dredging had broken loose from its moorings above the upper rapids of the Niagara River and had drifted in the general direction of the Horseshoe Falls with two dredgers, Gustave Luffberg and Frank Harris, aboard. The workers managed to open the two holes in the bottom of the scow, in such a way as to cause it to drop its load and hang itself up atop some reef rocks a few hundred feet above the curl of the waters. This was, however, a location which a local rescue boat could not safely reach, so the United States Coast

“Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project The War to End War HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE Guard was called from Youngstown, New York. Mounting a rescue gun on the roof of the Toronto powerhouse, they managed to shoot a breeches buoy line out to the scow. The breeches buoy, however, then got stuck midway. With night approaching, William “Red” Hill, Sr., a local taxidriver and daredevil, swung himself hand over hand out the line with his feet tugged at by the rapids, and untangled the device, and then the two dredgers were brought safely to the shore. (Hill would spend his waning years exhibiting the barrel in which he had gone over the falls and selling pictures of himself at his souvenir store. Besides his career as a daredevil, he has been credited with having saved the lives of 28 persons who were at risk of drowning and with having recovered 177 corpses, of accident victims and/or suicides.)

The wreckage of this scow can still be seen in the river:

August 9, Friday: Big Bertha sent its final round into Paris. The Germans were retreating. WORLD WAR I

August 10, Saturday: French forces captured Montdidier, pushing the Germans back. WORLD WAR I

August 11, Sunday: The Allied offensive at Amiens made modest gains. WORLD WAR I

Symphonie de chambre no.1 for chamber ensemble by Darius Milhaud was performed for the initial time, in Rio de Janeiro.

August 12, Monday: The Allied offensive at Amiens paused.

At Spa, Belgium, Kaiser Wilhelm II acknowledged to his general staff what they have already told him. The war must be ended. WORLD WAR I

August 14, Wednesday: British troops landed at Baku. WORLD WAR I

Emperor Karl of Austria-Hungary visited Kaiser Wilhelm at Spa, Belgium. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE August 15, Thursday: The United States severed diplomatic relations with the Bolshevik government. WORLD WAR I

The 4th act of Izaht, an opera by Heitor Villa-Lobos to words of Junior and Villalba Filho (a pseudonym of the composer), was performed for the initial time, in the Teatro Municipal, Rio de Janeiro. Also on the program were premieres of two orchestral works by Villa-Lobos: the symphonic poem Myremis and Tédio de alvorada. An artisitc triumph, the concert was a financial disaster.

August 16, Friday: The White Army took Ekaterinodar from the Reds. WORLD WAR I

August 17, Saturday: In the face of food riots, the Japanese government commandeers all stores of rice.

United States troops arrive at Vladivostok.

A combined force of British and White Russians move north from Baku with the intent of taking Novkhani. Turkish troops send them into retreat. WORLD WAR I

In spite of his intention to become a United States citizen, German-born Frederick Stock resigned as conductor of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra.

August 20, Tuesday: French forces attacked the Germans near Soissons. WORLD WAR I

August 21, Wednesday: Cen Chunxuan replaced a 7-man junta as leader of the military government of China.

British forces attacked the Germans at Arras. WORLD WAR I

Frederick Delius wrote from Grez-sur-Loing that upon arriving from Biarritz he and his wife had found their home had been trashed by the French army. They planned to soon depart for England.

Sergei Prokofiev arrived in San Francisco from Japan by way of Hawaii. He was detained on Angel Island while US officials satisfied themselves that he was not a carrier of the Bolshevik contagion.

August 22, Thursday: British troops retook Albert. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE August 23, Friday: British and French forces attacked along the front from Soissons to Arras. The French made little gain but the British and Australians advanced well. WORLD WAR I

August 24, Saturday: After 3 days of detention and interrogation, Sergei Prokofiev was allowed to enter the United States in San Francisco. August 25, Sunday: RAF bombers attacked the War Office and railway station in Constantinople. WORLD WAR I

Around 1PM Louis (Leonard) Bernstein was born in Lawrence, Massachusetts, 1st of 3 children of Sam Bernstein, a beauty supply dealer, with Jennie Resnick, daughter of a wool dyer.

Although they lived in Mattapan, Mrs. Bernstein was at her mother’s home in Lawrence, fleeing a difficult marital situation. The boy’s name was officially Louis but he would always be called Leonard or Lenny at home. He would legally change his name to Leonard at age 16.

August 26, Monday: The White Army captured the Black Sea naval base at Novorosisk, but found that half the Black Sea Fleet has been scuttled.

Turkish forces assaulted the defenders of Baku but were driven off.

Canadian troops advanced 6 kilometers near Arras. The Germans began a general withdrawal to a line Péronne/Ham/Noyon. WORLD WAR I

August 30, Friday: As part of a general campaign of murder against government officials by the Social- Revolutionaries, Fania Dora Kaplan shot at Vladimir Ilyich Lenin in Moscow 3 times, wounding him severely. Earlier in the day, Yacov Uritsky, head of the Cheka in Petrograd, had been gunned down.

Australian troops crossed the Somme River and occupied Clery. WORLD WAR I

In Leavenworth, Kansas, 93 members of the Industrial Workers of the World were found guilty of violating the Sedition Act. They would be sentenced to jail terms and heavy fines.

More than 60 sailors stationed on board the Receiving Ship at Commonwealth Pier in Boston were on sick call. Soon, Commonwealth Pier would be overwhelmed and 50 cases would have to be transferred to Chelsea Naval Hospital. The flu sufferers were commonly reporting their symptoms as feeling like they “had been beaten all over with a club.” INFLUENZA

August 31, Saturday: Turkish troops captured the outer defenses of Baku.

In fierce fighting, Australians secured a foothold on Mont Saint-Quentin, north of Péronne. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

SEPTEMBER 1918

September: In Minnesota, for its 4th “Liberty Loan” campaign to finance the war effort, a quota of bonds to purchase was assigned to each state resident. Near Duluth, a mob tarred and feathered a Finnish immigrant they had dragged out of a boardinghouse, Olli Kinkkonen, who was perhaps a draft avoider and had made plans to return to Finland, and hanged him from a tree. The headline in the Duluth Herald was “Knights Of Liberty Tar And Feather Slacker.” Despite the tar and feathers, the case would officially be classified as a suicide.27 This body would not be cut down for several weeks. WORLD WAR I

September: Dr. Victor Vaughn, acting Surgeon General of the Army, received urgent orders to proceed to Camp Devens near Boston. What Vaughn saw there would change his life forever: “I saw hundreds of young stalwart men in uniform coming into the wards of the hospital. Every bed was full, yet others crowded in. The faces wore a bluish cast; a cough brought up the blood-stained sputum. In the morning, the dead bodies are stacked about the morgue like cordwood.” On the day he arrived 63 men died of influenza.

The Navy Radio School at Harvard University in Cambridge reported cases of influenza among the group of 5,000 young men studying radio communications. WORLD WAR I

September 1, Sunday: Australian forces captured Péronne.

President Woodrow Wilson signed into law a bill requiring the conscription of American men between the ages of 18 and 45. WORLD WAR I

September 2, Monday: British and Canadians broke through part of the Hindenburg Line east of Arras. The Germans ordered a general withdrawal to this line. WORLD WAR I

September 3, Tuesday: Allied forces occupied territory abandoned by the Germans on the previous day.Fania Dora WORLD WAR I

Kaplan received a bullet in the back of the head for her attempt to murder Vladimir Ilyich Lenin.

In Haiti, Charlemagne Peralte led his “Cacos” against the US Marines.

27. The Finns were notorious locally for their high suicide rate — Garrison Keillor, on his radio program, still cracks jokes about this. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE September 4, Wednesday: The 1st US troops landed at Arkhangelsk.

Canadian forces crossed the Somme at Péronne.

Austria-Hungary requested of all warring nations that peace negotiations begin at once. WORLD WAR I

September 5, Thursday: Due to world war the “World Series” started a month early.

The Massachusetts Department of Health alerted area newspapers that an influenza epidemic was underway. Dr. John S. Hitchcock of the state health department warned that “unless precautions are taken the disease in all probability will spread to the civilian population of the city.”

Rupert Blue, Surgeon General of the United States Public Health Service, dispatched advice to the press on how to recognize the influenza symptoms. Blue prescribed bed rest, good food, salts of quinine, and aspirin.

Lieutenant Colonel Philip Doane, head of the Health and Sanitation Section of the Emergency Fleet Corporation, speaking in Washington DC, provided fuel for rumor and speculation by suggesting that the enemy was responsible for the deadly influenza that was striking Americans. Said Doane: “It would be quite easy for one of these German agents to turn loose Spanish influenza germs in a theater or some other place where large numbers of persons are assembled. The Germans have started epidemics in Europe, and there is no reason why they should be particularly gentle with America.”

Sweeping powers were granted to the Cheka, beginning the “Red Terror” in areas controlled by the Bolsheviks. Mass executions began. As part of this Józef Lutoslawski, father of Witold, and his brother Marian, were executed by firing squad by the Bolsheviks outside Moscow (they had been arrested in Murmansk in April and charged with counter-revolutionary activities for trying to organize the transportation of Polish troops).

Sonata for violin and piano op.27 by Hans Pfitzner was performed for the initial time, in München at the 1st event of the newly founded Hans-Pfitzner-Vereins für deutsche Tonkunst.

The Massachusetts Department of Health announced that an Spanish influenza epidemic was occurring in the state.

Two songs by Charles T. Griffes were performed for the 1st time, in National Thurston Auditorium, Lockport, New York, with the composer himself at the piano: Come, Love, Across the Sunlit Land op.4/2 and La fuite de la lune op.3/1. WORLD WAR I

September 6, Friday: Captain Harry S Truman was engaged in his initial combat operation in the Vosges Mountains.

Jan Kucharzewski replaced Jan Kanty Steczkowski as prime minister of Poland.

The 1st aircraft carrier, HMS Argus, was commissioned by the Royal Navy. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE September 9, Monday: Charles Joseph Maria Ruys de Beerenbrouck replaced Pieter Wilhelm Adriaan Cort van der Linden as 1st minister of the Netherlands. WORLD WAR I

September 10, Tuesday: The Red Army, led by Lev Trotsky, recaptured Kazan from the Whites. WORLD WAR I

Muslims rioted in Calcutta.

September 12, Thursday: New Zealanders breached the outer defenses of the Hindenburg Line at Havrincourt, southeast of Cambrai.

The American forces (2d Division, including the Marine Brigade) and French forces attacked the Germans in the Saint Mihiel salient, near Verdun. The salient would be reduced in four days. Three American officers saw action: Colonel Douglas MacArthur, Colonel George Smith Patton, Jr. (only temporarily a colonel, as a battlefield expedient), and Captain George C. Marshall. WORLD WAR I

September 13, Friday: American troops took Vigneulles and would close a pincers surrounding the German salient. Americans would control a line from Haudiomont to Vandieres. WORLD WAR I

Joachim Ernst replaced Eduard as Duke of Anhalt.

September 14, Saturday: Hsü Shih-chang replaced Feng Kuo-chang as president of China in the Canton administration.

Turkish forces began an assault on Baku, defended by British, White Russians and Armenians. As resistance begins to crumble, the British take ship and return to Bandar-e-Pahlavi.

An Allied offensive in Macedonia begins with an artillery barrage on a line from Monastir to the Vardar River. WORLD WAR I

American socialist leader Eugene V. Debs was sentenced to 10 years for violating wartime espionage and sedition laws. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE September 15, Sunday: Stonehedge was granted to the British crown by its owner Cecil H. Chubb.

French and Serbian forces began the offensive in Macedonia heading toward the Crna River against fierce Bulgarian resistance. WORLD WAR I

US newspapers began publishing the so-called “Sisson Documents,” documents from Russian sources collected by journalist Edgar Sisson in Petrograd who had delivered them to the Secretary of State in Washington DC. They indicated that Lenin and Trotsky were German agents, and the US government distributed them to newspapers (they were of course forgeries).

3 days of slaughter of Armenian citizens began in the city of Baku, by Turkish military forces under the command of Nuri Pasha (Enver’s younger brother) and Halil Pasha (Enver’s uncle). They would generate some 30,000 human corpses.

September 16, Monday: Arab forces under Prince Feisal and T.E. Lawrence destroyed the Turkish rail lines north, south, and west of Der’a. WORLD WAR I

Serbian forces took the summit of Kozyak Mountain.

September 17, Tuesday: British and Greek troops went on the offensive in Macedonia to the east of Lake Dojran. WORLD WAR I

Arab forces took Muzeirib.

September 18, Wednesday: Greek troops took Dojran but the British could make no headway in the Macedonian offensive.

British forces attacked along an 11-kilometers front centering on Epehy on the Somme. WORLD WAR I

Gustavus Theodorus von Holst legally changed his name to Gustav Theodore Holst after his application to become a YMCA music organizer was rejected because his name was “too Germanic.”

Ernest Bristow Farrar, a 33-year-old English composer, was killed in action on the Somme River.

Sergei Prokofiev arrived in New York.

September 19, Thursday: Allied forces aided by an Armenian Legion recruited from Armenian colonies throughout the world opened a large-scale offensive on the Syrian front. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE September 20, Friday: 26 Bolshevik commissars were shot in Baku.

Allied troops captured Nazareth, Afula, Jenin, and El Lajjun.

Bulgarians began an orderly retreat from Lake Dojran but strafing by RAF planes caused a general panic. WORLD WAR I

September 21, Saturday: Allied troops took Nablus. WORLD WAR I

September 22, Sunday: Advancing Serbians reached the Vardar River while French, Greeks, and Italians pushed northeast of Monastir. WORLD WAR I

The Marconi wireless station at Caernarvon, Wales transmitted the 1st wireless message from Europe to Australia. It was received at Wahroonga, New South Wales.

September 23, Monday: The British 15th Cavalry Brigade attacked Haifa.

Whites set up the Directorate, a provisional government, at Ufa.

British forces captured Acre (Akko) and Haifa. WORLD WAR I

September 25, Wednesday: Anzac troops took Amman and Samakh.

Serbian troops took Gradsko.

Brazil declared war on Austria. WORLD WAR I

Sonata for violin and piano op.27 by Hans Pfitzner was performed for the initial time, in München. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE September 26, Thursday: In the midst of an epidemic, 160 citizens of Boston died of influenza or pneumonia on this day.

American and French forces attacked the Germans in the Meuse-Argonne region while the French attacked simultaneously in Champagne.

WORLD WAR I

George Smith Patton, Jr. led the 304th Tank Brigade in combat at St. Mihiel. He received a temporary battlefield promotion to the rank of Colonel. He would be severely wounded in action, by machine-gun fire, during this offensive and would receive the DSM, DSC, and the Silver Star, as well as his Purple Heart. It would all be over, over there, before his wounds could heal.

In actuality these severe wounds may have saved his life as they kept him in a French hospital and thus off of our convoys, on which such a high %age of our returning troops would succumb in an influenza epidemic. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE September 27, Friday: British troops took Irbid while Australians captured Er Ramtha, south of Der’a.

Arabs defeated a Turkish force at Sheikh Saad.

British forces attacked the Germans between Péronne and Lens, reaching Cambrai. WORLD WAR I

September 28, Saturday: In Philadelphia, 200,000 gathered for a 4th Liberty Loan Drive. Days after the parade, 635 new cases of influenza would be reported. Within days the city would be forced to admit that epidemic conditions existed. Churches, schools, and theaters would be ordered to be closed, along with all other places of “public amusement.”

Royal Copeland, Health Commissioner for New York City, announced that “The city is in no danger of an epidemic. No need for our people to worry.”

British troops captured Der’a. WORLD WAR I

Kaiser Wilhelm II was advised by his High Command to sue for peace.

Raiko Daskalov declared a republic of Bulgaria with Alexandur Stamboliiski as president.

Belgian forces attacked the Germans in the coastal lowlands toward Ghent.

German and colonial troops crossed the Rovuma River back into German East Africa (Tanzania) from Portuguese East Africa (Mozambique).

L’Histoire du Soldat, a theater piece by C.F. Ramuz and music by Igor Stravinsky, was performed for the initial time, in the Lausanne Municipal Theater.

September 29, Sunday: Takashi Hara replaced Count Musatake Terauchi as Prime Minister of Japan. He would be the 1st commoner to serve in such a capacity.

The British began an offensive in Palestine. British troops reached Strumica, north of Thessaloniki, while the French captured Uskub (Skopje).

British forces crossed the Hindenburg Line at the Bellenglise Salient. WORLD WAR I

Gustav Holst’s suite The Planets, for female chorus and orchestra, was performed for the initial time, privately, in Queen’s Hall, London. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE September 30, Monday: Bulgaria signed an armistice with allied officials at Thessaloniki. Bulgarian troops repulsed an attack by republican rebels on Sofia.

Americans advanced beyond Nauroy.

Georg, Count Hertling resigned as chancellor of Germany and Minister-President of Prussia in order that a liberal government might be appointed to make peace. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

OCTOBER 1918

October 1, day: Australian forces along with Arab irregulars captured Damascus from the Turks.

Charles Ives spent the day arguing with other members of the Liberty Bond Committee in the Manhattan Hotel, New York. Ives was able to persuade them to accept a $50 bond so less affluent people could participate in the war effort. That night he suffered a heart attack brought on by stress and diabetes. Too sick to be moved, he would remain in the hotel for a week. WORLD WAR I

October 2, Wednesday: Boston registered 202 deaths from Spanish influenza. Soon the city would cancel its Liberty Bond parades and sporting events. Churches would be closed and the stock market would be put on half-days.

An emissary from the general staff informed the Reichstag, to its consternation, that the war might be continued, but could not be won.

The Joint Council of Ministers of Austria-Hungary asked for an armistice based on the Fourteen Points of President Wilson.

Bulgaria signed an armistice with the Allies. Armenian refugees in Bulgaria were now safe, as the Bulgarian government would cease returning them to Turkey. WORLD WAR I

October 3, Thursday: Maximilian Prinz von Baden replaced Georg Friederich, Count von Hertling as Prime Minister of Prussia. He was expected to negotiate peace. WORLD WAR I

American forces captured Montfaucon northwest of Verdun from the Germans.

The 4th Marine Brigade assaulted Blanc Mont.

The City of Philadelphia closed schools, churches, and anywhere large numbers of people might gather, in an attempt to arrest the flu epidemic. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE October 4, Friday: King Ferdinand of Bulgaria abdicated, succeeded by his son, Boris III. Under protection of German troops he left for Germany.

Indian troops captured Tyre.

The bloodiest day of World War I, for the US Marines.

Germany and Austria asked President Wilson for an armistice based on his “Fourteen Points.” American troops renewed their offensive in the Meuse-Argonne. WORLD WAR I

October 5, Saturday: Chancellor Max, Prinz von Baden announced to the Reichstag that he was henceforth responsible to them and not the Kaiser. The State of Siege would be relaxed. He further informed them of his note to President Wilson of October 4 asking for peace based on Wilson’s “Fourteen Points.” In the offensive begun September 27, British troops breached the Hindenburg Line. WORLD WAR I

October 7, Monday: The egency Council of the Polish kingdom declared the independence of Poland. WORLD WAR I

After a month of pain and some delirium, Charles Hubert Hastings Parry died in Rustington, Sussex at the age of 70.

October 8, Tuesday: The Red Army took Samara, thus opening up the Volga region.

The National Council of the Slovenes, Croats and Serbs was formed in Zagreb by leading south Slav politicians.

Corporal Alvin C. York, USA., after becoming separated from his unit in the Argonne Forest, killed 20 Germans and captured a hill, 35 machine guns, and 132 German soldiers — singlehandedly. WORLD WAR I

Béla Bartók contracted the Spanish influenza, that had become a worldwide epidemic. He was confined to his bed in Budapest.

Allied forces captured the city of Beirut (Beyrut).

The Ittihad Cabinet of Ismail Enver Pasha, Jemal, and Mehmet Talât Paşa resigned and they prepared to flee from Turkey in order to escape retribution for the Armenian Genocide. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE October 9, Wednesday: Allied troops took Beirut. WORLD WAR I

The White Directorate set up its capital at Omsk.

Friedrich Karl, Prince of Hesse, was chosen as King of Finland (in December he would refuse the throne).

October 12, Saturday: Great Britain recognized the control of the Polish National Committee over the Polish army in France (this transformed the Polish National Committee into a government-in-exile). WORLD WAR I

October 13, Sunday: Allied troops occupied Tripoli. WORLD WAR I

Adolf Hitler was poison-gassed near Ypres. “Our prayer is: Lord God, let us never hesitate, let us never play the coward, let us never forget the duty which we have taken upon us.” — Adolf Hitler, March 1933

WORLD WAR II GERMANY

The fact that he had himself been poison-gassed may have had something to do with his willingness to poison- gas the Jews, for in MEIN KAMPF (MY STRUGGLE) he would comment indignantly that: If twelve or fifteen thousand of these Jews who were corrupting the nation had been forced to submit to poison-gas, just as hundreds of thousands of our best German workers from every social stratum and from every trade and calling had to face it in the field, then the millions of sacrifices made at the front would not have been in vain. ANTISEMITISM HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

A forest fire during the dry season, beginning with sparks thrown off by a train at Milepost 62 on the Great Northern tracks between Duluth and Hibbing and whipped by winds of 80 to 90 miles per hour, would over four days destroy 38 towns such as Brookston, Carlton, Corona, Adolph, Thomson, Arnold, Wright, Barnum, and Moose Lake, Minnesota and reach even beyond the city limits of Duluth, burning all the way up to Superior Street at about 38th Avenue East.28 Cloquet, about 10 miles outside Duluth, lost a huge lumber and pulp mill as its entire shed inventory of seasoned and unseasoned lumber fed the fury of the flames. The fire front moved sometimes as fast as 2.3 miles per hour and the total energy released would have amounted to some 10 Hiroshima-size atom bombs. There would be 453 burning deaths, with 85 more people very badly burned. In addition, 106 would perish of influenza and pneumonia, 11,382 families were displaced, 52,371 people suffered various injuries, 4,089 homes and 6,366 barns were destroyed, and 41 school buildings were consumed. Here some corpses are being removed for burial from a farm root cellar the flames had passed over:

FIRE The state’s timber harvest had peaked in 1900 at about 7 million cords; by 1910, the white pine had essentially been gone. This big fire burned a whole lot of what was left. In 1924, the last log drive would be held on the St. Louis and Cloquet rivers.

HISTORY’S NOT MADE OF WOULD. WHEN SOMEONE REVEALS, FOR INSTANCE, THAT IN THE FUTURE HITLER HAVING BEEN HIMSELF

28. A Kellam family memory is that burning embers were falling into the open-sided touring sedan of the Fisk family as they were taking the four Kellams to shelter five miles from their home and drugstore at 60th Avenue East. Carefully pointing out that this was before his earliest memories, John R. Kellam recounts: “We had wet blankets over us in the back seat, and our parents beat out the embers with wet rags as we bumped along the dirt road.” HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE POISON-GASSED WOULD IN THE FUTURE BE WILLING TO USE POISON GAS ON OTHERS, S/HE DISCLOSES THAT WHAT IS BEING CRAFTED IS NOT REALITY BUT PREDESTINARIANISM. NOT JUST EVERYBODY WHO GETS POISON-GASSED GOES ON TO DO THEIR OWN POISON-GASSING! THE RULE OF REALITY IS THAT THE FUTURE HASN’T EVER HAPPENED, YET.

October 14, Monday: President Woodrow Wilson publicly responded to peace overtures from Germany and Austria- Hungary: All submarine warfare must end, Germany must define the nature of its government, and Allied officers would decide the process of evacuating Belgium and France. WORLD WAR I

Ahmed Izzet Pasha replaced Mehmet Talât Paşa as Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire.

The US Marine fliers 2d Lieutenant Ralph Talbot and Gunnery Sergeant Robert G. Robinson would be awarded Congressional Medals of Honor for their activities on this day.

October 15, Tuesday: Polish deputies in the Austro-Hungarian Parliament declared that they were citizens of an independent Poland. Austro-Hungarian authorities turned over control of Lublin and the surrounding district to Poles. WORLD WAR I

The War to End War “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE October 16, Wednesday: Emperor Karl issued the October Manifesto, promising a federal structure for the Austrian part of Austria-Hungary. WORLD WAR I

A funeral in memory of Charles Hubert Hastings Parry took place in St. Paul’s Cathedral, London, presided over by the Archbishop of Canterbury. The building was full, and the audience included Edward Elgar, Charles Villiers Stanford, and representatives of the King, Queen, Prince of Wales, the Universities of Oxford, Cambridge, London, Trinity College, Dublin, the Royal Academy of Music, and various musical and academic societies. Lento (in memoriam C.H.H.P.) for organ by Frank Bridge was performed for the initial time.

Hans Pfitzner offered his last concert in Strasbourg.

October 17, Thursday: Hungary responded to the previous day’s “October Manifesto” by declaring complete independence, while the Habsburg monarch remained king.

British troops took Ostend.

American troops breached the German defensive line north of Verdun. WORLD WAR I

October 19, Saturday: A republic was established in Western Ukraine.

Belgian forces enter Zeebrugge and Bruges. WORLD WAR I

October 20, Sunday: Joseph Boulnois, a 34-year-old French composer, was killed in action at Chalaires.

A new government in Constantinople sends peace overtures to the Allies. WORLD WAR I

October 21, Monday: German-speaking deputies in the Austrian assembly constituted themselves as a national assembly for German-Austria.

When Croatian troops on the Italian front heard of President Woodrow Wilson’s answer to peace overtures, they mutinied. WORLD WAR I

The Boston Public Schools reopened after 3 weeks of influenza epidemic. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE October 22, day: Józef Swierzynski replaced Jan Kucharzewsky as prime minister of Poland.

Chancellor Max, Prinz von Baden announced a number of constitutional reforms providing more power to the Reichstag and less to the Kaiser and the armed forces. Many did not consider that such reforms went far enough. WORLD WAR I

The cities of Baltimore and Washington DC ran out of coffins during the flu epidemic.

October 23, Wednesday: Croatian troops occupied Fiume. WORLD WAR I

President Wilson informed Germany that the Allies would not negotiate with a military dictatorship.

As part of a general amnesty in Germany, Communist leader Karl Liebknecht was released from prison. Large crowds in several German cities hailed the event. Liebknecht was feted in the streets of Berlin, drawn by workers in a carriage through the streets.

October 24, Thursday: Italian forces with some British, French, American, and Czech contingents attacked the Austro- Hungarians along the River Piave. WORLD WAR I

When the Kaiser refused to support the high command against the government, General Erich Ludendorff resigned, thus ending the virtual military dictatorship that had existed in Germany since 1916.

Constantin Coanda replaced Alexandru Marghiloman as Prime Minister of Romania.

Oma Maa (Our Native Land), a cantata by Jean Sibelius to words of Kallio, was performed for the initial time, in Kansalliskuoro, as part of a concert organized for the German army. The piece was written to honor Gösta Schybergson, a medical student killed by communists on February 2d.

The Real American Folk Song, a song by George Gershwin to words of Ira Gershwin, was performed for the initial time as part of the musical comedy Ladies First, at the Broadhurst Theater in New York City. Also premiered was Gershwin’s song Some Wonderful Sort of Someone to words of Greene.

October 25, Friday: British forces along with some Arabs entered Aleppo (Halab) and engaged in street fighting with the Turkish garrison. The Turks withdrew. In the region of Aleppo, the Allies rescued the 125,000 Armenian deportees left alive in the desert.

A Hungarian National Council was formed under the chairmanship of Mihály, Count Károlyi, but it did not have much support in Paliament. Emperor Karl released Hungary from fealty to the House of Habsburg. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE October 26, Saturday: British forces defeated the Turks at Al Fathah and continued on toward Mosul.

Emissaries of the Turkish cabinet arrived at Mitilini, Lesbos to conduct peace negotiations with Admiral Gough-Calthorpe.

Rudolf Heinze replaced Max, Baron Hausen as prime minister of Saxony.

Italian forces crossed the River Piave. WORLD WAR I

Blow out you bugles for tenor and orchestra by Frank Bridge to words of Brooke, was performed for the initial time, in Queen’s Hall, London, the composer conducting.

October 27, Sunday: Heinrich Lammasch replaced Max, Baron Hussarek von Heinlein as prime minister of Austria.

János Count Hadik de Futak was named prime minister of Hungary.

Austrians counterattacked at the Piave River and the battlefront became a stalemate.

Romanians in Bukovina announced their secession from Austria-Hungary. WORLD WAR I

October 28, Monday: Representatives of the Prague National Committee peacefully took control of Bohemia and Moravia, establishing a provisional government and proclaiming the Czechoslovak Republic. The Chairman of the National Council was Karel Kramar.

The Kiel mutiny, by German sailors.

Measures passed by the Reichstag were signed by Kaiser Wilhelm II, converting Germany into a constitutional monarchy.

Protests against the war and in favor of independence took place on the Chain Bridge in Budapest. Government forces attacked, killing 3 and injuring 52.

A series of articles by Theodore Roosevelt against a League of Nations began to appear in the Kansas City Star. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

NOVEMBER 1918

November: Celebrating the end of World War I, the War to End War, 30,000 San Franciscans took to the streets to celebrate. There was much dancing and singing. Everyone wore face masks to protect themselves against the influenza.

“Killing to end war, that’s like fucking to restore virginity.” — Vietnam-era protest poster

November 1, Friday: In Turkey, the Ittihad Party, with 120 delegates attending, convened under the guise of the “Tejeddut” party.

The American forces broke through the German defenses at Meuse. The US Marine Brigade entered Meuse- Argonne. WORLD WAR I

«La guerre est une série de catastrophes qui produisent la victoire.» — Georges Clemenceau HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE The Norwegian ship Bergensfjord, with Sergei Rakhmaninov and his wife aboard, steamed out of Christiania for the United States. The composer had 3 offers in the US, but no definite plans except for them to get the hell out of Europe.

180 mutineers were arrested by German naval authorities at Kiel.

War began between Poland and Ukraine over Galicia.

Mihály, Count Károlyi proclaimed the independence of Hungary.

The Society for Private Performances was formed in Vienna.

Italian troops took Belluno, north of Venice.

French forces entered Belgrade.

American forces began an offensive toward Sedan, smashing through the German lines at Buzancy and advancing 8 kilometers.

YMCA Music Organizer Gustav Holst arrived in France.

7 leaders of the ruling party of Turkey escaped from Constantinople aboard a German destroyer.

November 2, Saturday: The July 13 proclamation of Wilhelm von Urach, Duke of Wurttemberg as King Mandaugas II of Lithuania was rescinded. The country reverted to a republic under Chairman of the Lithuanian National Council Presidium Antanas Smetona and Prime Minister Augustinas Voldemaras.

The Germans released General Pilsudski from prison. He returned to Warsaw. WORLD WAR I

East African Germans invaded Northern Rhodesia.

The new Hungarian government recalled all Hungarian troops from the front.

Mehmet Talât Paşa, Enver, and Jemal fled Turkey aboard a German freighter. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE November 3, Sunday: The German Sailors Soviet took control of Kiel.

The American forces in France cut the vital Lille-Metz rail link. WORLD WAR I

In Turkey, a 2d session of the Ittihad Convention as the “Tejeddut” party was held under the chairmanship of Ismail Janbolat Bey, Mehmet Talât Paşa’s former assistant. An Executive Committee of 21 members was elected.

British troops occupied Mosul (Al Mawsil), northwest of Baghdad.

Alban Berg left the army and his post at the Austrian Ministry of War.

The Polish Republic was proclaimed in Warsaw by the government of Józef Swiezynski as a Polish army entered Galicia.

British and French forces took Trento.

Allied ships captured Trieste.

Italy annexed the Austrian territories of Brixen (Bressanone) and Trent (Trento).

After 2 days of indignation meetings by sailors in Kiel, led by members of the Independent Socialist Party, officers sounded the emergency recall alarm. No one responded. 3,000 men and women from Kiel demonstrated in support of the sailors. Sailors marched on the prison to free their comrades but were fired upon by troops loyal to the government. 8 sailors were killed and 29 injured.

November 4, Monday: Delegates from Austria-Hungary and the Allied nations signed an armistice in Padua. Hostilities ceased on the Italian front. WORLD WAR I

Rebellious sailors in Kiel armed themselves and took control of Kiel. Loyal troops and ships fled. Ships still in port raised the red flag. Workers in Kiel created a Workers’ and Soldiers’ Council, disarmed their officers and liberated their arrested comrades. Delegations were sent to other ports. Within 2 days, all important German ports, including Hamburg, Wilhelmshaven and Bremerhaven, would be in revolt.

American forces captured Beaufort.

British forces renewed their offensive in the Cambrai sector, crossing the Sambre Canal and reaching the Mormal Forest.

25-year-old poet Wilfred Owen was killed in battle in France.

In Turkey, a 3d session of the Ittihad Convention instructed its provincial branches to go underground, and announced their “abolishment.” HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE November 5, Tuesday: Wladyslaw Wróblewski replaced Józef Swierzynski as prime minister of Poland. WORLD WAR I

Gustav Noske, sent by the Berlin government to assess the situation in Kiel, was made governor of the town by the workers and sailors. Noske accepted in an attempt to restore order (he would succeed).

All Ittihadist clubs in Anatolia were officiously “closed.” The units had disappeared underground.

November 6, Wednesday: Theodor Liesching replaced Wilhelm August von Breitling as prime minister of Wurtemberg.

American forces reached the Meuse River, near Sedan. WORLD WAR I

Mutinous sailors had come into control of Lübeck, Hamburg, Cuxhaven, Bremen, Bremerhaven, Wilhelmshaven, and towns in Schleswig-Holstein.

November 7, Thursday: When 100,000 workers marched on the Royal House of Wittelsbach, Kaiser Wilhelm fled.

Thousands of workers demanding bread, peace and removal of the monarchy demonstrate peacefully in München. At night, King Ludwig III left his palace never to return.

Mutinous sailors reached Cologne precipitating insurrection in the Rhineland.

French forces entered Sedan.

British troops crossed the Scheldt River.

The United Press flashed a false armistice report setting off celebrations in France and the US.

Richard Strauss conducted Salome in Berlin. This was the last production at the Berlin Court Opera. In 2 days the German court would cease to exist. WORLD WAR I

November 8, Friday: German negotiators reached the forest of Compiègne near Rethondes and the train of Allied commander Ferdinand Foch. They were handed Foch’s armistice demands, in effect a surrender, and given 72 hours to decide.

The monarchy under King Ludwig III of Bavaria was abolished in favor of a republic. The Constituent Soldiers’, Workers’, and Peasants’ Council proclaimed the Bavarian Social and Democratic Republic, in München. They named Kurt Eisner as head of government.

With riots and uprisings occurring in major German cities, the government turned Berlin into an armed camp. Police arrested revolutionary leader Ernst Dämig and found plans for an insurrection to begin November 11th. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE Chancellor Prince Max von Baden made a last plea by telephone for Kaiser Wilhelm to abdicate. The Kaiser refused.

Prime Minister Constantin Coanda of Romania repealed all laws of the previous government including universal suffrage. Romania declared war on Germany and forced troops of the Central Powers out of Wallachia.

Germany’s lesser kings, princes, grand dukes, and ruling dukes had been desposed, the lot, all 22 of them.

Kaiser Wilhelm was told to abdicate. WORLD WAR I

November 9, Saturday: A general strike began in Berlin and other German cities. Workers marched on the Chancellery in the capital. Troops took the side of the strikers in Berlin, Hanover, Cologne, Kassel, and Frankfurt-am-Main. Feeling desperate, the Chancellor announced the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II. At German headquarters in Spa, Belgium, the Kaiser was informed he had abdicated and left for exile in the Netherlands. The First German Republic was proclaimed. “People’s Representatives” replace the imperial government of Chancellor Maximilian, Prince of Baden. Friedrich Ebert took over as provisional chancellor. Communists and revolutionary mobs began taking over strategic points in the capital. The high command pledged its support to the new government. Social Democrats demanded government from Prince Max. An aspiring musician named Kurt Weill spent the entire day at the Reichstag, watching the proceedings.

The government of Grand Duke Wilhelm II of Wurtemberg ceased to function.

Agreement was reached in Geneva between the National Council of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, the Yugoslav Committee and the Serbian government on a new entity for the south Slavs.

Manuel García Prieto, marqués de Alhucemas replaced Antonio Maura y Montaner as Prime Minister of Spain.

German and colonial troops captured Kasama, Northern Rhodesia (Zambia).

Hans Pfitzner and his family departed Strasbourg for München. This has been their home since 1908. He would never see it again.

Still recovering from his wounds of March 17th, 1916, Guillaume Apollinaire died of influenza.

“Gipsy Song” from The Bard of the Dimbovitza for mezzo-soprano and orchestra by Arnold Bax was performed for the initial time, in Aeolian Hall, London.

Elegy for Brahms for orchestra by Hubert Parry was performed for the initial time, at the Royal College of Music, London, conducted by Charles Villiers Stanford, 21 years after it was composed.

Emil Eichhorn, radical leftist of the Independent Socialists, led an armed mob that seized the headquarters of the city of Berlin. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE November 10, Sunday: The US 5th Marines made a night crossing of the Meuse River against German resistance. WORLD WAR I

French and Serbian forces crossed the Danube into Romania. Romanian forces invaded Transylvania.

After two years of German imprisonment, General Józef Pilsudski arrived in Warsaw to a hero’s welcome.

Elections were held in all German factories. Those elected convened in the evening to form a provisional government: the Executive Council of the Socialist German Republic. Over the next few days, the executive council enacts sweeping social reforms including the 8-hour day, the right to organize, press freedom and release of political prisoners. Friedrich Ebert and Hugo Haase were named Chairmen of the Council of People’s Commissioners.

American forces began a new offensive north from the Meuse toward Montmédy.

Sergei Rakhmaninov and his wife arrived in New York City from Europe.

Charles Koechlin arrived in New York City from France to give a series of lectures on French music.

John Philip Sousa led his band in Toronto as part of a campaign to aid the Victory Loans of Canada. With so many amputee veterans in attendance, Sousa called this one of the most moving experiences of his life.

November 11, Monday, Armistice Day: At 5:10AM an armistice between Germany and the allied countries was signed in a railroad car in the forest of Compiègne between the Allies and the Central Powers effectively halting the Great War. Six hours later (there’s no sense in killing people until the very last second, is there?), at 10:45AM, Captain Harry S Truman’s Battery D fired off its final round. Then, as of the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month, the Great War came to an end (the final treaty would be signed at Versailles on June 28th, 1919). The Great War had cost approximately 10,000,000 lives and 21,000,000 had been wounded: isn’t that just great? WORLD WAR I

While completing his instrumentation of Rag-time in Lausanne, Igor Stravinsky heard a buzzing in his ears. Going down to the street, he saw that everyone else was experiencing the same buzz. They would later learn that the noise they had heard had been a cannon on the French frontier, signaling the above armistice.

The 2d Polish Republic was founded, headed by Józef Pilsudski. What constitutes “Poland” was still a matter of some dispute. German troops were disarmed and expelled from Warsaw.

Richard Strauss was named interim artistic advisor of the Berlin Opera. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

The Republic of Estonia was restored following the German defeat.

Ahmed Tevfik Pasha replaced Ahmed Izzet Pasha as Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire.

The 5th Committee of the Turkish Parliament issued a summons for Mehmet Talât Paşa, the principle architect of the Armenian Christian genocide, Ismail Enver Pasha, and Ahmed Djemal Pasha, to appear within 10 days for an inquiry.

In Duluth, Minnesota, John R. Kellam, son of the pharmacist, formed his 1st long-term memory: I have a pretty good memory for things of long, long ago anyway. My first memory was for something that happened when I was about three and a half weeks more than two years old. Shortly after I was two years old, and that birthday was in late October 1918, the original Armistice Day occurred. Now I wouldn’t have been able to understand the first thing about Armistice Day. But in our neighborhood there was some excitement and something happened so that my father called upstairs from the drugstore — we lived in a flat above— and said that the front of the train is off the tracks over at the station. That was only a half a block away. Lester Park Station in Duluth. This was the train headed up toward the Iron Range in Minnesota. Some wheels were off the track. My father said, “Let’s go over and watch it. They’re trying to get it back on.” That’s all he had heard. So we all went across the street, down half a block and into the railroad station and beyond and the train was off the track. The two little wheels under the front cowcatcher of this old steam train had somehow gotten dislodged and this train with extra cars on it full of people was waiting for people working, trying to get this pair of wheels, heavily weighted down by the springs under this cowcatcher, back on the rails. They had iron wedges and iron poles with wedged tips, curved, working. They’d get to a certain place and the engineer would back up a little bit, slowly, and then there’d be a cracking sound and the wheels would slip off of whatever they were on and down on the ties again. Then they’d try it again a different way. I was fascinated by this. Trains were something that always stayed on the tracks, of course! So this was really odd. In my short memory it even seemed unusual, in view of what little I knew about trains. Well, they finally got the flange of one wheel across the rail and the other flange still up enough so that a tire went flack! right into place on top of the rail, both sides at once. After all that struggling they had done, then they were ready to make it go. There was no damage to the railroad, the engine, or any other cars and so they were free to go. The track was all right. There were some ties that had been marked, but pretty soon they got the engine heated up, the steam started to flow and the engine pulled and chugged away until the train was a little speck on the horizon and disappeared. Well, I guess I didn’t think about that very many times, but HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE when I was somewhere around seven or eight years old, we always had dinner together in the evening, with a relief man taking over the drugstore, and this was above the new drugstore that we built a mile away, we were talking about this and that. I said, “I remember a train that went off the track! They were putting it back on!” My dad said, “John, where was that?” I said, “Oh, that was out at the Lester Park station before we moved here.” Dad said, “Well, that’s right! What more do you remember?” I said, “There were so many people watching the workmen trying to get this train back on and so I told you I couldn’t see. So you lifted me up over your head so I was sitting on the back of your neck with my knees along side your ears. I had my hands clasped in front of your forehead. Way up there, where it was higher than you were, Daddy, I was able to see everything! It was wonderful!” (I wouldn’t have been able to see a thing in between the people — I would have moved in too close and been taken away.) “Well,” he said, “John, are you sure you remember this or did somebody tell you about it later?” I said, “I haven’t heard anybody say anything about that. I saw it. I was right there!” He said, “The reason why I’m finding it so hard to realize that it’s really your own memory is that that train full of people with wheels off the rails and back on again was on their way to the Iron Range for celebrations of the Armistice on November 11, 1918, when you were too young, I thought, to have remembered the derailing incident.”

IT IS NO COINCIDENCE THAT IT IS MORTALS WHO CONSUME OUR HISTORICAL ACCOUNTS, FOR WHAT WE ARE ATTEMPTING TO DO IS EVADE THE RESTRICTIONS OF THE HUMAN LIFESPAN. (IMMORTALS, WITH NOTHING TO LIVE FOR, TAKE NO HEED OF OUR STORIES.)

The War to End War “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE November 12, Tuesday: The 1st Allied troops, those of France, entered Constantinople. British troops would arrive on the following day. WORLD WAR I

The Austrian provisional government declared itself part of the German Republic and requested the German government to effect the union. No further action was taken. Emperor Karl abdicated the imperial throne, ending the Habsburg dynasty. A Directory of the Council of State took power in Austria, with 3 members rotating the chair weekly. Karl Renner was named Chancellor.

German and British troops did battle near Kasama, Northern Rhodesia (Zambia).

November 13, Wednesday: The governing body of Christ Church, Oxford, granted William Walton an in-College Exhibition of £85 per year for 2 years.

The monarchy under King Friedrich August III of Saxony was abolished in favor of a republic.

The Bolshevik government renounced the treaty of Brest-Litovsk.

Czechoslovakia adopted a provisional constitution.

Hungarian troops reoccupied Slovakia and forced the government to flee to Moravia. János Hock became Chairman of the National Council, effectively becoming head of state.

German troops withdrew from Warsaw. WORLD WAR I

November 14, Thursday: The monarchy under Grand Duke Friedrich II of Baden was abolished.

A National Assembly for Czechoslovakia met and elected Tomás Garrigue Masaryk as 1st president. Karel Kramar became the 1st prime minister.

Józef Pilsudski was appointed by the Council of Regency to be the 1st president of Poland. Ignacy Daszynski replaced Wladyslaw Wróblewski as prime minister of Poland. Polish representatives to the German Reichstag met in Posen (Poznan) and declared independence from Germany and attachment to Poland.

German troops evacuated Finland. WORLD WAR I

Survivors of the German force from East Africa surrendered to British authorities in Northern Rhodesia. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE November 15, Friday: Delfin Moreira da Costa Ribeiro replaced Wenceslao Braz Pereira Gomes as president of Brazil.

Russians, a cycle for voice and orchestra by Daniel Gregory Mason to words of Bynner, was performed for the initial time, in Chicago.

The world war was already over before the poet Robinson Jeffers got his final verdict from his local selective service board, and anyway the report of the board was unfavorable: thanks but no thanks, they didn’t want him.

FROM DIRECTOR OF MILITARY AERONAUTICS, RE DISQUALIFICATION: BOARD BEFORE WHICH YOU RECENTLY APPEARED FOR THE PURPOSE OF DETERMINING YOUR QUALIFICATIONS FOR COMMISSION IN THE AIR SERVICE (AERONAUTICS) HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

HAS REPORTED UNFAVORABLY. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE November 16, Saturday: The provincial government of Dalmatia requested that the National Council of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs immediately seek union with Serbia and Montenegro — fearing that they were about to be occupied by Italy.

In front of the Houses of Parliament, the National Council proclaimed the Hungarian Republic. Mihály, Count Károlyi de Nagykároly was named interim president.

A Tripolitanian Republic was set up in Libya, opposed to rule by Italy. WORLD WAR I

November 17, Sunday: 20 ships brought British troops and Cossacks to take possession of Baku from the Turks.

German troops left Brussels. WORLD WAR I

November 18, Monday: The White Directorate in Omsk was overthrown by the military. Alexander Kolchak was named Supreme Ruler of White dominated areas of Russia.

Jedrzej Edward Moraczewski replaced Ignacy Daszynski as prime minister of Poland.

The Republic of Latvia was declared independent by the Latvian People’s Council, formed yesterday.

Janis Cakste was elected Chairman of the Latvian People’s Council (Head of State). Karlis Ulmanis was Prime Minister. WORLD WAR I

November 19, Tuesday: Adolf Hitler was discharged from hospital at Pasewalk.

Italian forces occupied Dalmatia.

Charles Koechlin dined at the White House, discussing the League of Nations with President Woodrow Wilson. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE November 20, Wednesday: The 1st 20 German submarines surrendered to the Royal Navy at Harwich (during the coming months more than 100 U-boats would be thus surrendering). WORLD WAR I

Leaders of the Transylvanian Romanians declared their intention to secede from Hungary and join Romania.

Sergei Prokofiev made his 1st well-publicized appearance in the United States of America, at Aeolian Hall in New York City. This was generally successful with public and critics. Present was another recent arrival, Sergei Rakhmaninov.

Two works by Igor Stravinsky were premiered in the Salle des agriculteurs, Paris: Pribaoutki, for solo voice and chamber ensemble to anonymous words, and Berceuse du chat, for solo voice and three clarinets (these performances were with piano accompaniment).

November 22, Friday: Léon Delacroix replaced Gerhard Cooreman as prime minister of Belgium. WORLD WAR I

November 23, Saturday: Lwow (Lvov) fell to Polish troops. WORLD WAR I

Darius Milhaud leaves Brazil after almost 2 years working in the French embassy. He was returning to France via the West Indies and New York.

The 1st general meeting of the Verein für Musikalische Privataufführungen (Society for Private Performances) was held in Vienna. An executive committee was elected. Arnold Schoenberg was named president.

November 24, Sunday: The Hungarian Communist Party was founded by Béla Kun.

After almost 4 years of internment Ernest MacMillan departed from Ruhleben, Germany. WORLD WAR I

Belvedere, the 3d of the Songs of Hradcany by Leos Janácek for soprano, female chorus, flute and harp, to words of Procházka, was performed for the initial time, in Brno. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE November 25, Monday: Serbs from Vojvodina Province proclaimed unification with Serbia.

French troops marched into Strasbourg, the largest city in Alsace and Lorraine (these areas had been taken from France by Germany after the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71).

German forces in east Africa surrendered to the British at Abercorn, Northern Rhodesia (Mbala, Zambia). WORLD WAR I

The world’s hostilities were not over yet: Chile and Peru broke relations with each other.

Richard Strauss resigned as interim artistic advisor to the Berlin Opera. He was planning a move to Vienna.

November 26, Tuesday: Kurt Eisner, head of government for the Bavarian republic, announced that Bavaria was ending relations with Berlin; henceforward, Bavaria was going to be conducting its own foreign policy.

The Great National Assembly of Montenegro dethroned the Petrovic dynasty and voted for unification with Serbia. WORLD WAR I

November 27, Wednesday: Lauri Johannes Ingman replaced Juho Kusti Paasikivi as prime minister of Finland.

The National Council of Bessarabia votes to join Romania. WORLD WAR I

November 28, Thursday: Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany officially abdicated his throne. WORLD WAR I

The Polish government granted universal suffrage to all citizens over 21.

The National Council of Bukovina voted to join Romania.

Todor Ivanov Todorov replaced Aleksandur Pavlov Malinov as prime minister of Bulgaria.

November 29, Friday: Nicholas of Montenegro was deposed. Montenegro was united with Serbia.

The Estonian Soviet Republic was proclaimed in Russian-occupied Estonia.

The allied powers recognized the independence of Lithuania. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE November 30, Saturday: King Ferdinand of Romania and his cabinet reasserted control in Bucharest.

Une châtelaine en sa tour op.110 for harp by Gabriel Fauré was performed for the initial time, by the Société National de Musique, Paris.

Nikola Pasic, prime minister of Serbia, was named to be the 1st prime minister of the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes. WORLD WAR I

The Société de l’orchestre de la Suisse Romande gave its inaugural concert in Geneva.

DECEMBER

December 1, Sunday: The Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes was constituted under King Petar I of Serbia and Prime Minister Nikola Pasic.

An assembly of 100,000 Romanian delegates from Transylvania and the Banat met in Abu Iulia and voted to leave Hungary and join Romania.

Allied occupation of the Rhineland officially began. WORLD WAR I

A meeting of representatives of Soldiers’ Councils called by General Wilhelm Groener took place in Ems. Groener’s proposal that the congress adopt a resolution dissolving the councils and all military groups other than the army was voted down. Officers would henceforth be required to recognize the councils as representatives of the popular would.

Iceland was separated from Denmark, but in personal union with the Danish crown.

Gustav Holst arrived in Thessaloniki, where he would organize musical activities among troops suffering the effects of war, malaria, poison gas, and Spanish influenza.

December 4, Wednesday: Poland issued an ultimatum to Germany to withdraw from Polish territory. WORLD WAR I

Friedrich Karl, Prince of Hesse refused the Finnish throne.

President Woodrow Wilson sailed from New York harbor to attend the Versailles peace conference.

An Irish Concertino for violin, cello and piano by Charles Villiers Stanford was performed for the initial time, in London. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE December 6, Friday: Allied troops entered Cologne. WORLD WAR I

Conservative functionaries at the German Foreign Office gathered several hundred soldiers and make a sorta coup d’etat in an attempt to remove Independent Socialists from positions of power. They marched on the Chancellery and named Friedrich Ebert as dictator. Ebert refused the sorta coup d’etat and a clash between soldiers and leftist demonstrators produced 16 corpses, whereupon the sorta coup d’etat leaders wisely fled the nation.

Sergei Prokofiev performed in Chicago with the Chicago Symphony. He was the soloist in his own Piano Concerto no.1 and conducted his Scythian Suite.

December 11, Wednesday: After a compromise with the government, German army units back from the front marched into Berlin. They carried sidearms but did not bring any of their machine guns or tanks. The civilians met them with indifference. More army units would march into Berlin over the following couple of days. Within a brief period the army would simply dissolve as its-over-and-I’m-still-alive soldiers returned to their homes without being discharged. WORLD WAR I

December 14, Saturday: The German puppet government in Ukraine was overthrown by the military. An army under Simon Petliura took Kiev.

Il Trittico, a series of 3 operas by Giacomo Puccini, Il tabarro, to words of Adami after Gold, Suor Angelica, to words of Forzano, and Gianni Schicchi to words of Forzano after Dante, were performed for the initial time, at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City (it had originally been hoped that the premiere would take place in Rome, but too many performers had been in the armed forces).

A cannonade impressively announced the arrival of President Woodrow Wilson in Paris for the post-war peace conference. He commented “I do not think there has been anything like it in the history of the world.” WORLD WAR I

Only 9 days after surviving an attempt on his life, President Sidónio Bernardino Cardoso da Silva Pais of Portugal entered the main railroad station in Lisbon and was fatally wounded by a fanatic.

The Moscow Professional Composers Union was founded. Nikolai Roslavets was elected chairman of the governing board.

December 15, Sunday: After Germany refused the Polish ultimatum of December 4th, Poland severed relations. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE Mid-December: The initial Freikorps unit formed up, naming itself the “Maercker Volunteer Rifles.” WORLD WAR I PROTO-NAZISM

December 16, Monday: The Communist Workers Party of Poland was founded, to advocate union with Russia.

The 1st Congress of German Soviets convened in Berlin. They approved quick elections for a constituent assembly. A central committee was established. WORLD WAR I

Turkish forces evacuated Kars, Ardahan, and Batum.

João do Canto e Castro Silva Antunes became acting president of Portugal.

December 17, Tuesday: The Lativian Conciliar (Soviet) Republic was proclaimed in opposition to the Republic of Latvia.

French troops landed in Odessa to maintain order and ensure the evacuation of the Germans. WORLD WAR I

Roger Sessions was currently teaching at Smith College, where he became engaged to Barbara Foster, an art history student (he was only a couple years older than her).

December 20, Friday: President Masaryk returned to Prague from exile in the United States of America.

When representatives of the German high command met in Berlin with Chairman Friedrich Ebert they informed him they could not agree to a plan by the Congress of German Soviets to create a “People’s Army” by abolishing insignia of rank and instituting elections for officers. The Chairman acceded to their demands, so of course leftist members of the government informed the workers’ councils that their leader had sold out. WORLD WAR I

Stojan Protic replaced Nikola Pasic as prime minister of the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes.

The Canadian government created the Canadian National Railway.

December 24, Tuesday: Loyal army units that had entered Berlin during the previous night began to battle with the Volksmarine. Crowds of leftist citizens came to the aid of the sailors and managed to persuade these soldiers to desist. WORLD WAR I

When Ignace Paderewski arrived in Danzig (Gdansk) aboard a British ship, the. German authorities balked at letting him come ashore. The British forced the issue, and he would be allowed to accompany them to Warsaw. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE December 25, Wednesday: A leftist crowd in Berlin took over the offices of Vorwärts, the newspaper of Chairman Friedrich Ebert’s Majority Socialists. WORLD WAR I

Ignace Paderewski arrived in Posen (Poznan) to deliriously cheering crowds. German troops demanded that foreign flags flown by the Poles be removed, reminding them that this was still German territory. When the police protested that this could not be accomplished with their small numbers, the soldiers began to tear down these flags across the city. Gunfire broke out between these soldiers and members of the Polish militia.

December 29, Sunday: Independent Socialists left the German government of Friedrich Ebert, leaving him sole Chairman of the Council of People’s Commissioners. WORLD WAR I

The 1st performance of the Society for Private Performances took place in Vienna. The program included Alyeksandr Skryabin’s piano sonatas nos.4&7, four songs and Proses lyriques by Claude Debussy, and the Seventh Symphony of Gustav Mahler in an arrangement for piano-four hands.

December 31, Tuesday: At Smolensk, Communists proclaimed the Provisional Revolutionary Workers’ and Peasants’ Government of Byelorussia.

Soviet troops entered Vilnius. The government of Lithuania relocated to Kaunas.

At a Spartakist Congress in Berlin, the group decided to separate from the Independent Social Democratic Party and form a German Communist Party. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

1919

Lola Montez was portrayed by the actress Ellen Richter in a German silent film LOLA MONTEZ.

During World War I, a total of 7,446 men from all boroughs of New York City had been killed. Some returned soldiers who had learned to box for recreation while confined in British prisoner-of-war camps had been continuing to box, and established a Deutschen Reichsverband für Amateurboxen. Such clubs would spread throughout Germany and Austria.

The New York Yankees obtained the services of Babe Ruth, star pitcher of the Boston Red Sox, for $100,000.

The founding of the Illustrated Daily News.

Josephine Baker was touring in the United States with The Jones Family Band and The Dixie Steppers, providing various comical skits. When the troupes split, she tried to advance as a chorus girl for The Dixie Steppers in Sissle and Blake’s production Shuffle Along only to find out she was considered “too skinny and too dark.” Undeterred, she learned the chorus line’s routines while working as a dresser. Thus, Josephine was the obvious replacement when a dancer left. Onstage she rolled her eyes and purposely acted clumsy. The audience loved her comedic touch, and Josephine was a box office draw for the rest of the show’s run. She enjoyed moderate success at The Plantation Club in New York after Shuffle Along. However, when Josephine traveled to Paris for a new venture, La Revue Nègre, it proved to be a turning point in her career. Amongst a compilation of acts, Josephine and dance partner Joe Alex captivated the audience with the Danse Sauvage. Everything about the routine was new and exotic, and Josephine, boldly dressed in nothing but a feather skirt, worked the audience into frenzy with her uninhibited movements. She was an overnight sensation. Her exotic beauty generated nicknames “Black Venus,” “Black Pearl” and “Creole Goddess.” Admirers would bestow a HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE plethora of gifts, including diamonds and cars, and she would receive approximately 1,500 marriage proposals. She would maintained the energy of her performances and her celebrity status for 50 years, until her death in 1975. Unfortunately, racism would prevent her talents from being acceptable in the United States until 1973. Josephine loved animals, and at one time she owned a leopard (Chiquita), a chimpanzee (Ethel), a pig (Albert), a snake (Kiki), a goat, a parrot, parakeets, fish, three cats and seven dogs. Her career thrived in the integrated Paris society; when La Revue Nègre closed, Josephine starred in La Folie du Jour at the Follies-Bergère Theater. Her jaw-dropping performance, including a costume of 16 bananas strung into a skirt, cemented her celebrity status. Josephine rivaled Gloria Swanson and Mary Pickford as the most photographed woman in the world.

The Weil family returned from Laval to Paris. WORLD WAR I

SIMONE WEIL

THE TASK OF THE HISTORIAN IS TO CREATE HINDSIGHT WHILE INTERCEPTING ANY ILLUSION OF FORESIGHT. NOTHING A HUMAN CAN SEE CAN EVER BE SEEN AS IF THROUGH THE EYE OF GOD. IN A BOOK THAT IS SUPPOSED TO BE ABOUT HISTORY, ISSUED BY

The War to End War “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE RANDOM HOUSE IN 2016, I FIND THE PHRASE “LOOKED UPON FROM THE BIRD’S-EYE VIEW OF HISTORY, ....” ONLY A MERE STORYTELLER, NEVER A HISTORIAN, COULD HAVE PENNED SUCH A PHRASE — BECAUSE NO BIRD HAS EVER FLOWN OVER HISTORY.

January: Charles Ephraim Burchfield was discharged from the US Army with the rank of sergeant, and returned to the Mullens Company in Salem, Ohio. WORLD WAR I

His image of a house with a tall chimney in the Quaker town of Salem, which would be made in this year during a November twilight, is now at the Kennedy Galleries:

January 17, Friday: The last German troops left Africa from Dar-es-Salaam. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE January 18, Saturday: The Peace Conference to decide the fate of the post-war world opened in the Versailles Palace, on the anniversary of the French surrender to Germany in 1871. It recognized the Polish government and invited their representatives to the table. WORLD WAR I

Dénes Berinkey replaced Mihály, Count Károlyi de Nagykároly as Prime Minister of Hungary.

Pianist Ignacy Jan Paderewski replaced Jedrzej Edward Moraczewski as prime minister of Poland.

Bentley Motor Company was established in London.

January 19, Sunday: Elections for a National Constitutional Assembly were held in Germany. About 85% of the eligible electorate took part, including for the 1st time women. Various social democratic parties and the Catholics were the big winners. They would produce a liberal constitution for the country. WORLD WAR I

At a social gathering in New York, Charles T. Griffes met Darius Milhaud, who was on his way from Brazil to France. The two hit it off and agreed to meet again in a few days. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE January 25, Saturday: The idea of a League of Nations (Société des Nations, Völkerbund) was accepted at the Paris Peace Conference. The scheme seems to have been put in circulation by British Foreign Secretary Edward Grey, and quickly gained the support of Colonel Edward M. House. President Woodrow Wilson had made it central to his “Fourteen Points for Peace,” in that “A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike.” President Wilson would therefore receive the Nobel Peace Prize for 1919. A Covenant for this League of Nations would be drafted by a special commission, and the League would be established as Part I of the Treaty of Versailles on June 28th, 1919. Initially the Covenant would be signed by 44 nations, but the United States of America would never subscribe. The US would be unable to endorse the Covenant due to determined Republican opposition led in the US Senate by Henry Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts and William E. Borah of Idaho. Also, because this assembly had no teeth, that is, would be entirely unable to enforce its decisions, Benito Mussolini would comment that such a scheme was adequate “when sparrows shout, but no good at all when eagles fall out.” Nevertheless, the League would hold its initial meeting in London on January 10th, 1920, with its 1st official act being ratification of the Treaty of Versailles thus officially bringing World War I to a close. On November 1, 1920 the headquarters of the League would be moved to Geneva, Switzerland, where on November 15th, 1920 the initial general assembly of 41 nations of the League would take place.

READ THE FULL TEXT

February 2, Sunday: Government troops attacked the workers’ government in Bremen. They succeeded handily after brief fighting and reopened the port. WORLD WAR I

February 3, Monday: The Red Army took Kiev. WORLD WAR I

Subway motormen in London went on strike, creating a transportation nightmare.

Sinn Fein leader Eamonn De Valera and 2 of his compatriots escaped from Lincoln Jail. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE February 5, Wednesday: Trials of Turkish officials accused of the murder of thousands of Armenians in Ankara Province commence in Yozgat.

The 1st regular daily passenger flights began between Berlin and Weimar.

February 6, Thursday: Dr. Reshid, former governor-general of Diyarbekir Province in Turkey and a major perpetrator of the Armenian Genocide, committed suicide.

The National Assembly of the German Republic convened in the Court Theater of Weimar. WORLD WAR I

The Central Labor Council of Seattle voted to support dock workers in a general strike. This was the 1st general strike in a United States city — more than 100,000 were off the job.

2 songs by George Gershwin were performed for the initial time as part of the musical comedy Good Morning, Judge in the Shubert Theater, New York: I was so young, to words of Bryan and Caesar, and There’s more to the kiss than the x-x-x, to words of Caesar.

February 8, Saturday: British Prime Minister David Lloyd George left the Versailles conference and returned home to deal with the worsening labor crisis. WORLD WAR I

February 9, Sunday: In a week-long battle, White forces routed the Reds in the Caucasus. WORLD WAR I

An airplane named the Goliath made the 1st commercial passenger flight from London to Paris.

Trois Mouvements perpétuels for piano by Francis Poulenc was performed for the initial time, in Paris.

Angel of Death, a symphonic poem by George Whitefield Chadwick, was performed for the initial time, in Aeolian Hall, New York.

February 13, Thursday: Philipp Scheidemann became the 1st Prime Minister of the German Republic. WORLD WAR I

In memoriam: An Irish Elegy by Arnold Bax for english horn, harp and string quartet, was performed publicly for the 1st time, in London. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE February 14, Friday: The Polish Sejm constituted itself, expresses confidence in Prime Minister Paderewski and elects Wojciech Trampczynski as its leader. General Pilsudski resigns.

The Hungarian Council of Ministers reorganizes the Budapest Academy of Music as the National Academy of Music of Hungary. Ernö Dohnányi was appointed director, Zoltán Kodály was deputy director. With the fall of the Republic of Councils seven months from now, these men would come under official scrutiny.

The Council of Ten, the leading Allied nations, approved the Covenant of the League of Nations. President Woodrow Wilson, supposing the most difficult phase of the Versailles conference to be over, departed from Paris to return home for a few weeks. WORLD WAR I

Darius Milhaud arrived in France from Brazil via the West Indies and New York.

February 16, Sunday: Karl Seitz became 1st president of the Republic of Austria. He was president of the National Assembly and acting head of state. WORLD WAR I

A statement of aims for the Society for Private Musical Performances, written by Alban Berg, was signed by the society’s chairman, Arnold Schoenberg.

February 19, Wednesday: As he rode in his car to work in Paris, French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau was shot and wounded by Louis Cottin, an anarchist. Cottin was set upon by local residents and then arrested when police arrived. WORLD WAR I

Interest in the National Vocational Guidance Association had dwindled to the point at which there had been no annual meeting in the previous year, or appointment of new officers. At this point the Association was reorganized in Chicago, this time as a federation of regional associations served by a national organization, and John M. Brewer was elected as that reorganization’s president. In 1985 the name would change to “National Career Development Association.”

February 20, Thursday: Emir Habibullah of Afghanistan was murdered in Kalagosh because of his pro-British policies.

A largely communist crowd marches on the socialist newspaper Népszava (The Voice of the People) in Budapest hoping to seize the offices. In the ensuing melee 6 police officers were killed and several were wounded. Béla Kun and 41 other prominent communists were arrested and beaten. WORLD WAR I

The Polish Sejm created Józef Pilsudki Chief of State. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE February 21, Friday: Fighting resumed between Germans and Poles in Poznan.

In München, Count Anton Arco-Valley, a Bavarian aristocrat monarchist, gunned down Prime Minister Kurt Eisner of Bavaria while he was on his way to the Landtag to submit his resignation. The count was then shot 3 times by Eisner’s bodyguards, and spirited away by police to the Foreign Ministry to save him from irate mobs. His life would be saved by a surgeon. When Socialist leader Erhard Auer opened the Landtag in place of the dead Prime Minister, the butcher Alois Lindner entered and shot him as well as an army officer who attempted to intercede. Shooting then began from the galleries and in the melee 3 were killed. The local soviet called a 3-day general strike. A 7PM curfew was established. At night gun battles began. All told the day turned into an absolute embarrassing mess.

The Allied blockade of Turkey was ended. WORLD WAR I

February 22, Saturday: In a Social Democrat march against the communists in Budapest, 100,000 workers demonstrated. WORLD WAR I

Thousands of workers in München began arming themselves and disarming the bourgeoisie. The workers’ councils began to operate as a government.

February 23, Sunday: In Italy, Benito Mussolini founded the Fasci italiani di Combattimento.

PROTO-NAZISM

In Ahmadabad, India, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi appealed for civil disobedience against the proposed Rowlatt Acts (these regulations allowed, in political cases, trial without jury and internment without trial; it was his initial public action against British rule in India).

February 24, Monday: Debate began in Weimar on a new German constitution.

As President Woodrow Wilson arrived in Boston from France, he was greeted by 500,000 cheering citizens. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE February 27, Thursday: A Zionist delegation led by Chaim Weizmann appears before the Council of Ten at the Versailles Conference and asks that a Jewish National Homeland be created in Palestine under British mandate. WORLD WAR I

The Planets (without Venus and Neptune) by Gustav Holst was given its 1st public performance, in Queen’s Hall, London while the composer was suffering from a fractured foot in Thessaloniki. On the same program was the premiere of the revised version of the Festival Overture for orchestra by Arnold Bax.

String Quartet no.7 by Charles Villiers Stanford was performed for the initial time, at a student chamber music concert at the Royal College of Music, London. Also premiered was Isobel for voice and piano by Frank Bridge to words of Goddard-Fenwick.

March: Adolf Hitler the poison gas survivor finished his job of guarding Russian prisoners. WORLD WAR I

March 1, Thursday: Walter Larrabee was flying between Duluth and Superior when the pin of the plane’s propeller fell out. He was able to bring the plane down safely at Belknap Street and Catlin Avenue.

German government troops attempted to recapture Halle from workers, but the force sent in was too small and quickly overwhelmed. WORLD WAR I

Richard Strauss was appointed director of the State Opera of the Austrian Republic (formerly the Vienna Court Opera). Immediately the entire staff, with a few notable exceptions, demand his withdrawal, charging that his salary was too high for “an impoverished country like the new Austria.”

France creates the Colony of Haute-Volta (Burkina Faso) with French West Africa.

March 2, Friday: A much larger force than that of the previous day was sent into Halle, Germany and troops were ordered to gun down anyone in possession of a weapon. WORLD WAR I

Two Male Choruses by Bohuslav Martinu to Lithuanian folk texts were performed for the 1st time, in Prague.

A song by George Gershwin, “O Land of Mine, America,” was published in the New York American as one of 15 winners of a patriotic song contest. Gershwin won the smallest prize available, $100. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE March 3, Saturday: A communist call for a general strike sent Berlin, Germany into a frenzy of disorder, including street battles and the cessation of economic activity. Troops were given shoot-to-kill orders and carried them out. Artillery was used in the city. Bodies littered the streets. The German government gave Minister of Defense Gustav Noske dictatorial powers over the city. A state of siege was declared.

German troops attacked from East Prussia east against the Red Army.

In Schenck v. United States, the Supreme Court upheld the Espionage Act of 1917. Free speech might be limited if it constituted “a clear and present danger.” WORLD WAR I

March 4, Sunday: The 3d Communist International was founded in Moscow.

The general strike in Halle, Germany came to an end in the face of government troops. WORLD WAR I

The Canadian Grand Trunk Railway announces it would cease operations on March 10.

March 5, Monday: In Berlin, the communist-led general strike suspended economic activity. 30,000 government troops, firing at any perceived threat, began to flood into the city. WORLD WAR I

The “Commission of Fifteen,” a subcommittee of the Commission on Responsibilities and Sanctions of the Paris Peace Conference, issued a report about the culpability of Turkey in the deaths of thousands of Armenians. They cited terror, systematic massacre, rape, seizing of property (both personal and community) and its destruction, deportation, and forced labor.

The 11th session of the trial on the Yozgat massacres during the Armenian Genocide was held.

President Woodrow Wilson left New York harbor, heading for France.

March 6, Tuesday: The Alexanderplatz, center of the communist insurrection in Berlin, Germany, was secured by government troops. Richard Strauss reported to his wife, “There was a lot of shooting today, the government troops won at Alexanderplatz, and did a thorough clear-out of the Spartacists.” WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE April 8, Tuesday: The Red Army entered Crimea. WORLD WAR I

The Ukranian Soviet Socialist Republic was founded.

All members of the Habsburg family were exiled from Austria.

At the request of Prime Minister Clemenceau, President Poincaré of France reduced the death sentence of Emil Cottin to 10 years imprisonment (Cottin had been convicted of shooting Clemenceau).

April 9, Wednesday: The München soviet began confiscating food and weapons. Telephone, telegraph, and rail service were suspended.

Captain Harry S Truman sailed from Brest aboard the liner USS Zeppelin. WORLD WAR I

April 28, Monday: A train carrying the German delegation to the peace conference in Paris departed Berlin. The League of Nations was becoming a reality. Would this create world peace? WORLD WAR I WORLD WAR II

April 29, Tuesday: German government troops which had recently invaded Bavaria met their initial real resistance from communists in the suburbs of München. They succeeded in surrounding the city.

The German delegation arrived at Vaucresson. They were taken by car to their hotel at Versailles, some 20 kilometers away, in order to avoid the angry crowds at the Versailles station.

Citizens of the Dodecanese Islands voted for union with Greece. WORLD WAR I

April 30, Wednesday: French troops and the Crimean government evacuated Sevastopol.

Officials of the Republic of Councils (communist) in München began to execute royalist and conservative prisoners they had been holding in the Luitpold Gymnasium. 20 of them were killed before higher officials put a stop to this.

President Woodrow Wilson acceded to the European view that Germany’s concessions in Shantung province should henceforward pertain to Japan. The Versailles Conference formally accepted this although the Chinese delegation walked out in protest. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE March 9, Friday: Workers’ and soldiers’ councils in Berlin declared an end to the general strike.

Minister of Defense Gustave Noske ordered that anyone bearing arms against the German government be immediately gunned down. WORLD WAR I

Egyptian nationalist leader Saad Zaghlul and 3 others were arrested by the British in Cairo for deportation to Malta. Rioting began.

In Paris, Symphony no.2 op.49 by Darius Milhaud was performed for the initial time.

March 10, Saturday: Damad Adil Ferid Pasha replaced Ahmed Tevfik Pasha as Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire.

James Joyce’s English Players’ production of The Heather Field by Edward Martyn opened in Zürich. Playing the 40-year-old Irish doctor was Otto Luening.

Dictator Gustav Noske ordered the Peoples’ Naval Division to disband. The Battle for Berlin, Germany was over. WORLD WAR I

March 11, Sunday: Members of the Volksmarine were lured to a building in Berlin, Germay where they were arrested and 29 of them gunned down. Later in the day 220 workers, including some women, were machinegunned in Moabit Prison. WORLD WAR I

March 12, Monday: Pranas Dovydaitis replaced Mykolas Slezevicius as Prime Minister of Lithuania.

The 1st American food ship arrived in Hamburg, Germany. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE March 13, Tuesday: The Grand Vizier, Ahmet Tevfik Pasha, attempted to justify the genocide against the Armenian Christians on the basis of false accusations. Don’t you see, they had it coming.

Remaining revolutionaries in Berlin under arms asked the German government for surrender terms. No conditions were allowed. Some surrendered and the rest fought to the death. Between 1,500 and 2,000 leftists died in the insurrection and about 10,000 were wounded.

After 10 days of an offensive against the Red Army, German troops controlled most of Lithuania and held the port of Windau, Latvia. In every area they conquered, they simply gunned down any suspected communists.

President Woodrow Wilson arrived in France for a 2d time, at Brest. WORLD WAR I

The Violin Sonata op.82 by Edward Elgar was performed for the initial time, privately, at the British Musical Society.

March 16, Friday: Mikhail Fyodorovich Vladimirsky replaced Yakov Mikhailovich Sverdlov as Chairman of the All- Russian Central Executive Committee (head of state) ad interim. WORLD WAR I

March 17, Saturday: Martial law in Berlin was lifted after 1,200 deaths in street battles since communists called a general strike on March 3d. WORLD WAR I

The Canadian Minister of Railways and Canals was appointed receiver for the Grand Trunk Railway.

Sergei Rakhmaninov recorded 9 rolls of recordings for the American Piano Co. (Ampico). These were his 1st recordings of any kind. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE March 20, Tuesday: Allied peace demands were presented to the Hungarian government in Budapest. WORLD WAR I

France required that Hungary remove all forces between the Tisza River and the Carpathian Mountains. Supposing that this was to become the new national border and given but 18 hours to reply, the government rejected the demands, resigned, and handed power to the Social Democrats. They sought Communist support in the hope that Russia would come to their aid.

March 21, Wednesday: Social Democrats and Communists in Hungary unified their parties and issued a joint manifesto: Dictatorship of the Proletariat, organization of a proletarian Red Army to oppose Romanians who seized Transylvania last year, and alliance with the Bolsheviks. The Hungarian Soviet Republic (Republic of the Councils) was proclaimed. A Revolutionary Governing Council was created, headed by Sándor Garbai. WORLD WAR I

The Danube was opened once again to navigation.

The Violin Sonata op.82 by Edward Elgar was given its 1st public performance, in Aeolian Hall, London. The critics were “cautious and reserved.”

March 22, Thursday: The new leftist government in Hungary decreed the nationalization of large landholdings, abolition of aristocratic privileges, separation of church and state, and programs to provide basic necessities to all Hungarian children. WORLD WAR I

Three Poems of Fiona MacLeod op.11 for voice and piano by Charles T. Griffes, was performed for the initial time, in Aeolian Hall, New York, the composer at the piano. Sergei Prokofiev appears in the same concert accompanying three songs by Griffes.

March 28, Wednesday: Hungary declared war on Czechoslovakia. WORLD WAR I

Incidental music to Larronde’s play La Danse macabre by Arthur Honegger was performed for the initial time, in Théâtre de l’Odéon, Paris. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE March 30, Friday: In an attempt to disrupt the Yozgat Armenian Genocide court martial, shots were fired in the courtroom.

One company of United States infantry in Arkangelsk refused orders to return to the front and demanded that all US forces be withdrawn from Russia. After some prodding from their commander they agree to return part of the way. WORLD WAR I

Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin replaced Mikhail Fyodorovich Vladimirsky as Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (head of state).

Chanson bas op.44, a cycle for voice and piano by Darius Milhaud to words of Mallarmé, was performed for the initial time, at Théâtre du Vieux Colombier, Paris. Also premiered was Milhaud’s Trois poèmes de Léo Latil op.2 for voice and piano.

Four Pieces op.32 for piano by Sergei Prokofiev was performed for the initial time, in New York.

April 1, Tuesday: Eamon de Valera became prime minister of Ireland.

The Krupp armaments factory in München closed and its 4,000 workers were added to the unemployment rolls. WORLD WAR I

The State Bauhaus was founded in Weimar by Walter Gropius.

April 7, Monday: The Soviet Republic of Bavaria was proclaimed in München, declaring its solidarity with soviet republics in Russia and Hungary. This was Bavaria’s 3d simultaneous government. Their manifesto called for secession from Germany, alliance with Russia and Hungary, the nationalization of industry, and confiscation of large landholdings. When French forces evacuated Odessa, they took with them 40,000 Russians who had sought their protection. In the panic created by anticipation of a Bolshevik takeover, any number of civilians committed suicide. WORLD WAR I

Trials of Turkish officials accused of the murder of thousands of Armenians in Ankara Province concluded in Yozgat Province, with former governor Mehmet (Mehmed) Kemal Bey among others being convicted of “mass murder of Yozgat’s Armenian deportees at Keller and elsewhere, the pillage and plunder of the victim’s goods, and the abduction and rape of many members of the convoys.” The Turkish commander of local Yozgat troops, Major Mehmed Tevfik Bey, was sentenced to 15 years at hard labor.

160,000 Belgian women signed a petition demanding the mandate to vote.

Incidental music to Bennet’s play Judith by Granville Bantock was performed for the initial time, in Devonshire Park, Eastbourne.

Piano Sonata in a minor op.11 and Three Miniatures op.12 for piano by Howard Hanson were performed for the initial time, at the College of the Pacific, San Jose, California. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE April 8, Tuesday: The Red Army entered Crimea. WORLD WAR I

The Ukranian Soviet Socialist Republic was founded.

All members of the Habsburg family were exiled from Austria.

At the request of Prime Minister Clemenceau, President Poincaré of France reduced the death sentence of Emil Cottin to 10 years imprisonment (Cottin had been convicted of shooting Clemenceau).

April 9, Wednesday: The München soviet began confiscating food and weapons. Telephone, telegraph, and rail service were suspended.

Captain Harry S Truman sailed from Brest aboard the liner USS Zeppelin. WORLD WAR I

April 10, Thursday: 4 days of balloting in Hungary for a national soviet came to an end.

The Belgian government decreed universal suffrage.

The comédie musicale Masques et bergamasques by Gabriel Fauré, to words of Fauchois, was performed for the initial time, in Monaco.

Mexican revolutionary Emiliano Zapata was gunned down by federal troops at the hacienda of San Juan Chinameca in Morelos.

The 18 sessions of the trial of the officials of Turkey’s Yozgat district, Mehmed Kemâl Bey, Major Mehmed Tevfik Bey, and Abdul Fayaz, had taken place from February 5th to April 7th. They were accused of “mass murder of Yozgat’s Armenian deportees at Keller and elsewhere, the pillage and plunder of the victim’s goods, and the abduction and rape of many members of the convoys.” There was testimony from 18 Armenian survivors. On April 8th Mehmet (Mehmed) Kemal Bey, who had been sub-district governor of Bogazliyan and subsequently interim district governor of Yozgat, was convicted of ordering the robbery and murder of Armenians and sentenced to death under Article 170 of the Ottoman Penal Code for the crime of premeditated murder. At 7PM on this day he was hanged in Istanbul’s Bayezid (Beyazit) Square. In a final statement on the scaffold he insisted he had merely been implementing an order received as a Turkish officer. He entrusted his children to the people. He shouted “They are hanging me to make up to the foreign countries. If they call this justice, curse upon such a justice!” His final words were “Long live the nation.” Some describe him as the 1st person executed for crimes against humanity. The body would be interred in the Mahmud Baba Tomb in Yozgat, wrapped in a Turkish flag. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE April 13, Sunday: Native Indian troops (Gurkhas and Baluchis) under the command of Temporary Brigadier General Reginald Edward Harry Dyer (on his 3d day in the city), open fire on a public meeting in the Garden of Jallianwalla near Amritsar. 379 people were killed (official count) and some 1,137 wounded (1,516 total casualties with 1,650 bullets fired). The wounded were left where they fell as General Dyer ordered that nothing be done to help them.

A counterrevolution in Bavaria, led by the former head of government Adolf Hoffmann, failed miserably. WORLD WAR I

April 14, Monday: A day after the massacre at Amritsar in India, Temporary Brigadier General Reginald Edward Harry Dyer allowed the dead bodies to be removed.

The Freikorps suppressed the communists of Dresden. PROTO-NAZISM WORLD WAR I

April 15, Tuesday: In Turkey, the court martial investigated the role of the Ittihad Party in the Armenian massacres.

In Russia, the Cheka initiated concentration camps for political opponents.

After a German officer was arrested by Latvian officials in Libau, German troops broke him out of jail and placed under arrest all the officers of the Latvian army.

In the midst of a general strike in Milan, leftists battled fascists in the streets. The socialist newspaper Avanti! was ransacked by fascists. 5 were killed, 30 injured. When police finally gained control of the situation, 50 rioters were arrested. WORLD WAR I

Antonio Maura y Montaner replaced Alvaro Figueroa y Torres, Count Romanones as Prime Minister of Spain.

April 16, Wednesday: Romania invaded Hungary to pre-empt a Hungarian attempt to reconquer Transylvania.

Most of the government of Latvia was arrested by German troops. Prime Minister Ulmanis escaped to a ship in the harbor protected by the Royal Navy. A pro-German Latvian government was installed temporarily, led by Hans Joachim Paul Adolph Baron von Manteuffel.

The Land Control Act was enacted in Czechoslovakia. This provided for the expropriation of large estates and the distribution of land to peasants. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE April 18, Friday: The Freikorps suppressed the communists of Brunswick. PROTO-NAZISM

In the Battle of the Bavarian governments at Dachau, communists defeated the republican forces.

The allies informed Germany that it must send a delegation to Versailles on April 25th to receive the preliminary peace treaty. WORLD WAR I

On this date, Sergei Rakhmaninov began 6 days during which he made his 1st gramophone recordings, consisting of 5 double-sided records, for Thomas Edison.

April 20, Sunday: Bavarian government (communist) forces, with the help of some stone-throwing citizens, defeated another attempt by the Majority Socialists to take München. The battle took place at Dachau. WORLD WAR I

April 23, Wednesday: President Woodrow Wilson published an appeal to the Italian people to be content with the territorial gains they had already achieved, and not press their demands for Fiume. WORLD WAR I

April 24, Thursday: Polish forces ended Bolshevik rule in Lithuania, precipitating war with Russia.

The Italian delegation to the Versailles Conference, led by Prime Minister Orlando, walked out of the conference over Fiume and Dalmatia. WORLD WAR I

April 25, Friday: Prime Minister Orlando arrived in Rome from Paris amidst angry crowds shouting “Down with Wilson!” WORLD WAR I

A package arrives at the Atlanta apartment of former Senator Thomas Hardwick. It was opened by the Hardwick’s maid, Ethel Williams and exploded, removing both her hands. Mrs. Hardwick received shrapnel wounds and facial burns. Senator Hardwick had not been at home. The explosion would alert police and postal authorities, who would discover about 30 such mail bombs believed sent by anarchists or communists to various government and economic leaders.

April 26, Saturday: Hungarian Colonel Károly Kratochvil surrendered his Székely Division to the invading Romanians. On the same day, Czechoslovak forces invaded Hungary from the north. WORLD WAR I

Oskars Borkovskis replaced Hans Joachim Paul Adolph Baron von Manteuffel as Head of State and Prime Minister of Latvia. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE April 27, Sunday: The Battle for München between the communists and Freikorps units. PROTO-NAZISM

The Ottoman court trying those Turkish Moslems accused of genocide of Armenian Christians in the Yozgat district found that their actions rather than having been an isolated event had clearly amounted to “the result of a premeditated decision taken by a central body....”

Sergei Rakhmaninov and Jascha Heifetz appeared at the Metropolitan Opera House in New York City, at an event to support the Victory Liberty Loan. Both performed set pieces and then auctioned their encores to the highest bidder. Rakhmaninov received a bid of $1,000,000 for his Prelude in c# minor (however, the high bidder was Ampico, a small reproducing piano company who had Rakhmaninov under contract — and they were into this for the publicity).

April 28, Monday: A train carrying the German delegation to the peace conference in Paris departed Berlin. The League of Nations was becoming a reality. Would this create world peace? WORLD WAR I WORLD WAR II

April 29, Tuesday: German government troops which had recently invaded Bavaria met their initial real resistance from communists in the suburbs of München. They succeeded in surrounding the city.

The German delegation arrived at Vaucresson. They were taken by car to their hotel at Versailles, some 20 kilometers away, in order to avoid the angry crowds at the Versailles station.

Citizens of the Dodecanese Islands voted for union with Greece. WORLD WAR I

April 30, Wednesday: French troops and the Crimean government evacuated Sevastopol.

Officials of the Republic of Councils (communist) in München began to execute royalist and conservative prisoners they had been holding in the Luitpold Gymnasium. 20 of them were killed before higher officials put a stop to this.

President Woodrow Wilson acceded to the European view that Germany’s concessions in Shantung province should henceforward pertain to Japan. The Versailles Conference formally accepted this although the Chinese delegation walked out in protest. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE May 1, Thursday: Mount Kelud in the Netherlands East Indies erupted, killing 5,000 people in 104 villages.

The Hungarian Red Army invaded Czechoslovakia, seizing large portions of Slovakia (they would leave in June).

As the communist government and Red Army in München collapsed, soldiers of the German Freikorps entered the city and ran amok in an orgy of killings, beatings, and rape, partly spurred on by exaggerated reports of the previous night’s executions. Over the following week hundreds would be killed, including Gustav Landauer, Minister of Education.

Horse soldiers and police attacked a peaceful, albeit unauthorized, demonstration by socialists in the Place de la Concorde, Paris. The socialists retaliated with rocks and the sides battled for most of the afternoon. The official tally was 2 killed, 428 injured.

In New York City, soldiers of the US Army and Navy attacked the offices of a socialist newspaper, The Call. The offices were destroyed and ransacked while newspaper employees were beaten or thrown from the windows. The city police watched but did not interfere.

In Cleveland, soldiers disrupted a May Day celebration by demands that veterans in the demonstration remove their uniforms. The dispute between the 2 groups escalated into a full-scale street battle. Police wielding truncheons and army tanks came to the aid of the soldiers and began attacking the demonstrators. A citizen was killed and hundreds injured. WORLD WAR I

May 2, Friday: Counterrevolutionaries raided the Hungarian embassy in Vienna. WORLD WAR I

The city of München was taken by the Freikorps. It would not be declared secure until May 6th, by which point approximately 1,200 local communists would have been eliminated. PROTO-NAZISM

May 4, Sunday: Demonstrations were held in Peking and throughout China to protest the transfer of Germany’s rights in Shantung province to Japan. The events of this day spawn a new movement among intellectuals to reform the nation and awaken the masses. WORLD WAR I

It was revealed during the 2d session of the tribunal investigating the Ittihad Party that Ittihad cabinet ministers had been simultaneously serving as executive members of that party. ARMENIAN GENOCIDE HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE May 5, Monday: Gyula, Count Andrássy became the prime minister of the counter-revolutionary government of Hungary, centered in Arad. WORLD WAR I

The League of Red Cross Societies was founded.

The 13th session of the trial on the Trebizond massacres of Armenian Christians was held.

May 6, Tuesday: Captain Harry S Truman was discharged from the US Army. WORLD WAR I

When members of the Freikorps massacre 21 members of a Catholic workingmen’s society, the bourgeoisie of München turn against the Freikorps and their week-long reign of terror.

Henry Cowell was discharged from the United States Army.

The 3d session of the tribunal on the Ittihad Party revealed that the original Convention of the party had consisted of merely 300 members. ETHNIC CLEANSING

May 7, Wednesday: The former German South West Africa was taken over by South Africa.

Violin Sonata op.165/2 by Charles Villiers Stanford was performed for the initial time, in Wigmore Hall, London.

The victorious Allies presented a draft Treaty of Versailles to the German delegation, that had heretofore been held apart from any and all negotiations. They were given 2 weeks to submit any comments they might have. In a brief statement, the Germans rejected the war guilt clause. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE May 8, Thursday: The 4th session of the Ittihad Tribunal was held. 180,000 Turkish gold pounds were requisitioned from the Tejeddut Party.

The 5th session of the Ittihad Tribunal was held and the trial of Young Turk propagandist Zia Gokalp began.

Leaders in Ruthenia agreed to join Czechoslovakia.

Otto Strandman was named the 1st Prime Minister of Estonia.

The text of the Versailles Treaty reached Berlin by special courier. Read it and weep. WORLD WAR I

Virtual civil war in Bavaria ended with the restoration of order by government troops. During 9 days of fighting 557 had been killed.

A mob of sailors and white citizens roamed the streets of Charleston, South Carolina assaulting any black Americans they found. 2 black Americans were killed and 17 injured. To restore order in the town it was necessary to call in the US Marines. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE May 10, Saturday: The Freikorps suppressed the communists of Leipzig. WORLD WAR I PROTO-NAZISM

In Constantinople, Gustav Holst received a telegram informing him that the Hymn of Jesus has been granted 1 of 5 awards given by the Carnegie United Kingdom Trust.

Cello Concerto no.1 by Heitor Villa-Lobos was performed for the initial time, in the Teatro Municipal, Rio de Janeiro, under the baton of the composer.

After a number of setbacks at his sheep ranch, Salmon Brown had moved his family to Portland, Oregon. Apparently despondent over illness (he had been partly paralyzed for some time), on this day at the age of 82 the last surviving son of John Brown killed himself.

SUICIDE HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE May 11, Sunday: The 16th session of the trial on the Trebizond massacres of Armenian Christians was held.

The Bavarian government-in-exile returned to München from Bamberg as the Freikorps left the province. WORLD WAR I

Andrievs Niedra replaced Oskars Borkovskis as Head of State and Prime Minister of Latvia.

Claude Debussy’s Rhapsody for saxophone, completed by Roger-Ducasse, was performed for the initial time, by the Société National de Musique, Paris.

May 12, Monday: The German National Assembly was moved from Weimar to Berlin as a gesture of national unity. They began to debate the pros and cons, and rejected the Versailles Treaty. All parties denounced all sections of the document (it was precisely as if they had some say in the matter). WORLD WAR I

“Something about Love” by George Gershwin to words of Paley, was performed for the initial time as part of the musical comedy Lady in Red in the Lyric Theater, New York.

May 14, Wednesday: The Austrian delegation arrived at the Versailles Conference. WORLD WAR I

May 19, Monday: The Danish ship Mary witnessed Australian Harry Hawker and MacKenzie Grieve of Great Britain landing in the ocean about 5 kilometers from them. They effectd a rescue in heavy seas, but there was no wireless on board to notify the world.

A mass meeting of 100,000 persons was organized by the Constantinople Police Department to protest the landing at Smyrna (modern İzmir) on May 14th of the Greek Army.

Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk) arrived in Samsun on assignment from the Ministry of War and the Grand Vizier in Constantinople, as Inspector-General for central Anatolia. Atatürk began organizing forces to oppose the Allied occupation of Turkey. Many former Young Turk (Ittihadist) loyalists joined forces with him.

The Polish government mandated universal health care.

Hungary launched an offensive against Czechoslovakia. They achieved a series of successes. WORLD WAR I

The Supreme Court of Canada reversed the Drysdale decision of April 27th, 1918 in the Halifax Explosion. All subsequent appeals would find that the 2 ships were equally to blame. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE May 21, Wednesday: The Hungarian Red Army recaptured Miskolc from the Czechoslovaks. WORLD WAR I

Mohammed Said Pasha replaced Hussein Rushdi Pasha as prime minister of Egypt.

At Wigmore Hall in London, two chamber works of Edward Elgar, String Quartet op.83 and Piano Quintet op.84, were given initial public performances.

May 22, Thursday: German troops captured Riga. WORLD WAR I

An Ottoman court in Trebizond handed down verdicts in the Armenian Genocide. It found Governor-General Jemal Azmi and Yenibahcheli Nail Bey of the Committee of Union and Progress (Young Turks, Jöntürkler) responsible for the order to massacre Armenian Christians. They were sentenced to death in absentia. Hehmet Ali, a customs inspector, was sentenced to 10 years of forced labor. The Chief of Police was sentenced to a year in prison. Others implicated were acquitted.

May 26, Monday: The Republic of Armenia was declared. WORLD WAR I

A production of Oliver Goldsmith’s She Stoops to Conquer by James Joyce’s English Players opened in Zürich. In the role of Tony Lumpkin was Otto Luening.

La La Lucille, a musical comedy by George Gershwin with a book by Jackson and lyrics by DeSylva, Jackson and Ceasar, was performed in New York for the 1st time, in the Henry Miller Theater, New York. This was Gershwin’s 1st full score for Broadway and would see 104 performances.

May 29, Thursday: The German response to the draft Treaty of Versailles, consisting of 25,000 words, condemned reparations, war guilt, and territorial provisions. WORLD WAR I

In Stillwater, Minnesota, Charles Strite was inventing the popup toaster. Meanwhile, on Principe Island off the west coast of Africa, Friend Arthur Stanley Eddington was observing a total eclipse of the sun (size = 1.072; duration = 6 minutes and 51 seconds) in order to record the apparent position of stars appearing close to Sol’s totally obscured disk. He and Sir Frank Watson Dyson would be able to demonstrate that the rays of light from those stars were being noticeably bent by the sun’s gravitational field as they passed near it — bent in a direction and to a degree that had been predicted by Professor Albert Einstein’s general theory of relativity. HISTORY OF OPTICS HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE May 30, Friday: White forces retook Denikin.

The Hungarian Red Army began an offensive north and within a few days would take most of Slovakia. WORLD WAR I

In Berlin, 5 of the Sechs Lieder op.68 by Richard Strauss to words of Brentano were performed for the initial time.

June: After years of conflict, the Nobel festival resumed. No Nobel Peace Prize was awarded in this year, not because there wasn’t anyone to give it to, but obviously because all the people it might have been given to had been ruled out or vetoed for sensitive reasons: Keir Hardie and Bertrand Russell in Britain; the French Socialist leader, Jean Jaures, who was assassinated for his hostility to the conflict; the German Socialist member of parliament, Karl Liebknecht, who voted against war credits in the Reichstag and declared that “a patriot was an international blackleg,” and his colleague Rosa Luxemburg, who was imprisoned for her fiery anti-war speeches; and the unknown Russian duo, Lenin and Trotsky, who had convened a European conference in the Swiss town of Zimmerwald to oppose the war, obviously were objectionable as recipients of any prize.

But, will there now be a return to normalcy? Will conflict be no more? Will no more dynamite ever explode anymore, anywhere? WORLD WAR I

ALFRED NOBEL

Well, even if there were no dynamite, we’d still be blowing up! During this month, Lord Rutherford, one of those inquisitive types, was busily transforming some nitrogen atoms into oxygen atoms — a first step toward understanding how to suddenly release large quantities of energy without making use of the chemical bond. ATOM BOMB

Brace yourselves, folks, what goes ’round gonna be comin’ ’round. WORLD WAR II HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE June 1, Sunday: A British expedition into Afghanistan, in response to frequent Afghan incursions into India, engaged Afghan forces. WORLD WAR I

Inno a Roma for chorus and instruments by Giacomo Puccini to words of Salvatori, was performed for the initial time, in the National Stadium, Rome. The composer calls it “a load of rubbish.”

June 2, Monday: At the chateau St. Germain-en-Laye, Karl Renner’s delegation from Austria was handed a draft of the proposed peace treaty. WORLD WAR I

A bomb blast in Washington damaged the homes of Attorney-General A. Mitchell Palmer and Secretary of the Navy Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Carlo Valdinoci, an associate of Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, presumably an anarchist, destroyed himself in his explosion, which damaged five other homes in the neighborhood. On this same day 9 other bombs were exploding across the nation (only one other person, a chance bystander, was being killed).

At the newly founded Verein für Theater und Musikkultur in Frankfurt-am-Main, the 1st public concert devoted to the music of Paul Hindemith (works performed include the Piano Quintet op.7, the Violin Sonata op.11/1, the Viola Sonata op.11/4 and the String Quartet op.10; the composer himself performed as violist for the quartet and quintet, and as pianist for the sonatas).

June 3, Tuesday: After 2 days of fighting, Afghanistan asked for an armistice with the British. WORLD WAR I

British reinforcements for the White Army reached Arkhangelsk.

June 4, Wednesday: Ukranian nationalists took Komenetz-Podolski. WORLD WAR I

Hymne for voice, string quintet, organ and piano by Charles Martin Loeffler was performed for the initial time, in the Unitarian Church, Medfield, Massachusetts, conducted by the composer.

June 5, Thursday: Fearful that the proposed peace treaty at Versailles was far too harsh and would have severe consequences for all, John Maynard Keynes resigned as economic advisor to British Prime Minister David Lloyd George. WORLD WAR I

Eugene Leviné, one of the leaders of the Communist government of Bavaria earlier in the year, was executed by firing squad in München.

67 alleged anarchists were arrested for the Washington bomb blasts of June 2d.

La Boutique fantasque, a ballet with music of Gioachino Rossini arranged by Ottorino Respighi, was performed for the initial time, by the Ballet Russe, in the Alhambra Theater, London. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE June 6, Friday: Comenius University, the 1st Slovak institution of higher education, was established in Bratislava.

Finland declared war on the Bolshevik government in Russia. WORLD WAR I

Five Songs from “Der siebente Ring” op.3 by Anton Webern to words of George was given its 1st complete performance, in Vienna.

Two works by Igor Stravinsky were premiered by the Society for Private Performances, Vienna: Pribaoutki, for solo voice and chamber ensemble to anonymous words, and Berceuse du chat, for solo voice and three clarinets. These were the 1st performances with the instrumental ensembles.

Winter Waters for piano by Arnold Bax was performed for the initial time, in Aeolian Hall, London. Also premiered was Variations on Cadet Rousselle for voice and piano by Frank Bridge and Variations on Cadet Rousselle for voice and piano by John Ireland to traditional French words.

June 9, Monday: The Red Army took Ufa. WORLD WAR I

June 14, Saturday: Mensheviks and Social Revolutionaries were expelled from the Central Executive Committee of the Soviets. WORLD WAR I

The 1st nonstop flight across the Atlantic begins at St. John’s Newfoundland as John Alcock and Arthur Whitten Brown take off in their Vickers Vimy bomber.

The USS Castine entered the port of Limón, Costa Rica threatening to land marines. President Frederico Tinoco resigned. US MILITARY INTERVENTIONS

June 16, Monday: The victorious Allies responded to the German response of May 29th. They rejected the German grievances and presented a slightly modified Treaty of Versailles to the German delegation along with an ultimatum to sign. If they neglected to sign within 5 days, the armistice would be ended and the allied armies would resume their march toward Berlin. Except for a small skeleton staff, the German delegates departed for home.

When police battled a communist demonstration in Vienna, 7 were killed and more than 60 injured. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE June 17, Tuesday: When about 50 communists escaped from the prison in Weimar and attacked the building where the German cabinet was deliberating over the Versailles treaty, they were beaten off by guards. WORLD WAR I

A concert version of El sombrero de tres picos, a ballet by Manuel de Falla to a scenario by Martinez Sierra after Alarcón, was performed for the initial time, at the Teatro Eslava, Madrid. This ballet was a reworking of El corregidor y la molinera.

June 20, Friday: At 1:00AM, Hopelessly split over the Versailles Treaty, the German cabinet resigned. WORLD WAR I

Frederick S. Converse received an honorable discharge from the Massachusetts State Guard.

The String Quartet no.1 of Arthur Honegger was performed for the initial time, in Paris.

Harry Partch graduated from high school in Albuquerque, New Mexico, 3 months after his father’s death.

June 21, Saturday: Having heard that the armistice might soon be ending, the German Fleet of 75 ships was scuttled in Scapa Flow by its crews. Some crews were fired upon by the British, killing 6 Germans and injuring 10. 24 ships were still afloat. WORLD WAR I

Gustav Bauer replaced Philipp Scheidemann as Prime Minister of Germany. The new cabinet decided to ask for a vote of confidence from the National Assembly, and to ask for permission to sign the peace treaty without the war guilt clauses.

Gustav Holst reached Taranto from Constantinople.

A month of labor unrest across Canada culminated in a bloody clash between police and workers in Winnipeg, resulting in a death and 29 injuries. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE June 22, Sunday: After furious debate the German Reichstag voted 237-138 to accept the Treaty of Versailles, except for the trial of alleged war criminals (including the Kaiser) and the War Guilt Clause. This decision was immediately relayed to Paris. 5 hours later the Allies informed the Germans that they had less than 24 hours to sign the treaty without such changes — or their invasion of Germany would began.

After being ordered back to France, British troops in Surrey mutinied and formed a soviet. Two battalions were sent to subdue them. 400 of the mutineers were arrested and over 1,000 were transferred.

Gustav Holst boarded a train in Taranto heading north. During the afternoon, the passengers took part in a “bug hunt.”

The White Peacock, a solo ballet by Charles T. Griffes, was performed for the initial time, in New York. WORLD WAR I

June 23, Monday: Francesco Saverio Nitti replaced Vittorio Emmanuele Orlando as prime minister of Italy.

In an unrecorded vote, the German National Assembly in Weimar unconditionally accepted the Versailles Treaty. WORLD WAR I

At 5PM the German delegation at Versailles informed the Allies of their unconditional acceptance of the treaty. This took place 2 hours before the invasion of Germany had been set to roll forward. Wild celebrations would take place in Paris and London through the night. In most German cities, patriotic demonstrations would take place, but would soon transform themselves into rioting armed mobs. The Supreme Commander of the German armies, Paul von Hindenburg, resigned his post.

The Enchanted Fiddle for voice and piano by Arnold Bax to words of the composer was performed for the initial time, in Queen’s Hall, London.

June 25, Wednesday: As his train stops near Turin, Gustav Holst learned that the Germans had signed the Treaty of Versailles. WORLD WAR I

June 28, Saturday: 5 years to the day after Archduke Franz Ferdinand had been shot to death, the Treaty of Versailles was signed, officially ending the Great War and redrawing the map of the world. Representatives from 27 nations affixed their names to the treaty. Appropriate celebrations took place in Paris and London. WORLD WAR I

Gustav Holst arrived in Boulogne, crossed the channel, and arrived in London at 11PM. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE June 28, Saturday: Harry S Truman got married with Elizabeth Virginia Wallace at her Trinity Episcopal Church in Independence, Missouri. The newlyweds would move in with Bess’s mother, Madge Gates Wallace, in her home at 219 N. Delaware Street.

The Versailles Treaty was signed in the Hall of Mirrors. As part of this the League of Nations came into existence. READ THE FULL TEXT

It may not “be over ’till it’s over,” but –signed, sealed, and delivered– it’s officially over over over: Over there, Over there, It’s so over, It’s so over, Over there... It was horrible, but thank God — it’s over. It’s officially over. The world is at peace:

The treaty handed to our ally, Japan, the mandate for all the formerly enemy German island possessions in the Central Pacific. That’ll teach Germany not to be an aggressor nation! WORLD WAR I

July: Peace celebrations were held on Francis Plain of St. Helena to mark the end of World War I.

The Constantinople branch of the Ittihad Party planned to send Javid, Dr. Adnan, and his wife Halide Hanum as their delegates to the Congress convened in Sivas by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. To escape trial for war crimes, Javid had for the 8 months following the Armistice been in hiding in Turkey.

July 8, Tuesday: President Woodrow Wilson received a hero’s welcome as he disembarked at Hoboken, New Jersey. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE July 9, Wednesday: The German National Assembly voted in Weimar to ratify the Treaty of Versailles. WORLD WAR I

July 10, Thursday: A Kirghiz Revolutionary Committee was set up.

Vlastimil Tusar replaced Karel Kramar as prime minister of Czechoslovakia.

The Polish Sejm called for the expropriation of large estates. WORLD WAR I

July 11, Friday: The wartime blockade of the Central Powers officially ended. WORLD WAR I

The Parliament of the Netherlands mandated an 8-hour work day.

Cyprès lauriers op.156 for organ and orchestra by Camille Saint-Saëns was performed for the initial time, at the Casino in Ostend, the composer at the organ.

July 12, Saturday: The Allied Supreme Economic Council officially ended its boycott of Germany. WORLD WAR I

The director general of the French Services in the United States of America informed Charles Martin Loeffler that he had been designated a chevalier of the Légion d’Honneur.

July 15, Tuesday: Red forces captured Chelyabinsk. WORLD WAR I

July 17, Thursday: The Republic of Finland was established. Regent Mannerheim confirmed the republican constitution. WORLD WAR I

Czechoslovakia enacted child-labor laws to protect against capitalist exploitation.

July 20, Sunday: Hungary attacked the Romanians across the Tisza River. WORLD WAR I

More attacks on blacks in Washington DC occurred as a white mob, led by white soldiers, went on the rampage.

Joaquin Sánchez de Toca Calvo replaced Antonio Maura y Montaner as Prime Minister of Spain. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE July 31, Thursday: After initial gains, Hungarian troops were forced by Romanians into disorderly retreat.

By this day Romanian troops had arrived within 100 kilometers of Budapest. WORLD WAR I

The National Union of Police and Prison Guards in Great Britain called a strike for recognition of their union (this would eventually fail).

Over 30 cases of arson would be reported on this night during the continuing racial unrest in Chicago. In the fighting 38 had been killed so far, and more than 500 injured, and more than 1,000 had been made homeless. Symphony no.3 “A Guera” by Heitor Villa-Lobos was performed for the initial time, in Rio de Janeiro, at a concert in honor of King Albert of Belgium. The composer received 5 curtain calls.

August 1, Friday: In the face of the very unfavorable military situation, the Revolutionary Governing Council in Hungary resigned. Gyula Peidl, leader of the Social Democrats replaced Antal Dovcsák as prime minister of Hungary and became acting head of state. Béla Kun and others fled to Vienna. WORLD WAR I

August 6, Wednesday: Romanian troops with their White Hungarian allies occupied Budapest and surrounded the National Palace while a cabinet meeting was in session. They arrested the government of Social Democrat Gyula Peidl and set up the Habsburg Archduke Joseph as head of state. The occupiers began arresting 7,000 people, while soldiers ran amok. There was widespread looting and innocent civilians were summarily shot in the process of stealing their belongings. WORLD WAR I

August 7, Thursday: István Friedrich replaced Gyula Peidl as Prime Minister of Hungary. WORLD WAR I

An actors’ strike closed 12 theaters in New York City, and others in Boston, Philadelphia, and Chicago. The actors were demanding recognition of Actors Equity Association.

August 8, Friday: The war between Great Britain and Afghanistan ended in the Treaty of Rawalpindi. Afghanistan was to retain control over its foreign affairs (this would be perceived as the independence of Afghanistan).

The Parliament of Belgium ratified the Versailles treaty. WORLD WAR I

August 11, Monday: The Weimar Constitution was signed into law by German President Friedrich Ebert. WORLD WAR I

The Boston Social Club, a union of policemen, was granted a charter by the American Federation of Labor.

A funeral ceremony takes place in Montecatini in memory of Ruggero Leoncavallo. Among the mourners were Giacomo Puccini and Pietro Mascagni. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

August 16, Saturday: A 2-day uprising by Poles against Germans took place in Silesia. WORLD WAR I

August 19, Tuesday: Ljubomir Davidovic replaced Stojan Protic as prime minister of the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes. WORLD WAR I

August 21, Thursday: Friedrich Ebert, who has been serving as provisional president, took the oath as the 1st president of the Republic of Germany.

After over a year in jail as an enemy alien, former Boston Symphony Orchestra conductor Karl Muck sailed for Europe. WORLD WAR I

August 23, Sunday: White troops retook Chelyabinsk.

White troops took Odessa. WORLD WAR I

August 24, Monday: Archduke Joseph of Austria resigned as Hungarian head of state, replaced by István Friedrich. WORLD WAR I

The 1st regular Zeppelin service began between Friedrichshafen and Berlin.

August 31, Monday: White forces captured Kiev. WORLD WAR I

September 3, Wednesday: Scherzo for orchestra by Arnold Bax was performed for the initial time, in Queen’s Hall, London.

Jan Christiaan Smuts replaced Louis Botha as prime minister of South Africa.

In Italy, women gained the franchise to vote.

President Woodrow Wilson departed from Washington DC by train on a speaking tour, to attempt to raise public support for the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE September 10, Wednesday: The Peace of St. Germain-en-Laye established the boundaries of the Republic of Austria. Austria recognized the independence of Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and Poland.

Austria made the following cessions: Slovenia, Dalmatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and parts of Styria to Yugoslavia, Bukovina to Romania, eastern Galicia and Krakow to Poland, and Southern Tyrol, Trent, Görz (Gorizia), Istria, and Trieste to Italy. Austria was forbidden to join in union with Germany. Prime Minister Bratianu of Romania resigned rather than sign the treaty because it did not grant Romania additional territory. The terms would take effect the following July 16th. WORLD WAR I

Karl Amadeus Hartmann was admitte as a student at the Lehrerbildungsanstalt in Pasing, near München.

State militia were called out to calm the city of Boston during the police strike. 2 people were killed by troops when they failed to disperse. In response, crowds of citizens began attacking the soldiers.

September 11, Thursday: Adolf Hitler inspected the Deutsche Arbeiterpartei. He would join this group. PROTO-NAZISM

Viscount French, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, banned the Dáil Éireann as dangerous. The government then instituted searches and seizures throughout the country.

Great Britain announced that it would withdraw its troops from Murmansk and Arkhangelsk. WORLD WAR I

US Marines landed in Honduras.

HMS Hermes was launched on the River Tyne (this was the initial vessel constructed expressly to be an aircraft carrier, but would not be commissioned for another 4 years).

Troops in Boston were attacked when they tried to make arrests. One person was killed. The riots essentially came to an end on this day. When the police union leaders suggested to Governor Calvin Coolidge that they would return to work while negotiating, he replied that there was nothing to negotiate and endorsed a plan to fire every one of these striking policemen.

As the funeral of Horace L. Traubel was being held at a church in New York City, with something close to 1,000 attending, the church burst into flames and the funeral needed to be relocated to the People’s House of the Rand School of Social Science. There, by way of a ceremony, several of the deceased’s poems from OPTIMOS (New York: B.W. Huebsch, 1910) were read aloud (the remains would be deposited in Harleigh Cemetery in Camden, New Jersey, close by those of Walt Whitman).

September 15, Monday: By presidential proclamation, China came to be at peace with Germany.

The White army began an offensive to take Petrograd. WORLD WAR I

While President Woodrow Wilson was in Portland, Oregon on a nationwide tour in support of the Versailles Treaty, the United States Senate began to debate its ratification. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

September 19, Friday: Allied troops evacuated Arkhangelsk. WORLD WAR I

September 20, Saturday: The White Army captured Kursk. WORLD WAR I

September 25, Thursday: The Moscow Communist Party headquarters was bombed by anarchists. Several people were killed. WORLD WAR I

Leos Janacek was nominated as professor of the master class in composition at Prague Conservatory, with residence in Brno.

September 27, Saturday: Railroad workers in Britain went out on a nationwide strike for higher wages. The government reinstated rationing of certain food items. Demobilization and leaves were suspended.

In Wichita, Kansas more than 3 weeks after leaving Washington DC, President Woodrow Wilson experienced a transient ischemic attack (TIA) and was forced to abandon his nationwide speaking tour to gain the support of the general population for the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations. WORLD WAR I

Suite for viola and piano by Ernest Bloch was performed for the initial time, in Pittsfield, Massachusetts.

September 28, Sunday: White forces, with 6 British tanks, attacked southeast from Narva, Estonia toward the rail link at Luga, south of Petrograd.

After traveling over 25,000 kilometers in support of the Treaty of Versailles, President Woodrow Wilson returned exhausted to Washington. WORLD WAR I

Voters in Luxembourg approved the continuation of the current monarchy and economic union with France.

A mob of whites gathered before the courthouse in Omaha, Nebraska where a black man was being held on an accusation of rape. Unable to reach him, they began to ransack the town, stealing firearms in particular, and assaulting policemen for their weapons. When the mayor appeared at the courthouse door to deny them entry, a mob of about 3,000 assaulted him and then carried him off to be lynched. He was saved by police just as he was being strung up to a lamppost. Still frustrated, the mob set the courthouse on fire, shooting into the building all the while. The sheriff and his deputies removed about 70 prisoners to the roof, the mob fighting through the flames after them. The accused black man was pushed into their clutches. He was hung in short order while the crowd shot at the body for some 10 minutes. What remained of the body was dragged from the back of a police vehicle into the black district of the city. A bonfire was created and the remains thrown onto it. 3 people die in the melee and more than 58 were injured. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE September 29, Monday: In disarray over what to do about Fiume, the Italian Parliament was dissolved and new elections were called for November 16. WORLD WAR I

Federal troops arrived in Omaha to maintain order. Fights between groups of whites and blacks were dispersed by soldiers.

The 1st and 4th movements of the Symphony no.1 “O Imprevisto” by Heitor Villa-Lobos were performed for the initial time, in Rio de Janeiro.

October 6, Monday: The White Army captured Voronezh. WORLD WAR I

Ali Riza Pasha replaced Damad Adil Ferid Pasha as Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire.

Aleksandur Stroymenov Stamboliiski replaced Todor Ivanov Todorov as prime minister of Bulgaria.

October 11, Saturday: White army forces took Yamburg, near Petrograd. WORLD WAR I

Jordens sång (Song of the Earth), a cantata by Jean Sibelius to words of Hemmer, was performed for the initial time, in Turku, directed by the composer.

Ditirambo tragico for orchestra by Gian Francesco Malipiero was performed for the initial time, in London.

October 12, Sunday: White Army forces captured Chernigov.

British troops evacuated Murmansk. WORLD WAR I

October 13, Monday: The French Parliament ratified the Treaty of Versailles.

The White Army took Orel from the Reds. WORLD WAR I

October 14, Tuesday: General demobilization was ordered by French President Raymond Poincaré. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE October 16, Thursday: White forces took Gatchina, south of Petrograd. WORLD WAR I

The Harbord Mission, sent by President Woodrow Wilson to the Armenians and led by General James Harbord, submitted its final report. They estimated that from 800,000 to over 1,000,000 Armenians have been killed. They put the blame entirely on Turkey and urged in the strongest terms that Turkey never again be allowed to rule over Armenia.

A chi la giarrettiera?, an operetta by Ruggero Leoncavallo, was performed for the initial time, in the Teatro Adriano, Rome.

Brief incidental music for Martínez Sierra’s play El corazón ciego by Manuel de Falla was performed for the initial time, in Teatro Eslava, Madrid.

October 20, Monday: White Army forces besieged Pulkovo, just south of Petrograd within sight of the city.

A counterattack by the Red Army recaptured Orel and Voronezh from the Whites. WORLD WAR I

October 21, Tuesday: White forces began their final assault on Petrograd, but a spirited defense, including naval guns, followed up by a Red counterattack, sent them into retreat to Gatchina, south of the city.

The Republic of Austria came into existence. WORLD WAR I

Fennimore and Gerda, an opera by Frederick Delius to his own words after Jacobsen, was performed for the initial time, at the Opernhaus, Frankfurt-am-Main.

November 7, Friday: The Allies sent an ultimatum demanding that Romania withdraw from Hungary and that Romania sign treaties guaranteeing peace and minority rights. WORLD WAR I

Federal agents in the United States raided suspected communist headquarters in 11 cities. Many of the aliens arrested would be held incommunicado for several weeks.

November 14, Friday: The Red Army took Omsk, the capital of autonomous Siberia. The Siberian government moved to Irkutsk. WORLD WAR I

Under Allied pressure, Romanian troops left Budapest. They were replaced by White Hungarian troops led by Miklos Horthy. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE November 16, Sunday: Admiral Horthy made his triumphal entry into Budapest at the head of the right-wing army. This army had fought neither the Romanians nor the Communists, its only experience being in the persecution of Jews and leftists. Over the following half year, this army would come to act with increasing independence and illegality. In this “white terror” 5,000 would be killed, 70,000 imprisoned, and many exiled, primarily Jews and leftists. WORLD WAR I

The suite from Gabriel Fauré’s comedie musicale Masques et Bergamasques op.112 was performed for the initial time, at the Paris Conservatoire.

Poem for flute and orchestra by Charles T. Griffes was performed for the initial time, to critical acclaim, in Aeolian Hall, New York.

November 17, Monday: The Red Army recaptured Kursk. WORLD WAR I

Cançao árabe for voice and piano by Heitor Villa-Lobos to words of de Carvalho, was performed for the initial time.

November 18, Tuesday: Jaan Tönisson replaced Otto Strandman as Prime Minister of Estonia. WORLD WAR I

November 19, Wednesday: The United States Senate rejected the Treaty of Versailles. WORLD WAR I

November 21, Friday: Following the rejection of the Versailles Treaty by the Senate, President Woodrow Wilson ordered the removal of the US peace commissioners from Paris. WORLD WAR I

November 23, Tuesday: Yusof Wahba Pasha replaced Mohammed Said Pasha as prime minister of Egypt. WORLD WAR I

The International Labor Conference met in Washington and endorsed an 8-hour workday.

November 24, Monday: Károly Huszár replaced István Friedrich as Prime Minister of Hungary. WORLD WAR I

Piano Sonata no.2 by Arnold Bax was performed for the initial time, in Aeolian Hall, London.

The definitive version of the Symphony no.5 by Jean Sibelius was performed for the initial time, in Helsinki in the presence of President Kaarlo Ståhlberg, the composer conducting. He also directs the premiere of his Six Humoresques for violin and orchestra opp.87&89. The newly revised symphony was highly lauded. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE November 25, Tuesday: Unable to achieve international recognition, the right-wing Hungarian government of István Friedrich resigned. Károly Huszár replaced István Friedrich as prime minister and acting head of state at the head of a much broader coalition. WORLD WAR I

November 27, Thursday: Bulgaria agreed to peace with the allied powers in the Peace of Neuilly. Romania received southern Dobrudja back. Some small territories went to The Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes while Greece got western Thrace. Bulgaria’s army was limited and it was forced to pay reparations. WORLD WAR I

December 5, Friday: Senators Albert Fall and Gilbert Hitchcock visited President Woodrow Wilson in his sickroom at the White House. They found, and reported to their colleagues, that the president, contrary to rumor, was alive, conscious, and in full control of the government. WORLD WAR I

December 6, Saturday: After 9 months, the state of siege was lifted in Berlin. WORLD WAR I

The Song of the Nightingale, a symphonic poem by Igor Stravinsky, was performed for the initial time, in Geneva.

December 9, Tuesday: Ignacy Jan Paderewski resigned as prime minister of Poland after his proposals for true land reform were defeated by conservatives.

Bending to Allied pressure, Romania signed peace treaties with Austria and Bulgaria and guaranteed minority rights. WORLD WAR I

The Great God Pan, a choral ballet by Granville Bantock, was performed for the initial time, in St. Andrew’s Hall, Glasgow.

Horatio Parker and his wife departed from New Haven for New York where they would begin a Caribbean cruise to recuperate from his recent appendectomy.

December 12, Friday: Red forces captured Kharkov. WORLD WAR I

Manuel Allendesalazar Muñoz de Salazar replaced Joaquin Sánchez de Toca Calvo as Prime Minister of Spain.

December 16, Tuesday: German forces evacuated Latvia and Lithuania.

Red troops captured Kiev. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

December 24, Wednesday: It was Christmas Eve. In Bridgewater, Massachusetts, a payroll was robbed.

Having obtained permission from the Polish consulate in Odessa, Karol Szymanowski arrived in Warsaw, fleeing the Russian Civil War.

December 27, Saturday: Deux mélodies op.19 for solo voice and piano by Albert Roussel to words of Jean-Aubry and Oliphant, and Deux mélodies op.20 by Roussel to words of Chalupt, were performed for the 1st time, at the Salle des Agriculteurs, Paris.

Gabriel Fauré’s song cycle Mirages op.113 to words of de Brimont was performed for the initial time, by the Société National de Musique, Paris, the composer at the piano. It was Fauré’s last performance with that body.

Morris Gest’s Midnight Whirl, a revue with book by DeSylva and Mears and music by George Gershwin, was performed for the initial time, at Century Grove, Century Theater.

December 29, Monday: The Council of People’s Commissars in Russia closed all vaudeville and light music theaters because such light amusements were detrimental to the educational needs of the proletarian masses.

December 30, Tuesday: Red forces captured Ekaterinoslav. WORLD WAR I

December 31, Wednesday: Estonia concluded an armistice with the Bolsheviks. WORLD WAR I

In Chicago, Silvestre Revueltas got married with Jule Klaracy, a bookkeeper and music student. She had immigrated from Austria in 1906. It was his 20th birthday.

In Toronto, 6 and a half years after becoming engaged, Ernest MacMillan got married in St. Andrew’s Presbyterian Church with Elsie Keith, daughter of an engineer and inventor. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

1920

The League of Nations established itself in Geneva, Switzerland. WORLD WAR I

January 10, Saturday: The new League of Nations held its initial meeting in London. Its 1st official act was ratification of the Treaty of Versailles thus officially bringing World War I to a close. On November 1, 1920 the headquarters of the League would be moved to Geneva, Switzerland, where on November 15, 1920 the initial general assembly of 41 nations of the League would take place.

READ THE FULL TEXT Sir James Eric Drummond of Great Britain would be the 1st Secretary-General. Founding members were Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, El Salvador, France, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, India, Italy, Japan, Liberia, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Persia, Poland, Portugal, the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, Siam, Spain, Sweden, the Union of South Africa, the United Kingdom, Uruguay and Venezuela (the list does not incluce the United States of America due to the determined opposition of Republican Senators Henry Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts and William E. Borah of Idaho). WORLD WAR I

Eupen and Melmédy were united with Belgium.

Poèmes juifs op.34, a cycle for voice and piano by Darius Milhaud, was performed for the initial time, in Paris, the composer at the keyboard.

February 3, Tuesday: The allies handed over to Germany a list of 900 people who were to be surrendered to them for trial on various war crimes. Almost all of Germany’s wartime civilian and military leadership were on this list. The response of the German government would be so emphatic that the allies eventually would rescind their demands. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE March 10, Wednesday: The Netherlands was admitted to the League of Nations. WORLD WAR I

The British Parliament passed a Home Rule bill which divided Ireland into 2 parts (seemed like a good idea at the time).

The Hymn of Jesus op.37 for chorus and orchestra by Gustav Holst to words from the Apocryphal Acts of St. John, was performed for the initial time, privately, at the Royal College of Music, London.

March 12, Friday: Lead by reactionaries General Walther von Lüttwitz and Wolfgang Kapp, 5,000 German marines marched through the Brandenburg Gate and occupied Berlin. Most of the government, including President Friedrich Ebert and Chancellor Gustav Bauer, fled to Stuttgart. WORLD WAR I

At the meeting of the Rand School for Social Science council in New York, Carl Ruggles, already the director of its symphony orchestra, was made director of the school’s chorus.

March 13, Saturday-17, Wednesday: In Germany, the Kapp Putsch. WORLD WAR I

March 19, Friday: The United States Senate for the 2d time rejected the Treaty of Versailles (the initial rejection had occurred on November 19th, 1919). WORLD WAR I

March 31, Wednesday: Adolf Hitler was mustered out of the German military. WORLD WAR I

April: The German government stopped paying the Freikorps units. WORLD WAR I

April 1, Thursday: The last US troops departed from Vladivostok. WORLD WAR I

Ittihadists distributed relief funds to party members in hiding in Turkey accused of ethnic cleansing crimes, and to those who had fled to foreign countries.

The far-right German Workers’ Party changed its name to the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (N.S.D.A.P.). PROTO-NAZISM HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE April 3, Saturday: General Baron Oskar von Watter led 21 different Freikorps units in an annihilation of the Ruhr. WORLD WAR I

A 5-day uprising by German communists would produce thousands of corpses. PROTO-NAZISM

April 6, Tuesday: The Bolshevik-controlled Far Eastern Republic was founded from territory east of Lake Baikal, with a capital at Chita.

French troops occupied Frankfurt, Darmstadt, and Hanau until the Germans evacuated the Ruhr. WORLD WAR I

April 22, Thursday: The United States of America officially recognized the Independent Republic of Armenia. WORLD WAR I

April 23, Friday: The Ottoman government in Constantinople announced that it would seek a new review by higher judicial bodies, of the sentences against Turkish officials tried by the courts martial. WORLD WAR I

April 25, Sunday: President Woodrow Wilson received an invitation from the San Remo Conference to determine the borders of Armenia. WORLD WAR I

May: The French and Turkish Nationalists agreed to an armistice. WORLD WAR I

July 22, Thursday: The Minnesota Supreme Court upheld lower court rulings that the railroads under the US Railroad Administration during the Great War had been responsible for the 1918 Cloquet-Moose Lake fires. WORLD WAR I

Jemal Oguz, who ordered the killing of the poet Daniel Varoujan and other Armenian intellectuals, by chetes with the assistance of the Military Governor of Constantinople, escaped from custody.

August 11, Wednesday: In Germany, the National Disarmament Law came into effect, and the civil guards were disbanded. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE August 29, Sunday: James C. Davis, director of the U.S. Railroad Administration that had been in charge of the railroads because of World War I conditions when the fires started, announced that the government would pay only 50% of claims by victims of the Cloquet-Moose Lake fires. Victims who failed to file in the lawsuit would receive only 40%. MINNESOTA

September 2, Thursday: The last Italian troops left Albania. WORLD WAR I

Longshoremen in Brooklyn refused to offload British ships until all British troops had departed from Ireland.

September 12, Sunday: The Games of the Seventh Olympiad of the Modern Era close in Antwerp. 2,626 athletes from 29 nations took part in competition over 4 1/2 months. Germany, Austria, Hungary, Turkey, and Bulgaria, losers in the Great War, had not been allowed to participate.

September 22, Tuesday: A large quantity of wreckage was found on the north coast of King Island, Tasmania. Continued searching would discover wreckage around the island, but concentrated at its southern end. Since the wreckage bore traces of burning, and since the Southern Cross, a engineless 3-masted barquentine-rigged schooner carrying a deck cargo of 1,000 cases of benzine, had gone missing, it would be speculated that on some date between September 11th and September 22d, perhaps this cargo had caught fire, or, the vessel had struck one or another of the more than 450 mines that had been scattered by the German commerce raider Wolff IV, Fregattenkapitän Karl August Nerger, (the SS Port Kembla had gone down off the coast of the South Island of New Zealand after hitting another of these mines scattered in 1917 by the Wolff IV) — clearly, whatever had happened, all 9 persons aboard the Southern Cross had lost their lives, as none of them would ever be heard of again. WORLD WAR I

October 28, Thursday: Pavlos Theodorou Koundouriotis became regent of Greece following the death of King Alexandros on October 25th.

The last battle of the Crimea campaign began. The White Army would be forced to withdraw, eventually evacuating to Constantinople. WORLD WAR I

3 weeks of violence between Czechs and Germans began in Bohemia. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE November 7, Sunday night: Suitable remains of the Allied soldiers of World War I were scavenged from various battlefields in France and brought to the chapel at Saint-Pol-sur-Ternoise near Arras. These remains were received there by the Reverend George Kendall OBE, Brigadier L.J. Wyatt, and Lieutenant Colonel E.A.S. Gell, who entered the chapel alone. They placed these remains in 6 plain coffins each covered by a flag of the British Union. These personnel of the Directorate of Graves Registration and Enquiries were not informed from which battlefield any individual remains had been scavenged. Brigadier Wyatt closed his eyes and reached out, laying his hand on one of the coffins. The other coffins were then carried away for reburial by the Reverend Kendall. The selected coffin, of the British unknown warrior, then remained in the chapel overnight.

November 8, Monday afternoon: The one coffin that had been selected to represent the unknown remains of Allied soldiers of World War I was transferred under guard, escorted by the Reverend Kendall, with troops lining the route, from Ste Pol to the medieval castle within the ancient citadel at Boulogne. The library of the castle was put in service for the occasion, with a company from the French 8th Infantry Regiment, recently awarded the Légion d’Honneur en masse, standing vigil around the coffin overnight.

November 9, Tuesday morning: Two undertakers entered the library of the medieval castle within the ancient citadel at Boulogne, where the coffin of the British unknown soldier of World War I had been guarded overnight, and placed this coffin inside a casket fashioned from the timbers of oaks at Hampton Court Palace. The casket was banded with iron and a medieval crusader’s sword, chosen by personally by the Monarch out of the Royal Collection, was affixed to the top and surmounted by an iron shield bearing the inscription “A British Warrior who fell in the Great War 1914-1918 for King and Country.” This oaken iron-banded casket was then placed onto a French military waggon drawn by 6 black horses. At 10:30AM all the church bells of Boulogne began to toll and the massed trumpets of the French cavalry and the bugles of the French infantry played “Aux Champs” (which is the French version of “Last Post”). The procession down to the harbor was a mile long and was led by 1,000 local schoolchildren escorted by a division of French troops. At quayside, Marshal Foch saluted the casket as it was carried up the gangway of the destroyer HMS Verdun and piped aboard with an admiral’s call. The Verdun slipped anchor just before noon and was joined by an escort of 6 battleships. As the flotilla carrying the casket closed on Dover Castle it received a 19-gun Field Marshal’s salute.

November 10, Wednesday: The casket containing the remains selected as the British unknown soldier of World War I was landed from the destroyer Verdun at Dover Marine Railway Station at the Western Docks. It was carried to London in South Eastern and Chatham Railway General Utility Van No.132, which had previously carried the bodies of Edith Cavell and Charles Fryatt and had been preserved by the Kent and East Sussex Railway. The train arrived at Platform 8 at Victoria Station at 8:32PM and stood overnight. (There is now a plaque at this spot where every year there is a small Remembrance service, organized by The Western Front Association.) HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE November 11, Thursday morning: On the 2d anniversary of the armistice that ended World War I, the body of an unknown French soldier was buried beneath an inscription under the Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile in Paris: “ICI REPOSE UN SOLDAT FRANÇAIS MORT POUR LA PATRIE. 1914-1918.” Meanwhile a similar ceremony was taking place in London, where an unknown British soldier was being likewise ceremonially interred. The coffin was placed on a gun carriage of the Royal Horse Artillery and drawn by 6 horses through immense and silent crowds. As the cortege set off a further Field Marshal’s salute was fired in Hyde Park. The route followed was Hyde Park Corner, The Mall, and to Whitehall where the Cenotaph, a “symbolic empty tomb,” was unveiled by George V. The cortège was then followed by the King/Emperor, the Royal Family, and ministers of state to Westminster Abbey, where the coffin was borne into the West Nave flanked by a guard of honor of 100 recipients of the Victoria Cross. There was also a group of approximately 100 widows/mothers who had each lost her husband and all her sons in the war. The coffin was placed at the far western end of the Nave, only a few feet from the entrance, in soil brought from each of the main battlefields, and was covered over with a silk pall. Servicemen from the armed forces stood guard as tens of thousands of mourners filed silently past this black silk drapery. The grave was then closed over with a black Belgian marble stone (it is the sole tombstone in Westminster Abbey on which it is forbidden to walk) featuring this inscription, composed by Herbert Edward Ryle, Dean of Westminster, engraved with brass from melted-down wartime munitions: BENEATH THIS STONE RESTS THE BODY OF A BRITISH WARRIOR UNKNOWN BY NAME OR RANK BROUGHT FROM FRANCE TO LIE AMONG THE MOST ILLUSTRIOUS OF THE LAND AND BURIED HERE ON ARMISTICE DAY 11 NOV: 1920, IN THE PRESENCE OF HIS MAJESTY KING GEORGE V HIS MINISTERS OF STATE THE CHIEFS OF HIS FORCES AND A VAST CONCOURSE OF THE NATION THUS ARE COMMEMORATED THE MANY MULTITUDES WHO DURING THE GREAT WAR OF 1914–1918 GAVE THE MOST THAT MAN CAN GIVE LIFE ITSELF FOR GOD FOR KING AND COUNTRY FOR LOVED ONES HOME AND EMPIRE FOR THE SACRED CAUSE OF JUSTICE AND THE FREEDOM OF THE WORLD THEY BURIED HIM AMONG THE KINGS BECAUSE HE HAD DONE GOOD TOWARD GOD AND TOWARD HIS HOUSE

Around that main inscription are 4 texts: TOP: THE LORD KNOWETH THEM THAT ARE HIS HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE SIDE: UNKNOWN AND YET WELL KNOWN, DYING AND BEHOLD WE LIVE OTHER SIDE: GREATER LOVE HATH NO MAN THAN THIS BASE: IN CHRIST SHALL ALL BE MADE ALIVE

December 10, Friday: President Woodrow Wilson, the architect of the Treaty of Versailles that had brought World War I to its sad conclusion, was the unanimous choice of the Nobel Peace Prize Committee. –Isn’t it a pity that no member of the committee had read John Maynard Keynes’s THE ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF THE PEACE, in which the economist was predicting that as a result of the terms of this treaty all hell was going to break loose again? –Isn’t it a pity that no member of the award committee was paying attention to Sigmund Freud?

WORLD WAR II HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1921

January 5, Wednesday: For the 1st time since the beginning of the Great War, a work by Richard Wagner was performed at the Paris Opéra. WORLD WAR I

January 30, Sunday: Mustafa Kemal proclaimed his government in Angora (Ankara) to be the only legitimate government of the Ottoman Empire.

A week-long conference in Paris concluded with a decision on German reparations payments to be spread out over the next 42 years. WORLD WAR I

Incidental music to Rode’s play Moderen by Carl Nielsen was performed for the first time, in the Royal Theater, Copenhagen.

March 8, Tuesday: Bolshevik attempts to take Kronstadt failed.

The 10th Party Congress began (it would continue through March 16th). The 1st purge would drop 250,000 members. Lenin announced the New Economic Policy.

Allied troops occupied Düsseldorf and Duisburg because Germany has failed to render its preliminary reparations payments. WORLD WAR I

As he left the Parliament building in Madrid, Prime Minister Eduardo Dato y Iradier of Spain was murdered by an anarchist. He was replaced ad interim by Gabino Bugalial Araujo, conde de Bugallal.

Homenaje by Manuel de Falla was performed for the initial time in its original setting, for guitar in the Teatro de la Comedia, Madrid.

May 4, Wednesday: Poles in Silesia revolted against German rule for a 3d time. After several weeks of fighting, Poles would occupy large sections of Upper Silesia.

German Chancellor Konstantin Fehrenbach and his government resigned over the size of reparation payments. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE May 5, Thursday: Sun Yat-sen took over sole command of the Nanking government of China from a military junta.

The victorious allies delivered an ultimatum to Germany. It must disarm completely, accept a schedule of reparation payments and try war criminals. Unless these demands were met, the allies would occupy the Ruhr. WORLD WAR I

Chant funéraire, an orchestral work by Gabriel Fauré, was performed for the initial time, on the occasion of the centennial of the death of Napoléon I, at the Hôtel des Invalides, Paris.

May 11, Wednesday: In an agreement signed in London, Germany accepted the terms of the allied ultimatum of May 5th. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

1922

January 4, Wednesday: After 2 months in the United States, Richard Strauss sailed for England where he would conduct the Hallé Orchestra in Manchester.

Representatives of Belgium, France, and Great Britain met at Cannes to discuss what to do about the inability of Germany to make reparation payments. WORLD WAR I

January 13, Friday: The conference at Cannes concluded with Belgium, France, and Great Britain agreeing to postpone all reparation payments until the economic situation in Germany might stabilize. WORLD WAR I

May 31, Wednesday: Ignaz Seipel replaced Johann Schober as Chancellor of Austria.

The Reparations Commission granted Germany a 6-month moratorium on payments (over the objections of France). WORLD WAR I

Harvard University advised Virgil Thomson that he would be the recipient of no honors upon graduation: “[Y]our work was so mediocre in harmony, counterpoint, and fugue that on the evidence submitted no other verdict was possible.” HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE October 4, Wednesday: The term “Blue Devils” was 1st applied at Trinity College to members of the student audiences for the athletic contests, and the student athletes.

The backstory of this name is that a decision had already been made that the Duke team colors were going to be blue and white, and during The War to End War (q.v.) a group of French soldiers attired in blue capes, “Les Diables Bleus,” trained in defending mountains against Italians, had memorably toured the USA to whip up support for the European bloodshed, and had left a lasting impression among Americans credulous enough or crazed enough to credit made-up stuff such as that the right kind of war might forever put an end to war.

December 26, Tuesday: The Reparation Commission declared Germany to be deliberately in default. WORLD WAR I

France created the Colony of Niger in West Africa.

December 27, Wednesday: France occupied the Ruhr. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

1923

Germany having been unable to pay its war damages, the French military occupied the industrially valuable Ruhr area. WORLD WAR I WORLD WAR II HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE “MAGISTERIAL HISTORY” IS FANTASIZING: HISTORY IS CHRONOLOGY

Jefferson Monroe Levy, a nephew of Uriah Phillips Levy, had repaired and restored Monticello. In this year he transferred the property to a Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation, that would present the property as a house museum honoring President Thomas Jefferson.29

By changing sides 3 times during World War I and managing to end up on the victorious side, Romania had greatly profited, and had come to include large areas from defeated Russian and Hungary and Austria which included great numbers of Jews.

FAMOUS LASTS

Private Henry Gunther of killed as news arrived in his unit of the signing of November 11, 1918 Baltimore, Maryland the World War I armistice at 11:00AM

Jews became citizens, in Romania made itself the final European nation to 1923 Romania grant citizenship to its Jews

California grizzly bear in the extinct 1924 Sierra Nevada mountains

In this year Romania became the last European nation to grant citizenship to its Jews — but do not suppose for a moment that this meant that Romania would love or respect its Jewish “citizens.” Only about half of them would survive the pogroms of World War II. For instance, in Bucharest in early 1941, a line of these Jewish citizens would be forced to strip and get down on all fours and crawl one by one into a slaughterhouse where they were being beheaded, and their skin stamped “fit for human consumption.” HEADCHOPPING

January 8, Monday: Germany announced it could not meet the reparations requirements for shipments of coal and was declared in default. WORLD WAR I

The 1st wireless transmission of a complete opera was accomplished by the BBC from Covent Garden (the opera was Mozart’s Die Zauberflöte).

The War to End War “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project

29. The foundation, which would adopt the same animus toward Jews and Judaism as had been in fact held by President Jefferson, would for many years choose to suppress facts about the manner in which Monticello had been preserved for our nation. ANTISEMITISM HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE January 10, Wednesday: Lithuania occupied the Memel Territory.

The Reparations Commission declared Germany in default of its reparations payments. WORLD WAR I

January 11, Thursday: French and Belgian troops began to occupy the Ruhr, Germany’s industrial heartland, to enforce war reparations. The action would help destroy the German economy and would produce wild inflation. WORLD WAR I

Former King Konstantinos of Greece died in Palermo.

January 19, Friday: Germany proclaimed a policy of passive resistance to occupation. WORLD WAR I

March 12, Monday: Germans killed 2 French occupation soldiers in the Ruhr. WORLD WAR I

Sinfonia sacra op.6 for orchestra by Kurt Weill was performed for the initial time, in Berlin.

Incidental music to Binyon’s play King Arthur by Edward Elgar was performed for the initial time, at the Old Vic, London, conducted by the composer.

September 24, Monday: The German Chancellor, Doctor Gustav Stresemann of the People’s Party, ended the passive resistance in the Ruhr. This of course infuriated the nationalists. NAZISM WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

1924

August 18, Monday: France began to withdraw its troops from Germany. WORLD WAR I

August 30, Saturday: Germany accepted the Dawes Plan, stipulating a schedule of reparation payments. WORLD WAR I

The Reichsbank became independent of the government and began issuing its own currency, the Reichsmark. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1925

July: All French and Belgian troops left the Ruhr. GERMANY WORLD WAR I

July 24, Friday: John T. Scopes was found guilty of having taught the theory of evolution to his biology students in Dayton, Tennessee. He was obliged to pay a fine of $100, plus court costs.

The WWI battle cruiser USS Constellation was scrapped under provisions of the Washington Naval Treaty. The still-extant 1854 sailing frigate USS Old Constellation therefore was allowed to revert to its original name, the USS Constellation. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

1926

September 8, Wednesday: Germany, the reformed aggressor nation, was admitted to the League of Nations. World war was over, over, over. WORLD WAR I

In the interwar period, as part of a peacetime army, George Smith Patton, Jr. would be playing one hell of a lot of Polo. He would be experiencing a couple of tours of duty in Hawaii, a tour in the Office of the Chief of Cavalry at the War Department in Washington DC, and three tours of duty with the 3d Cavalry at Fort Myer, Virginia.

And he would get to kill absolutely nobody. He was like a mama in between babies. Ho-hum. Is peace going HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE to last just forever?

WORLD WAR II Fortunately, our warrior had allies: “War, stress or conflict is to the man what maternity is to the woman. I do not believe in perpetual peace; not only do I not believe in it but I find it depressing and a negation of all the fundamental virtues of man.” — Benito Mussolini

HISTORY’S NOT MADE OF WOULD. WHEN SOMEONE REVEALS, FOR INSTANCE, THAT A PARTICULAR PERSON WOULD BE PLAYING A HELL OF A LOT OF POLO, S/HE DISCLOSES THAT WHAT IS BEING CRAFTED IS NOT REALITY BUT PREDESTINARIANISM. THE RULE OF REALITY IS THAT HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE THE FUTURE HASN’T EVER HAPPENED, YET. THE 1ST WORLD WAR WASN’T BEING CALLED THE 1ST WORLD WAR YET, BECAUSE ONLY AN INADEQUATE NUMBER OF PEOPLE WERE AS YET THINKING IN TERMS OF AN ENTITY TO BE TERMED THE 2D WORLD WAR.

The War to End War “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

1927

January 31, Monday: Allied military control of Germany was abolished. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1928

A DRAFT OF CANTOS XVII-XXVII was published by the Three Mountains Press in Paris.

The Briand-Kellog anti-war pact was signed in Paris. READ THE FULL TEXT

Finally, all was quiet on the Western Front:

The graves lay silent, row on row. WORLD WAR I WORLD WAR II

“Killing to end war, that’s like fucking to restore virginity.” — Vietnam-era protest poster HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

1929

June 7, Friday: With the ratification of the Laterian Treaty, Vatican City came into existence.

The “Young Committee” headed by Owen D. Young and J.P. Morgan made its recommendations to Germany and the allies on the issue of reparations. They had worked out a plan whereby Germany could afford payments, and this plan was to be implemented by a new Bank for International Settlements. So, everyone was presuming that this problem had received the money people’s attention and been put to bed. WORLD WAR I WORLD WAR II

When the police of Gastonia, North Carolina raided a tent city of workers striking against Loray Mills, a textile company, the strikers returned fire. Ten people were killed. Seven strike leaders held on charges of murder eventually would jump bail, and flee to the Soviet Union. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE October 5, Saturday: Communists attempted to murder Romanian interior minister Alexandru Vaida-Voevod in order to create a better world, but failed.

The Blue Devil mascot of Duke University made his 1st appearance, in the new West Campus stadium (now Wallace Wade) at the homecoming football game. Despite this supernatural assistance Duke was trounced by Pittsburgh 52 over 7. Undergrads had been bussed over from what has since become the East Campus, to bear witness to such a trouncing. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

1934

The US Congress passed the Johnson Act prohibiting loans to nations such as Germany which had fallen behind in paying their reparations for World War I damages.

The 20th-Century Fox film production “The House of Rothschild,” about the rise of a Jewish family of European bankers, was so admired by the Nazis that they would in 1940 use a clip from this film in one of their propaganda films, “The Eternal Jew.”

When Leni Riefenstahl’s propaganda film “Victory of the Faith” was shown in Heilbronn, Germany, of course the entire group of 700 from the local upper school were in attendance. At that time Jews had not yet been expelled from the nation’s school system, and thus there were three Jewish teenagers among them. For this special performance, the three Jewish students were required to sit down front, and then when the audience rose in patriotic song, they were obliged by those around them to remain in their seats. After the show was over, within the observation of their teachers, the Aryan students beat up these three Jewish students, tearing their clothing and bloodying their noses. One of the teachers was heard to remark “The world will learn from this.” ANTISEMITISM “We have made an end of denials of the Deity and the crying down of religion.” — Adolf Hitler, October 1933 WORLD WAR II GERMANY HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1935

August 27, Tuesday: President Franklin Delano Roosevelt belatedly signed a bill to complete the reimbursement of the victims of the Cloquet-Moose Lake fires of 1918, fires that had been started by the railroad during the government’s WWI administration of the railroad system. $10,800,000 was released from the federal coffers. MINNESOTA WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1939

August 22, Tuesday: According to Kevork B. Bardakjian’s HITLER AND THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE (Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Zoryan Institute, 1985), Führer Adolf Hitler actually did ask “Who, after all, speaks today of the annihilation of the Armenians?” He did so on this day while addressing his military commanders at Obersalzburg a week before the invasion of Poland, and the German original of the confirming document is printed in AKTEN ZUR DEUTSCHEN AUSWARTIGEN POLITIK 1918-1945, Serie D, Band VII (Baden-Baden, 1956, pages 171-172).

We have the English version as it appeared in Louis P. Lochner’s WHAT ABOUT GERMANY? (New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1942, pages 1-4; the material also appears in Appendices II and III in two other versions). The Nuremberg Tribunal would identify the material as L-3 or Exhibit USA-28: “My decision to attack Poland was arrived at last spring. Originally, I feared that the political constellation would compel me to strike simultaneously at England, Russia, France, and Poland. Even this risk would have had to be taken. Ever since the autumn of 1938, and because I realized that Japan would not join us unconditionally and that Mussolini is threatened by that nit-wit of a king and the treasonable scoundrel of a crown prince, I decided to go with Stalin. In the last analysis, there are only three great statesmen in the world, Stalin, I, and Mussolini. Mussolini is the weakest, for he has been unable to break the power of either the crown or the church. Stalin and I are the only ones who envisage the future and nothing but the future. Accordingly, I shall in a few weeks stretch out my HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE hand to Stalin at the common German-Russian frontier and undertake the redistribution of the world with him. Our strength consists in our speed and in our brutality. Genghis Khan led millions of women and children to slaughter — with premeditation and a happy heart. History sees in him solely the founder of a state. It's a matter of indifference to me what a weak western European civilization will say about me. I have issued the command –and I'll have anybody who utters but one word of criticism executed by a firing squad– that our war aim does not consist in reaching certain lines, but in the physical destruction of the enemy. Accordingly, I have placed my death-head formations in readiness –for the present only in the East– with orders to them to send to death mercilessly and without compassion, men, women, and children of Polish derivation and language. Only thus shall we gain the living space [Lebensraum] which we need. Who, after all, speaks today of the annihilation of the Armenians?” WORLD WAR II “If positive Christianity means love of one’s neighbor, i.e. the tending of the sick, the clothing of the poor, the feeding of the hungry, the giving of drink to those who are thirsty, then it is we who are the more positive Christians. For in these spheres, the community of the people of National Socialist Germany has accomplished a prodigious work.” — Adolf Hitler, February 24, 1939 WORLD WAR II GERMANY HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1945

August: A news item relating to the development of ELECTRIC WALDEN technology: Grace Murray Hopper, working in a temporary World War I building that was still standing (fancy that!) at Harvard University on the Mark II computer, found the 1st computer bug pinched in the jaws of a relay. “Things were going badly; there ELECTRIC was something wrong in one of the circuits of the long glass-enclosed computer,” she said. “Finally, someone WALDEN located the trouble spot and, using ordinary tweezers, removed the problem, a two-inch moth. From then on, when anything went wrong with a computer, we said it had bugs in it.” Thereafter when the machine stopped (which was frequently) they would inform Howard Aiken that they were “debugging.” Later, on September 9, 1947, she would glue the actual bug into the logbook of the computer. This very 1st computer bug still exists at the National Museum of American History of the Smithsonian Institution. The text of the log entry is “1545 Relay #70 Panel F (moth) in relay. First actual case of bug being found.” This wording establishes that the term was already in use at the time in its current specific sense. Hopper has herself reported that the term “bug” was already regularly being applied to problems in radar electronics during the WWII period. The word “bug” and the concept “debugging” had been used previously by Thomas Alva Edison and others, but this was probably the 1st verification that the concept might appropriately be applied to computations.

Here was how Edison had glossed the term: “The first step is an intuition and it comes with a burst, then difficulties arise — this thing gives out and then that — ‘Bugs’ — as such little faults and difficulties are called...” By 1878 when Edison penned this, more than 12,000 Western Union telegraphers were on line with one another and the term had already become standard jargon among such technocrats. The clerks of course chatted with one another constantly along the wire (why not?) and it is known that one of the topics of their casual conversation in Morse Code was the gymnastics of the insects which were cavorting in the filthy cloakrooms provided for them by this benignly neglectful company. It is hypothesized that use of the word had originated as telegraphers’ slang, a short word available to indicate technical difficulty.

We find this usage already in an electrical handbook dating to 1896, HAWKIN’S NEW CATECHISM OF ELECTRICITY (Theo. Audel & Co.): “The term ‘bug’ is used to a limited extent to designate any fault or trouble in the connections or working of electric apparatus.” This 1896 source reported that the term was being “said to have originated in quadruplex telegraphy and have been transferred to all electric apparatus.” HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1998

July 2, Thursday: The eternal flame at the Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile in Paris, which had been burning continuously since 1921 to commemorate the dead of World War I, was extinguished by the urine of a soccer fan. When Mexican national Rodrigo Rafael Ortega sobered up, he learned he had been charged not only with public drunkenness but also with having offended the dead.

Eden: Out of Time and Out of Space for guitar and chamber ensemble by George Rochberg was performed for the initial time, in Portland, Oregon. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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2006

January 9: Some law students, organized as the “Montana Sedition Project,” reported that they had been digging through World War I-era sedition convictions in an attempt to clear the records of the 74 residents of Montana who had been convicted of “sedition” utterances during the war frenzy of 1918 and 1919. They cited in particular the case of Ben Kahn, an immigrant from Poland who while waiting for his breakfast in a hotel during March 1918, incautiously presuming that in America there was still such a thing as freedom of speech, or perhaps still such a thing as a sense of humor, referred to the wartime food regulations as a “big joke.” Less than a month later this liquor salesman found himself at the Deer Lodge prison, serving a sentence for sedition of 7½ to 20 years. (Although the armistice was signed later that year, this man would be held in prison for almost three more years.)

COPYRIGHT NOTICE: In addition to the property of others, such as extensive quotations and reproductions of images, this “read-only” computer file contains a great deal of special work product of Austin Meredith, copyright 2017. Access to these interim materials will eventually be offered for a fee in order to recoup some of the costs of preparation. My hypercontext button invention which, instead of creating a hypertext leap through hyperspace —resulting in navigation problems— allows for an utter alteration of the context within which one is experiencing a specific content already being viewed, is claimed as proprietary to Austin Meredith — and therefore freely available for use by all. Limited permission to copy such files, or any material from such files, must be obtained in advance in writing from the “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project, 833 Berkeley St., Durham NC 27705. Please contact the project at .

“It’s all now you see. Yesterday won’t be over until tomorrow and tomorrow began ten thousand years ago.” – Remark by character “Garin Stevens” in William Faulkner’s INTRUDER IN THE DUST

Prepared: November 11, 2017 HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE ARRGH AUTOMATED RESEARCH REPORT

GENERATION HOTLINE

This stuff presumably looks to you as if it were generated by a human. Such is not the case. Instead, someone has requested that we pull it out of the hat of a pirate who has grown out of the shoulder of our pet parrot “Laura” (as above). What these chronological lists are: they are research reports compiled by ARRGH algorithms out of a database of modules which we term the Kouroo Contexture (this is data mining). To respond to such a request for information we merely push a button. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

Commonly, the first output of the algorithm has obvious deficiencies and we need to go back into the modules stored in the contexture and do a minor amount of tweaking, and then we need to punch that button again and recompile the chronology — but there is nothing here that remotely resembles the ordinary “writerly” process you know and love. As the contents of this originating contexture improve, and as the programming improves, and as funding becomes available (to date no funding whatever has been needed in the creation of this facility, the entire operation being run out of pocket change) we expect a diminished need to do such tweaking and recompiling, and we fully expect to achieve a simulation of a generous and untiring robotic research librarian. Onward and upward in this brave new world.

First come first serve. There is no charge. Place requests with . Arrgh.