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AUTONOMY AND ISLANDS Autonomy and Islands A Global Study of the Factors that Determine Island Autonomy Pär M. Olausson ÅBO 2007 ÅBO AKADEMIS FÖRLAG – ÅBO AKADEMI UNIVERSITY PRESS CIP Cataloguing in Publication Olausson, Pär M. Autonomy and islands : a global study of the factors that determine island autonomy/ Pär M. Olausson. – Åbo : Åbo Akademi University Press, 2007. Diss.: Åbo Akademi University. ISBN 978-951-765-406-7 ISBN 978-951-765-406-7 ISBN 978-951-765-407-4 (digital) UNIPRINT Åbo 2007 Acknowledgement I begin this thesis by quoting John Donne: “No man is an island, entire of itself; every man is a piece of the continent, a part of the main”. The proc‐ ess of writing a thesis could well be illustrated by these words. Some times you feel very much left by your own, but still you are part of an intellectual environments, surrounded by colleagues, friends and family willing to help and support you when ever it feels as if you have come to a dead stop. Many are the individuals that in one way or another have contributed to this thesis. During the process I have benefited from the intellectual environment of two political science institutions. First I am indebted to my colleges in political science at the Åbo Akademi University. My deep‐ est gratitude goes to my supervisor Professor Carsten Anckar for all the constructive comments, first as a colleague at the Mid‐Sweden University and then as my supervisor in Åbo. His skilful and constructive support has been of greatest importance for the completion of this work. I am also most grateful to my first supervisor Professor Emeritus Dag Anckar who at the beginning of this process believed in me and made this thesis pos‐ sible. I would also like to thank the participants at the research seminars in Hus Lindman and at Finlandssvenska forskarskolan. I would espe‐ cially like to acknowledge the thoughtful and constructive critique from Professor Lauri Karvonen and the comments and ideas from Dr. Krister Lundell and Maria Ackrén. I also owe many thanks to Marina Hamberg for helping me with much of the practical arrangements at the end of this process. My second institution is the Department of Social Sciences at the Mid‐ Sweden University. My deepest gratitude goes to my second supervisor Professor Marie‐Louise von Bergmann‐Winberg, who has followed me from the very beginning of this process and has been a great source of encouragement. Thank you for your thoughtful comments and for believ‐ ing in me! I am also indebted to Susanne Lundåsen and Håkan Gadd with whom I have had many intellectual discussions and experienced many joyful moments during our travels to Åbo, to PhD‐courses and to different conferences. I am also grateful to all the participants at the re‐ search seminar in political science, Professor Victor Pestoff, Associate Professor Ingemar Wörlund and my fellow research students, former and present for their constructive comments. I would especially like to men‐ ‐ i ‐ tion the comments from Jan Ångström, Lars Nilsson, Johan Vamstad, Jon Nyhlén, and Sara Nyhlén. I am also most grateful for the help and guid‐ ance in quantitative methods that I have got from Anna Olofsson and Fredrik Svensson. Speaking of guidance in quantitative methods, Dr. Karin Damström at Stockholm University has been of great help in this. Thank you! I am also grateful for the insightful comments from Professor Tapio Raunio and Dr. Svend‐Erik Skaaning, and from my language reviser Dr. Joakim Wrethall at the end of this process. I also owe many thanks to all the wonderful people in the different islands for helping me with facts and materials on the individual islands. Finally, I would like to thank my friends and former colleagues for their comments. I would especially like to mention the discussions I have had with Dr. Göran Lundstedt. The comments from Ingrid Ramberg, Ulla‐Britt Wikström, Maud Peeker, my father‐in‐law Björn Karlberg and my brother‐in‐law Michael Ahlgren have also been helpful during this process. I would also like to thank my parents for helping me during my stays in Östersund, and my sisters for their support. I owe a special thanks to my sister Malin and her husband Adrian Adermon who have helped me with many practical issues and have read the manuscript sev‐ eral times and helped me get rid of many errors that no one else had found. The cover of this book is also based on an original idea of Adrian. Life is not only political science and a special place in my heart has my wife Christina who has supported me during this process. I owe you many thanks for putting up with me and my absent‐mindedness. Chil‐ dren are a great source of joy, and my two darling daughters Sara and Karin have from time to time taken away my focus from the research, but you have provided me with extra joy, strength, and energy. Even though there are many individuals that have contributed to this effort, both those mentioned above and those whose names can not be mentioned here, any errors that remains are my own. Täby and Östersund – 2007 Pär M. Olausson ‐ ii ‐ Table of Contents List of Figures and Tables ....................................................................v 1. Introduction ........................................................................................1 2. Theoretical Framework...................................................................10 2.1. The Dependent Variable – Autonomy .........................................10 2.1.1. Non‐Territorial Autonomy.................................................................18 2.1.2. Territorial Autonomy..........................................................................20 2.1.3. Aspects of Autonomy .........................................................................21 2.1.4. The Concept of Autonomy – Conclusions .......................................24 2.2. The Concept of Island.....................................................................25 2.2.1. Island Studies.......................................................................................26 2.2 2. The Concept of Islands – Conclusion................................................31 2.3. Selecting Cases.................................................................................32 2.4. The Independent Variables............................................................62 3. Methods .............................................................................................67 3.1. Qualitative Analysis ‐ QCA...........................................................68 3.1.1. Boolean Algebra...................................................................................71 3.1.2. Weaknesses of QCA ............................................................................74 3.1.3. Multi‐Value QCA (MVQCA) .............................................................78 3.2. Quantitative Analysis.....................................................................81 4. Geographical Aspects......................................................................83 4.1. Distance from the Mainland..........................................................84 4.2. Proximity to a Foreign Country ....................................................92 4.3. Population Size................................................................................98 4.4. Geographical Aspects – A Summary .........................................106 5. Cultural Aspects.............................................................................108 5.1. The Cultural Indicators ................................................................111 5.1.1. Language ............................................................................................111 5.1.2. Religion ...............................................................................................112 5.1.3. Ethnicity..............................................................................................113 5.2. Cultural Difference .......................................................................114 5.3. Cultural Aspects – Analysis ........................................................136 6. Previous Self‐Rule and Strategic Importance ..........................141 6.1. Historical Background..................................................................142 6.2. Previous Self‐Rule.........................................................................168 6.3. Strategic Importance.....................................................................172 7. Natural Resources..........................................................................177 7.1. The Possession of Natural Resources.........................................178 ‐ iii ‐ 8. Constitutional Change..................................................................184 8.1. Constitutional Change – Analysis ..............................................193 9. Analysis ...........................................................................................197 9.1. Qualitative Comparative Analysis .............................................197 9.1.1. Presence of Autonomy......................................................................199 9.1.2. Absence of Autonomy ......................................................................206 9.1.3. Continental Level...............................................................................213 9.2. Quantitative Analysis...................................................................219 10. Discussion .....................................................................................223
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