MIMP General Management Plan

UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA MINISTRY OF LIVESTOCK AND FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT

MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK

GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

BOARD OF TRUSTEES MARINE PARKS AND RESERVES UNIT

September 2011 2 MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK General Management Plan TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgements v About this document / Preamble vi Approval page vii Vision, Mission and Motto viii Acronyms ix

FOREWORD x EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. xi

Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Why a General Management Plan? 1 1.2 Target Audience of the General Management Plan 1 ͕Ǥ͗ ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒƤƒ •Žƒ†ƒ”‹‡ƒ” 2 1.4 Accomplishments 3 1.5 Challenges 5 1.6 The General Management Plan Review Process 6

Chapter 2. RESOURCE DESCRIPTION 8

2.1 Area and location 8 2.2 Physical environment 8 2. 2.1 Bathymetry 8 2. 2.2 Currents 10 2. 2.3 Tides 10 2. 2.4 Geology and Topography 10 2.3 Climate 10 2.4 Biological environment 10 2. 4.1 Sub – tidal habitats 10 2. 4.2 Mangroves and inter – tidal habitats 11 2. 4.3 Terrestrial habitats 11 2. 4.4 Fauna 11 2. 4.5 Flora. 12 2.5 Human settlement 12 2.5.1 History of settlement 12 ͖Ǥ͙Ǥ͖”‡•‡–Ȃ†ƒ›•‡––Ž‡‡–™‹–Š‹  13 2.6 Resource – use within the marine park 13 2.6.1 Living marine resources 13 2.6.2 Fishing gears 14 2.6.3 Catch trends 14 ͖Ǥ͚Ǥ͘ƒ”‡–‹‰‘ˆƒ”‹‡”‡•‘—” ‡• 14 2.6.5 Coral Mining 15 ͖Ǥ͚Ǥ͚‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ƒ†Ž‹˜‡•–‘  15 2.6.7 Mangroves and forest products 15 2.6.8 Mariculture 16 2.7 Tourism 17 ͖Ǥ͜‹‰‹Ƥ ƒ ‡•–ƒ–‡‡–• 17

General Management Plan MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK i Chapter 3. MANAGEMENT ISSUES 19

3.1 Natural resource issues 19 3.1.1 Fishing pressure 19 ͗Ǥ͕Ǥ͖‡•–”— –‹˜‡ƒ†—•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡‡–Ƥ•Š‹‰ 19 ͗Ǥ͕Ǥ͗›ƒ‹–‡Ƥ•Š‹‰ 21 3.1.4 Trampling of inter–tidal habitats 22 ͗Ǥ͕Ǥ͙‘‡” ‹ƒŽƤ•ŠȂ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ 22 3.1.6 Coral mining 22 3.1.7 Mangrove utilisation 23 3.1.8 Use of Coastal forest resources 23 3.1.9 Turtle conservation 24 3.2 Cultural resources issues 25 3.2.1 Protection and interpretation of historic and cultural sites 25 3.3 Socio–economic issues 26 3.3.1 Narrow income base for local communities 26 3.4 Eco-tourism issues 26 3.4.1 Regulating eco-tourism development 26 3.4.2 Over–settlement in tourism areas 27 3.4.3 Visitor management 27 ͗Ǥ͘Ǥ͘‘”‡ŽŽ‹‰ƒ†ƒ Š‘”†ƒƒ‰‡ 27 3.5 Research, monitoring and data management 27

Chapter 4. PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES 30

͘Ǥ͕Š‡’—”’‘•‡‘ˆƒƤƒ •Žƒ†ƒ”‹‡ƒ” 30 4.2 Management Objectives 30 4.2.1 Objectives for biodiversity and ecosystem processes conservation 31 4.2.2 Objectives for sustainable resource–use and rehabilitation of damaged resources 31 4.2.3 Objectives for community participation in management and access to resources 31 4.2.4 Objectives for under–utilised resources development 32 4.2.5 Objectives for promoting environmental education and information sharing 32 4.2.6 Objectives for research & monitoring of resource condition and use 32 4.2.7 Objectives for cultural resources conservation 32 4.2.8 Objectives for appropriate eco-tourism development 33

Chapter 5. MANAGEMENT ACTIONS AND STRATEGIES 34

5.1 Guiding principles for MIMP management strategy 34 5.2 Management actions and strategies 34 5.2.1 Action & Strategies to conserve biodiversity and ecosystem processes 34 5.2.2 Action & Strategies to promote enforcement and sustainable resource-use 35 5.2.3 Action & Strategies to ensure community participation in management 36 5.2.4 Action & Strategies to develop eco-tourism 37 5.2.5 Action & Strategies to promote community education and information sharing 37 5.2.6 Action & Strategies to develop under-utilized resources and sustainable livelihood 38 ͙Ǥ͖Ǥ͛  –‹‘Ƭ–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•–‘ ‘•‡”˜‡–Š‡ —Ž–—”ƒŽŠ‡”‹–ƒ‰‡‘ˆƒƤƒ •Žƒ† 38 5.2.8 Action & Strategies to develop Research and Monitoring 39

ii MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK General Management Plan Chapter 6. MANAGEMENT & OPERATIONAL FRAMEWORK 40

6.1 Further legislation and policy planning 40 6.1.1 Supporting Regulations 40 6.1.2 Planning Documents 40 6.2 Organizational structure, roles & responsibilities 41 ͚Ǥ͖Ǥ͕Š‡‘ƒ”†‘ˆ”—•–‡‡•ƒ†–Š‡ƒ”‹‡ƒ”•Ƭ‡•‡”˜‡‹– 41 6.2.2 The Advisory Committee 41 6.2.3 The Warden–in–Charge 42 6.2.4 Village Liaison Committees 42 ͚Ǥ͖Ǥ͙ƒƤƒ‹•–”‹ –‘— ‹Ž 42 6.3 Park enforcement & operations 43 ͚Ǥ͗Ǥ͕ ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ 43 6.3.2 Human Resource 43 ͚Ǥ͗Ǥ͗ƒ™ˆ‘” ‡‡–Ƭ‘—‹–› ˜‘Ž˜‡‡– 43 6.3.4 Demarcation of Boundary and Zones 44 6.3.5 Permit system 45 6.3.6 Financial management 46 6.4 Communication & information–sharing 47

Chapter 7. ZONING SCHEME 48

7.1 Aim of the MIMP zoning scheme 48 ͛Ǥ͖‡Ƥ‹–‹‘‘ˆ‘‡–›’‡• 50 7.2.1 Core Zone 50 ͛Ǥ͖Ǥ͖’‡ ‹Ƥ‡†Ȃ—•‡‘‡ 51 7.2.3 General–use Zone 52 ͛Ǥ͖Ǥ͘—ơ‡”‘‡ 52 7.3 Scheme of designated areas 53 7.3.1 Areas designated as Core Zones 53 ͛Ǥ͗Ǥ͖”‡ƒ•†‡•‹‰ƒ–‡†ƒ•’‡ ‹Ƥ‡†Ȃ—•‡‘‡• 55 7.3.3 Areas designated as General–use Zones 57 7.4 Future changes to the zoning scheme 57

Chapter 8. GUIDE TO PROHIBITED & PERMITTED ACTIVITIES 58

8.1 Activities prohibited in all Zones 58 8.1.1 Prohibited extraction of living resources 58 8.1.2 Prohibited extraction of non–living resources 58 8.1.3 Prohibited construction & development 58 8.1.4 Prohibited tourism activities 59 1.2 Guide to regulated activities 59 1.2.1 ‡–Ƥ•Š‹‰ 59 1.2.2 ’‘”–ȂƤ•Š‹‰ 59 1.2.3  –‘’—•Ƥ•Š‹‰ 59 1.2.4 Sea Coral Mining 60 1.2.5 Land–based fossil coral mining 60 1.2.6 —†Ȃ„”‹ ƒ‹‰ 60 1.2.7 Mangrove harvesting 61 1.2.8 Forest products (non – mangrove) 61 ͜Ǥ͖Ǥ͝ƒŽ–ƒ‹‰ 61 8.2.10 Construction 61 ͜Ǥ͖Ǥ͕͕ ‹‡–‹Ƥ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š 62

General Management Plan MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK iii Chapter 9. EVALUATION & REVIEW. 65

9.1 Procedure for review of this management plan 65

BIBLIOGRAPHY 66

 ͕ǣ‘—†ƒ”›†‡• ”‹’–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒƤƒ •Žƒ†ƒ”‹‡ƒ” 68

LIST OF FIGURES

‹‰Ǥ͕ƒ’•Š‘™‹‰–Š‡Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒƤƒ •Žƒ†‘–Š‡ƒœƒ‹ƒ ‘ƒ•– 9 ‹‰Ǥ͖ƒ’‘ˆƒƤƒ •Žƒ†ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”•Š‘™‹‰„‘—†ƒ”› 9 ‹‰͗ƒƤƒ •Žƒ†ƒ”‹‡ƒ”œ‘‹‰’Žƒ 49

iv MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK General Management Plan ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Financial assistance for the preparation of the original General Management Plan (GMP 2000) was provided by ‘”Ž†™‹†‡ —†ˆ‘”ƒ–—”‡ȋ Ȍ™‹–ŠŒ‘‹–ˆ—†‹‰•—’’‘”–ˆ”‘–Š‡‡’ƒ”–‡–ˆ‘” –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ȋ ȌǤŠ‡ ƒœƒ‹ƒ”‘‰”ƒ‡ƥ ‡’”‘˜‹†‡†˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡–‡ Š‹ ƒŽ‹’—–Ǥ

–Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡ”‡˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ Šƒ•„‡‡Ƥƒ ‡†„›Š‡‹‹•–”› ‘ˆ ‹˜‡•–‘  ƒ† ‹•Š‡”‹‡• ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡––Š”‘—‰ŠŠ‡ƒ”‹‡ƒ†‘ƒ•–ƒŽ˜‹”‘‡–ƒƒ‰‡‡–”‘Œ‡ –ȋȌǤŠ‡™‘”Šƒ• „‡‡ ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡ƒ”‹‡ƒ”•ƒ†‡•‡”˜‡•‹–•–ƒơǤ

This revised general management plan would not have been possible without experts’ input who assisted –Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ‡ƒ”Ž›†”ƒˆ–•‘ˆ–Š‡’Žƒƒ•ˆƒ”„ƒ ƒ•͕͖͝͝ǡƒ†‘–Š‡”•™Š‘’”‘˜‹†‡†‹˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡‰—‹†ƒ ‡ ‹–Š‡ ‘—”•‡‘ˆ”‡˜‹•‹‰‹–‹ Ž—†‹‰”ǤƒŠ›ƒ Ǥ‰ƒ™‡Ǥ

‹•–”‹ – ƒ—–Š‘”‹–› ‹ ƒƤƒ ’”‘˜‹†‡† ‹‡ƒ•—”ƒ„Ž‡ ‘”ƒŽ ƒ† ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ •—’’‘”– –Š”‘—‰Š‘—– –Š‡ ’Žƒ‹‰ ƒ†‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ  ‡‡”ƒŽƒƒ‰‡‡–Žƒ‘ˆ͖͔͔͔ǤŠ‹•–‹‡ƒ”‘—†–Š‡›Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ equally supportive in the cause of revising this plan.

†‡‡†ǡ–Š‡’”‹ ‹’ƒŽ•–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡”•ƒ† ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ‹˜‡•–‘”•™‹–Š‹ƒƤƒ •Žƒ†ƒ”‹‡ ƒ” ƒ”‡ ™ƒ”Ž› ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡† ˆ‘” –Š‡‹” ‡–Š—•‹ƒ•ǡ ’ƒ–‹‡ ‡ ƒ† ‹˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘• ƒ†‡ ‹ developing this revised general management plan.

General Management Plan MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK v PREAMBLE

Š‹•†‘ —‡–‹•–Š‡”‡˜‹•‡†‰‡‡”ƒŽƒƒ‰‡‡–’Žƒˆ‘”–Š‡ƒƤƒ •Žƒ†ƒ”‹‡ƒ”Ǥ –”‡’Žƒ ‡•–Š‡ general management plan that was implemented from 2000 to 2010 and will serve as the primary management †‘ —‡–ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒƤƒ •Žƒ†ƒ”‹‡ƒ”†—”‹‰–Š‡‡š––‡›‡ƒ”•Ǥ

Š‹•”‡˜‹•‡††‘ —‡–‹•–Š‡”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ ǯ•‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‘ˆ‘˜‡”–‡›‡ƒ”•‘ˆ‹’Ž‡‡–‹‰–Š‡•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• ƒ†ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•†‡–ƒ‹Ž‡†‹–Š‡ ‡‡”ƒŽƒƒ‰‡‡–Žƒ‘ˆ͖͔͔͔Ǥ –™ƒ•‡ ‡••ƒ”›–‘”‡˜‹•‡ƒ†ƒ†Œ—•––Š‡ ˆ‘”‡” ‡‡”ƒŽƒƒ‰‡‡–Žƒ‹‘”†‡”–‘”‡ƪ‡ –‡™‹••—‡•ǡŽ‡••‘•Ž‡ƒ”–ǡ‘” Šƒ‰‡•‹ƒƒ‰‡‡– objectives, adapting the contents according to new information gained from monitoring and evaluation.

‘– ‘Ž› –Š‹• †‘ —‡– ‹–‡†• –‘ —’†ƒ–‡ •–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”• ‘ –Š‡ ‘—– ‘‡• ‘ˆ •— ‡••ˆ—ŽŽ› ‹’Ž‡‡–‡† strategies and accomplishments that were merely plans on paper over ten years ago but also disseminate —•‡ˆ—Ž‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ„‘—––Š‡ ƒ†‹–•ƒƒ‰‡‡–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ǡƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ƒ†’”‘†— –•ǤŠ‡Š‘’‡‹•–Šƒ– –Š‹•‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ™Š‹ Š Šƒ”–•–Š‡‡š–͕͔›‡ƒ”•‘ˆ ǡ™‹ŽŽ‡Šƒ ‡–Š‡ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ƒ† ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ which is so vital in protecting important national marine resources.

‡˜‹•‹‘•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ†‡‹„‘–Š–Š‡ ‘–‡–ƒ†ˆ‘”‘ˆ–Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ™‘”ǤŠ‡”‡‡ ‡••ƒ”›ǡ–Š‡ ‘–‡– Šƒ•„‡‡„”‘—‰Š–—’Ǧ–‘Ǧ†ƒ–‡ƒ†™‹–Š‹ —””‡–‘™Ž‡†‰‡ǤŠ‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ–Š‹•”‡˜‹•‡†‡†‹–‹‘Šƒ•—†‡”‰‘‡ a slight change in format to facilitate its easy readability.

–Š‹•”‡˜‹•‡† ǡ‹•‹‘ƒ†‹••‹‘•–ƒ–‡‡–•‘ˆŠƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ††‡†Ǥ‹‡™‹•‡ǡƒŒ‘”ƒ Š‹‡˜‡‡–• ”‡ ‘”†‡†„› ‘˜‡”–Š‡’ƒ•––‡›‡ƒ”•‘ˆ‹’Ž‡‡–‹‰–Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‘—–Ž‹‡†Ǥ ‡‡”ƒŽŽ›ǡ –Š‡ Šƒ‰‡•ƒ”‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›ˆ‡™–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡‘Ǧƒƒ‰‡‡–’ƒ”–Šƒ•„‡‡‹’”‘˜‡†•‹‰‹Ƥ ƒ–Ž›ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ•‘ „‡Š‹†™ƒ•–Š‡‡‡†ˆ‘”—’†ƒ–‹‰•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ƒ† Žƒ”‹ˆ›‹‰ ‡”–ƒ‹‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘•–‘˜ƒ”‹‘—••–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”•Ǥ

Š‡”‡˜‹‡™’”‘ ‡••ˆ‘”–Š‹•’Žƒ™ƒ• ƒ””‹‡†‘—–„ƒ•‡†‘’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•Žƒ‹††‘™‹–Š‡ƒ”‹‡ƒ”•ƒ† Reserves legislation.

‘”ˆ—”–Š‡”‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘–Š‹•’Žƒ‘”ƒ„‘—–ƒƤƒ •Žƒ†ƒ”‹‡ƒ” ‘–ƒ –ǣ

The Manager The Warden – in Charge ƒ”‹‡ƒ”•ƒ†‡•‡”˜‡•‹– ƒƤƒ •Žƒ†ƒ”‹‡ƒ” P.O. Box 7565, Dar es Salaam ‘š͛͘ǡƒƤƒ ‡ŽǣΪ͖͙͙ȋ͔Ȍ͖͖͖͕͙͔͚͖͕ ‡ŽǣΪ͖͙͙ȋ͔Ȍ͖͖͔͖͚͔͗͘͝ ƒšǣΪ͖͙͙ȋ͔Ȍ͖͖͖͕͙͔͖͔͘ ƒšǣΪ͖͙͙ȋ͔Ȍ͖͖͔͖͙͖͚͗͘ Ǧƒ‹Žǣƒ”‹‡’ƒ”•̷ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”–•Ǥ‰‘Ǥ–œ Ǧƒ‹ŽǣƒƤƒ‹•Žƒ†̷ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”•Ǥ‰‘Ǥ–œ ‡„•‹–‡ǣ™™™Ǥƒ”‹‡’ƒ”•Ǥ‰‘Ǥ–œ

vi MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK General Management Plan APPROVAL PAGE

’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‹•‡˜‹•‡† ‡‡”ƒŽƒƒ‰‡‡–ŽƒŠƒ•„‡‡‡†‘”•‡†„›–Š‡†˜‹•‘”›‘‹––‡‡ ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒƤƒ •Žƒ†ƒ”‹‡ƒ”ȋ Ȍǡ’—”•—ƒ––‘•‡ –‹‘•͙ƒ†͕͙‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‹‡ƒ”•ƒ†‡•‡”˜‡• – No. 29 of 1994, at its meeting on 14th May 2011.

”Ǥƒ†‹‹ƒƒ”‹ƒ†‹‹ ”Ǥ ‡‘”‰‡Ǥ•—‹ Chairman Warden–in–Charge, MIMP  †˜‹•‘”›‘‹––‡‡   ‡ ”‡–ƒ”›ǡ †˜‹•‘”›‘‹––‡‡

’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‹•‡˜‹•‡† ‡‡”ƒŽƒƒ‰‡‡–ŽƒŠƒ•„‡‡ƒ’’”‘˜‡†„›–Š‡‘ƒ”†‘ˆ”—•–‡‡•ˆ‘” ƒ”‹‡ƒ”•ƒ†‡•‡”˜‡•ǡ’—”•—ƒ––‘•‡ –‹‘•͘ƒ†͕͙‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‹‡ƒ”•ƒ†‡•‡”˜‡• –‘Ǥ͖͝‘ˆ 1994, at its thirtieth (30th) Ordinary Board Meeting on 5th July, 2011.

Dr. Blandina Lugendo Dr. Abdillahi Chande Chairperson Unit Manager, MPRU Board of Trustees Secretary, Board of Trustees

Š‹• ‡˜‹•‡† ‡‡”ƒŽ ƒƒ‰‡‡– Žƒ Šƒ• „‡‡ ƒ†‘’–‡† „› –Š‡ ‹‹•–‡” ‘ˆ ‹˜‡•–‘  ƒ† ‹•Š‡”‹‡• ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’—”•—ƒ––‘•‡ –‹‘͕͘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‹‡ƒ”•ƒ†‡•‡”˜‡• –‘Ǥ͖͝‘ˆ͕͘͝͝

Hon. Dr. David Mathayo David (MP) ‹‹•–‡”‘ˆ‹˜‡•–‘ ƒ† ‹•Š‡”‹‡•‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– United Republic of Tanzania

General Management Plan MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK vii VISION

“Marine Protected Areas in Tanzania become the joy and pride for all”.

MISSION

“To establish and manage Tanzania’s marine protected areas for sustainable use”

MOTTO

“Let us share the gift of nature together”

viii MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK General Management Plan ACRONYMS

AC Advisory Committee CPUE ƒ– Š‡”‹–ơ‘”– DAQ Division of Aquaculture DFID  ‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ ‘”‡‹‰ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ȋȌ DoFD Division of Fisheries Development DRTE Division of Research, Training and Extension EIA  ˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ’ƒ –••‡••‡– EIS  ˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ’ƒ ––ƒ–‡‡– GIS   ‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ƒŽ ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘›•–‡ GMP General Management Plan GPS Global Positioning System ICM  –‡‰”ƒ–‡†‘ƒ•–ƒŽƒƒ‰‡‡– MACEMP Marine and Coastal Environment Management Project MCS Monitoring, Control and Surveillance MIMP ƒƤƒ •Žƒ†ƒ”‹‡ƒ” MLFD  ‹‹•–”›‘ˆ‹˜‡•–‘ ƒ† ‹•Š‡”‹‡•‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– MOU Memorandum of Understanding MPRU  ƒ”‹‡ƒ”•ƒ†‡•‡”˜‡•‹– NGO Non-governmental Organization TAFIRI ƒœƒ‹ƒ ‹•Š‡”‹‡•‡•‡ƒ” Š •–‹–—–‡ URT United Republic of Tanzania VEUs Village Enforcement Units VLCs Village Liaison Committees WIC Warden-in-Charge WWF Worldwide Fund for Nature

General Management Plan MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK ix FOREWORD

Tanzania’s coastal strip has historically been a centre of wealth creation, through trade, extraction of natural resources, and most recently from tourism and mariculture. Through the centuries, this wealth has attracted people to Tanzania’s coastal areas, both from within the country and beyond its borders, creating a rich and varied cultural heritage. Alongside this human realm, Tanzania’s marine and coastal areas are also rich in „‹‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ†‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡŠƒ”„‘—”‹‰ƒ™‡ƒŽ–Š‘ˆƤ•Š•’‡ ‹‡•ǡƒ”‹‡‹˜‡”–‡„”ƒ–‡•ǡƒ”‹‡ƒƒŽ•ǡ”‡’–‹Ž‡•ǡ birds and plant life. As such, they have increasingly come to the attention of those concerned with the conservation of our country’s natural heritage, in terms of its wildlife, biodiversity and scenic splendour.

Š‡’”‡•‡–’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘‰ƒœƒ‹ƒǯ•͕ǡ͔͔͘ ‘ƒ•–Ž‹‡‹•ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‹‰͕͔‹ŽŽ‹‘’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ—–•‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡ trading hubs of Dar es Salaam, Zanzibar and Tanga, the livelihoods of many coastal people has increasingly ‘‡–‘†‡’‡†—’‘•ƒŽŽȂ• ƒŽ‡—•‡‘ˆƤ•Š‡”‹‡•ǡƒ‰”‘˜‡•ƒ†‘ȂŽ‹˜‹‰‘”‰ƒ‹••‹ Ž—†‹‰‹‡”ƒŽ ”‡•‘—” ‡•ǡ–‘’”‘˜‹†‡ƒŽŽ–Š‡‡••‡–‹ƒŽ•‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡Ǥ  ”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž›ǡ–Š‡•‡ƒ”‹‡ƒ† ‘ƒ•–ƒŽƒ–—”ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡•ǡ and the associated biodiversity, have come under a severe threat from over-use, unplanned commercial development and destructive practices.

 –Š‹• ‘–‡š–ǡ–Š‡ ‘˜‡”‡–‘ˆ ƒœƒ‹ƒŠƒ•ƒ –™‹‘„Ž‹‰ƒ–‹‘Ǣ„‘–Š–‘ •ƒˆ‡‰—ƒ”† –Š‡ Ž‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†•‘ˆ coastal people and future generations, and also to ensure the continued survival of the rich variety of living organisms bequeathed by nature.

‘”‡•’‘†–‘–Š‹• ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡–Š‡ƒœƒ‹ƒ‰‘˜‡”‡–‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†–Š‡‘ƒ”†‘ˆ”—•–‡‡•ˆ‘”ƒ”‹‡ƒ”• ƒ†‡•‡”˜‡•‹͕͚͝͝ǡ–‘‘˜‡”•‡‡ƒ•›•–‡‘ˆƒ”‹‡’”‘–‡ –‡†ƒ”‡ƒ•™Š‡”‡‹•’‡ ‹ƒŽƒƒ‰‡‡–‡ơ‘”– ƒ be focused. Whereas the marine reserves provide total protection from extractive resource–use to small ƒ”‡ƒ•ǡ–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”•ƒ‹–‘ƒ Š‹‡˜‡–Š‡•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ƒ ‘‘†ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŽ‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†ǡ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽƒ† ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ‹–‡”‡•–•ǤŠ‡‡›–‘•— ‡••‘ˆ–Š‹•ƒ„‹–‹‘—•—†‡”–ƒ‹‰‹•ƒƒ –‹˜‡ƒ†‡“—ƒŽ’ƒ”–‡”•Š‹’ „‡–™‡‡‰‘˜‡”‡–ǡ ‘—‹–‹‡•ƒ†‹˜‡•–‘”•Ǥ••— Š™‡—•–„‡ ‘Ƥ†‡– ‘•–ƒ–Ž›–‘‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡‘—” performance, to heed constructive suggestions and to welcome contributions from outside.

ƒƤƒ •Žƒ†™ƒ•–Š‡Ƥ”•–ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”–‘„‡‰ƒœ‡––‡†—†‡”–Š‹•ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡Ǥ Šƒ˜‡‡˜‡”›”‡ƒ•‘–‘•ƒ› –Šƒ–‘˜‡”–Š‡’ƒ•––‡›‡ƒ”• Šƒ•ƒƒ‰‡†–‘Ž‹˜‡–‘–Š‡‡š’‡ –ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‘–‘Ž›–Šƒ––Š‡ ecosystem has improved tremendously but also there are vivid indicators of improved sustainable livelihood ƒ‘‰‡›•–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”•Ǥ Š‹•‡˜‹•‡† ‡‡”ƒŽƒƒ‰‡‡–Žƒˆ‘” ‹•–Š‡ƒ‹‹•–”—‡––Šƒ–•’‡ ‹Ƥ‡•Š‘™ƒƒ‰‡‡–‘ˆ –Š‡ƒƤƒ •Žƒ†ƒ”‹‡ƒ”‹•–‘„‡ ‘†— –‡†‹–Š‡‡š––‡›‡ƒ”•Ǥ –‹•ƒ‹•–”—‡–‘–Œ—•–ˆ‘”’Žƒ‹‰ „—–ƒŽ•‘ˆ‘”‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ †‡‡†‹–Šƒ•†‘ —‡–‡†–Š‡™ƒ›–‘”‡ƒ Šƒƒ‰‡‡–‰‘ƒŽ•ƒ† describe how to manage the resources, at present and in future. The document contains a description of the resources especially its current status, management objectives and more importantly is how these objectives are to be achieved. Another important feature of this Revised GMP is that it outlines how the plan has been reviewed and the consultative process which was followed.

‡ ‡ǡ–Š‡‰”‡ƒ– ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ƒŠ‡ƒ†‹•ˆ‘” –‘’—––Š‹•”‡˜‹•‡† ‹–‘’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ‡ơ‡ –•‘–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ” would continue to be a leader in community based marine protected area management not only for Tanzania, „—–ƒŽ•‘ˆ‘”–Š‡™Š‘Ž‡ƒ•–ˆ”‹ ƒ”‡‰‹‘ƒ†„‡›‘†Ǥ †‡‡†ǡ‹–‹•›’Ž‡ƒ•—”‡–‘–ƒ‡–Š‹•‘’’‘”–—‹–›–‘ ‡š–‡†ƒŽŽ’‘••‹„Ž‡‰‘‘†™‹•Š‡•–‘ƒƒ‰‡”•ƒ†•–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”•‹ˆ—ŽƤŽŽ‹‰‘—”‹••‹‘–‘™ƒ”†•‡‡–‹‰–Š‡ marine conservation and sustainable livelihood challenge.

______Hon. Dr. David Mathayo David (MP) Minister of Livestock and Fisheries Development United Republic of Tanzania

x MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK General Management Plan EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This Revised General Management Plan (GMP) translates the Tanzania Government‘s commitment to the conservation of marine resources into a plan of action for the management, use and development of the ƒƤƒ •Žƒ†ƒ”‹‡ƒ”Ǥ

Š‡ƒ”‹‡ƒ”•ƒ†‡•‡”˜‡• –‘Ǥ͖͝‘ˆ͕͘͝͝’”‘˜‹†‡•–Š‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡„ƒ•‹•‘™Š‹ Š–‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Šƒ”‹‡ protected areas in Tanzania, under the guidance of the Minister responsible for Fisheries Sector, and the ‘ƒ”†‘ˆ”—•–‡‡•‘ˆƒ”‹‡ƒ”•ƒ†‡•‡”˜‡•ǤŠ‡‡•‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ••‡„Ž›–‘†‡ Žƒ”‡–Š‡ ƒƤƒ •Žƒ†ƒ”‹‡ƒ”™ƒ•’ƒ••‡†‘͖͛th’”‹Ž͕͙͝͝™‹–Šƒ‡ơ‡ –‹˜‡†ƒ–‡‘ˆ͕st —Ž›͕͙͝͝ǤŠ‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ” „‘—†ƒ”›™ƒ•‘ƥ ‹ƒŽŽ›‰ƒœ‡––‡†‘͚th‡’–‡„‡”͕͚͝͝ǤŠ‡ƒ”‹‡ƒ”•ƒ†‡•‡”˜‡• –‘Ǥ͖͝‘ˆ͕͘͝͝ ’”‘˜‹†‡•–Šƒ–ƒ ‡‡”ƒŽƒƒ‰‡‡–Žƒ•ŠƒŽŽ„‡ƒ†‘’–‡†ˆ‘”‡ƒ Šƒ”‹‡’ƒ”Ǥ –•ŠƒŽŽ ‘–ƒ‹ǡƒ‘‰•– ‘–Š‡”–Š‹‰•Ǣƒ†‡• ”‹’–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”Ǣƒ†Ž‘ ƒŽ”‡•‹†‡–—•‡”•Ǣƒ•–ƒ–‡‡–‘ˆ‹–•‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡•Ǣƒ†ƒƒ ‘—– of the means and methods by which those objectives will be achieved, including a zoning plan.

Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”ƒ”‡ƒ‡š–‡†•ƒ ”‘•••‘‡͖͖͜2ǡ‘”‡–Šƒ͙͛Ψ‘ˆ‹–‹•„‡Ž‘™–Š‡Š‹‰Š™ƒ–‡”ƒ”ǤŠ‡ area hosts an outstanding mosaic of tropic marine habitats including coral reefs, seagrass beds, mangroves, ƒ†‹–‡”Ǧ–‹†ƒŽƪƒ–•Ǥ ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡƒ”‡ƒ–„Ž‘ ‘ˆ–Š”‡ƒ–‡‡†Ž‘™Žƒ† ‘ƒ•–ƒŽˆ‘”‡•–•—”˜‹˜‡•ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡ ‡ƒ•–‡”•‡ƒ„‘ƒ”†‘ˆ–Š‡‹•Žƒ†ǡ”‘—‰ŠŽ›ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ‹–™‹–Š‹–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”„‘—†ƒ”›Ǥ™‘•’‡ ‹‡•‘ˆ•‡ƒ–—”–Ž‡ —•‡ƒƤƒǯ•„‡ƒ Š‡•ƒ•‡•–‹‰‰”‘—†•ƒ†–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒŠƒ•„‡‡”‡ ‘‰‹•‡†‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ƒ•ƒ ”‹–‹ ƒŽ•‹–‡ ˆ‘”„‹‘†‹˜‡”•‹–›Ǥ‡˜‡”ƒŽ•‹–‡•‘ˆŠ‹•–‘”‹ ”—‹•Ž‹‡™‹–Š‹–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”ƒ”‡ƒǡ•‘‡†ƒ–‹‰„ƒ –‘–Š‡͕͗th ‡–—”›Ǥ  ƒƤƒ •Žƒ†ǯ• •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ƒ‹Žƒ† ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ„•‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– Šƒ˜‡ ‡•—”‡†–Šƒ–‹–••—””‘—†‹‰™ƒ–‡”•ƒ”‡•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‡ƒ•– ‘–ƒ‹ƒ–‡†‹ƒœƒ‹ƒǤŠ‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”ƒ”‡ƒ has national importance as one of the few remaining reef complexes within Tanzania’s coastal waters in relatively intact condition.

ƒƤƒ •Žƒ† ‹• †‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‡† ˆ”‘ –‡””‡•–”‹ƒŽ ’ƒ”• ‹ ƒœƒ‹ƒ ƒ† ‹†‡‡† ˆ”‘ ‘–Š‡” ƒ”‹‡ ’”‘–‡ –‡† ƒ”‡ƒ•‹™‡•–‡” †‹ƒ ‡ƒ”‡‰‹‘ǡ„›–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡—„‡”‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡”‡•‹†‹‰™‹–Š‹–Š‡’ƒ”„‘—†ƒ”›Ǥ Extrapolation of the most recent available census data from 2000 indicates that the number of residents may be as high as 23,000. Up to 50% of these people depend heavily on the exploitation of marine resources for their livelihoods. Another 10 – 15% has traditionally relied on extracting various resources from Mlola coastal ˆ‘”‡•–Ž›‹‰™‹–Š‹–Š‡’ƒ”„‘—†ƒ”›Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹–Š‡’ƒ•––Š”‡‡†‡ ƒ†‡•„‘–Šƒ”‹‡ƒ†ˆ‘”‡•–”‡•‘—” ‡• Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‹†‡ Ž‹‡ǤŠ‡‡ơ‡ –•‘ˆ†›ƒ‹–‡Ƥ•Š‹‰ǡ— ‘–”‘ŽŽ‡† ‘”ƒŽ‹‹‰—•‡‘ˆ•ƒŽŽȂ‡•Š‡†‡–• and beach–seine nets and the practice of shifting cultivation in the forest had made conservation measures ƒ—”‰‡–’”‹‘”‹–›„›–Š‡–‹‡–Š‡’ƒ”™ƒ•‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†‹͕͙͝͝Ǥ

Since then, the development of a small–scale but nonetheless economically important tourism industry within –Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”Šƒ•ƒ††‡†ˆ—”–Š‡” ‘’Ž‡š‹–›–‘–Š‡’”‡˜ƒ‹Ž‹‰•‘ ‹‘Ȃ‡ ‘‘‹ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ”‡ ‘‰‹–‹‘‘ˆ –Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆ™‘”‹‰‹ Ž‘•‡ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘™‹–ŠƒŽŽ‰”‘—’•™‹–Šƒ‡ ‘‘‹ ‘” —Ž–—”ƒŽ‹–‡”‡•–‹ –Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”ƒ”‡ƒǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›”‡•‹†‡– ‘—‹–‹‡•ǡ–Š‡‹‹–‹ƒŽƒƒ‰‡‡–’Žƒƒ†–Š‹•”‡˜‹•‡†˜‡”•‹‘ were developed through a participatory planning process.

Š‡‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒƤƒ‹•Žƒ†ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”ǡ†”ƒ™ˆ”‘„‘–Š–Š‡ƒ”‹‡ƒ”•ƒ†‡•‡”˜‡• –‘Ǥ͖͝ ‘ˆ͕͘͝͝ƒ†ˆ”‘•—„•‡“—‡– ‘—‹–› ‘•—Ž–ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ”‡ǣ

ȋ‹Ȍ Š‡ ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ„‹‘†‹˜‡”•‹–›ƒ†‡ ‘•›•–‡’”‘ ‡••‡•Ǣ (ii) The promotion of sustainable resource use and rehabilitation of damaged ‡ ‘•›•–‡•Ǣ ȋ‹‹‹Ȍ Š‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡–‘ˆŽ‘ ƒŽ”‡•‹†‡–•‹–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†ƒƒ‰‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”ǡ‡•—”‹‰ that they have priority access to resources and economic opportunities. ȋ‹˜Ȍ Š‡•–‹—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ—†‡”—–‹Ž‹•‡†ƒ–—”ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡•Ǣ ȋ˜Ȍ Š‡’”‘‘–‹‘‘ˆ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘†‹••‡‹ƒ–‹‘Ǣ ȋ˜‹Ȍ Š‡ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ”‡•‡ƒ” Šƒ†‘‹–‘”‹‰‘ˆ”‡•‘—” ‡ ‘†‹–‹‘•ƒ†—•‡•Ǣ

General Management Plan MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK xi ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒ•ƒ‘—– ‘‡‘ˆƒ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‘”›’Žƒ‹‰™‘”•Š‘’Š‡Ž†ƒ–ƒƤƒ •Žƒ†‘†‰‡‹‡’–‡„‡” ͕͝͝͝ǡ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰™‡”‡ƒ††‡†–‘–Š‡•’‡ ‹Ƥ ‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒƤƒ •Žƒ†ƒ”‹‡ƒ”ǣ

ȋ˜‹‹Ȍ Š‡ ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŠ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‘—‡–•ǡ”—‹•ƒ†‘–Š‡” —Ž–—”ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡•Ǣ (viii) The facilitation of appropriate eco-tourism development.

Š‡„”‘ƒ†ƒ‹‘ˆ–Š‡ƒƒ‰‡‡–ƒ –‹‘•ƒ†•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•‹•–‘ˆ—ŽƤŽ–Š‡•‡‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡•‹ƒƒ‡”–Šƒ–†‘‡• ‘– ”‡ƒ–‡ ‘ƪ‹ –„‡–™‡‡—•‡”‰”‘—’•ǡ‘” ‘’”‘‹•‡–Š‡ ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‰‘ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”Ǥ‘•‘‡‡š–‡– this will be achieved by adopting a collaborative approach that continues to involve communities and other •–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”•‹ƒŽŽ•–ƒ‰‡•‘ˆ’Žƒ‹‰ƒ†‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ‡ Šƒ‹•ƒ––Š‡Š‡ƒ”–‘ˆ ƒƒ‰‡‡–•–”ƒ–‡‰›–‘ƒ••‹•––Š‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ‘ƪ‹ –‹‰‹–‡”‡•–•ǡƒ‡Ž›–Š‡œ‘‹‰’ŽƒǤ

Š‡œ‘‹‰’Žƒ†‹˜‹†‡•ƒŽŽƒ”‡ƒ•™‹–Š‹–Š‡’ƒ”„‘—†ƒ”›‹–‘͗–›’‡•‘ˆ—•‡Ǧœ‘‡•ǢCore, 6SHFL¿HGXVH and 5HJXODWHGXVHǤŠ‡–›’‡•‘ˆœ‘‡•Šƒ˜‡†‹ơ‡”‡–”‡‰‹‡•‘ˆ’”‘–‡ –‹‘ƒ†’‡”‹––‡†ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•†‡’‡†‹‰ on the respective importance to conservation and economic activity of the areas designated under each. Š‡ƒ‹‹•–‘Šƒ”‘‹•‡‘–Š‡”™‹•‡ ‘ƪ‹ –‹‰ ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ†Ž‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡•„›•’ƒ–‹ƒŽŽ›•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‰ extractive resource-use areas from sensitive habitats. This plan provides detailed guidance as to which type ‘ˆƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ƒ”‡’”‘Š‹„‹–‡†‡‹–Š‡”ˆ”‘–Š‡’ƒ”ƒ•ƒ™Š‘Ž‡‘”ˆ”‘’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”œ‘‡–›’‡•ƒ†’”‘˜‹†‡•–Š‡ basis for further legislation.

Ž‘‰•‹†‡ –Š‡ œ‘‹‰ ’Žƒǡ –Š‡ ƒ”‹‡ ’ƒ” ™‹ŽŽ ‘–‹—‡ –‘ ‹’Ž‡‡– ƒ •‡”‹‡• ‘ˆ ‘—‹–›Ǧ„ƒ•‡† programmes to assist the development of supplementary income generating activities, including under- utilised resources and tourism and to disseminate appropriate technologies for improved sustainable livelihood. The primary aim of these programmes, to be implemented mainly through environmental education, is to relieve pressure on existing marine and forest resources. Also, allow some areas to be reserved for the conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem processes and allow utilisation in the remaining areas in order to achieve sustainable levels.

xii MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK General Management Plan CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Š‹• Šƒ’–‡”„”‹‡ƪ›‹–”‘†— ‡•–Š‡’—”’‘•‡‘ˆ–Š‹•”‡˜‹•‡†ƒƒ‰‡‡–’Žƒǡ‹–•‹–‡†‡†ƒ—†‹‡ ‡ƒ†ƒ •Š‘”–Š‹•–‘”›‘ˆ–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒƤƒ •Žƒ†ƒ”‹‡ƒ”–‘†ƒ–‡Ǥ

1.1 WHY A GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

This revised General Management Plan (GMP) has been prepared to guide the management and development ‘ˆ ƒƤƒ •Žƒ† ƒ”‹‡ ƒ” ȋ Ȍ ˆ‘” ƒ– Ž‡ƒ•– –Š‡ ‡š– ͕͔ ›‡ƒ”•Ǥ Š‡ ’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‹• †‘ —‡– —†‡”• ‘”‡•–Š‡ ‘‹–‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‘ƒ”†‘ˆ”—•–‡‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‹‡ƒ”•ƒ†‡•‡”˜‡•–‘ƒƒ‰‡ƒ”‡ƒ• †‡•‹‰ƒ–‡†ƒ•ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”•–Š”‘—‰Šƒ‰‡‡”ƒŽƒƒ‰‡‡–’Žƒ‹ ‘’Ž‹ƒ ‡™‹–Š•‡ –‹‘͕͘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‹‡ ƒ”•ƒ†‡•‡”˜‡• –‘Ǥ͖͝‘ˆ͕͘͝͝Ǥ

Š‡’Žƒ‹‰‡ơ‘”–•–Šƒ–”‡•—Ž–‡†‹–Š‡’”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‹•”‡˜‹•‡†‰‡‡”ƒŽƒƒ‰‡‡–’ŽƒŠƒ˜‡”‡Ž‹‡† Š‡ƒ˜‹Ž› ‘ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‘”› ’Žƒ‹‰ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡† „› ‹–‡”ƒ –‹˜‡ ™‘”•Š‘’•Ǥ  ƒ” ƒƒ‰‡‡– authorities, local residents, business and local communities and other government and non-governmental •–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”•Šƒ˜‡™‘”‡†–‘‰‡–Š‡”–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’ƒ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹••—‡•ƒ†’”‘„Ž‡•ˆƒ ‹‰ –Š‹•’ƒ”Ǥ

Š‹•”‡˜‹•‡†ƒƒ‰‡‡–’Žƒ‹•–Š‡’”‹ ‹’ƒŽ’Žƒ‹‰†‘ —‡–ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”ǡƒ†ƒ‹•–‘’”‘˜‹†‡ ƒ•–”ƒ–‡‰‹ ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”ˆ‘”Ž‘‰Ǧ–‡” ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ†•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ‘”‡•’‡ ‹Ƥ ƒŽŽ›‹–ƒŽ•‘ •‡‡•–‘ǣ

z †‡–‹ˆ›–Š‡‡›‡Ž‡‡–•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”–Šƒ–ƒ‡‹–ƒ•‹–‡‘ˆƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ†‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ •‹‰‹Ƥ ƒ ‡Ǣ

z ”–‹ —Žƒ–‡–Š”‡ƒ–•–‘–Š‡ƒ”‹‡”‡•‘—” ‡•ƒ†‘–Š‡”‹••—‡•”‡Žƒ–‹‰–‘ƒƒ‰‡‡–Ǣ

z —–Ž‹‡•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•–‘‹‹‹œ‡–Š‡•‡–Š”‡ƒ–•Ǣ

z ”‘˜‹†‡ ƒ ˆ”ƒ‡™‘” ˆ‘” ™‘”‹‰ ‹ ’ƒ”–‡”•Š‹’ ™‹–Š Ž‘ ƒŽ ‘—‹–‹‡• –‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’ sustainable resource-use and to diversify income generating activities to support residents’ Ž‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†•Ǣ

z ”‘˜‹†‡ƒˆ”ƒ‡™‘”–‘™‘”™‹–ŠŽ‘ ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡•ƒ† ‘‡” ‹ƒŽƒ†–‘—”‹•– developments to ensure that environmental guidelines are observed and to minimize ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ‹’ƒ –•Ǣ

z Provide a basis for the development of further subsidiary legislation, planning documents, operational plans and day-to-day management decisions.

1.2 TARGET AUDIENCE OF THE GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

This plan is intended to be a broadly accessible document that will inform all interested parties in a transparent ƒ‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘ ‡’–•ƒ†•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•„‡Š‹†–Š‡ƒƒ‰‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”Ǥ••— Šǡ–Š‡’Žƒ‹• †‡•‹‰‡†–‘„‡”‡ƒ†„›ǣ

z ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”•ƒ†‡•‡”˜‡••–ƒơ‹ƒœƒ‹ƒǢ

z –Š‡” ‘˜‡”‡–•–ƒơ‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹–Š‡ƒƒ‰‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”•‹ƒœƒ‹ƒǢ

General Management Plan MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK 1 z ‘˜‡”‡–•–ƒơ‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹–Š‡„”‘ƒ†‡”Ƥ‡Ž†‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡•ƒƒ‰‡‡–Ǣ

z ‘ ƒŽ ‘—‹–‹‡•Ǣ

z ˜‡•–‘”•‹ƒƤƒ‹ Ž—†‹‰–‘—”‹•–‘’‡”ƒ–‘”•ƒ† ‘‡” ‹ƒŽƤ•Š‡”‹‡•‘’‡”ƒ–‘”•Ǣ

z ‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”•ǡ• ‹‡–‹•–•ƒ†‘–Š‡”–‡ Š‹ ƒŽ‡š’‡”–•™‘”‹‰‹”‡Žƒ–‡†Ƥ‡Ž†•Ǣ

z ‡‘’Ž‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹ƒ”‹‡’”‘–‡ –‡†ƒ”‡ƒ•ƒƒ‰‡‡–ƒ”‘—†–Š‡™‘”Ž†Ǣƒ†

z ‹•‹–‘”•–‘ƒƤƒ™‹–Šƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”‹–‡”‡•–‹ ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‹••—‡•Ǥ

1.3 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK

Š‡‹†‡ƒ‘ˆ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹‰ƒƒ”‹‡’ƒ”‹ƒƤƒ •Žƒ†„‡‰ƒ‹–Š‡͕͚͔͝˧ǡ™Š‡”‡ ‘‡†ƒ–‹‘•™‡”‡ƒ†‡ for the protection of coastal areas and marine resources in Tanzania through the establishment of marine ’ƒ”•ǡ”‡•‡”˜‡•ƒ†•ƒ –—ƒ”‹‡•ȋƒ›ǡ͕͚͜͝ȌǤŠ‡•‡”‡•—Ž–‡†‹–Š‡†‡ Žƒ”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡‹‰Š–•ƒŽŽ”‡•‡”˜‡•ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡ Tanzanian coast under the Fisheries (Marine Reserves) Regulations of 1975. Two of these are in what is now –Š‡ƒƤƒ •Žƒ†ƒ”‹‡ƒ”ȋ Ȍǡƒ‡Ž›ǢŠ‘Ž‡ƒ›ƒ†‹–—–‹ƒ‡‡ˆǤŠ‡•ƒŽŽ•‹œ‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ƒ”‡ƒ•ƒ† –Š‡Žƒ ‘ˆƤƒ ‹ƒŽƒ†Š—ƒ”‡•‘—” ‡•ˆ‘”‡ˆ‘” ‡‡–ƒ†‡–Š‡•‡ƒ”‡ƒ•‘–„‡ƒƒ‰‡†ƒ ‘”†‹‰Ž›Ǥ ›ƒ‹–‡Ƥ•Š‹‰ƒ†‘–Š‡”†‡•–”— –‹˜‡ƒ†—•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡”‡•‘—” ‡—–‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘–‹—‡†—ƒ„ƒ–‡†ǤŠ‡ inadequacy of management of these small areas led to the realisation that the creation of a larger marine ’”‘–‡ –‡†ƒ”‡ƒ™‘—Ž†ƒ‡‹–’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘ ‘„‹‡ ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ”‡‡ˆ•ƒ†‘–Š‡”‡› ‘ƒ•–ƒŽƒ†ƒ”‹‡ areas with management of resources to ensure sustainable long-term local economic development.

From 1988, baseline studies were conducted through the Frontier–Tanzania project, a collaborative ’”‘‰”ƒ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆƒ”‡•ƒŽƒƒȋ‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š‡ •–‹–—–‡‘ˆƒ”‹‡ ‹‡ ‡•ǡƒœ‹„ƒ”Ȍƒ†ƒ UK-based conservation research organisation. The studies aimed to determine the status of coastal, marine and other natural and cultural resources, and to establish whether their use could be sustainable. The results ’”‘˜‹†‡†‹’‘”–ƒ–„ƒ•‡Ž‹‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰”‡ ‘‡†ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”ƒƒ‰‡‡– plan.

͕͕͝͝ǡŠ‡”‹ ‹’ƒŽ‡ ”‡–ƒ”› ‘ˆ‹‹•–”›‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽ‡•‘—” ‡•ǡ‘—”‹•ƒ†˜‹”‘‡–ƒ’’‘‹–‡†ƒ –‡‡”‹‰‘‹––‡‡–‘‘˜‡”•‡‡–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”ǤŠ‡‘‹––‡‡‹ Ž—†‡†”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡• ˆ”‘–Š‡ ‹•Š‡”‹‡•‹˜‹•‹‘ǡ–Š‡ •–‹–—–‡‘ˆƒ”‹‡ ‹‡ ‡•ȋ Ȍǡ–Š‡‡„‡”‘ˆƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ȋȌˆ‘”ƒƤƒǡ –Š‡‘”Ž†™‹†‡ —†ˆ‘”ƒ–—”‡ȋ Ȍǡ–Š‡‡‰‹‘ƒŽƒ–—”ƒŽ‡•‘—” ‡•ƥ ‡ȋ‘ƒ•–‡‰‹‘Ȍǡƒ†‹Ž†Ž‹ˆ‡ Conservation Society for Tanzania. The Steering Committee recognised the need for an assessment of the Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡„ƒ•‹•ˆ‘”ƒ”‹‡’”‘–‡ –‡†ƒ”‡ƒ•‹ƒœƒ‹ƒǤ ‡’–‡„‡”͕͕͝͝ǡƒ Ž‡‰ƒŽ–‡ƒǡ™‘”‹‰‹ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡––‘”‡› ‡‡”ƒŽǯ• Šƒ„‡”•ǡ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†–Š‡Ž‡‰ƒŽˆ”ƒ‡™‘”ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ”‹‡ƒ”• and Reserves Act and Regulations. Also during the year 1991, the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) initiated a ’”‘‰”ƒ‡‘ˆ•—’’‘”–ˆ‘”–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”Ǥ

Š‡–‡‡”‹‰‘‹––‡‡‡š–”‡ ‘‰‹•‡†–Š‡‡‡†ˆ‘”ƒ’—„Ž‹ ˆ‘”—ƒ–™Š‹ Š–Š‡‹Šƒ„‹–ƒ–•‘ˆƒƤƒ •Žƒ† ƒ†‘–Š‡”‹–‡”‡•–‡†’ƒ”–‹‡• ‘—Ž†ƒ‹”–Š‡‹”˜‹‡™•ǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž–™ƒ•ƒƒŒ‘”’—„Ž‹ ™‘”•Š‘’Š‡Ž†‹ –‘„‡” ͕͕͝͝‹ƒƤƒǡ–‘ ‘•—Ž––Š‡ ‘—‹–‹‡•ƒ†‹‹–‹ƒ–‡–Š‡’Žƒ‹‰’”‘ ‡••ǤŠ‡™‘”•Š‘’™ƒ•ƒ––‡†‡† „›‘˜‡”͔͛’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ǡ†‹˜‹†‡†‡“—ƒŽŽ›„‡–™‡‡”‡•‹†‡–•‘ˆƒƤƒƒ†ƒ‹Žƒ†ƒœƒ‹ƒƒ†‹ Ž—†‹‰ representatives from national, regional and local government agencies and institutions. The outcome of –Š‡™‘”•Š‘’™ƒ•’‘•‹–‹˜‡ƒ†–Š‡‹‹•–”›‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽ‡•‘—” ‡•ǡ‘—”‹•ƒ†˜‹”‘‡–’—„Ž‹•Š‡†–Š‡ proceedings.

2 MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK General Management Plan Ž‡‰–Š›„—–—Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž›•— ‡••ˆ—Ž’”‘ ‡••™ƒ••–ƒ”–‡†ǡ —Ž‹ƒ–‹‰‹–Š‡’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‹‡ƒ”• and Reserves Act No. 29 of 1994. Under the provisions of this Act, the National Assembly passed a Resolution on 27th’”‹Ž͕͙͝͝†‡ Žƒ”‹‰’ƒ”–‘ˆƒƤƒ •Žƒ†–‘„‡ƒƒ”‹‡’ƒ”ǡ™‹–Š‡ơ‡ –ˆ”‘͔͕ —Ž›͕͙͝͝ǤŠ‡ „‘—†ƒ”‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”™‡”‡Žƒ–‡”‰ƒœ‡––‡†—†‡” ‘˜‡”‡–‘–‹ ‡‘Ǥ͖͔͔’—„Ž‹•Š‡†‘͚th September 1996.

1.4 ACHIEVEMENTS

Š‡”‡Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ›ƒ Š‹‡˜‡‡–•‹–Š‡ •‹ ‡–Š‡‹•–‹–—–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‹‡ƒ”•ƒ†‡•‡”˜‡• – No. 29 of 1994 and the implementation of the General Management Plan since year 2000. An overview of the  ƒŒ‘”ƒ ‘’Ž‹•Š‡–•‹•‘—–Ž‹‡†Š‡”‡—†‡”ǣ

‹Ȍ   Šƒ•ƒƒ‰‡†–‘•Ž‘™†‘™–Š‡”‹••ƒ†–Š”‡ƒ–•–‘ƒ”‹‡‡˜‹”‘‡–ˆ”‘Š—ƒƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ

‹‹Ȍ ‡•–”— –‹˜‡Ƥ•Š‹‰‡–Š‘†•’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›ǢƤ•Š†›ƒ‹–‹‰ǡ’‘‹•‘‹‰ƒ†„‡ƒ Š•‡‹‹‰Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ ”‡†— ‡†•‹‰‹Ƥ ƒ–Ž›Ǥ

‹‹‹Ȍ ‘—”‹•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‹–Š‡ƒ”Šƒ•„‡‡”‡‰—Žƒ–‡†ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡Ž›Ž‡ƒ†‹‰–‘ƒ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹”‡˜‡—‡ ˆ”‘–‘—”‹•Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ‹ —‡͖͔͕͔ǡ ”‡˜‡—‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘ˆ”‘–‘—”‹•ƒ†Ƥ•Š‡”‹‡••‡ –‘”• increased to T. Shillings 320 million compared with only T. Shillings 10.6 million realized in 2001. Again, ͔͗Ψ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‘—–‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†‹͖͔͕͔Šƒ•„‡‡’Ž‘—‰Š‡†„ƒ –‘ ‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•ƒ†‹•–”‹ –—–Š‘”‹–› to facilitate social services (water supply, education and health).

iv) Sensitive marine areas including spawning and nursery areas have been protected adequately.

v) Turtle nesting beaches have been protected.

˜‹Ȍ ‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ‘”ƒŽ”‡‡ˆ•Šƒ•„‡‡”‡†— ‡†•‹‰‹Ƥ ƒ–Ž›Ǥ

vii) Research into marine process has been greatly facilitated by availability of undisturbed sites.

˜‹‹‹Ȍ  Šƒ• ”‡ƒ–‡† ƒ™ƒ”‡‡•• ƒ‘‰ ‡› •–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”• –Šƒ–  ƒ ’Žƒ› ƒ ‹’‘”–ƒ– ”‘Ž‡ ‹ ’”‘–‡ –‹‰–Š‡„‹‘†‹˜‡”•‹–›‹ƒ”‹‡‡˜‹”‘‡–Œ—•–Ž‹‡–Š‡™ƒ›ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ”•ƒ”‡†‘‹‰‹–Š‡ –‡””‡•–”‹ƒŽ‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǥ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ–Š‡‹†‡ƒ‘ˆ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹‰‹••Ž‘™Ž›Ƥ†‹‰ƒˆ‘”ƒŽ’Žƒ ‡ ‹–Š‡ƒƒ‰‡‡–‘ˆƒœƒ‹ƒƤ•Š‡”‹‡•Ǥ

‹šȌ Š‡‡ƒ•—”‡•Šƒ˜‡‡Šƒ ‡†Ƥ•Š‡”››‹‡Ž†Ǣ‡•‡ƒ” ŠŠƒ••Š‘™–Šƒ– ‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘‘˜‡”–Š‡’ƒ•– –™‡Ž˜‡›‡ƒ”•Šƒ•”‡Œ—˜‡ƒ–‡†Ƥ•Š‡”‹‡•„›’”‘˜‹†‹‰’”‘–‡ –‹‘ˆ‘”‘˜‡”Ǧ‡š’Ž‘‹–‡†•’‡ ‹‡•Ǥ‡˜‡”ƒŽ ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘•‘ˆƒ”‹‡‘”‰ƒ‹••Šƒ˜‡”‡ ‘˜‡”‡†•‘™‡ŽŽ–Šƒ–Ƥ•Š†‡•‹–‹‡•‹‰Š–„‡ ‘’ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡ –‘–Š‘•‡–Šƒ–‡š‹•–‡†–Š”‡‡†‡ ƒ†‡•„ƒ Ǥ‹‡™‹•‡ǡƒ ‘’ƒ”‹•‘‘ˆƒ– Š’‡”‹–ơ‘”–ȋȌ „‡–™‡‡–Š‡ƒ”ƒ†ƒ‘—–‡”ƒ”‡ƒŠƒ••Š‘™–Šƒ––Š‡ˆ‘”‡”Šƒ•Š‹‰Š‡””ƒ–‡•–Šƒ–Š‡Žƒ–‡”ǤŠ‡ •ƒ‡ƒ’’Ž‹‡•™Š‡•‹œ‡‘ˆ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽƤ•Š„‡‹‰ ƒ—‰Š–ƒ”‡ ‘’ƒ”‡†Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ‹͖͔͔͝ǡƤ•Š‡”• ‹ƒŽŽ–Š‡͕͗˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†–Š‡‹”–‘–ƒŽ ƒ– ŠȋƤ•Šƒ†‘ –‘’—•Ȍ–‘ƒ‡•–‹ƒ–‡†͗ǡ͙͘͜‡–”‹ –‘‡• compared to 1,394 metric tones recorded in 2002, when monitoring of catch data was initiated.

šȌ ‡ ‘˜‡”›‘ˆƒ‰”‘˜‡•Šƒ•„‡‡‘–‡†‹–Š‡ƒ”ǡƒƒ Š‹‡˜‡‡–™Š‹ Š ƒ„‡ƒ––”‹„—–‡†–‘  initiative in fostering awareness and replanting campaigns.

xi) Dugong sightings have increased, which may suggest that the population is increasing over time.

xii) Sea grass beds have improved.

General Management Plan MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK 3 xiii) Supplementary income generating activities have been introduced. For example, by June 2009, the —„‡”‘ˆ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡”•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ‹ ‘‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‰ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ȋ’‡ƒ”Žƒ†•‡ƒǦ™‡‡†ˆƒ”‹‰Ǣ „‡‡Ǧ‡‡’‹‰ǡŠƒ† ”ƒˆ–’”‘†— –•ƒ†–‘—”‹•Ǧ”‡Žƒ–‡†ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ȌŠƒ•‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†–‘͗ǡ͔͔͔‡ƒ”‹‰ƒ total of about T. Shillings 200 million per annum from zero in 1999, when income generating activities ™‡”‡Ƥ”•–‹‹–‹ƒ–‡†Ǥ

š‹˜Ȍ Šƒ•‹–”‘†— ‡†ƒ†‘’–‹‘‘ˆ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽŽ›Ǧˆ”‹‡†Ž›Ƥ•Š‹‰‰‡ƒ”•Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ„› —‡͖͔͕͔ ƒ–‘–ƒŽ—„‡”‘ˆ͚͚͘Ƥ•Š‡”•„‡‡Ƥ–‡†ˆ”‘Ƥ•Š‹‰‰‡ƒ”‡š Šƒ‰‡• Š‡‡‹™Š‹ Šƒ–‘–ƒŽ‘ˆǤ Š‹ŽŽ‹‰•͖͗͜‹ŽŽ‹‘™ƒ••’‡––‘’”‘ —”‡Ƥ•Š‹‰‰‡ƒ”•‹ Ž—†‹‰‘—–„‘ƒ”†‡‰‹‡•ǡ†Š‘™•ǡ‰‹ŽŽǦ‡–• ƒ†‘–Š‡”ƒ ‡••‘”‹‡•‹‘”†‡”–‘‹’”‘˜‡–Š‡‹” ƒ’ƒ ‹–›‹ ‘†— –‹‰‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽŽ›Ǧˆ”‹‡†Ž›Ƥ•Š‹‰Ǥ

š˜ȌŠ‡”‡Šƒ•„‡‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ‡›ƒ–—”ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡•ƒ†”ƒ”‡•’‡ ‹‡•Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ–Š‡•–ƒ–—• ‘ˆ ƒ–—”ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡•Šƒ••Š‘™ƒ•–‡ƒ†›—’™ƒ”†–”‡†•‹ ‡͖͔͔͔™‹–Š‘‰‘‹‰”‡ ‘˜‡”›‘ˆ Šƒ”† ‘”ƒŽ•ǡƒ‰”‘˜‡•ǡƤƤ•Š•–‘ •ǡ‘ –‘’—•ǡƒ”‹‡–—”–Ž‡•ǡ†‘Ž’Š‹•ǡ†—‰‘‰•ƒ†™ŠƒŽ‡•Šƒ”• as a direct and positive result of improved marine environment.

xvi) Core zones are being protected successfully whereby extractive resource-use is prohibited entirely. ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‘–”‘ŽŽ‡†–‘—”‹•ƒ†• ‹‡–‹Ƥ ”‡•‡ƒ” Šƒ”‡’‡”‹––‡†Ǥ

š˜‹‹Ȍ’‡ ‹Ƥ‡†Ǧ—•‡œ‘‡•™Š‹ Š’”‘˜‹†‡‹–‡”‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ’”‘–‡ –‹‘™‹–Š‹–Š‡’ƒ”™ƒ””ƒ–’”‹ƒ”› conservation and are important to resident resource-users.

xviii) General-use zones have also been properly managed and provide priority access for sustainable ”‡•‘—” ‡Ǧ—•‡–‘’ƒ””‡•‹†‡–•ƒ†‘—–•‹†‡”•ǡ–Š‡”‡„›”‡Ž‹‡˜‹‰”‡•‘—” ‡Ǧ—•‡’”‡••—”‡ˆ”‘œ‘‡• with higher level of protection.

š‹šȌ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒƒ‰‡‡–ƒ† ‘—‹–›’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘Šƒ•‹’”‘˜‡†Ǥ–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”•‹ ‘—‹–‹‡• Šƒ˜‡Œ‘‹‡†‡ơ‘”–•ƒ†•–”‡‰–Š‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡–‘ˆ†‹ơ‡”‡–‰”‘—’•‘ˆ•–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”•‹–Š‡‡ơ‡ –‹˜‡ ‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡† —Ž–‹Ǧ—•‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ƒ† ‘ƪ‹ – ”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘ ƒ‘‰ –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•Ǥ Mechanism for increased participation has been established from the grass root through Village ‘‹––‡‡•–‘–Š‡†‹•–”‹ –Ž‡˜‡Ž™‹–Š‡’Šƒ•‹•‘„”‘ƒ†„ƒ•‡”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡‡›•–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”• and gender.

ššȌ ‡•‡ƒ” Š ƒ† ‘‹–‘”‹‰ Šƒ• ’”‘†— ‡† •‹‰‹Ƥ ƒ– • ‹‡–‹Ƥ  †ƒ–ƒǡ Š›’‘–Š‡•‹• –‡•–‹‰ǡ ƒ’’‹‰ǡ –”‡††‘ —‡–ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†™‹†‡†‹••‡‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•‡Ƥ†‹‰•™‘”Ž†Ǧ™‹†‡–Š”‘—‰Šƒ—„‡”‘ˆ †‹ơ‡”‡––‡ Š‹ ƒŽ’Žƒ–ˆ‘”•Ǥ

xxi) Education and outreach programmes have provided basic frames of references on environmental ‡†— ƒ–‹‘–‘ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ›‘—‰•–‡”•ƒ†‘Ž†’‡‘’Ž‡‹ƒƤƒ‹•–”‹ –ƒ†„‡›‘†Ǥ

xxii) Enforcement and Regulations have improved over the past decade through community participation.

šš‹‹‹Ȍ Š‡ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ „‡‡Ƥ–• ‘ˆ —Ž–—”ƒŽ Š‡”‹–ƒ‰‡ ”‡•‘—” ‡• ƒ”‡ ‰”ƒ†—ƒŽŽ› „‡‹‰ ”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡† ƒ† ƒ”‡ achieved through a number of extension initiatives.

šš‹˜Ȍ •–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ Šƒ• „‡‡ •–”‡‰–Š‡‡† Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ –‘ Œ‘‹– ‡ˆ‘” ‡‡– ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘• ™‹–Š other relevant authorities including District and National government authorities.

šš˜Ȍ Šƒ•ƒƒ‰‡†–‘’—–‹’Žƒ ‡ƒ•›•–‡‘ˆ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‰”‡˜‡—‡ȋ”‡•‘—” ‡”‡–Ȍƒ†•Šƒ”‡‹– ƒ‘‰’”‹ ‹’ƒŽ•–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”•Ǥ

šš˜‹Ȍ ‡‡”ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡ ‘ˆ͖͔͔͔Šƒ†ƒ–‘–ƒŽ‘ˆ͚͙‘—–Ž‹‡†’Žƒ‡†ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•™Š‡”‡ƒ• ƒƒ‰‡† to accomplish 47 of the activities that is to say 72 percent achievement. On the other hand, 14 or 21% of the planned activities have been implemented to a varied degree of success and only 4 or 6% are yet to be implemented.

4 MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK General Management Plan 1.5 CHALLENGES

‡•’‹–‡‘ˆ–Š‡•—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽƒ Š‹‡˜‡‡–•ƒ•‘—–Ž‹‡†ƒ„‘˜‡ǡ ‹••–‹ŽŽˆƒ ‡†„›ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• ‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ǣ

‹Ȍ ‹•Š‹‰’”‡••—”‡ ƒ—•‡†„›‹ƪ—š‘ˆ‘—–•‹†‡Ƥ•Š‡”•–‘–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ” ‘–‹—‡•–‘„‡ƒ’”‘„Ž‡Ǥ Š‹• ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ ’”ƒ –‹•‡ ƒ—•‡• Ž‘ ƒŽ‹•‡† ‘˜‡”ǦƤ•Š‹‰Ǥ ‘‡ ’‘’—Žƒ” ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ ”‡•‘—” ‡• •— Š ƒ• sea cucumbers, lobsters and gastropods (curio shells) have clearly been heavily over-exploited in •‘‡ƒ”‡ƒ•‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”ƒŽ‘•––‘ƒ’‘‹–‘ˆ‡šŠƒ—•–‹‘Š‡ ‡—†‡”‹‹‰Ƥ•Š‡”‹‡•’”‘†— –‹˜‹–›ƒ† biodiversity.

‹‹Ȍ •‡‘ˆ—•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡Ƥ•Š‹‰‰‡ƒ”•ƒ†‘–Š‡”’”ƒ –‹ ‡•‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ‘—–Žƒ™‡†Ƥ•Š‹‰‰‡ƒ”• ƒ†‡–Š‘†•„›•‘‡”‡•‹†‡–•ƒ†‘—–•‹†‡Ƥ•Š‡”•‹••–‹ŽŽƒ’”‘„Ž‡ǤŠ‡‰‡ƒ”••— Šƒ•’—ŽŽ‡–•ƒ† ‘–Š‡”•ƒŽŽ‡•Š‡†‡–•–Šƒ–†”ƒ‰–Š‡•‡ƒǦƪ‘‘””‡•—Ž–‹‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ†ƒƒ‰‡–‘•‡•‹–‹˜‡„‡–Š‹  habitats (coral reefs and sea- grass) reducing the productivity and biodiversity of the habitats steadily thus depleting their tourism value.

‹‹‹Ȍ Ž–Š‘—‰ŠƤ•Š‹‰„›’”‘ ‡••‹‰’Žƒ–•‹•’”‘Š‹„‹–‡†‹•‹†‡–Š‡ƒ”„—– ‘‡” ‹ƒŽƤ•Š’”‘ ‡••‘”• exerts increased pressure on the resource since the number of agents or collectors supplying the ”ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•–‘–Š‡Ƥ•Š’”‘ ‡••‹‰’Žƒ–•‹•‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰‘˜‡”–‹‡ǤŠ‹•–‡†‡ ›‹•‡š‡”–‹‰‘”‡ ’”‡••—”‡‘Š‹‰Š˜ƒŽ—‡†Ƥ•Š•’‡ ‹‡•‹ Ž—†‹‰‘ –‘’—•ǡ•“—‹†•ǡƒ†Ž‘„•–‡”Ǥ ‘•– ƒ•‡•–Š‡›‘˜‡” collect under-sized organisms.

iv) Live sea coral mining is still a problem and demand seems to be increasing. Although dead sea coral ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘‹•ƒŽŽ‘™‡†ǡ„›•’‡ ‹ƒŽ’‡”‹–•ǡ–‘’ƒ””‡•‹†‡–•ˆ‘”†‘‡•–‹ ’—”’‘•‡•‘Ž›‹–•‡‡•–Š‡ †‡ƒ†‹••–‹ŽŽ˜‡”›Š‹‰Š–‡’–‹‰‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŽ‹˜‡ ‘”ƒŽ•Ǥ †‡‡†ǡŽ‹˜‡•‡ƒ ‘”ƒŽ‹‹‰ ˆ‘” ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ•ƒŽ‡Šƒ•†ƒƒ‰‹‰ ‘•‡“—‡ ‡•ƒ•‹– ƒ—•‡•Ž‘••‘ˆ”‡‡ˆŠƒ„‹–ƒ–ǡƒ”‡†— –‹‘‘ˆƤ•Š ’”‘†— –‹˜‹–›ƒ†„‹‘†‹˜‡”•‹–›Ǣƒ†’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›‡”‘•‹‘‘ˆ„‡ƒ Š‡•ƒ†‘–Š‡”•‡•‹–‹˜‡ ‘ƒ•–Ž‹‡•Ǥ

˜Ȍ •—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ —––‹‰ ‘ˆ ƒ‰”‘˜‡• ˆ‘” †Š‘™ ‘•–”— –‹‘ „› ’ƒ” ”‡•‹†‡–• ƒ—•‡• †‹•”—’–‹‘ –‘–Š‡”‡’”‘†— –‹˜‡ › Ž‡ƒ†ƒ„—†ƒ ‡‘ˆ ‘‡” ‹ƒŽƒ†‘–Š‡”Ƥ•Š‡•Ǣƒ†•‘‡‹˜‡”–‡„”ƒ–‡ •’‡ ‹‡•ǡ™Š‹ Š–ƒ‡”‡ˆ—‰‡‹ƒ‰”‘˜‡ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ –ƒ›ƒŽ•‘ ƒ—•‡‡”‘•‹‘‘ˆ„‡ƒ Š‡•ƒ††‡‰”ƒ†‡–Š‡ visual environment for tourism.

vi) Use of coastal forest resources including clearance of natural forest vegetation for agriculture, felling ‘ˆ‹†‹‰‡‘—•–”‡‡•ˆ‘”–‹„‡”ƒ†‡š–”ƒ –‹‘‘ˆ’‘Ž‡•ˆ‘”Š‘—•‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘„›’ƒ””‡•‹†‡–• ƒ—•‡ Ž‘••‘ˆˆ‘”‡•– ‘˜‡”ƒ†„‹‘†‹˜‡”•‹–›‘–Š‡–‡””‡•–”‹ƒŽ’ƒ”–•‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”Ǥ

˜‹‹Ȍ ‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‡‹ŽŽ‹‰‘ˆ–Š”‡ƒ–‡‡†•’‡ ‹‡••— Šƒ•†—‰‘‰ƒ†ƒ”‹‡–—”–Ž‡•„›Ƥ•Š‡”•™Š‘’Žƒ ‡–Š‡‹” •Šƒ”‡–•ƒ”‘—†—”•‡”›ƒ†ˆ‡‡†‹‰ƒ”‡ƒ•†—”‹‰’‡ƒ„”‡‡†‹‰—†‡”‹‡• ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‡ơ‘”–•Ǥ Dugongs (sea cows) are hunted for their meat, whereas, the turtles are sought for their meat, shells and eggs.

viii) Development attempts in some historical and cultural sites which have notable scenic beauty by tourism operators and private developers undermine the integrity of cultural and historical resources including ruins and sacred sites, which should be maintained according to traditional requirements.

‹šȌ ‘—”‹•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǣ‹•’‹ ‹‰—’ǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ•–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ˜‹•‹–‘”•‹•‰”ƒ†—ƒŽŽ›‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ƒ•–‘—”‹• ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–‹‡•ƒ”‡‹’”‘˜‹‰ǤŠ‡ƒ‹‹••—‡•‘ˆ ‘ ‡”‹–Š‡‘‰‘‹‰–‘—”‹•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‹ Ž—†‡ǣǦ

z ‘˜‡”Ǧ‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŽ‘ ƒŽˆ”‡•Š™ƒ–‡”•—’’Ž‹‡•Ǣ z ‹’”‘’‡”†‹•’‘•ƒŽ‘ˆ•‘Ž‹†™ƒ•–‡•ǡ™ƒ•–‡™ƒ–‡”ƒ†•‡™ƒ‰‡Ǣ z Šƒ„‹–ƒ–†ƒƒ‰‡ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›ƒ‰”‘˜‡ Ž‡ƒ”ƒ ‡–‘ ”‡ƒ–‡„‡ƒ Šˆ”‘–•Ǣ z ‘˜‡”Ǧ ”‘™†‹‰‹•‘”‡ŽŽ‹‰ǡ†‹˜‹‰ƒ”‡ƒ•ƒ†ƒ Š‘”•†ƒƒ‰‡ ‘”ƒŽ”‡‡ˆ•Ǣ z †‹•–—”„ƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘ƒ•–Ž‹‡ˆ”‘ ‘•–”— –‹‘–‘‘ Ž‘•‡–‘–Š‡•Š‘”‡Ǣ z ˜‹•—ƒŽ’‘ŽŽ—–‹‘ˆ”‘ƒƒ‡•–Š‡–‹  ‘•–”— –‹‘Ǣ

General Management Plan MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK 5 z ˆ”‹ –‹‘™‹–ŠŽ‘ ƒŽ”‡•‹†‡–•‘˜‡”Žƒ†ƒ “—‹•‹–‹‘ƒ†ƒ ‡••”‹‰Š–•Ǣ z overcrowding in tourism areas by local homes for prospects for employment in tourist Š‘–‡Ž•Ǣ z cultural erosion, unwanted behaviours including prostitution and drug abuse.

x) Potential pollution especially from oil and gas exploration as well as oil spills from ships is another ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ˆƒ ‹‰–Š‡’ƒ”Ǥ—””‡–Ž›–Š‡”‡‹•‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‰ƒ•ƒ–ǡ‘‰‘‘‰‘ •Žƒ†ƒ†—”ƒ‰ƒ ™Š‹ Šƒ”‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ–Š”‡ƒ–•–‘ ‘”ƒŽ•ƒ†–Š‡ƒ”‹‰‡‡”ƒŽǤ

xi) Narrow income base for local communities due to underutilized income generating opportunities. This presents a major challenge to the prospect of sustainable resource-use as the resource-users are compelled to adopt more destructive harvesting techniques.

š‹‹Ȍ ƒ†‡“—ƒ ›‘ˆ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡–ƒ‹‰‹–‘ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘–Š‡”‡‘–‡‡••‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”ǤŠ‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ ‹• ‘’‘—†‡†„›Žƒ ‘ˆ‡ ‘‘‹ ƒ‹”ƒ† ‘˜‡‹‡–•‡ƒ–”ƒ•’‘”–ǡ’‘‘”–‡Ž‡ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ƒ† ’‘‘” ‘†‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡”ƒŽ”‘ƒ†•–Šƒ–ƒ‡‹˜‡•–‡–•ƒ†ƒ‹–‡ƒ ‡ ‘•–•‹‡˜‹–ƒ„Ž›Š‹‰Š‹ –Š‡ƒ”Ǥ

xiii) Low support from the Police and Judiciary including poor prosecution by police and lenient sentences „‡‹‰‹’‘•‡†„›ƒ‰‹•–”ƒ–‡•–‘‘ơ‡†‡”•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹—•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡”‡•‘—” ‡Ǧ—•‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡•Šƒ”†Ž› ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†‡–‡””‡ ‡ƒ†ƒ–‘•–‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡• ‘–‹—‡†‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ†‡•–”— –‹‘‹–Š‡ƒ”Ǥ

š‹˜Ȍ‘™•—’’‘”–‘ˆ•‘‡Ž‘ ƒŽ ‘—‹–›‡„‡”•‘ƒ”‹‡ ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‹••—‡•ǢŽ‘™‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ƒ™ƒ”‡‡••ǡ ’‘˜‡”–›ǡ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ƒ† ‡š–‡”ƒŽ ‹ƪ—‡ ‡ ƒ‘‰ Ž‘ ƒŽ ‘—‹–‹‡• —†‡”‹‡ ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‡ơ‘”–•„‡‹‰—†‡”–ƒ‡„›–Š‡ƒ”ƒƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ

1.6 THE GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN REVIEW PROCESS

Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘””‡˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ ‹•–Š‡”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ „—–ƒ•‘—–Ž‹‡†‹–Š‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘Ǣ–Š‡ ƒ”‹••—’’‘•‡†–‘ƒ‡•—”‡–Šƒ–ƒŽŽ‹–‡”‡•–‡†’ƒ”–‹‡•ǡ‹–Š‡”‡•‘—” ‡•™Š‹ Š‹•„‡‹‰ƒƒ‰‡†ǡ•Š‘—Ž† ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡‹–Š‡’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ‹–•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘””‡˜‹•‹‘Ǥ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡƒŽŽ ‹–‡”‡•–‡†’ƒ”–‹‡•™‡”‡ ‘ơ‡”‡†–Š‡‘’’‘”–—‹–›–‘’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡‹–Š‡”‡˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‹• ‡‡”ƒŽƒƒ‰‡‡–ŽƒǤ•ƒƒ––‡”‘ˆˆƒ –ǡ–Š‡ ‹†‡–‹Ƥ ƒ–‹‘ƒ† ‘•—Ž–ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š’”‹ ‹’ƒŽ•–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”•‹˜ƒ”‹‘—•˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ ‘—‹–‹‡•™ƒ•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡Ƥ”•– •–‡’•–‘„‡ ‘†— –‡†‹–Š‡ ‘—”•‡‘ˆ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰–Š‹•†‘ —‡–ǤŠ‡‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡™ƒ•—†‡”–ƒ‡„‡Ž‹‡˜‹‰ that the earlier the interested parties are involved in the process the greater the sense of ownership of the ƤƒŽ ‡‡”ƒŽƒƒ‰‡‡–Žƒ–Š‡›™‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡Ǥ †‡‡†ǡ„›’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‰‹–Š‡’”‘ ‡••–Š‡›Šƒ˜‡„‡ ‘‡ more aware of their rights and responsibilities towards resource management and would tend to comply better with management provisions.

‘‡–• ƒ† •—‰‰‡•–‹‘• ‘ŽŽ‡ –‡† ˆ”‘ ’”‹ ‹’ƒŽ •–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”• ‹ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡• ™‡”‡ ‘•‘Ž‹†ƒ–‡† ‹–‘ƒ†‹• —••‹‘’ƒ’‡”ǡ™Š‹ Š™ƒ•†‹• —••‡††—”‹‰ƒ–™‘†ƒ› ‘•—Ž–ƒ–‹‘™‘”•Š‘’Š‡Ž†ˆ”‘͔͖nd to 03rd ‡„”—ƒ”›͖͔͕͕‹ƒƤƒǤŠ‡‘”•Š‘’™ƒ•ƒ––‡†‡†„›‘˜‡”͔͝•–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”•‹ Ž—†‹‰”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡• ˆ”‘ƒŽŽ ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•ƒ†‘–Š‡”‡›•–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”•ˆ”‘–Š‡‹•–”‹ –ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡•ǤŽŽ•–‡’•‹–Š‡ consultation with interested parties including comments on discussion paper have been formally structured and described in this General Management Plan. Key suggestions have been integrated into management actions and strategies Chapter.

‹‡™‹•‡ǡ–Š‡’—„Ž‹  ‘•—Ž–ƒ–‹‘’”‘ ‡••‹ Ž—†‡†”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•‘ˆƒŽŽƒƒ‰‡‡–ƒ‰‡ ‹‡•–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡ ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›ˆ‘”ƒƒ‰‡‡–‘ˆƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•‘””‡•‘—” ‡•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘‘”ƒơ‡ –ƒ”‹‡”‡•‘—” ‡•‘”–‘ the environment that supports them. The rationale behind their inclusion was recognition of the need to ‹ƪ—‡ ‡–Š‡ƒƒ‰‡‡–‘ˆ‹’ƒ –•‘–Š‡‡ ‘•›•–‡ƒ†’”‘–‡ ––Š‘•‡Šƒ„‹–ƒ–•ƒ†”‡•‘—” ‡•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡ ”‹–‹ ƒŽ™‹–Š‹–Š‡ƒ”Ǥ

6 MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK General Management Plan The development of this General Management Plan required extensive information about the marine ”‡•‘—” ‡•ƒ†–Š‡•‘ ‹ƒŽǡ‡ ‘‘‹ ƒ†ƒ–—”ƒŽ‡˜‹”‘‡–•™‹–Š‹™Š‹ Š ‘’‡”ƒ–‡•ǤŠ‡‰ƒ–Š‡”‹‰‘ˆ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ†ƒ–ƒ‘”‡š’‡”–‘™Ž‡†‰‡ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰‘ ƒŽ ‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ǡ™ƒ• ‘†— –‡† –Š”‘—‰Š˜ƒ”‹‘—••–—†‹‡•ƒ†–Š‡”‡•—Ž–•™‡”‡ƒ†‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡–‘ Ǥ

–‘—‰Š––‘„‡ƒ††‡†–Šƒ–’—„Ž‹  ‘‡–••‘—‰Š––Š”‘—‰Š‡‡–‹‰•ƒ†•—”˜‡›•™‡”‡ƒƒŽ›œ‡†ƒ†ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ› responded to. Then an initial draft General Management Plan was developed and released. Public comments ™‡”‡ƒ‰ƒ‹•‘—‰Š–ǡƒƒŽ›œ‡†ƒ†ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ›”‡•’‘†‡†–‘ǡ„‡ˆ‘”‡ ‘•‘Ž‹†ƒ–‹‰–Š‡ƤƒŽ†‘ —‡–ǤŠ‡ƤƒŽ General Management Plan was developed after completion of the whole process. This was reviewed by the Advisory Committee and the Board of Trustees before submission to the Minister for adoption.

Participants of the stakeholders’ workshop on review of MIMP GMP

General Management Plan MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK 7 CHAPTER 2

RESOURCE DESCRIPTION

Š‡™ƒ–‡”•ƒ”‘—†ƒƤƒ •Žƒ†Š‘•–ƒ‘—–•–ƒ†‹‰‘•ƒ‹ ‘ˆ–”‘’‹ ƒŽƒ”‹‡Šƒ„‹–ƒ–•‹ Ž—†‹‰ ‘”ƒŽ”‡‡ˆ•ǡ •‡ƒ‰”ƒ••„‡†•ǡƒ‰”‘˜‡•ǡƒ†‹–‡”Ȃ–‹†ƒŽƪƒ–•Ǥ ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡƒ”‡ƒ–„Ž‘ ‘ˆ–Š”‡ƒ–‡‡†Ž‘™Žƒ† ‘ƒ•–ƒŽ forest survives along the eastern seaboard of the island. The area has been recognized internationally ƒ•ƒ ”‹–‹ ƒŽ•‹–‡ˆ‘”„‹‘†‹˜‡”•‹–›Ǥ –Šƒ•ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ƒ•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‡™”‡ƒ‹‹‰”‡‡ˆ ‘’Ž‡š‡• ™‹–Š‹ƒœƒ‹ƒǯ• ‘ƒ•–ƒŽ™ƒ–‡”•‹”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›‹–ƒ – ‘†‹–‹‘ƒ†–Š‡’”‘†— –‹˜‡Ƥ•Š‡”‹‡•ƒ†‘–Š‡”ƒ”‹‡ resources provide food and income for the local community.

2.1 AREA AND LOCATION

ƒƤƒ •Žƒ†ƒ†‹–• Šƒ‹‘ˆ•ƒŽŽ‹•Ž‡–•Ž‹‡ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›͕͖͔•‘—–Š‘ˆƒ”•ƒŽƒƒƒ†͖͔‘ơ•Š‘”‡ ˆ”‘–Š‡‡ƒ•–‡”‡š–‡–‘ˆ–Š‡—ƤŒ‹‡Ž–ƒȋ ‹‰Ǥ͕ȌǤ—ƤŒ‹†‡Ž–ƒ‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–†‡Ž–ƒ•›•–‡•‹ˆ”‹ ƒǤ ‘–Š‡‡ƒ•–‘ˆƒƤƒ •Žƒ†–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ‘’‡™ƒ–‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹ƒ ‡ƒǤŠ‡ƒ‹‹•Žƒ†‘ˆƒƤƒ‹•ƒ„‘—–͘͜ Ž‘‰ƒ†͕͛™‹†‡ƒ–‹–•™‹†‡•–’‘‹–Ǥ‡˜‡”ƒŽ•ƒŽŽ‡”‹•Žƒ†•ƒ†‹•Ž‡–•ƒ”‡• ƒ––‡”‡†–‘–Š‡™‡•–ƒ† south (Fig. 2).

ƒƤƒ •Žƒ†ƒ”‹‡ƒ” ‘˜‡”•ƒƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ͖͖͜2 and is located between S 07º 45’ 07” and E 39º 54’ 01” and S 08º 09’40” and E 39º 30’ 00”. Appendix 1 of this plan provides a detailed description of boundaries. The ’ƒ” ‘˜‡”•–Š‡•‘—–Š‡”’ƒ”–‘ˆƒƤƒ •Žƒ†ƒ†‹ Ž—†‡•–Š‡‹Šƒ„‹–‡†‹•Žƒ†•‘ˆŠ‘Ž‡ǡ —ƒ‹ǡ ‹„‘†‘ƒ† Bwejuu as well as several uninhabited islets and the associated waters.

2.2. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

2.2.1 Bathymetry

‘”‡–ŠƒŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‹‡ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”‹•Ž‡••–Šƒ͖͔‡–”‡•†‡’–Š„‡Ž‘™‡ƒ–‹†‡Ž‡˜‡Ž•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰ — Š‘ˆŠ‘Ž‡ƒ›ǤŠ‡‡š–‡•‹˜‡ƒ”‡ƒ•‘—–Š‘ˆŠ‘Ž‡ƒ›‹ Ž—†‡ǡ —ƒ‹ƒ† ‹„‘†‘ •Žƒ†•ƒ†•‡˜‡”ƒŽ ”‡‡ˆƒ”‡ƒ••‘—–Š‘ˆ™‡Œ—— •Žƒ†Ǥš–‡•‹˜‡‹–‡”–‹†ƒŽƪƒ–••–”‡– ŠƒŽ‘‰–Š‡•‘—–Š‡”’ƒ”–‘ˆƒƤƒ •Žƒ†ǡ ƒ”‘—† —ƒ‹ƒ†Š‘Ž‡ •Žƒ†•ǡƒ†„‡–™‡‡ ‹„‘†‘ •Žƒ†ƒ†‹–—–‹ƒ‡‡ˆǤ†‡‡’‡” Šƒ‡Ž‘ˆ͖͔Ȃ 30 metres carries tidal water through Kinasi Pass and Chole Bay as far as Chole channel. The waters on –Š‡•‘—–ŠȂ™‡•–‡”•‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›™‡•–‘ˆ‹–—–‹ƒƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘†‡‡’‡””‡ƒ Š‹‰†‘™–‘͔͘ meters.

8 MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK General Management Plan ‹‰Ǥ͙ƒ’•Š‘™‹‰–Š‡Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒƤƒ •Žƒ†‘–Š‡ƒœƒ‹ƒ ‘ƒ•–

‹‰Ǥ͚ƒ’‘ˆƒƤƒ •Žƒ†ƒ”‹‡ƒ”•Š‘™‹‰„‘—†ƒ”‹‡•

General Management Plan MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK 9 2.2.2 Currents

Š‡ƒ‹‘ ‡ƒ‹  —””‡–ƒơ‡ –‹‰ƒƤƒ •Žƒ†‹•–Š‡’‡”ƒ‡–‘”–Šƪ‘™‹‰ —””‡–‘™ƒ•–Š‡ƒ•– ˆ”‹ ƒ‘ƒ•–ƒŽ—””‡–ȋȌǤŠ‹•”‡ƒ Š‡•ƒƒš‹—•’‡‡†‘ˆ͘Ǥ͙‘–•†—”‹‰–Š‡’‡ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡•‘—–ŠǦ east Monsoon in June-July, but is countered to some extent during the contrary north-east Monsoon during ‡ Ǧ ƒǤŠ‡ƪ‘™‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‹ —””‡–‹–‘ƒ†–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”ƒ”‡ƒ‹•‹–‡””—’–‡†„›‹•Ž‡–•ƒ† ”‡‡ˆ•ǡƒ†‹•ƒŽ•‘•–”‘‰Ž›‹ƪ—‡ ‡†„›†‹—”ƒŽ–‹†ƒŽ —””‡–•‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†„›ƒ–‹†ƒŽ”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ—’–‘͘‡–‡”•Ǥ This results into a complex and multi-directional current system.

2.2.3 Tides

Š‡–‹†ƒŽ”ƒ‰‡‹–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”‹• ‘•‹•–‡–Ž›Žƒ”‰‡–Š”‘—‰Š‘—––Š‡›‡ƒ”ǤŠ‡‡ƒ•’”‹‰Ǧ–‹†‡”ƒ‰‡‹• 3.3 metres with a maximum of 4.0 metres. The mean neap-tide is approx.1.5 metres.

2.2.4 Geology and Topography

ƒƤƒ •Žƒ†‹•‘ˆ”‡ ‡–‘”‹‰‹ƒ†™ƒ•ˆ‘”‡††—”‹‰–Š‡Ž‡‹•–‘ ‡‡’‡”‹‘†™Š‡„ƒ•ƒŽŽ‹‡•–‘‡”‘  was laid down while the islands were raised above the sea level through lifting of the continental shelf. The entire island consists of coral rag overlain by sandy loam soil, with a maximum altitude of 20 meters. Soils are ƒ‹Ž›ƒŽƒŽ‹‡™‹–Šƒ‡ƒ’ ‘ˆ͛Ǥ͙Ǥ

2.2 CLIMATE

Š‡ƒœƒ‹ƒ ‘ƒ•–ƒŽ Ž‹ƒ–‡‹•‹ƪ—‡ ‡†„›–™‘‘•‘‘•ǡ–Š‡‘”–ŠǦƒ•–‘•‘‘ȋKaskazi) blowing from November-March and the South-East Monsoon (Kusi), from April-August. There is an intermediate easterly wind (Matlai) during September-October. The temperature regime is fairly stable, rarely exceeding ͗͗͑‘”†”‘’’‹‰„‡Ž‘™͖͔͑ǤŠ‡‹•Žƒ†‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•–™‘”ƒ‹›•‡ƒ•‘•ƒ‡Ž›ǣ–Š‡ƒ‹”ƒ‹•ˆ”‘ƒ” ŠǦ May and the lesser rains from November.-December. Average rainfall is 2000 mm a year with 85% falling between December and May. The main dry season is July-October.

2.3 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

2.3.1 Sub-tidal habitats

Š‡•Š‡Ž–‡”‡†™‡•–‡”•‹†‡‘ˆƒƤƒ •Žƒ†‹•Š‡ƒ˜‹Ž›‹ƪ—‡ ‡†„›•‡†‹‡–ƒ”›ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•†‹• Šƒ”‰‡†ˆ”‘ –Š‡ƒ‹Žƒ†ǤŠ‡†‹”‡ –‹ƪ—‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡—ƤŒ‹‡Ž–ƒ‹•— Ž‡ƒ”Ǥ—„Ǧ–‹†ƒŽŠƒ„‹–ƒ–•ƒ”‡Žƒ”‰‡Ž›•ƒ†›‘”•‘ˆ–Ǧ „‘––‘ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰‡š–‡•‹˜‡•‡ƒ‰”ƒ••„‡†•ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒ—„‡”‘ˆŠƒ”†”‡‡ˆ•–‘–Š‡•‘—–ŠǦ™‡•–‘ˆƒƤƒǡ ˆ—”–Š‡”ˆ”‘–Š‡”‡ƒ Š‘ˆ–Š‡‡Ž–ƒƒ†•Š‡Ž–‡”‡†„›™‡Œ—— •Žƒ†ǤŠ‡‡ƒ•–‡”•‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹•Žƒ†‹•‡š’‘•‡† –‘–Š‡ˆ—ŽŽˆ‘” ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹ƒ ‡ƒƒ†ƒ͗͗‘—–‡”ˆ”‹‰‹‰”‡‡ˆ•–”‡– Š‡•ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡ˆ—ŽŽŽ‡‰–Š‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡ƒ•–‡”•‡ƒ„‘ƒ”†‘ˆƒƤƒǡ —ƒ‹ƒ† ‹„‘†‘‹•Žƒ†•ǡ™‹–Š‹–—–‹ƒ‡‡ˆŽ›‹‰Œ—•–„‡›‘†–Š‡‘—–Š‡”‘•– ‡š–‡–ǤŠ‡‘—–‡””‡‡ˆ‹• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•‡†„›”‘ ›”‡‡ˆ™ƒŽŽ•ƒ†’Žƒ–ˆ‘”•†‘‹ƒ–‡†„›•‘ˆ– ‘”ƒŽƒ†ƒŽ‰ƒ‡ǡ ‰‹˜‹‰™ƒ›–‘•ƒ†›’Žƒ–ˆ‘”•„‡–™‡‡͖͔Ǧ͙͔‡–”‡•ǤƒƤƒ •Žƒ†Ž‹‡•ƒ––Š‡‡†‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘–‹‡–ƒŽ•Š‡Žˆ and the bathymetry shelves steeply into the open ocean.

Sub-tidal areas between Kitutia Reef, Ras Kisimani and Chole Channel, and throughout Chole Bay, are •Š‡Ž–‡”‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡•‡‘”‡‡š–”‡‡‹ƪ—‡ ‡•ƒ†ƒ”‡‘•– ‘†— ‹˜‡–‘–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ•’‡ ‹‡•Ǧ”‹ Š ‘”ƒŽƒ†•’‘‰‡Ǧ†‘‹ƒ–‡†”‡‡ˆ•ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘•‹‰‹Ƥ ƒ–’ƒ– Š‡•‘ˆ•‡ƒ‰”ƒ••‹–Š‡•‡ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ

Š‹•˜ƒ”‹‡†ƒ””ƒ›‘ˆŠƒ„‹–ƒ–•‡†‘™•–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”ƒ”‡ƒ™‹–Š”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›Š‹‰ŠŽ‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆƒ”‹‡„‹‘†‹˜‡”•‹–›„› ‡•–‡” †‹ƒ ‡ƒ•–ƒ†ƒ”†•ǤŠ‡’”‡†‘‹ƒ–Ž›‘”–Šƪ‘™‹‰ —””‡–ƒ›’Žƒ ‡’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”‡’Šƒ•‹• ‘–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆ”‡‡ˆ•ƒ––Š‡‘—–Š‡”‡†‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›‹–—–‹ƒ‡‡ˆǡ‹–‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹•’‡”•ƒŽ‘ˆ•‡‡†ƒ†Žƒ”˜ƒ‡‘ˆ ‘”ƒŽ•ǡƤ•Šƒ†‘–Š‡”ƒ”‹‡‘”‰ƒ‹••ȋ ‘””‹ŽŽƬ‰‘‹Ž‡͕͕͝͝ȌǤ

10 MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK General Management Plan Habitat distribution, level of disturbance and species diversity vary between the western and eastern •‡ –‘”•Ǥ ƒ„‹–ƒ–•‹–Š‡™‡•–‡”•‡ –‘”–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡—ƤŒ‹‡Ž–ƒ•Š‘™‰”‡ƒ–‡”Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ†‹•–—”„ƒ ‡ƒ†ƒ”‡ ‹ ‘’ƒ”ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›’‘‘”‡” ‘†‹–‹‘ƒ† ‘–ƒ‹Ž‘™‡”•’‡ ‹‡•†‹˜‡”•‹–›–Šƒ–Š‘•‡‹–Š‡‡ƒ•–‡”•‡ –‘”Ǥ  contrast, Chole Bay and the outer part of Kinasi Pass have higher habitat and species diversity and are less disturbed. The deeper reef walls in Chole Bay and on the outer reef are still relatively pristine. This gradient ’ƒ”–Ž›”‡ƪ‡ –•Š—ƒ”‡•‘—” ‡Ǧ—•‡’”‡••—”‡ƒ†‹•’ƒ”–Ž›ƒ–—”ƒŽǤŠ‡’”‡•‡ ‡‘ˆƒ‰”‘˜‡•ǡ•‡ƒ‰”ƒ•• beds, algae, sponge and soft coral beds, means that the Chole Bay areas possess examples of the majority of tropical marine ecosystems.

2.4.2 Mangroves and inter-tidal habitats

On the main island, mangroves are concentrated along the western and southern coast, including the ‘”–Š‡”•Š‘”‡‘ˆŠ‘Ž‡ƒ›ǤŠ‡ƒ‰”‘˜‡•‘–Š‡•‘—–Š‡” ‘ƒ•–ˆ‘”ƒ„”‘‡„ƒ†”ƒ‰‹‰ˆ”‘͔͗Ǧ ͔͜‹™‹†–ŠǤŠ‡†‡•‡•–•–ƒ†•ƒ”‡ˆ‘—†‹–Š‡ Šƒ‡Ž•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‰ƒ•‹•‹ƒ‹ˆ”‘ƒƤƒ •Žƒ†ǡƒ†ƒ–  Šƒ‰ƒ‹‹–Š‡‘”–ŠǦ‡ƒ•–‘ˆŠ‘Ž‡ƒ›Ǥƒ‰”‘˜‡•ƒŽ•‘ˆ”‹‰‡Š‘Ž‡ •Žƒ†ƒ†–Š‡•Š‡Ž–‡”‡†‘”–Šƒ† ™‡•–•‹†‡•‘ˆ —ƒ‹ǤŠ‡‡ƒ•–‡” ‘ƒ•–‘ˆƒƤƒǡ ‹„‘†‘ƒ†™‡Œ——Šƒ˜‡˜‹”–—ƒŽŽ›‘‡ǤŽŽ‡‹‰Š–•’‡ ‹‡• ‘ˆƒ‰”‘˜‡• ‘‘‹ƒœƒ‹ƒƒ”‡’”‡•‡–‹ƒƤƒȋ‡‡•‹ǡ͕͕͝͝ȌǤŠ‡†‘‹ƒ–‰‡‡”ƒƒ”‡Rhizophora, Ceriops, Avicennia, Bruguiera and Sonneratia. Lumnitzera and Xylocarpus are only present at Ras Kisimani. Heritiera, with a stand height of 15m is present as a dominant species at one site in Chole Bay.

Š‡”‡ƒ”‡‘–Š‡”‡š–‡•‹˜‡‹–‡”Ǧ–‹†ƒŽƪƒ–•–Š”‘—‰Š‘—––Š‡’ƒ”ƒ•†‡• ”‹„‡†‹͖Ǥ͖Ǥ͕ƒ„‘˜‡ǤŠ‡•‡ƪƒ–•™‡”‡ formerly abundant in molluscs and other invertebrate fauna, but have been heavily exploited. They remain an important and productive habitats for octopus.

2.4.3 Terrestrial habitats

”‡‡™ƒ›ȋ͕͗͜͝Ȍ”‡ ‘‰‹•‡†͛ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽ˜‡‰‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ƒƤƒ •Žƒ†ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰‡˜‡”‰”‡‡ˆ‘”‡•–ǡ ͖‹†•‘ˆ ‘ƒ•–ƒŽ–Š‹ ‡–ǡƒ‰”‘˜‡•ǡƒ”•ŠǡŠ‡ƒ–Šƒ†’ƒŽ‰”ƒ••Žƒ†Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ƒ•„ƒ ƒ•–Š‡͕͔͜͝•ǡ–Š‡ remaining patches of the evergreen coastal forest, formerly found around Chunguruma and Kilindoni, were cleared for coconut plantation and only 6 categories of natural vegetation remain.

Of these remaining habitats, the evergreen coastal thicket‹–Š‡‡ƒ•–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‹‹•Žƒ†ǡ‘™ƒ•Ž‘Žƒ ‘”‡•– ‹•‘ˆ‰”‡ƒ–‡•– ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ǤŠ‹•Šƒ„‹–ƒ–Šƒ••–”‘‰ƒƥ‹–‹‡•™‹–ŠŽ‘™Žƒ† ‘ƒ•–ƒŽˆ‘”‡•–•‘–Š‡ Tanzanian mainland, and on Zanzibar and Pemba, that are recognised globally for their high diversity and Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ‡†‡‹•ǤƒƤƒ–Š‡ˆ‘”‡•–•–”‡– Š‡••‘‡͔͗ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡‡ƒ•–‡”•‡ƒ„‘ƒ”†‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‹‹•Žƒ† ˆ”‘™‡‹‹–Š‡‘”–Š–‘Š‘Ž‡ƒ›ǡ˜ƒ”›‹‰‹™‹†–Šˆ”‘͕Ǧ͖ǤŽ‹‰Š–Ž›‘”‡–ŠƒŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‡‰–Š ‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘”‡•–•–”‹’‹•™‹–Š‹–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”„‘—†ƒ”›ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ‹‹‰ˆ‘”‡•–‘”–Š‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”„‘—†ƒ”›‹• expected to be gazetted as a District Forest Reserve soon. The forest has relatively high species diversity ƒ† ‘–ƒ‹••‡˜‡”ƒŽ’Žƒ–ƒ†ƒ‹ƒŽ•’‡ ‹‡• ‘Ƥ‡†–‘‘Ž›ƒˆ‡™•ƒŽŽˆ‘”‡•–•‹–‡•‹ ‘ƒ•–ƒŽƒœƒ‹ƒǤ –‹•ƒŽ•‘–Š‡‘Ž›”‡ƒ‹‹‰•‹‰‹Ƥ ƒ–”‡ˆ—‰‡‘ƒƤƒˆ‘”ˆ‘”‡•–Ǧƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†˜‡”–‡„”ƒ–‡••— Šƒ•†—‹‡”ƒ† –Š‡„Žƒ Ǧƒ†Ǧ”—ˆ‘—•‡Ž‡’Šƒ–•Š”‡™ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡„—––Š”‡ƒ–‡‡†–‹„‡”–”‡‡••— Šƒ•˜—Ž‡ǡMilicia excelsaǤŠ‡ˆ‘”‡•–’Žƒ›•ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–ˆ— –‹‘ƒ•ƒ™‹†„”‡ƒǡ•Š‡Ž–‡”‹‰‹Žƒ† ”‘’•ˆ”‘–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ› Ž‡–ŠƒŽ‡ơ‡ –•‘ˆŠ‘–ǡ•ƒŽ‹‡™‹†•ƒ†•–‘”†ƒƒ‰‡—Ž‡ƒ•Š‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡ †‹ƒ ‡ƒǤ•ƒŽŽ‡”•–”‹’‘ˆ ‘ƒ•–ƒŽ–Š‹ ‡–ƒŽ•‘•—”˜‹˜‡•ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡‡ƒ•– ‘ƒ•–‘ˆ —ƒ‹–Š‘—‰Š‹–‹•”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›—•–—†‹‡†Ǥ

2.4.5 Fauna

Two species of turtle, the Green Chelonia mydas ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ™•„‹ŽŽ Eretmochelys imbricata, have small but •‹‰‹Ƥ ƒ–„”‡‡†‹‰’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘•‹–Š‡•‘—–Š‡”ƒƤƒƒ”‡ƒǤ‡•–‹‰•‹–‡•ƒ”‡• ƒ––‡”‡†ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡‡ƒ•– ‘ƒ•–ǡ ‘•ƒ†›„‡ƒ Š‡•„‡Š‹†–Š‡‘—–‡”ˆ”‹‰‹‰”‡‡ˆǡ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›ƒ–‹Ƥ‰‡ƒ›ǡ Šƒ‰ƒ‹ƒ†ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡‡ƒ•–‡” •Š‘”‡•‘ˆ —ƒ‹ƒ† ‹„‘†‘Ǥ‰‰ǦŽƒ›‹‰–ƒ‡•’Žƒ ‡ˆ”‘‡ Ǧ ƒȋ ƒ™•„‹ŽŽ•Ȍƒ†’”‹ŽǦ —‡ȋ ”‡‡ȌǤ

General Management Plan MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK 11 –™‘Ǧ’ƒ”–•–—†›‘ˆ–Š‡„‹”†ˆƒ—ƒ‘ˆƒƤƒ‹͕͖͝͝ƒ†͕͘͝͝”‡ ‘”†‡†͕͔͗•’‡ ‹‡•ǡ–Š‘—‰Š–Š‹•‹•‘––Š‘—‰Š– –‘„‡ƒ ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž‹•–ǤƒƤƒ’”‘˜‹†‡•ƒ•–ƒ‰‹‰‰”‘—†ˆ‘”˜ƒ”‹‘—•’ƒŽ‡ƒ” –‹ ‹‰”ƒ–•’‡ ‹‡•ƒ†–Š‡’ƒ” ƒ”‡ƒ ‹ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ’”‘˜‹†‡• ˆ‡‡†‹‰ ‰”‘—† ˆ‘” ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ’ƒŽ‡ƒ” –‹ ‹‰”ƒ–•’‡ ‹‡•ƒ†–Š‡’ƒ”ƒ”‡ƒ‹ particular provides feeding grounds for a variety of wading birds, as well as nesting areas for open-billed •–‘”•Anastomus lamelligerusƒ†Ƥ•Š‡ƒ‰Ž‡•Haliaetus vocifer. Colonies of the Comoros lesser fruit bat Pteropus seychellensis comorensis‘ —”ƒ‹Ž›‘Š‘Ž‡ •Žƒ†„—–ƒŽ•‘‘–Š‡ƒ‹‹•Žƒ†‡ƒ”–‡†‡ȋŽƒ”Ǥ͕͘͝͝Ȍ •’‡ ‹Ƥ ƒŽŽ›ƒ––Š‡‘ƥ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”ȋ Ǥ͖͔͔͕ȌǤ

Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”ƒ”‡ƒ‘ ‡’”‘˜‹†‡†Šƒ„‹–ƒ–ˆ‘”†—‰‘‰Dugong dugonǡ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹•‡†ƒ•—Ž‡”ƒ„Ž‡„› ǡ ƒ††—‰‘‰™‡”‡”‡‰—Žƒ”Ž› ƒ—‰Š–‹•Šƒ”‡–•‹–Š‡͕͚͔͝•ƒ†͕͔͛͝•Ǥƒ–‡”‘ǡ‹–™ƒ•„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–Šƒ–†—‰‘‰ †‹•ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡’”‡•‡–’ƒ”ƒ”‡ƒˆ‘”•‘‡͖͔›‡ƒ”•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‘ˆ”‡ ‡–Ƥ•Š‡”•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡”‡’‘”–‹‰ an increased number of dugong sightings, which is indeed a new development partly attributed to the ‡ơ‡ –‹˜‡‡••‘ˆ ƒƒ‰‡‡–”‡‰‹‡Ǥ

‘”ƒŽ”‡‡ˆǦƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†ˆƒ—ƒƒ’’‡ƒ”–‘„‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›†‹˜‡”•‡‹ƒƤƒ„› ‘’ƒ”‹•‘™‹–Š‘–Š‡”•‹–‡•‹–Š‡ ‡•–‡” †‹ƒ ‡ƒǤ‘‡͔͗͜•’‡ ‹‡•‘ˆƤ•ŠŠƒ˜‡„‡‡”‡ ‘”†‡†ǡƒŽ‘‰•‹†‡™‹–Š͘͜‰‡‡”ƒ‘ˆ ‘”ƒŽ•Ǥ ‹––Ž‡‘”‘–ƒš‘‘‹ ™‘”Šƒ•„‡‡†‘‡™‹–Š‘–Š‡”ƒ”‹‡‹˜‡”–‡„”ƒ–‡‰”‘—’•Ǥ

A leaf-litter toad Stephopaedes kimhowellii is recorded only from Mlola Forest and may be endemic. The writhing ‰‡ ‘/\JRGDFW\OXVPD¿DQXP‹•‘™‘Ž›ˆ”‘Ž‘Žƒ ‘”‡•–ƒ†ƒ•ƒŽŽˆ‘”‡•–ƒ–‹•‹Œ—‘–Š‡ƒ‹Žƒ†ǤŠ‡ †—‹‡”Cephalophus caeruleus pembae‹•ƒ•—„Ǧ•’‡ ‹‡•‡†‡‹ –‘‡„ƒƒ†ƒƤƒǤ

2.4.2 Flora

–‘–ƒŽ‘ˆ͚͙͚•’‡ ‹‡•‘ˆŠ‹‰Š‡”’Žƒ–ƒ”‡”‡ ‘”†‡†ˆ”‘ƒƤƒ •Žƒ†ǡ–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡Ž‹•–ƒ›‘–„‡†‡Ƥ‹–‹˜‡ ȋ ”‡‡™ƒ›ƒ†‘†‰‡”•͕͜͜͝ȌǤ—–‘ˆ–Š‡•‡—’–‘͚•’‡ ‹‡•ƒ›„‡ ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž›‡†‡‹ –‘ƒƤƒȋOldenlandia aegialodes, Xyris parvula, Spermacoce sp., Eriocaulon ciliipetalum, Eriocaulon strictum and Clerodendrum myricoides). Two ‘–Š‡”•’‡ ‹‡•ƒ”‡‘™‘Ž›‹ƒƤƒƒ†͖Ǧ͗‘–Š‡”•ƒŽŽ ‘ƒ•–ƒŽˆ‘”‡•–•‹–‡•‘–Š‡ƒ‹Žƒ†Tristemma schliebenii and'LRVS\URVPD¿HQVLVƒ†‘‡•’‡ ‹‡•Šƒ•„‡‡”‡ ‘”†‡†‘Ž›‘ƒƤƒƒ†‡„ƒ •Žƒ†•–Šƒ– is 3KLOLSSLDPD¿HQVLVǤˆ—”–Š‡”͜•’‡ ‹‡•ˆ‘—†‘ƒƤƒƒ”‡‡‹–Š‡”‡†‡‹ –‘ƒ•–ˆ”‹ ƒ ‘ƒ•–ƒŽˆ‘”‡•–•ǡ which is a highly threatened vegetation type or are endemic to East Africa and coastal forests, which is a Š‹‰ŠŽ›–Š”‡ƒ–‡‡†˜‡‰‡–ƒ–‹‘–›’‡‘”ƒ”‡‡†‡‹ –‘ƒ•–ˆ”‹ ƒƒ†ƒ”‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†”ƒ”‡Ǥ —”–Š‡”™‘”‹• ”‡“—‹”‡†–‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š™Š‹ Š‘ˆ–Š‡•‡•’‡ ‹‡•‘ —”™‹–Š‹–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”„‘—†ƒ”›ǤŠ‡ ‘ƒ•–ƒŽˆ‘”‡•– •’‡ ‹‡•ƒ”‡ ‘Ƥ‡†–‘Ž‘Žƒ ‘”‡•–™Š‹ ŠŽ‹‡•’ƒ”–Ž›™‹–Š‹ƒ†’ƒ”–Ž›‘—–•‹†‡–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”„‘—†ƒ”›Ǥ

Twelve species of seagrass and 134 species of marine algae have been recorded within the waters of the ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”ƒ”‡ƒǤ

2.5 HUMAN SETTLEMENT

2.5.1 History of settlement

Š‡Ƥ”•–‡–‹‘‘ˆƒƤƒ‹Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ”‡ ‘”†•‹•‹ ‘‡ –‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡Š‹”ƒœ‹™Š‘†‘‹ƒ–‡†–”ƒ†‡‘ the East African coast from their headquarters at Kilwa during the 11th to 13th centuries. Although they were ’”‘„ƒ„Ž›‘––Š‡Ƥ”•–‹Šƒ„‹–ƒ–•‘ˆƒƤƒǡ–Š‡Š‹”ƒœ‹ƒ”‡‘™–‘Šƒ˜‡Šƒ†•‡––Ž‡‡–•ƒ–ƒ•‹•‹ƒ‹ ‘–Š‡ƒ‹ •Žƒ†ǡƒ†—ƒ‘ —ƒ‹ •Žƒ†Ǥ‘–Š•‹–‡•ƒ”‡™‹–Š‹–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”ǤŠ‡‡ƒ”Ž‹‡•–Žƒ›‡”•‘ˆ –Š‡•—”˜‹˜‹‰ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘•ƒ–ƒ•‹•‹ƒ‹Šƒ˜‡„‡‡†ƒ–‡†„ƒ –‘–Š‡Žƒ–‡͕͖th century though most of the area of the former town has been engulfed by the sea. Both towns were certainly in existence well before the arrival of Portugese colonialists in 1498. The surviving ruins at Kua which include standing walls and archways are probably not the original settlements, and may date to the 16th or 17th century. Kua continued ƒ•–Š‡ƒ‹–‘™‘ƒƤƒ—–‹Ž‡ƒ”Ž›‹–Š‡͕͝th ‡–—”›™Š‡‹–™ƒ•ƒ––ƒ ‡†ƒ††‡•–”‘›‡†„›‹˜ƒ†‡”• ˆ”‘ƒ†ƒ‰ƒ• ƒ”Ǥ›–Šƒ––‹‡ǡƒƤƒ™ƒ•—†‡”–Š‡ ‘–”‘Ž‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‹ǡ—Ž–ƒƒ‹†‘ˆƒœ‹„ƒ”ǡ™Š‘•‡ ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•‡Œ‡ –‡†–Š‡‹˜ƒ†‡”•ƒ†‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†ƒ‡™–‘™‘Š‘Ž‡ •Žƒ†ǤŠ‡–‘™™ƒ•‘™ƒ• Š‘Ž‡Œ‹‹ƒ†–Š‡ƒ‹‹•Žƒ†‘ˆƒƤƒ„‡ ƒ‡Š‘Ž‡Šƒ„ƒǤŠ‡”—‹‡†™ƒŽŽ•‘ˆƒ—„‡”‘ˆŠ‘Ž‡Œ‹‹ houses can be seen today though the construction of the buildings was evidently less durable than those

12 MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK General Management Plan ƒ–—ƒǤ ͕͔͜͝ ‡”ƒ ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ‹•–•‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‡†–Š‡’—” Šƒ•‡‘ˆŠ‘Ž‡Œ‹‹ˆ”‘—Ž–ƒƒ››‹†Ž‹ƒ†‹ 1913 moved their headquarters from Chole to Kilindoni to provide a more accessible anchorage for a coastal steamship. The ruins of the German two-storey Boma and promenade at Chole still dominate the landing „‡ƒ ŠǤ‹Ž‹†‘‹”‡ƒ‹•–‘–Š‹•†ƒ›ƒ•–Š‡ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ† ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‘ˆƒƤƒǤ

2.5.2 Current population

–‡”•‘ˆƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡—‹–•ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡͕͗˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•Ž›‹‰™Š‘ŽŽ›‘”’ƒ”–Ž›™‹–Š‹–Š‡ „‘—†ƒ”›Ǥ ‘—” ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•Ž‹‡‡–‹”‡Ž›™‹–Š‹–Š‡„‘—†ƒ”›‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š‡–Š”‡‡‹•Žƒ†˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•‘ˆŠ‘Ž‡ǡ —ƒ‹ǡ and Jibondo, plus Kungwi village near Mlola Forest. Another island, Bwejuu is wholly within the boundary and is a sub-village of Kilindoni. The remainder of Kilindoni is outside the boundary. Parts of 9 other mainland ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•ƒ”‡™‹–Š‹–Š‡„‘—†ƒ”›ȋƒ„Ž‡͖Ǥ͕ǤȌǤ ˆ͖͔͔͔ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‡•—•Ƥ‰—”‡•ƒ”‡‡š–”ƒ’‘Žƒ–‡†ǡ–Š‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ ‡•–‹ƒ–‡‹͖͔͕͕ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‘—‹–‹‡•”‡•‹†‹‰™‹–Š‹–Š‡„‘—†ƒ”›‘ˆ ‹•ƒ„‘—–͖͗ǡ͔͔͔‘—–‘ˆƒ„‘—– ͘͜ǡ͚͜͝’‡‘’Ž‡Ž‹˜‹‰‹–Š‡™Š‘Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒƤƒ‹•–”‹ –Ǥ

TABLE 2.1: Villages and current population within MIMP

No. Village Sub-villages within MIMP Population (MIMP) 1. Chole All 1,021 2. Juani All 998 3. Jibondo All 1,707 4. Kungwi All 2,496 5. Baleni ‹Ƥ‰‡ǡ™ƒ™ƒ‹ǡ†—Œ‹ƒ†‹’‘Žƒ 3,278 6. Marimbani Mbogani 1,349 7. Kiegeani Utende A & B, Kiegeani, Kipama, Unyambwa 2,507 8. Chem chem Usewe, Changarama and Jongani 2,299 9. Miburani Kitoni and Mdundani 1,673 10. Mlongo Ras Kisimani, Mlongo and Bondeni 813 11. Kilindoni Bwejuu 657 12. Ndagoni Kipandeni 2,357 13. Jimbo Mlali 1,914 TOTAL 23,069 6RXUFH±0DNLVLR\D,GDGL\D:DWX:LOD\D\D0D¿D$SULOL

2.6 RESOURCE-USE WITHIN THE MARINE PARK

2.6.1 Living marine resources

ƒƤƒ‹• ‘•‹†‡”‡†–Š”‘—‰Š‘—– ‘ƒ•–ƒŽƒœƒ‹ƒƒ•ƒ’”‡‹‡”Ƥ•Š‹‰‰”‘—†ƒ†Šƒ•ƒ––”ƒ –‡†Ƥ•Š‡”•ˆ”‘ ‘–Š‡”’ƒ”–•‘ˆƒœƒ‹ƒƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–•‹ ‡–Š‡͕͚͔͝•™Š‡Ƥ•Š‹‰Ƥ”•–„‡ ƒ‡ƒ•‹‰‹Ƥ ƒ–ƒ –‹˜‹–›ƒ‘‰•–Ž‘ ƒŽ residents. Fishing today is of particular importance to the island communities on Juani, Jibondo, Bwejuu and to a slightly lesser extent Chole, and it provides the majority of income on all these islands. Amongst the ‘˜‡”͕ǡ͙͔͔ ‘—‹–›‡„‡”•‘ ‹„‘†‘ •Žƒ†ǡƤ•Š‡”‹‡•”‡•‘—” ‡•’”‘˜‹†‡•‘‡͔͛Ȃ͔͜Ψ‘ˆŽ‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†•ǡ especially since the demise of lime production and many have no other source of revenue. Fishing is less ˜‹–ƒŽ‹‘–Š‡”˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•™‹–Š‹–Š‡’ƒ”ǡ‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›–ƒ‹‰•‡ ‘†’Žƒ ‡–‘ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ǡ„—–‹•‘‡–Š‡Ž‡••ƒ ‹’‘”–ƒ–•‡ƒ•‘ƒŽ•‘—” ‡‘ˆ‹ ‘‡™Š‡‘–Š‡””‡•‘—” ‡•ƒ”‡• ƒ” ‡Ǥ ‹Ƥ•Šƒ†‘ –‘’—•ƒ”‡„›ˆƒ”–Š‡ ‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–Ƥ•Š‡”‹‡•”‡•‘—” ‡•™‹–Š‹–Š‡’ƒ”ǡ–‘ƒŽ‡••‡”‡š–‡–Ž‘„•–‡”ƒŽ•‘’”‘˜‹†‡•‹‰‹Ƥ ƒ–‹ ‘‡Ǥ However, currently there is a moratorium on sea cucumber exploitation in Tanzania Mainland. Shells for the —”‹‘–”ƒ†‡™‡”‡ˆ‘”‡”Ž›ƒ•‹‰‹Ƥ ƒ–•‘—” ‡‘ˆ‡š’‘”–‹ ‘‡ǡ„—––Š‡–”ƒ†‡Šƒ††™‹†Ž‡†–‘ƒƒŽ‘•– negligible level by 1999.

General Management Plan MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK 13 Traditionally, harvesting marine resources from inter–tidal area is the activity of women. Foremost is octopus Ƥ•Š‹‰ǡ ‘†— –‡†ˆ‘”͘Ȃ͙†ƒ›•‹‡ƒ Š•’”‹‰–‹†‡Ǥ‹ ‡͕͔͝͝ǡ–Š‡”‹•‹‰’”‹ ‡ƒ†‹’”‘˜‡†ƒ”‡–‹‰ ‘†‹–‹‘• ˆ‘” ‘ –‘’—•ǡ ƒŽŽ‹‡† –‘ ƒ †‡ Ž‹‡ ‹ Ƥ•Š ƒ– Š‡•ǡ Šƒ• ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž› ƒ––”ƒ –‡† ‡ ‹–‘ ‘ –‘’—• ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘„‘–Š‘‹–‡”Ǧ–‹†ƒŽƪƒ–•ƒ†„›ˆ”‡‡Ǧ†‹˜‹‰Ǥ ™‡Œ——ƒ‡•–‹ƒ–‡†͚͔Ψ‘ˆ‘ –‘’—• ƒ– Š‡•ƒ”‡ now caught by men. The majority of catches are from diving in sub–tidal areas.

2.6.2 Fishing gears

‹•Š‹‰‘ƒƤƒŠƒ•ƒŽ™ƒ›•„‡‡ƒ–ƒ•ƒŽŽǦ• ƒŽ‡ǡƒ”–‹•ƒƒŽŽ‡˜‡ŽǤŠ‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ„‘ƒ–•ƒ”‡•ƒŽŽ͙‘—–”‹‰‰‡” canoes with sails (ngalawa) and paddling canoes (mitumbwi) with a smaller number of larger 7-8 metre sailing vessels (mashua). Fishing gears themselves however, have changed in their importance over time. Prior to –Š‡͕͚͔͝•–Š‡Ž‹––Ž‡Ƥ•Š‹‰–Šƒ–™ƒ•†‘‡™ƒ•„›Ž‹‡ƒ†–Š‡ ƒ– Š ‡–”‡†‘‡†‹—Ǧ•‹œ‡†’‡Žƒ‰‹ ••— Šƒ• ‹‰Ƥ•Šƒ† ƒ”ƒ‰‹†•Ǥ –Š‡͕͚͔͝•ƒ†͕͔͛͝•ǡ•Šƒ”‡–•™‡”‡‹–”‘†— ‡†ƒ†“—‹ Ž›„‡ ƒ‡†‘‹ƒ–Ǥ Š‡†‡ Ž‹‡‹•Šƒ”•ƒ†”ƒ›•‰”ƒ†—ƒŽŽ›„”‘—‰Š–ƒ„‘—–ƒ•Š‹ˆ––‘•ƒŽŽ‡”Ǧ‡•Š‡–•ƒ†ǡ–‘ƒŽ‡••‡”‡š–‡–ǡ ƒ”‡–—”–‘Šƒ†ǦŽ‹‡•Ǥ—”‹‰–Š‡͕͔͜͝•ƒ†‡ƒ”Ž›͕͔͝͝•–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ–™‘†‡•–”— –‹˜‡–‡ Š‹“—‡•Ǣ†›ƒ‹–‡ and beach-seine nets, became increasingly common and caused substantial sub-tidal habitat damage. Both –‡ Š‹“—‡•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡’ƒ”Ǥ

–Š‡’ƒ•–͕͙›‡ƒ”•ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”‹͕͙͝͝ǡ–Š‡Ƥ•Š‹‰‰‡ƒ”• ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ ƒ– Š‡•ƒ”‡•—””‘—†‡–•ƒ†‘–Š‡”’—ŽŽǦ‡–•ǡ‘™Ž‘ ƒŽŽ›ƒ•Mtando, Nyavu za kuzungusha and Nyavu za kuvuta. These nets along with mtambo for octopus account for a substantial majority ‘ˆ ƒ– Š‡•ǡ’”‘„ƒ„Ž›͔͛Ǧ͔͜ΨǤ–Š‡”‰‡ƒ”•—•‡†ǡ‹‘”†‡”‘ˆ’”‹‘”‹–›ǡ‹ Ž—†‡•Šƒ”‡–•ȋjarife), free-diving for sea cucumber (currently outlawed) and lobster, hand lines (mshipi), gill nets (nyavu za kupweleza), box traps (madema), fence traps (wando) and long-lines (kocho).

Boat building is a traditional activity, particularly on Jibondo and Chole, however, the boatyards on both islands are currently in decline. Large cargo-carrying dhows were once regularly constructed, typically using timber from Lindi region. Orders for large boat construction are now rare, though smaller mashuas and repairs to existing boats still supports a smaller number of craftsmen.

2.6.3 Catch trends

There is little data collected for a prolonged period which can give an accurate assessment of catch trends, ‘”‡‘˜‡”–Š‡’‹ –—”‡‹• ‘’Ž‹ ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡‡˜‡”‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰—„‡”‘ˆƤ•Š‡”‡ƒ† Šƒ‰‹‰‰‡ƒ”•‘˜‡” –Š‡’ƒ•–͗Ȃ͘†‡ ƒ†‡•Ǥ‘‡–Š‡Ž‡••ǡƒ‡ †‘–ƒŽ‡˜‹†‡ ‡ˆ”‘‘Ž†‡”Ƥ•Š‡”‡‹•—ƒ‹‘—•‹‹†‹ ƒ–‹‰ –Šƒ––”‡†•Šƒ˜‡†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡†–Š”‘—‰Š‘—––Š‡’ƒ•–͔͗Ȃ͔͘›‡ƒ”••‹ ‡Ƥ•Š‹‰„‡ ƒ‡ƒ™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ†ƒ –‹˜‹–›‹ the 1960s, but that the severe decline occurred from the mid – 1980s to the mid – 1990s. Fishermen tend –‘ƒ––”‹„—–‡–Š‹•Žƒ”‰‡Ž›–‘†›ƒ‹–‡Ƥ•Š‹‰„—–‹–•‡‡•Ž‹‡Ž›–Šƒ–‘˜‡”ȂƤ•Š‹‰ǡŠƒ„‹–ƒ–†ƒƒ‰‡ƒ†—•‡‘ˆ small - mesh nets have all played a role.

–‹Ž–Š‡͕͚͔͝•ǡ ƒ– Š‡•™‡”‡ ‡–”‡†‘‡†‹—Ȃ•‹œ‡†’‡Žƒ‰‹ •’‡ ‹‡•ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›‹‰Ƥ•Šǡ–”‡˜ƒŽŽ‹‡•ǡŒƒ • ƒ†•ƒŽŽ„ƒ””ƒ —†ƒǤ –Š‡͕͚͔͝•ƒ†͕͔͛͝•‰ƒ˜‡™ƒ›–‘–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡”•’‡ ‹‡• ƒ—‰Š–‹•Šƒ”‡–•ǡ’”‹ ‹’ƒŽŽ› •Šƒ”•ƒ†”ƒ›•ǡ™‹–Š–Š‡‘ ƒ•‹‘ƒŽ ƒ– Š‡•‘ˆ†—‰‘‰ƒ†–—”–Ž‡Ǥ –Š‡’ƒ•–͔͗Ȃ͔͘›‡ƒ”•ǡ ƒ– Š‡•™‡”‡ dominated by smaller reef–associated species with faster breeding rates such as emperors, snappers and ”ƒ„„‹–Ƥ•Šǡ•ƒŽŽ•‡‹Ȃ’‡Žƒ‰‹ •’‡ ‹‡••— Šƒ••ƒ”†‹‡•ƒ†ƒ•ƒŽŽ‡”—„‡”‘ˆ–”‡˜ƒŽŽ‹‡•ƒ†Œƒ •Ǥ

2.6.4 Marketing of marine resources

‹•Š‹‰‘ƒƤƒŠƒ•ƒŽ™ƒ›•’”‘˜‹†‡†„‘–Šˆ‘‘†ƒ† ƒ•Š‹ ‘‡Ǥ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡƤ•Š™‡”‡•—Ȃ†”‹‡†ƒ†•‡– –‘ ‘ƒ•–ƒŽƒ”‡–•‹•‘—–Š‡”ƒ† ‡–”ƒŽƒœƒ‹ƒǤŠ‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ–Ƥ•Š™‡”‡Žƒ†‡†ƒ†‡’–‹–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ˆ‘” †”›‹‰ǡ ‘„‹‡†™‹–Š–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›Ž‘™’”‹ ‡ˆ‘”†”‹‡†Ƥ•Šǡ‡ƒ––Šƒ–’Ž‡–›‘ˆƤ•Š™‡”‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡–‘Ž‘ ƒŽ households for food. Things changed around 1985-90 when the availability of outboard engines and ice gave ”‹•‡–‘’”‹˜ƒ–‡Ƥ•Š–”ƒ†‡”•™Š‘„‡‰ƒ–‘–”ƒ•’‘”–ˆ”‡•ŠƤ•Š†‹”‡ –Ž›–‘ƒ”‡•ƒŽƒƒǤ”ƒ†‡”•‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ› ƒ””‹˜‡ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ‹Žƒ†ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ‹•’”‹‰Ǧ–‹†‡Ƥ•Š‹‰’‡”‹‘†ƒ†ƒ›•–ƒ›ˆ‘”͙Ǧ͕͔†ƒ›•—–‹Ž–Š‡‹”‹ ‡Ǧ „‘š‡•™Š‹ Šƒ”‡‘ˆƒ„‘—–͖–‘‡•ƒ”‡ƤŽŽ‡†Ǥ‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‘ ƒŽ ƒ– Š‹•–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ‘™•‘Ž††‹”‡ –Ž›ˆ”‘

14 MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK General Management Plan Ƥ•Š‹‰„‘ƒ––‘–”ƒ†‹‰„‘ƒ–”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ„‡‹‰Žƒ†‡†ǤŠ‹•ƒ†–Š‡‡˜‡””‹•‹‰’”‹ ‡‘ˆƤ•Šǡ‹•‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž› †‡–‡””‹‰Ƥ•Š‡”•ˆ”‘ ƒ””›‹‰Ƥ•ŠŠ‘‡–‘Ž‘ ƒŽŠ‘—•‡Š‘Ž†•Ǥ

‹•‹‰Ƥ•Š’”‹ ‡•ƒ†‘—–„‘ƒ”†‡‰‹‡•Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ•‘ƒ––”ƒ –‡†ƒ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰—„‡”‘ˆ‘—–•‹†‡Ƥ•Š‡”•–‘ƒƤƒ •‹ ‡ ͕͔͜͝ ƒ† Ƥ•Š‹‰ ’”‡••—”‡ ‹ –‡”• ‘ˆ —„‡” ‘ˆ Ƥ•Š‡”• ’”‘„ƒ„Ž› ”‡ƒ Š‡† ƒ ’‡ƒ †—”‹‰ –Š‡ ‹†Ǧ ͕͔͝͝•Ǥ ‘˜‡”‡–•–ƒ–‹•–‹ •‹†‹ ƒ–‡–Šƒ–„‡–™‡‡͕͘͜͝ƒ†͕͔͝͝ǡ–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ˜‹•‹–‹‰Ƥ•Š‡”•‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† †”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ›™‹–Š‘”‡–Šƒ͔͛Ψ‘ˆ˜‡••‡Ž•”‡‰‹•–‡”‹‰‹‹Ž‹†‘‹ ‘‹‰ˆ”‘‘—–•‹†‡ƒƤƒ‹•–”‹ –Ǥ‘–”‘Ž ‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡‰ƒŽƤ•Š‹‰‰‡ƒ”••‹ ‡͕͙͝͝™Š‡–Š‡ƒ”™ƒ•‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†Šƒ•’”‘„ƒ„Ž›„‡‰—–‘”‡†— ‡–Š‡’”‡••—”‡Ǥ

͕͜͝͝ǡƒ’”‹˜ƒ–‡Ǧ‘™‡† ‘’ƒ›ǡ ‡ŽŽƒ•ǡ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†ƒ ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••‹‰’Žƒ–‘ƒƤƒƒ–‹Ž‹†‘‹Ǥ –•„—•‹‡••Šƒ•†‡’‡†‡†ƒŽ‘•–‡š Ž—•‹˜‡Ž›‘‘ –‘’—•ˆ”‘ƒƤƒƒ†‹Ž™ƒǡƒ†’”ƒ™•ˆ”‘‹Ž™ƒƒ† —ƤŒ‹ǡ ‘’Ž‡‡–‡†„›•‹‰‹Ƥ ƒ–—„‡”•‘ˆŽ‘„•–‡”Ǥ –Šƒ•‡˜‡”–”ƒ†‡†ƤǦƤ•ŠǤ ͕͜͝͝ ‡ŽŽƒ•™ƒ•Œ‘‹‡† „›ƒ‡›ƒǦƒœƒ‹ƒ˜‡–—”‡ǡƒ’‡• ƒǡ•‡‡‹‰–‘‡š’Ž‘‹––Š‡•ƒ‡ƒ”‡–—•‹‰ƒƪ‘ƒ–‹‰’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–›ǤŠ‡–Š‹”†ǡ‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒǦ‘™‡†‘’ƒ›ǡ ‘ƒ•–ˆ”‹ ƒ–†ǡ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†ƒ’”‘ ‡••‹‰’Žƒ–ˆ‘” ƤƤ•Š‘ƒƤƒ‹͕͜͝͝Ǧ͝͝Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‡ŽŽƒ•Šƒ• ‡ƒ•‡†‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰•—‰‰‡•–‹‰–Šƒ––Š‡”‡ƒ”‡‹•—ƥ ‹‡– ‘ –‘’—•ƒ†’”ƒ™”‡•‘—” ‡•‹–Š‡‹Ž™ƒǦƒƤƒ˜‹ ‹‹–›–‘•—’’‘”––™‘ ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ ‘’ƒ‹‡•Ǥ ‘Šƒ• ƒŽ•‘ ‡ƒ•‡†‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰‘™‹‰–‘„‘–Š‹˜‡•–‡–ƒ†Ƥ•Š•—’’Ž›’”‘„Ž‡•Ǥ‘†ƒ–‡ǡƒ’‡• ƒ‹•–Š‡‘Ž› ”‡ƒ‹‹‰ ‘’ƒ›•–‹ŽŽ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰‹ƒƤƒ—•‹‰Žƒ†Ǧ„ƒ•‡†’”‘ ‡••‹‰ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–‹‡•Ǥ –Žƒ”‰‡Ž›‘„–ƒ‹•‹–•”ƒ™ material supply from a commercial shrimp farm at Jimbo.

‡ƒ — —„‡”Ƥ•Š‡”›‹•„ƒ‡†‹ƒœƒ‹ƒƒ‹Žƒ†„—––Š‡”‡ƒ”‡•‘‡Ƥ•Š‡”••–‹ŽŽŠƒ”˜‡•–‹‰‹–‹ŽŽ‡‰ƒŽŽ› and its products exported to the Far East through buyers from Zanzibar and Dar es Salaam.

2.6.5 Coral Mining

Mining of live coral for commercial lime production was an important source of income prior to the ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”‹͕͙͝͝Ǥ–‹Ž–Š‡•‘‡‹‘”‹–›ǡ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›ˆ”‘ ‹„‘†‘ǡ™‡Œ——ƒ† Š‘Ž‡ǡ™‡”‡†‡’‡†‡–‘ ‘”ƒŽ‹‹‰ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”Ž‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†•ȋ†‡”•‘͕͙͝͝Ǣ‘”–‘ǡ͕͙͝͝ȌǤ –ƒ›Šƒ˜‡ ’”‘˜‹†‡†—’–‘ƒ“—ƒ”–‡”‘ˆ ƒ•Š‹ ‘‡‹ ‹„‘†‘ƒ†™‡Œ——Ǥ‹˜‡ƒ†ˆ‘••‹Ž‹•‡† ‘”ƒŽ„Ž‘ •ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘ the traditional construction material for domestic houses, particularly in the island villages where there is ƒŽƒ ‘ˆƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡„—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ—Ž˜›et al. (1995) estimated that during the early 1990s some 90 –‘‡•‘ˆˆ‘••‹Ž‹œ‡†‘ơ•Š‘”‡Ž‹‡•–‘‡™‡”‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‡†ƒ—ƒŽŽ›‹–Š‡˜‹ ‹‹–›‘ˆ™Šƒ–‹•‘™–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”Ǥ Š‡ƒ‹‹‹‰ƒ”‡ƒ•‹–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”ƒ”‡–Š‡”‡‡ˆƪƒ–•ƒ†‡ƒ•–ƒ†•‘—–Š‘ˆ ‹„‘†‘ƒ†ƒ”‘—†ƒ• Kisimani. Since 1995, coral mining has continued at a much-reduced level for subsistence use.

2.6.6 Agriculture and livestock

–‹Ž–Š‡͕͔͛͝•ǡ ‘ ‘—–•™‡”‡–Š‡ƒ‹•–ƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡ƒƤƒ‡ ‘‘›ƒ†Ƥ•Š‹‰™ƒ•ƒ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›‡™ƒ –‹˜‹–›Ǥ ‘ ‘—–’ƒŽ•Šƒ†„‡‡ —Ž–‹˜ƒ–‡†‘ƒƤƒƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–•‹ ‡–Š‡͕͝th century, more recently in large plantations „› –™‘ ƒŒ‘” ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•Ǣ ƒƤƒ ‘ ‘—–• ‹‹–‡† ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘ ‘—– ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– Corporation. Following the severe drop in prices for coconut oil and coir globally, both companies went into decline and now provide little in the way of commercial activity. However, small-holdings of coconut –”‡‡••–‹ŽŽ’”‘˜‹†‡ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–•‘—” ‡‘ˆ‹ ‘‡–Š”‘—‰Š‘—–ƒƤƒǤŠ‡ ‘ ‘—–•ƒ”‡‘•–Ž›–”ƒ•’‘”–‡† –‘–Š‡ƒ‹Žƒ†‹Žƒ”‰‡†Š‘™•Ǥ‘ ƒŽŽ›ǡ ‘ ‘—– ‘‹”‹•—•‡†–‘ƒ‡†‘‘”ƒ–•ƒ†”‘’‡•ǡ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡Ž‡ƒ˜‡• ƒ”‡—•‡†ˆ‘””‘‘Ƥ‰ƒ†–Š‡‹””‹„•ˆ‘”ƒ‹‰„”‘‘•ƒ†Ƥ•Š‹‰–”ƒ’•ǤŠ‡’‘••‡••‹‘‘ˆ ‘ ‘—––”‡‡• „›”‡•‹†‡–•‹–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”ƒ”‡ƒ‹••–‹ŽŽƒ•‹‰‘ˆ™‡ƒŽ–Š•‹ ‡‹–”‡’”‡•‡–•ƒ•‡ —”‡•‘—” ‡‘ˆ‹ ‘‡„› ‘’ƒ”‹•‘–‘–Š‡”‹••‘ˆ–Š‡Ƥ•Š‹‰‹†—•–”›Ǥ

ƒŽŽǦ• ƒŽ‡ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡‹•’”ƒ –‹•‡†–Š”‘—‰Š‘—–ƒƤƒǡ„‘–Šˆ‘”•—„•‹•–‡ ‡ ”‘’•ƒ†ƒ•ƒ’”‹ƒ”›‘ —’ƒ–‹‘ for cash income. Farming is predominant on the fertile soils around Mlola Forest, in Baleni, Kungwi, Kirongwe ƒ† ‹„‘ǤŠ‡ƒ‹‡ ‘‘‹ ƒŽŽ›‹’‘”–ƒ– ”‘’•ƒ”‡ ‘ ‘—–•ƒ† ƒ•Š‡™—–•ǢƤ•Š‹‰‹•ƒ˜‡”›‹‘” ƒ –‹˜‹–›‹–Š‡•‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•ǤŠ‘Ž‡ •Žƒ†ƒŽ•‘Šƒ•”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›’”‘†— –‹˜‡ƒŽŽ—˜‹ƒŽŽ‘ƒ•‘‹Ž•™‹–Š ‘ ‘—–•ƒ† ‘”ƒ‰‡•ƒ•ƒ‹ ”‘’•Ǥƒ••ƒ˜ƒ‹•–Š‡’”‡†‘‹ƒ–•—„•‹•–‡ ‡ ”‘’ƒ†‹•™‹†‡Ž›‰”‘™–Š”‘—‰Š‘—–ƒƤƒǤ –Š‡” ”‘’•ƒ†ˆ”—‹–•‹ Ž—†‡„ƒƒƒ•ǡ”‹ ‡ǡƒ‹œ‡ǡ’—’‹•ǡ‘”ƒǡ–‘ƒ–‘ǡ•™‡‡–’‘–ƒ–‘ǡƒ‰‘•ǡŽ‹‡•ǡ and pineapples.

General Management Plan MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK 15 Š‡ƒ‹Ž‹˜‡•–‘ ƒ”‡ ƒ––Ž‡ǡ‰‘ƒ–•ƒ† Š‹ ‡•ƒ†ƒ”‡‡’–„‘–Šˆ‘”•—„•‹•–‡ ‡ƒ†ƒ•ƒŽ‡••‡”•‘—” ‡‘ˆ ƒ•Š‹ ‘‡Ǥƒ•–‘ƒ•–ˆ‡˜‡”Šƒ•Šƒ†ƒ„‹‰‹’ƒ –‘–Š‡ ƒ––Ž‡‡‡’‹‰ƒ†Ž‹˜‡•–‘ Š—•„ƒ†”›‹‰‡‡”ƒŽǤ

2.6.7 Mangroves and forest products

”‹‘”–‘–Š‡†‡ Ž‹‡‘ˆ ‘”ƒŽ‹‹‰ƒˆ–‡”͕͙͝͝ǡƒ‰”‘˜‡•‹–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”ƒ”‡ƒ™‡”‡Š‡ƒ˜‹Ž›—–‹Ž‹•‡†ƒ• a source of fuel for lime production. Although this has since then declined, mangroves remain important for boat- building and repair and building poles, though the great majority of mangrove building poles are ‹’‘”–‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡—ƤŒ‹‡Ž–ƒǤ‡ƒ†ƒ‰”‘˜‡„”ƒ Š‡•ƒ”‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‡†ˆ‘”Ƥ”‡™‘‘†™Š‡”‡ƒ•–Š‡Ž‡ƒ˜‡•ǡ ˆ”—‹–•ƒ†„ƒ”ƒ”‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‡†ˆ‘”‡†‹ ‹‡ƒ† ‘Ž‘—”†›‡•Ǥ

Š‡ ‘ƒ•–ƒŽˆ‘”‡•–™‹–Š‹–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”ƒ”‡ƒ‹•‹’‘”–ƒ–ƒ•ƒ•‘—” ‡‘ˆ„—‹Ž†‹‰’‘Ž‡•–‘Ž‘ ƒŽ’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› ”‡•‹†‡–• ‘ˆ ‡ƒ”„› ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡• •— Š ƒ• —‰™‹ǡ ƒŽ‡‹ǡ ‹”‘‰™‡ ƒ† ‹„‘Ǥ  ’‘”–ƒ– –ƒ”‰‡– •’‡ ‹‡•‹ Ž—†‡——ƒŽ‡„ƒ›‡—’‡Ludia mauritaniaǡ——ƒŽ‡„ƒ›‡—•‹Diospyros consolatae, Mtibwe, –ƒŽƒ™ƒ†ƒƒ†•‹‰‹‘Ǥ‡†‹ ‹ƒŽ’Žƒ–•ǡƤ”‡™‘‘†ǡ”ƒƥƒƤ„”‡ǡ”—„„Ž‡ˆ‘”„—‹Ž†‹‰ǡ‰ƒ‡ȋ†—‹‡”ǡ„—•ŠǦ ’‹‰•ƒ†‘‡›•Ȍƒ†—•Š”‘‘ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘‘ˆ•‹‰‹Ƥ ƒ–‹’‘”–ƒ ‡Ǥ‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡•‡’”‘†— –•ǡ ™‹–Š–Š‡‡š ‡’–‹‘‘ˆƤ”‡™‘‘†ǡƒ”‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‡†‘ƒ•—„•‹•–‡ ‡„ƒ•‹•Ǥ ‹”‡™‘‘†Šƒ•„‡‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‡†‹–Š‡ past not only for domestic fuel, but also to burn coral rag collected from the cleared forest areas to produce Ž‹‡Ǥ––‹‡•ǡŽƒ”‰‡ ‘•‹‰‡–•‘ˆ„‘–Šƒ‰”‘˜‡ƒ†ˆ‘”‡•–Ǧ†‡”‹˜‡†Ƥ”‡™‘‘†Šƒ˜‡„‡‡–”ƒ•’‘”–‡† ˆ”‘–Š‡ •Žƒ†–‘–Š‡ƒ‹Žƒ†ˆ‘” ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ•ƒŽ‡ǤŠ‹•Šƒ• ƒ—•‡†•‹‰‹Ƥ ƒ– Ž‡ƒ”ƒ ‡‘ˆ–”‡‡•ƒ†‹•ƒ cause of concern to communities. Certain sites within the forest are considered sacred by local people and are used for ceremonies.

2.6.8 Mariculture

ƒ”‹ —Ž–—”‡ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•‘ƒƤƒ •Žƒ†Šƒ˜‡„‡‡„‘‘•–‡†„›–Š‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆ170 hectors of commercial shrimp farm at Jimbo, with its associated hatchery located at Kilindoni Township. The facilities are owned „›Ž’Šƒ”—•–‘’ƒ›‹‹–‡†Ǥ‡•‹†‡–Š‡ ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ‡–‡”’”‹•‡–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘•ƒŽŽǦ• ƒŽ‡ƒ”‹ —Ž–—”‡ ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•–ƒ‹‰’Žƒ ‡‹ƒƤƒǤŠ‡•‡‹ Ž—†‡Ǣ•‡ƒ™‡‡†ˆƒ”‹‰ǡ ”ƒ„ˆƒ––‡‹‰ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•‹ŽƤ•Šƒ†•Š”‹’ farming.

Seaweed farming, which in Zanzibar developed into a major foreign currency earner during the 1990s, was Ƥ”•––”‹‡†‹ƒƤƒ‹͕͖͝͝‘ ‹„‘†‘ •Žƒ†Ǥ –™ƒ•ƒ„ƒ†‘‡†ƒˆ–‡”ƒƒ”‡–‹‰ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡Ǥ ͕͝͝͝ƒ•‡ ‘† –”‹ƒŽ™ƒ•‹‹–‹ƒ–‡†ǡƒ‰ƒ‹‹ ‹„‘†‘ •Žƒ†ǡ™‹–Š•—’’‘”–ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ”‹‡ƒ”ƒƒ‰‡‡–ƒ†–Š‡ƒœ‹„ƒ” ‡ƒ™‡‡†‘’ƒ›ȋȌǤŠ‡Ƥ”•–Šƒ”˜‡•–™ƒ•ƒ†‡‹‘˜‡„‡”͕͝͝͝ƒ†ƒ”‡–‡†–Š”‘—‰Šƒ”• Salaam/ Zanzibar based private company. To-date more than 1000 residents mainly women are involved in •‡ƒ™‡‡†ˆƒ”‹‰‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›ƒ– ‹„‘†‘ •Žƒ†Ǥ

–Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡˆƒ”‹‰‘ˆ‹ŽƤ•Šƒ† ”ƒ„ˆƒ––‡‹‰‹•„‡‹‰’”‘‘–‡†‹†‹ơ‡”‡– ‘—‹–‹‡•„› government and nongovernmental organizations including the WWF as a potential source of sustainable Ž‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†–‘ƒƤƒ”‡•‹†‡–•Ǥ

16 MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK General Management Plan 2.7 TOURISM

Š‡”‡Šƒ•„‡‡–‘—”‹•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‹ƒƤƒ •Žƒ†•‹ ‡͕͙͔͝•‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ–Š‡ƒƤƒ •Žƒ† ƒ‡ ‹•Š‹‰ Ž—„ƒ––‡†‡Ǥ ͕͕͛͝–Š‡ ‘˜‡”‡–Ȃ‘™‡†ƒƤƒ •Žƒ†‘†‰‡™ƒ• ‘•–”— –‡†Ǥ‹ ‡͕͙͝͝ǡƤ˜‡‘”‡ high-cost lodges have been constructed at Utende and Mlongo beach. There are currently 152 tourist beds ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡‹•‹†‡–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”ǡȋƒ„Ž‡͖Ǥ͖Ȍǣ

Table 2.2 Tourist Hotels within MIMP

No. Lodge No. of beds 1. ƒƤƒ •Žƒ†‘†‰‡ 80 2. Kinasi Lodge 28 3. Dolphins (Pole Pole Lodge) 18 4. Chole Mjini Lodge 16 5. Šƒ„ƒ‹‘Ž‡‘†‰‡ 10 TOTAL 152

‘—”‹•–•‡‰ƒ‰‡‹ƒ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•‹ Ž—†‹‰†‹˜‹‰ǡ•‘”‡ŽŽ‹‰ǡ•™‹‹‰ǡ•’‘”–Ƥ•Š‹‰ǡ•ƒ‹Ž‹‰ǡ ™‹†•—”Ƥ‰ƒ†˜‹•‹–•–‘ —Ž–—”ƒŽ•‹–‡•ƒ†Ž‘Žƒ ‘”‡•–ǤŽ–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡ ‘”ƒŽ”‡‡ˆ•‘ˆƒƤƒ‘ơ‡”•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ „‡•–•‘”‡ŽŽ‹‰ƒ††‹˜‹‰‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•‹ƒ•–ˆ”‹ ƒǡ˜‹•‹–ƒ–‹‘Šƒ•„‡‡Ž‘™—’–‘‘™Ǥ ”‘ 1997–2007 occupancy rates have remained within an average of 30%. Despite the growth of this sector in the ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡ ‘‘›ƒ†–Š‡’”‘‰”‡••‘ˆƒ—„‡”‘ˆ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡•‹ƒƤƒǡ‘ —’ƒ ›Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ͔͘Ȃ͙͔Ψǡ™Š‹ Š are common in other destinations, are yet to be realised. As the existing lodges have started to attract better occupancy rates, it is quite possible that further proposals for additional lodge developments in the ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”ƒ”‡ƒ™‹ŽŽ„‡”‡ ‡‹˜‡†Ǥ

Š‡ƒ‹‘„•–ƒ Ž‡ƒ’’‡ƒ”•–‘„‡–Š‡Žƒ ‘ˆ”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡ǡ”‡‰—Žƒ”‡ ‘‘‹ –”ƒ•’‘”––‘ƒ†ˆ”‘–Š‡‹•Žƒ†ǡ„‘–Š for passengers and for cargo. However, communication facilities are now improved with mobile telephone ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–‹‡•ƒŽŽ‘˜‡”ƒƤƒ‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š‡ƒ‹ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ–‘—”‹•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ––‡†‡Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ™‹–Š–Š‡ —’‰”ƒ†‹‰ ‘ˆ ƒƤƒ ƒ‹”’‘”– ƒ† ‘•–”— –‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ Œ‡––› ƒ– ‹Ž‹†‘‹ Šƒ”„‘—”ǡ –Š‡ ƪ‘™ ‘ˆ ’ƒ••‡‰‡”• ™‹ŽŽ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•‘ƒ”‡–Š‡–‘—”‹•–•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡Žƒ ‘ˆ•ƒ†›„‡ƒ Š‡•ƒŽ•‘ƒ’’‡ƒ”•–‘„‡ƒŠ‹†”ƒ ‡ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›‹ –Š‡ˆƒ ‡‘ˆ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ ‘’‡–‹–‹‘ˆ”‘‘–Š‡”†‡•–‹ƒ–‹‘•‹–Š‡™‡•–‡” †‹ƒ ‡ƒǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›ƒœ‹„ƒ” ƒ†‡›ƒ„—–ƒŽ•‘Šƒ‹Žƒ†ǡ”‹ƒƒǡ‡› Š‡ŽŽ‡•ƒ†ƒ—”‹–‹—•Ǥ

2.8 SIGNIFICANCE OF MIMP

Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•–ƒ–‡‡–••—ƒ”‹•‡–Š‡”‡ƒ•‘•™Š›ƒƤƒ •Žƒ†‹• ‘•‹†‡”‡†‹’‘”–ƒ–‡‘—‰Š–‘„‡ •‡–Ǧƒ•‹†‡ƒ•ƒƒ”‹‡’ƒ”ǤŠ‡›‡ ‘’ƒ••ƒ”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǡƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ†Ž‘ ƒŽ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡•ǣ

z Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”ˆ‘”•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡Ƥ‡•– ‘’Ž‡š‡•‘ˆ–”‘’‹ ƒŽƒ”‹‡ƒ† ‘ƒ•–ƒŽŠƒ„‹–ƒ–•‹–Š‡ region. z –‹•‹‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‡™”‡ƒ‹‹‰”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›’”‹•–‹‡ƒ”‹‡‡ ‘•›•–‡•‹ƒœƒ‹ƒǤ z Has a relatively unusual topographical structure, that is, the expansive areas are sheltered and •ŠƒŽŽ‘™‘”‹–‡”Ȃ–‹†ƒŽǡ™Š‹ Š’”‘˜‹†‡• ‘†‹–‹‘• ‘†— ‹˜‡–‘Š‹‰ŠŽ›’”‘†— –‹˜‡Ƥ•Š‡”‹‡•Ǥ z –•‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ƒŽŽ‘ ƒ–‹‘–‘‰‡–Š‡”™‹–Š‹–•–‘’‘‰”ƒ’Š›‡†‘™•‹–™‹–Šƒ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›Š‹‰Š†‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ marine habitat types, and in turn relatively high overall species richness. z – ‘–ƒ‹•ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–”‡ƒ–‘ˆ ‘ƒ•–ƒŽˆ‘”‡•–™‹–Š”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›Š‹‰Š„‹‘†‹˜‡”•‹–›Ǥ z The area provides nesting grounds for 2 endangered species of sea turtle. z –’”‘˜‹†‡•ˆ‡‡†‹‰‰”‘—†•ˆ‘”™ƒ†‹‰„‹”†•ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•‹’‘”–ƒ–‡•–‹‰ƒ”‡ƒ•ˆ‘”‘’‡„‹ŽŽ‡†•–‘” ƒ†Ƥ•Š‡ƒ‰Ž‡•Ǥ z –Šƒ•ƒŽƒ”‰‡ ‘Ž‘›‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ”—‹–„ƒ–Pteropus seychellensis comorensis, which may be an endemic subspecies. z Š‡ ‘”ƒŽ”‡‡ˆ•‘ơ‡”•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡„‡•–•‘‘‡ŽŽ‹‰ƒ††‹˜‹‰‹–Š‡”‡‰‹‘Ǥ z The area is relatively undeveloped and retains clean seas and an uncontaminated environment.

General Management Plan MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK 17 z – ‘–ƒ‹• —Ž–—”ƒŽ ƒ† Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ ”‡•‘—” ‡•ǡ •‘‡ ‘ˆ ™Š‹ Š †ƒ–‡ „ƒ  ƒŽ‘•– ͕͔͔͔ ›‡ƒ”•ǡ –Šƒ– ‡ ‘’ƒ••Š‹”ƒœ‹ǡ”ƒ„ǡ‘”–—‰‡•‡ǡ ‡”ƒƒ†™ƒŠ‹Ž‹‘ —’ƒ–‹‘ƒ†”‡ƪ‡ ––Š‡†‹˜‡”•‡ —Ž–—”ƒŽ history of the East African coast.

6HDWXUWOHVRQFHDEXQGDQWLQ0D¿D now face severe threats as they were captured in shark nets(jarife), females were hunted during nesting and entire broods of eggs were WDNHQE\¿VKHUVIRUIRRG3UHVHQWO\ WKHVWRFNVKDYHLPSURYHG

Many of the shells in this shell market in Dar es 6DODDP FRPH IURP 0D¿D The curio trade caused masive decline in some species, such as leopard cowries and triton shells

Corals throughout the India Ocean suffered severe mortality in 1998 as a result of abnormal high sea temperatures related to the 1997 el Nino %UDQFKLQJ corals were most heavily DIIHFWHG

18 MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK General Management Plan CHAPTER 3

MANAGEMENT ISSUES

‡˜‡”ƒŽ™‘”•Š‘’•ƒ† ‘•—Ž–ƒ–‹˜‡‡‡–‹‰•Š‡Ž†„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”ƒ†•–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”••‹ ‡͕͕͝͝ƒ† –Š‡‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”ƒƒ‰‡‡–ǡŠƒ˜‡‹†‡–‹Ƥ‡†•‡˜‡”ƒŽƒƒ‰‡‡–‹••—‡•–Šƒ– ‘•–‹–—–‡ –Š‡„ƒ•‹•‘ˆ–Š‡‡‡†ˆ‘”ƒ•’‡ ‹ƒŽƒƒ‰‡‡–‡ơ‘”–‹–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”ǤŠ‡•‡Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‰”‘—’‡†—†‡” –Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰Š‡ƒ†‹‰•ǣ

% Natural resource management issues % Cultural resource management issues % Socio – economic management issues % Tourism management issues % Research and monitoring management issues

3.1 NATURAL RESOURCE ISSUES

3.1.1 Fishing pressure

˜‡”ȂƤ•Š‹‰ ƒŠƒ˜‡‰”ƒ˜‡ ‘•‡“—‡ ‡•ˆ‘”Ƥ•Š‡”‹‡•›‹‡Ž†•ǡˆ‘”Ž‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†•ƒ†ˆ‘” ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘Ǥ•–Š‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ Ƥ•Š‡”‡ ‹ ƒ ‰‹˜‡ Ƥ•Š‡”› ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•ǡ –Š‡ ƒ– ŠǦ’‡”ǦƤ•Š‡”ƒ ‹‡˜‹–ƒ„Ž› ˆƒŽŽ•Ǥ  Š‡ Ƥ•Š‹‰ ’”‡••—”‡ •—”’ƒ••‡• –Š‡ ƒš‹— •—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ Ž‡˜‡Žǡ ƒ– Š‡• †‡ Ž‹‡ “—‹ Ž›ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ Ž‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†• ‘ˆ Ž‘ ƒŽ ‘—‹–‹‡•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™ǤŠ‹•‹–—” ‘’‡Ž•Ƥ•Š‡”‡–‘”‡•‘”––‘‘”‡†‡•–”— –‹˜‡–‡ Š‹“—‡•–Šƒ–’”‘†— ‡ ƒŠ‹‰Š‡”•Š‘”–Ȃ–‡”›‹‡Ž†ǡ„—–™Š‹ Š“—‹ Ž›Šƒ˜‡†‹•ƒ•–”‘—• ‘•‡“—‡ ‡•–‘Ƥ•Š‡”‹‡•’”‘†— –‹˜‹–›ƒ† biodiversity.

”‹‘”–‘–Š‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”ǡƒƤƒǯ•Ƥ•Š‡”›ǡŽ‹‡–Š‘•‡–Š”‘—‰Š‘—–ƒœƒ‹ƒǡ™ƒ•ƒ‘’‡ Ȃƒ ‡••”‡•‘—” ‡Ǥ ‹•Š‡”‡–Š”‘—‰Š‘—–ƒœƒ‹ƒ™‡”‡ˆ”‡‡–‘Ƥ•Š‹ƒƤƒ’”‘˜‹†‡†–Š‡›Š‡Ž†‘”‘„–ƒ‹‡† ˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƤ•Š‹‰Ž‹ ‡•‡•Ǥ˜‡–Š‡ —””‡–”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘Šƒ•Šƒ”†Ž›„‡‡‡ˆ‘” ‡†‹–Š‡’ƒ•–ǤŠ‡•–‡ƒ†› †‡ Ž‹‡‘ˆ‡ƒ”Ȃ•Š‘”‡Ƥ•Š‡”‹‡•–Š”‘—‰Š‘—––Š‡ƒœƒ‹ƒƒ‹Žƒ†‘˜‡”–Š‡’ƒ•–͖͔Ȃ͔͗›‡ƒ”•ǡˆ”‘—•‡ ‘ˆ†›ƒ‹–‡ǡ„‡ƒ ŠȂ•‡‹‡•ƒ†ˆ”‘‘˜‡”ȂƤ•Š‹‰ǡŠƒ•Ž‡ƒ†–‘ƒ•–‡ƒ†›‹ƪ—š‘ˆ‘—–•‹†‡”•‹–‘–Š‡ƒƤƒǡ ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›ˆ”‘•‘—–Š‡”ƒœƒ‹ƒǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘ƒœ‹„ƒ”ǡƒ”‡•ƒŽƒƒƒ†‹Ž™ƒǤƒ›•— Š‘—–•‹†‡Ƥ•Š‡”‡ Šƒ˜‡•‡––Ž‡†‹ƒƤƒǡ–Š‡‹”‡–”›‹–‘Ž‘ ƒŽ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•Šƒ•„‡‡ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡†„›”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡•™Š‘ ƒ‡„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡Ǥ –Š‡”•˜‹•‹–ƒƤƒ‘ƒ•‡ƒ•‘ƒŽ„ƒ•‹•„› ‘•–”— –‹‰•‡‹Ȃ’‡”ƒ‡–Ƥ•Š‹‰ ƒ’•‹˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•‡ƒ”–‘–Š‡ Ƥ•Š‹‰‰”‘—†•ǡ‘•–˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ ‘–‡––‘ƒŽŽ‘™•— Š ƒ’‹‰‹”‡–—”ˆ‘”ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ payments, but this in itself has been the cause of friction within villages from time –to– time.

–‹•‘–’‘••‹„Ž‡ƒ––Š‹••–ƒ‰‡–‘ƒ‡ƒ• ‹‡–‹Ƥ ƒ••‡••‡–‘ˆ™Š‡–Š‡”‘”‘––Š‡—„‡”‘ˆƤ•Š‡”•‹ ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”ƒ”‡ƒŠƒ••—”’ƒ••‡†ƒ•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡Ž‡˜‡Žǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›‹˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ„•‡ ‡‘ˆŽ‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ ƒ– Š †ƒ–ƒƒ†–Š‡ ‘’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ—Ž–‹Ǧ‰‡ƒ”••ƒŽŽǦ• ƒŽ‡Ƥ•Š‹‰Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒ‡ †‘–ƒŽƒ ‘—–•‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‘‰Ȃ –‡”–”‡†•‹ƤȂƤ•Š ƒ– Š‡••–”‘‰Ž›•—‰‰‡•––Šƒ–‹–Šƒ•ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›—–‹ŽŠƒ„‹–ƒ–•ƒ†Ƥ•Š’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘•Šƒ˜‡ Šƒ†ƒ Šƒ ‡–‘”‡ ‘˜‡”ˆ”‘–Š‡†ƒƒ‰‡ ƒ—•‡†„›‡ƒ”Ž›͖͔›‡ƒ”•‘ˆ†›ƒ‹–‡Ƥ•Š‹‰ǤŠ‡‘ –‘’—•Ƥ•Š‡”› ƒ’’‡ƒ”•–‘„‡‘”‡”‡•‹Ž‹‡––Šƒ–Š‡ƤȂƤ•Š‡”›ǡ„—–ƒ‡ †‘–ƒŽ‡˜‹†‡ ‡ƒ‰ƒ‹‹†‹ ƒ–‡•‘˜‡”ǦƤ•Š‹‰Ǥ‘‡ ‹–‡”Ǧ–‹†ƒŽƪƒ–••— Šƒ•–Š‘•‡ƒ”‘—†Š‘Ž‡ƒ”‡˜‹”–—ƒŽŽ›ƒ”‡ƒ•Ƥ•Š‡†ǤŠ‡ ƒ•‡‘ˆ•‡ƒ — —„‡”ǡŽ‘„•–‡”ƒ† ‰ƒ•–”‘’‘†•ȋ —”‹‘•Š‡ŽŽ•Ȍ‹•Ž‡••ƒ„‹‰—‘—•ǢƒŽŽŠƒ˜‡ Ž‡ƒ”Ž›„‡‡Š‡ƒ˜‹Ž›‘˜‡”Ǧ‡š’Ž‘‹–‡†ƒŽ‘•––‘–Š‡’‘‹– of exhaustion.

͗Ǥ͕Ǥ͖ ‡•–”— –‹˜‡ƒ†—•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡‡–Ƥ•Š‹‰

Š‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ „‡ƒ ŠȂ•‡‹‡• ƒ† ‘–Š‡” Ƥ•Š‹‰ ‡–• –Šƒ– †”ƒ‰ –Š‡ •‡ƒȂƪ‘‘” ”‡•—Ž– ‹ ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ †ƒƒ‰‡ –‘ •‡•‹–‹˜‡„‡–Š‹ Šƒ„‹–ƒ–•Ǥ‘”ƒŽ”‡‡ˆ•ƒ†•‡ƒȂ‰”ƒ••Šƒ„‹–ƒ–•ƒ”‡’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›–ƒ”‰‡–‡†ˆ‘”•— ŠƤ•Š‹‰ƒ† are also the most susceptible to damage. Drag–nets also stir up bottom sediment, which can further harm ‘”ƒŽ•‹’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ǥ— Š†ƒƒ‰‡”‡†— ‡•–Š‡’”‘†— –‹˜‹–›ƒ††‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡Šƒ„‹–ƒ–•ƒơ‡ –‡†ǡƒ†•–‡ƒ†‹Ž› †‡’Ž‡–‡•–Š‡‹”–‘—”‹•˜ƒŽ—‡Ǥ‡†— ‡†’”‘†— –‹˜‹–›‹•”‡ƪ‡ –‡†‹Ž‘™‡”Ƥ•Š‡”››‹‡Ž†•ǡ™Š‹ ŠŠƒ•ƒ†‹”‡ – adverse impact on the local communities’ livelihood.

General Management Plan MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK 19 Š‡•‡ ‘†‹••—‡™‹–Š‡–Ƥ•Š‹‰‹•‡•ŠȂ•‹œ‡ǤƒŽŽ‡•Š‡–•ǡŽ‡••–Šƒ͗‹ Š‡•ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›™Š‡—•‡†‹ Ž‹––‘”ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ•‹–Š‡ƒ‡”‘ˆƒ„‡ƒ ŠȂ•‡‹‡ǡ”‡‘˜‡Žƒ”‰‡—„‡”•‘ˆŒ—˜‡‹Ž‡Ƥ•ŠǤŠ‡•‡Šƒ˜‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž› little value in terms of catch, but their removal can heavily compromise the size of future catches.

Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‡–•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ ‘‘Ž›—•‡†™‹–Š‹–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”ƒ”‡ƒ•‹ ‡–Š‡͕͔͛͝•ƒ† ƒ—•‡†ƒƒ‰‡ –‘„‡–Š‹ ‡˜‹”‘‡–•–‘ƒ‰”‡ƒ–‡”‘”Ž‡••‡”†‡‰”‡‡ȋƒ„Ž‡͗Ǥ͕Ȍǣ

ƒ„Ž‡͗Ǥ͕‡•–”— –‹˜‡Ƥ•Š‹‰‡–•—•‡†™‹–Š‹ǡ‘”‹–Š‡˜‹ ‹‹–›‘ˆǡ  English name Kiswahili name Description / comment

Beach–seine Juya ŽŽ‡‰ƒŽ —†‡” ƒ”‹‡ ƒ”• ƒ† ‡•‡”˜‡• ‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•ǡ ͖͔͔͚ ƒ† Kojani (Juya la Kojani) ˜‹”–—ƒŽŽ›‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‡†‹ ‹”‡ ‡–›‡ƒ”•Ǥ ”‡•‹†‡–•—•—ƒŽŽ› Kavogo ( ya kusini) “—‹ Ž›”‡’‘”–‘ ƒ•‹‘ƒŽ‹–”—•‹‘•„›‘—–•‹†‡”•Ǥ Seine nets/ Nyavu za Š‡•‡–›’‡•‘ˆ‡–•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‹—•‡‘ƒƤƒˆ‘”ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–͖͔›‡ƒ”•ǡ —œ—‰—•Šƒ especially on Chole, Juani and Jibondo. They are illegal under existing Pull – nets legislation. Mesh size generally 2.5’’. Weighted nets are set in a circle ›ƒ˜—œƒ—˜—–ƒ and dragged into a boat, generally across reef or seagrass area ƒ—•‹‰•‹‰‹Ƥ ƒ–†ƒƒ‰‡‘˜‡”–‹‡Ǥ Surround nets Mtando ””‹˜‡†‘ƒƤƒˆ”‘•‘—–Š‡”ƒœƒ‹ƒƒ”‘—†͕͛͝͝Ǥ˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ the above type of nets where a scoop net (tandio) is stretched under the seine net to draw in the catch. The tandio is generally only ¼ or ½ inch mesh size. They are illegal under the existing legislation. Bottom–set net Tambo ™‡‹‰Š–‡†•‡–Ȃ‡–•‘‡–‹‡•™‹–ŠƒŠ‡ƒ˜›Ȃ‹–‡•ŠǤ•—ƒŽŽ›Ž‡ˆ– (Gillnet) for one hour or more after setting and then pulled into a boat. Mesh– •‹œ‡—•—ƒŽŽ›͖Ǥ͙ǯǯǤ‡••†ƒƒ‰‹‰–Šƒ’—ŽŽȂ‡–•„—–ƒŽ•‘Ž‡••‡ơ‡ –‹˜‡ and less–used. They are legal with 3” mesh size and only when used ‹’‡ ‹Ƥ‡†Ǧ—•‡ƒ† ‡‡”ƒŽǦ—•‡‘‡•Ǥ

‘–‹—‡†—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡•—””‘—†‡–•ƒ†’—ŽŽȂ‡–•‹•‘‡’ƒ”–•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”‹•‡“—ƒŽŽ›‹’‘”–ƒ––‘ –Š‡Ž‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†•‘ˆ”‡•‹†‡–•‹•‘‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› —ƒ‹ǡŠ‘Ž‡ƒ† ‹„‘†‘Ǥ –Š‡•‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•ǡ™Š‡”‡–Š‡ ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ”‡†‡’‡†‡–‘Ƥ•Š‹‰ˆ‘”‘”‡–Šƒ͙͔Ψ‘ˆ–Š‡‹”Ž‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†•ǡ•— Š‡–•ƒ›ƒ ‘—– for up to 70% of catches. Yet these nets are causing substantial damage to sub–tidal, especially coral reef, ƒ”‡ƒ•‹Š‘Ž‡ƒ›ƒ†–Š”‘—‰Š‘—––Š‡•‘—–Š‡”ƒ”‡ƒˆ”‘ƒ‰‡‡‡ˆ–‘Š‘Ž‡ •Žƒ†‡‡ˆ–‘Š‘Ž‡ •Žƒ†Ǥ Replacement of these nets with sustainable gears or their complete elimination as they are illegal is one of –Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•ˆƒ ‹‰–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”Ǥ

20 MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK General Management Plan ͗Ǥ͕Ǥ͗ ›ƒ‹–‡Ƥ•Š‹‰

Š‡—•‡‘ˆ†›ƒ‹–‡‘”‡š’Ž‘•‹˜‡•ˆ‘”Ƥ•Š‹‰‹•–Š‡‘•–‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž›†‡•–”— –‹˜‡Š—ƒƒ –‹˜‹–›–‘Šƒ˜‡ ƒơ‡ –‡†–Š‡ƒ”‹‡‡˜‹”‘‡–‹ƒƤƒ •Žƒ†Ǥ•—ƒŽŽ› ‘†— –‡†‹”‘ ›”‡‡ˆƒ”‡ƒ•ǡƒ•‹‰Ž‡†›ƒ‹–‡ „Žƒ•–‹ŽŽ•ƒŽŽ’‡Žƒ‰‹ ‘”‰ƒ‹••ǡƤ•Šƒ†Žƒ”˜ƒ‡ǡƒ††‡•–”‘›•–Š‡͗Ȃ†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽ ‘’Ž‡š‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡”‡‡ˆǡ™‹–Š‹ ƒƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ͕͔‡–”‡•”ƒ†‹—•‘ˆ–Š‡„Žƒ•–Ǥ‡‡ˆ ‘’Ž‡š‹–›’”‘˜‹†‡•‡••‡–‹ƒŽ•Š‡Ž–‡”ˆ‘”Œ—˜‡‹Ž‡Ƥ•Šƒ† other marine organisms and the productivity and diversity of the reef is drastically reduced over time.

›ƒ‹–‡Ƥ•Š‹‰„‡‰ƒƒ”‘—†ƒƤƒƒ•‡ƒ”Ž›ƒ•–Š‡Žƒ–‡͕͔͛͝•„—–„‡ ƒ‡ƒ•‹‰‹Ƥ ƒ–’”‘„Ž‡†—”‹‰–Š‡ ‹†Ȃ͕͔͜͝•ƒ† ‘–‹—‡†–‘™‘”•‡—–‹Ž–Š‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”‹͕͙͝͝Ǥ›͕͛͝͝ǡˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ both national and local anti–dynamite campaigns, the practice had been virtually eliminated from the marine ’ƒ”Ǥ –‹•‡••‡–‹ƒŽˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”–‘‡•—”‡–Šƒ–‹–†‘‡•‘–”‡–—”Ǥ

General Management Plan MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK 21 3.1.4 Trampling of inter–tidal habitats

‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘‘ˆ‘ –‘’—•ǡ•Š‡ŽŽƤ•Šƒ†•‡ƒ™‡‡†‹‹–‡”Ȃ–‹†ƒŽ‘”•ŠƒŽŽ‘™•—„Ȃ–‹†ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ• ƒ ƒ—•‡†ƒƒ‰‡–‘ –Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ•–Š”‘—‰Š–”ƒ’Ž‹‰Ǥ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ””‡‡ˆƪƒ–ǡ™Š‹ Š’”‘˜‹†‡•‹’‘”–ƒ–Šƒ„‹–ƒ–ˆ‘”Žƒ”˜ƒŽƒ†Œ—˜‡‹Ž‡ •–ƒ‰‡•‘ˆƤ•Šƒ†‘–Š‡”‘”‰ƒ‹••™Š‹ Šǡ‹•‰”ƒ†—ƒŽŽ›†‡•–”‘›‡†ƒ†–Š‡’”‘†— –‹˜‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ‹•„‡ ‘‡• reduced.

͗Ǥ͕Ǥ͙ ‘‡” ‹ƒŽƤ•Š’”‘ ‡••‹‰

Š‡”‡Šƒ˜‡„‡‡˜ƒ”‹‘—•‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡•–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹†—•–”‹ƒŽƤ•ŠǦ’”‘ ‡••‹‰‘ƒƤƒ •Žƒ†‹–Š‡’ƒ•–͖͔›‡ƒ”•Ǥ — Š†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–• ƒ’”‘˜‹†‡ƒ˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡ƒ”‡–‹‰‘—–Ž‡–ˆ‘”Ž‘ ƒŽƤ•Š‡”‡–Šƒ– ƒ‡Šƒ ‡Ž‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†•ǡ and may be welcomed if conducted in a sustainable manner. The following are however issues of potential concern.

z Fish processing plants are unsightly, noisy, they generally have high freshwater consumption and –Š‡›’”‘†— ‡ƒŽ‘–‘ˆ‘”‰ƒ‹ ™ƒ•–‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤŠ‡•‡ˆƒ –‘”•™‘—Ž† ‘‡‹–‘ ‘ƪ‹ –™‹–Š–‘—”‹• interests or local communities if there were not clear spatial separation in terms of land- use ’Žƒ‹‰Ǣ

z ‹•Š ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ƒ ’”‘†— ‡ •—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ —–”‹‡–Ȃ”‹ Š ™ƒ•–‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤ ˆ –Š‹• ™‡”‡ ƒŽŽ‘™‡† –‘ ‘–ƒ‹ƒ–‡‡ƒ”Ȃ•Š‘”‡™ƒ–‡”•ǡ‹– ‘—Ž†’‘•‡ƒ–Š”‡ƒ––‘ ‘”ƒŽ”‡‡ˆŠ‡ƒŽ–ŠǢ

z ŽŽ‘™‹‰ –‘‘ ƒ› ‘’‡–‹‰ ‘’ƒ‹‡• –‘ ‡–‡” –Š‡ Ž‘ ƒŽ ƒ”‡– ‘—Ž† ’Žƒ ‡ —‡ ‡••ƒ”› ’”‡••—”‡‘”‡•‘—” ‡•Ǥ ˆ ‘’ƒ‹‡•ƒ”‡‹ ‘’‡–‹–‹‘–Š‡›ƒ›”ƒ‹•‡’”‹ ‡•ˆ‘”Ž‘ ƒŽ’”‘†— –• ƒ† •—„•‡“—‡–Ž› ‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡ ‘ȂƤ•Š‡”‡ǡ ‘” ‘—–•‹†‡ Ƥ•Š‡”‡ǡ –‘ Œ‘‹ –Š‡ Ƥ•Š‡”› –‘ –ƒ‡ advantage of the demand. This increases the day–to–day pressure on the marine resource in question and utilisation becomes less sustainable.

3.1.6 Coral mining

Mining of coral, especially live coral, can have obviously damaging consequences. Extensive mining causes Ž‘••‘ˆ”‡‡ˆŠƒ„‹–ƒ–ǡƒ”‡†— –‹‘‹Ƥ•Š’”‘†— –‹˜‹–›ƒ†„‹‘†‹˜‡”•‹–›ƒ†’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›‡”‘•‹‘‘ˆ„‡ƒ Š‡•ƒ† other sensitive parts of the coastline.

‘”ƒŽ‹‹‰‹•ƒŽ•‘ƒ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ•‘—” ‡‘ˆ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›Š‹‰Š“—ƒŽ‹–›„—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‘ƒƤƒǡ„‘–Šƒ•„—‹Ž†‹‰ „Ž‘ •ƒ†ˆ‘”Ž‹‡’”‘†— –‹‘Ǥ ”‘–Š‡͕͙͔͝•—–‹Ž͕͙͝͝ǡ ‘”ƒŽ‹‹‰ˆ‘” ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ•ƒŽ‡ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ› ’”‘˜‹†‡†ƒ•‹‰‹Ƥ ƒ–’”‘’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ ƒ•Š‹ ‘‡–‘ ‘—‹–‹‡•‹ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–͘˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•™‹–Š‹ ƒ‡Ž›Ǣ Bwejuu, Jibondo, Juani and Chole.

˜ƒ•–’”‘’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ†ƒƒ‰‡ ƒ—•‡†–‘”‡‡ˆ•™‹–Š‹ ™ƒ•ˆ”‘ ‘”ƒŽ‹‹‰ˆ‘”commercial building projects, such as road and airstrip construction, and for house construction in Kilindoni. By comparison the amount of coral mined for the purposes of building domestic houses and buildings in villages within MIMP‹–•‡Žˆƒ”‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›‹‘”ǤŠ‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”Šƒ•‡š–‡•‹˜‡•—„Ȃ–‹†ƒŽƒ†‹–‡”Ȃ–‹†ƒŽŽ‹‡•–‘‡ resources, much of which is located relatively far from sensitive habitats and coastlines. Elders residing in  ƒ”‡•–”‘‰Ž›’‡”•—ƒ†‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡‹”‘™Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•–Šƒ–•ƒŽŽȂ• ƒŽ‡‹‹‰ ƒ”‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‡ ™‹–Š‹ƒ͕͔›‡ƒ”’‡”‹‘†ƒ†‡‡†‘– ƒ—•‡•‹‰‹Ƥ ƒ–‹ŽŽȂ‡ơ‡ –•‹–Š‡‡ƒ–‹‡Ǥ

‘‡ ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•ǡ‘–ƒ„Ž›™‡Œ——ǡŽƒ ƒ›ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹–Š‡˜‹ ‹‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Ǥ Š‡ ‘•–‘ˆ‹’‘”–‹‰ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ˆ”‘‡Ž•‡™Š‡”‡‹•’”‘Š‹„‹–‹˜‡Ž›‡š’‡•‹˜‡–‘‘•–˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡”•Ǥ  ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”–Š‡”‡‹•‘”‡ƒ†‹Ž›ƒơ‘”†ƒ„Ž‡ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡–‘Ž‹‡–‘’”‘˜‹†‡ƒ†—”ƒ„Ž‡‡š–‡”‹‘”Ǣ ‡‡–ƒ†’ƒ‹– being too costly for the great majority of residents.

22 MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK General Management Plan ‡˜‡”–Š‡Ž‡••ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡„—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡–‘‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—‹–‹‡•™‹–Š‹ Ǥ Š‡”‡ƒ”‡•—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ†‡’‘•‹–•‘ˆˆ‘••‹Ž ‘”ƒŽ•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡„‘–Šˆ‘” ‘•–”— –‹‘„Ž‘ •ƒ†–‘ƒ‡Ž‹‡ǡ‹–Š‡ ˜‹ ‹‹–›‘ˆƒŽ‡‹ƒ†—‰™‹˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•Ǥ ‘••‹Ž ‘”ƒŽǡ‹ˆ„—”‡†‘ƒ‘’‡‹Žǡ”‡“—‹”‡••—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽŽ›‘”‡ Ƥ”‡™‘‘†–Šƒ•‡ƒ ‘”ƒŽǡ–‘ ‘˜‡”––‘Ž‹‡Ǥ‘–Š‡‹–”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆˆ—‡ŽȂ‡ƥ ‹‡–‹Ž–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›™‘—Ž†„‡ƒ ˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡•‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ— ‡••ˆ—Ž ‘•–”— –‹‘–”‹ƒŽ•—•‹‰•—Ȃ†”‹‡†—†„”‹ •‘Š‘Ž‡ •Žƒ†™‡”‡ ‘†— –‡† in 1994 (Darwall, 1995) and there is no immediately apparent reason why such technology should not be promoted further.

– ‹• Ž‹‡Ž› –Šƒ– •—„•‹•–‡ ‡ Ž‡˜‡Ž ‘”ƒŽ ‹‹‰ –Šƒ–ǡ ‹ˆ ‹– ™‡”‡ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‡† ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡Ž›ǡ ™‘—Ž† ‘– ƒ—•‡ •‹‰‹Ƥ ƒ–ƒ†˜‡”•‡‡ơ‡ –•‘„‹‘†‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡƤ•Š‡”‹‡•’”‘†— –‹˜‹–›‘”„‡ƒ Š•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒ ‘ ‡”–‡†ǡ ‘’Ž‡‡–ƒ”›‡ơ‘”––‘’”‘‘–‡ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡„—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•™‘—Ž†‹‹‹•‡–Š‡‡‡†ˆ‘””‡•‹†‡–•–‘ mine sea coral.

3.1.7 Mangrove utilization

Unsustainable cutting of mangroves can cause disruption to the reproduction cycle and abundance of ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ•’‡ ‹‡•‹ Ž—†‹‰Ƥ•Š‡•ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ••‘‡‹˜‡”–‡„”ƒ–‡•’‡ ‹‡•ǡ™Š‹ Š–ƒ‡”‡ˆ—‰‡‹ƒ‰”‘˜‡ ˆ‘”‡•–•Ǥ –ƒ›ƒŽ•‘ ƒ—•‡‡”‘•‹‘‘ˆ„‡ƒ Š‡•ƒ†‘–Š‡”•‘ˆ–Ȃ•‡†‹‡–•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘ƒ•–Ž‹‡Ǥ‹‡™‹•‡ǡ†‡•–”— –‹‘ of mangrove areas also degrades the visual environment for tourism.

ƒ‰”‘˜‡• ƒ”‡ ƒŽ•‘ ƒ ˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡ ”‡•‘—” ‡ ˆ‘” ”‡•‹†‡– ‘—‹–‹‡• ‹  Ǥ  ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽŽ› ƒ Žƒ”‰‡ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡‹”‹’‘”–ƒ ‡Šƒ•„‡‡ˆ‘”—•‡ƒ•Ƥ”‡™‘‘†‹Ž‹‡’”‘†— –‹‘Ǥ‘‡–Š‡Ž‡••ǡ‡˜‡™‹–Š–Š‡•‹‰‹Ƥ ƒ– reduction in coral mining in recent years, mangroves remain valuable, especially for boat building and repair, and house construction

–—†‹‡•Šƒ˜‡‘–„‡‡—†‡”–ƒ‡–‘ƒ• ‡”–ƒ‹ƒ‰”‘˜‡†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ƒ††‡•‹–›ǤŠ‹•ƒ‡•‹–†‹ƥ —Ž– to manage the resource sustainably. As with coral mining, it is conceivable that there is a sustainable level ‘ˆ•—„•‹•–‡ ‡ƒ‰”‘˜‡Šƒ”˜‡•–‹‰–Šƒ–ǡ‹ˆ‹–™‡”‡”‡‰—Žƒ–‡†ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡Ž›ǡ™‘—Ž†‘– ƒ—•‡•‹‰‹Ƥ ƒ– ƒ†˜‡”•‡‡ơ‡ –•‘„‹‘†‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡƤ•Š‡”‹‡•’”‘†— –‹˜‹–›‘”„‡ƒ Š•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ

3.1.8 Use of coastal forests

z Clearance of coastal forests

Clearance of natural forest vegetation for coconut and cashew plantations or small–scale shifting cultivation Šƒ•„‡‡–Š‡ƒ‹ ƒ—•‡‘ˆŽ‘••‘ˆˆ‘”‡•– ‘˜‡”‘ƒƤƒǤŠ‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡Šƒ• ƒ—•‡†–Š‡ƤƒŽ†‡‹•‡‘ˆ–Š‡ remaining evergreen coastal forest that formerly occurred at Changarama and around Kilindoni, and it continues to deplete the remaining lowland coastal forest at Mlola and Kirongwe. This type of land–use is clearly not sustainable in terms of maintaining biodiversity.

z Tree felling for timber

The felling of timber trees in Mlola and other forest areas has scarcely been regulated in the past and although it is potentially sustainable at some level, it has caused drastic loss of indigenous timber species such as mvule (Milicia excelsaȌǡ‘Ž‡ȋMdodonun gracide), mzambarau (Sygizium cuminii), mche (Avicenia marina) ƒ†‘ƒƤȋXylocarpus granatumȌǤŠ‡Žƒ•–•–‘ ƒ••‡••‡–‘ˆŽ‘Žƒ”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†–Šƒ–• ƒ” ‡Ž›͕Ψ‘ˆ•–‡•ƒ”‡ more than 30cm diameter and less than 0.25% of stems are over 50cm.

z Extraction of poles and non-timber forest products

A study on Mlola Forest conducted in mid 1990s indicated that there was a very low abundance of mature –”‡‡•‘ˆ–Š‡•’‡ ‹‡•–ƒ”‰‡–‡†ˆ‘”’‘Ž‡ —––‹‰ǡ•—‰‰‡•–‹‰–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”•Š‘—Ž†•–”‹ –Ž› ‘–‹—‡–‘ limit or ban altogether such pole cutting within the forest boundary. Moreover, when the northern sector of the forest is gazetted as a District Forest Reserve, all extraction of the stems will automatically be prohibited from that part of the forest. There may be some merit in standardising the respective regulations to avoid

General Management Plan MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK 23 confusion. On the other hand, local residents are concerned in that trees being planted under the marine ’ƒ”ƒ†‘–Š‡”‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡••— Šƒ•  ƒ‰”‘Ǧˆ‘”‡•–”›’”‘‰”ƒ‡†‘‘–ƒ–—”‡‹‰‘‘†–‹‡–‘’”‘˜‹†‡ ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡•‘—” ‡‘ˆ’‘Ž‡•ǤŠ‹•ƒ›„‡ƒŒ—•–‹Ƥ ƒ–‹‘–‘ƒŽŽ‘™•‘‡•–”‹ –Ž› ‘–”‘ŽŽ‡†’‘Ž‡‡š–”ƒ –‹‘‹–Š‡ 6SHFL¿HGXVH=RQH‘ˆŽ‘Žƒ ‘”‡•–ǡˆ‘”ƒŽ‹‹–‡†—„‡”‘ˆ›‡ƒ”•‘Ž›ǡ„—–ƒ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡ƒŽŽ‡ơ‘”–••Š‘—Ž† be devoted towards encouraging the development of alternatives.

Š‡ˆ‘”‡•–‹•ƒŽ•‘ƒ•‘—” ‡‘ˆƤ”‡™‘‘†ǡ„‘–Šˆ‘”•—„•‹•–‡ ‡ƒ† ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ—•‡ǤŠ‡†‡ƒ†ˆ‘”Ƥ”‡™‘‘† ƒ† Šƒ” ‘ƒŽ ‹• ‡• ƒŽƒ–‹‰ ‹ ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ ‡–‡”• Ž‹‡ ‹Ž‹†‘‹ ™Š‡”‡ Šƒ” ‘ƒŽ •–‘˜‡• ƒ”‡ ’”‡ˆ‡””‡† –‘ ‡”‘•‡‡ǡ‰ƒ•ƒ†‡Ž‡ –”‹ ‹–›ƒŽŽ‘ˆ™Š‹ Šƒ”‡‘”‡‡š’‡•‹˜‡Ǥ‡ƒ†ˆ‘”ˆ—‡Ž™‘‘†ǡ‹ˆ‘–ƒ††”‡••‡† through development of alternative sources of energy for domestic heating, will continue to exert heavy pressure on both forest and mangrove resources.

–Š‡”‹’‘”–ƒ–’”‘†— –•Šƒ”˜‡•–‡†ˆ”‘ˆ‘”‡•–ƒ”‡ƒ•‹ Ž—†‡”ƒƥƒƤ„”‡ȋ—‹†—ȌǡŠ‘‡›ƒ†‡†‹ ‹ƒŽ ’Žƒ–ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤ ‘‡› ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘™‹–Š‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‡•– ƒ’‘•‡ƒ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽƤ”‡”‹•ƒ†‹ƒ› ƒ•‡„‡‡Ǧ‡‡’‹‰ is being promoted in various villages outside the forest. Farming of medicinal plants is more problematic as local communities are persuaded that only wild grown materials have the desired healing properties.

The impact on the integrity of the forest ecosystem or on natural regeneration of subsistence–level use of ‘Ȃ–‹„‡”ˆ‘”‡•–”‡•‘—” ‡•‹•—‘™Ǥ –•‡‡•Ž‹‡Ž›–Šƒ–—†‡”Š‡ƒŽ–Š› ‹” —•–ƒ ‡•ǡƒ ‘–”‘ŽŽ‡†Ž‡˜‡Ž of utilisation would be sustainable, but the condition of Mlola Forest is currently seriously degraded.

3.1.9 Turtle conservation

—”–Ž‡•ƒ”‡ ƒ—‰Š–ƒ‹Ž›‹•Šƒ”‡–•ƒ†‘ ƒ•‹‘ƒŽŽ›‹•‡‹‡‡–•Ǥ ‹•Š‡”‡‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ› Žƒ‹–Šƒ––—”–Ž‡• ƒ”‡‘–•’‡ ‹Ƥ ƒŽŽ›–ƒ”‰‡–‡†ǡ„—–Ƥ•Š‡”‡Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‘„•‡”˜‡†–‘’Žƒ ‡•Šƒ”‡–•ƒ”‘—†–—”–Ž‡‡•–‹‰ ƒ†ˆ‡‡†‹‰ƒ”‡ƒ•’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›†—”‹‰–Š‡’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ‡ ‡„‡”Ȃƒ” Š ‘‹ ‹†‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡’‡ƒ„”‡‡†‹‰ƒ† nesting season. Females are also hunted on beaches during the nesting season, and eggs are collected.

Ž–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–—”–Ž‡•—•‹‰‡•–‹‰„‡ƒ Š‡•‹–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”ƒ”‡ƒ‹•‘–˜‡”›Žƒ”‰‡ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ relatively few other main breeding sites for turtles on other parts of the Tanzanian coast, and certainly few –Šƒ–ƒ”‡’”‘–‡ –‡†Ǥ‡’‘”–•‹†‹ ƒ–‡–Šƒ––Š‡–—”–Ž‡—„‡”•Šƒ˜‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†‘–‹ ‡ƒ„Ž›‹–Š‡ƒ”‹‡ƒ”ǡ but not dramatically, in the last 10 years.

24 MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK General Management Plan 3.2 CULTURAL RESOURCES ISSUES

3.2.1 Protection and interpretation of historical and cultural sites

ƒ ‘–‹—‘—•‡ơ‘”––‘ ƒ’–—”‡–Š‡‰”‘™‹‰‡ ‘Ǧ–‘—”‹•‹†—•–”›ǡ•Š”—„•ǡ–Š‹ ‡–•ƒ†•–”ƒ‰Ž‹‰Ƥ‰–”‡‡• ‘•–ƒ–Ž›‘˜‡”‰”‘™‹‰—ƒ—‹•ƒ”‡”‡‰—Žƒ”Ž› Ž‡ƒ”‡†‘ơ„›‘–‹˜ƒ–‡† —ƒ‹˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡”•ƒ†ƒ•‹‰„‘ƒ”† is now in place. This historical site is now easily visible and always accessible to visitors and tourists even †—”‹‰–Š‡”ƒ‹›•‡ƒ•‘Ǥ ƒ††‹–‹‘–‘–Š‡‘‰‘‹‰ Ž‡ƒŽ‹‡••ǡ–Š‡ƒ”ƒƒ‰‡‡–‹•‹–Š‡’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ displaying interpretation signs, collecting more information about the site and providing more training to its custodians the “Juani villagers”.

General Management Plan MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK 25 Š‡ƒ”ƒƒ‰‡‡–™‹•Š‡•–‘‹˜‹–‡‘–Š‡”•‡”‹‘—•ƒ†’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ‹˜‡•–‘”•™Š‘™‹ŽŽ„‡™‹ŽŽ‹‰–‘Ž‘‘ ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ•‹–‡•™‹–Š‹–Š‡ƒ”ƒ”‡ƒ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›—ƒ—‹•™Š‡”‡˜‹•‹–ƒ–‹‘‹•”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›Š‹‰ŠǤ‘ far, with the approval of Antiquity Division, Chole Mjini Lodge has rehabilitated the German Boma and ‘–Š‡” —Ž–—”ƒŽ”—‹•‹Š‘Ž‡ •Žƒ†Ǥ–Š‡”™‹•‡ǡ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰‘ˆ•Š”—„•ǡ–Š‹ ‡–•ƒ†•–”ƒ‰Ž‹‰Ƥ‰–”‡‡•‹•„‡‹‰ maintained and extended at the expanse of Kua ruins site and initiated to other historical sites including Ras Kisimani and Mlola Forest caves in order to encourage visitation to these remotely located sites. However, –Š‡‹ƒ†‡“—ƒ ›‘ˆˆ—†•Ž‹‹–•–Š‡‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ –‹˜‹–›ǤŽŽŠ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽƒ† —Ž–—”ƒŽ•‹–‡•‹–Š‡ƒ” have been given the status of &RUH=RQHVwhereby new developments are entirely prohibited.

3.2 SOCIO – ECONOMIC ISSUES

3.3.1 Narrow income base for local communities

‡•‹†‡–•‘ˆƒƤƒ •Žƒ†ƒ”‡’‘‘” ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘‘•–†‹•–”‹ –•‹ƒ‹Žƒ†ƒœƒ‹ƒǤ‘—‹–‹‡•Ž‹˜‡ƒ predominantly subsistence, “hand–to–mouth” lifestyle based on exploitation of marine resources, coconut and cashew production and subsistence agriculture. The mainly shallow sandy soils that dominate much ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ”‡ƒ ™Š‹ Š ‡ƒ• –Šƒ– ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ’”‘†— –‹˜‹–› ‹ ‘•– ’ƒ”–•‘ˆƒƤƒ‹•’‘‘”ƒ† ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ opportunities are constrained. Most staple foods and some vegetables are imported from the mainland.

Ž‡ –”‹ ‹–›‹•Žƒ ‹‰‹ƒŽŽ„—––™‘˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•ǡ‹Ž‹†‘‹ƒ†–‡†‡ǡ™Š‡”‡‘Ž›–Š‡‘•–ƒƫ—‡–†‘‡•–‹  houses are connected. The island communities have scant water supplies. Most residents who manage to accumulate wealth from marine resource exploitation and coconuts to leave their villages and establish houses in Kilindoni or even the mainland. As a result there is very little money circulating in village economies ƒ†•ƒŽŽ„—•‹‡••‹•˜‹”–—ƒŽŽ›†‹ƥ —Ž–‘—–•‹†‡‘ˆ‹Ž‹†‘‹Ǥ

†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ƒ”‡‡“—ƒŽŽ›’‘‘”ǤƒƤƒ‹•–”‹ –™ƒ•–Š‡Žƒ•–‹•–”‹ –‹ƒœƒ‹ƒ–‘„—‹Ž†ƒ•‡ ‘†ƒ”› • Š‘‘Ž–Š‡Ƥ”•–‘‡™ƒ•„—‹Ž–ƒ–ǡ‹–‘‘†‘ǡŽ‡••–Šƒ͖͔›‡ƒ”•ƒ‰‘Ǥ—””‡–Ž›–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒ„‘—–•‹š•‡ ‘†ƒ”› • Š‘‘Ž•‹–Š‡‹•–”‹ –™Š‡”‡ƒ•‹‘”‡ƒƫ—‡–’ƒ”–•‘ˆƒœƒ‹ƒ‘‡‹‰Š–Ƥ†‘”‡–Šƒ͖͔ǤŠ‡• Š‘‘Ž• ’”‘˜‹†‡–‡ƒ Š‹‰ˆ”‘ ‘” Ȃ Ǥ‘†ƒ–‡ǡ‘™‹‰–‘–Š‡Ž‹‹–‡†ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–‹‡•‹–Š‡•‡• Š‘‘Ž•‘–‘”‡–Šƒ –‡•–—†‡–•Šƒ˜‡‡˜‡”‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡†–‘ ‘’Ž‡–‡ƒ†˜ƒ ‡†Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ•‡ ‘†ƒ”›• Š‘‘Ž‡†— ƒ–‹‘ȋ ‘”Ȃ ȌǤ Š‹••‘ ‹‘Ȃ‡ ‘‘‹ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘’”‡•‡–•ƒƒŒ‘” ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡–‘–Š‡’”‘•’‡ –‘ˆ•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡”‡•‘—” ‡—•‡Ǥ  –Š‡ˆƒ ‡‘ˆ†‡ Ž‹‹‰ƒ”‹‡”‡•‘—” ‡•ǡ”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ•™‹– Š‹‰‘—–‘ˆƤ•Š‹‰–‘‘–Š‡”ˆ‘”•‘ˆŽ‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†ǡ–Š‡ ƒ””‘™‹ ‘‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‰„ƒ•‡ ‘’‡Ž•”‡•‘—” ‡Ǧ—•‡”•–‘ƒ†‘’–‡˜‡”‘”‡†‡•–”— –‹˜‡Ƥ•Š‹‰–‡ Š‹“—‡•Ǥ ˆ sustainable marine resource use is to become a reality, local communities urgently need technical assistance to broaden the income base and develop new, sustainable sources of revenue.

3.4 ECO-TOURISM

3.4.1 Regulating eco-tourism development

 ‘Ǧ–‘—”‹•‘ƒƤƒ‹••–‹ŽŽ‹‹–•‡ƒ”Ž›•–ƒ‰‡•‘ˆ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ‡•’‹–‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›Ž‘™‘ —’ƒ ›”ƒ–‡•–‘ †ƒ–‡ǡ‹–‹•Ž‹‡Ž›–Šƒ–˜‹•‹–‘”—„‡”•™‹ŽŽ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹–Š‡‹‡†‹ƒ–‡ˆ—–—”‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‰‘˜‡”‡–•‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡–‘ ‹’”‘˜‡ƒ‹”ƒ†•‡ƒ–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘–‘ƒ†ˆ”‘–Š‡ •Žƒ†Ǥ••— Š‡™†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ”‡„‡‹‰’”‘’‘•‡†Ǥ

The capacity to accommodate further lodges in the vicinity of Utende and Chole is uncertain. The population ‘ˆ–‡†‡Šƒ•‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†‹”‡ ‡–›‡ƒ”•ƒ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ–Š‡‹ƪ—š‘ˆ•–ƒơƒ–‡š‹•–‹‰Ž‘†‰‡•ǡ–Š‡‹”ˆƒ‹Ž‹‡•ǡ relations and other hopefuls attracted by the prospect of employment. Supplies of freshwater during the †”› •‡ƒ•‘ ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› ƒ’’‡ƒ”• –‘ „‡ —†‡” ’”‡••—”‡ǡ –Š‘—‰Š ‘ Š›†”‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ •—”˜‡› Šƒ• „‡‡ —†‡”–ƒ‡Ǥ “—ƒŽŽ›‹’‘”–ƒ–ǡƒƤƒǯ•ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘ ‘’Ž‡–‡•— ‡••ˆ—ŽŽ›™‹–Š‘–Š‡” ‘ƒ•–ƒŽ†‡•–‹ƒ–‹‘•‹–Š‡”‡‰‹‘ƒ› depend on improving its existing air transport facilities.

26 MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK General Management Plan ‘”‡‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›—”‡‰—Žƒ–‡†–‘—”‹•–†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–™‹–Š‹–Š‡’ƒ” ‘—Ž†Ž‡ƒ†–‘ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ’”‘„Ž‡•Ǥ –Š‡ absence of relevant legislation at the time of their development, existing lodges at Utende and Chole were ‘–•—„Œ‡ ––‘‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ‹’ƒ –ƒ••‡••‡–• ”—–‹›ǤŠ‡ƒ‹‹••—‡•‘ˆ ‘ ‡”‹ Ž—†‡ǣ

% ˜‡”Ȃ‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆˆ”‡•Š™ƒ–‡”•—’’Ž‹‡•Ǣ % ’”‘’‡”†‹•’‘•ƒŽ‘ˆ•‘Ž‹†™ƒ•–‡ǡ™ƒ•–‡™ƒ–‡”ǡ•‡™ƒ‰‡ǡ ŠŽ‘”‹ƒ–‡†ƒ†‘–Š‡” ‘–ƒ‹ƒ–‡†™ƒ–‡”Ǣ % ƒ„‹–ƒ–†ƒƒ‰‡ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›ƒ‰”‘˜‡ Ž‡ƒ”ƒ ‡–‘ ”‡ƒ–‡„‡ƒ Šˆ”‘–•Ǣ % ‹•–—”„ƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘ƒ•–Ž‹‡ˆ”‘ ‘•–”— –‹‘–‘‘ Ž‘•‡–‘–Š‡•Š‘”‡Ǣ % ‹•—ƒŽ’‘ŽŽ—–‹‘ˆ”‘ƒƒ‡•–Š‡–‹  ‘•–”— –‹‘Ǣ % Friction with local residents over land acquisition and access rights.

3.4.2 Over–settlement in tourism development areas

Over–settlement in villages associated with tourism development is quite apparent at Utende where the ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘Šƒ•‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†•‹‰‹Ƥ ƒ–Ž›†—‡–‘–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰Ž‘†‰‡•Ǣ‹ƒ•‹ǡ‘Ž‡‘Ž‡ǡ Šƒ„ƒ‹Ž‘Ž‡ƒ†ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ†‹˜‹‰ ‡–”‡•Ǥ‘–‡–‹ƒŽƒ†ƒ –—ƒŽ’”‘„Ž‡•‹–Š‹•”‡‰ƒ”†‹ Ž—†‡ǣ

͕Ǥ ‹•–—”„ƒ ‡–‘˜‹•‹–‘”•‹Ž‘†‰‡•„›‘‹•‡‹‡‹‰Š„‘—”‹‰Š‘—•‡•ƒ†Ž‘ ƒŽ„ƒ”•Ǣ 2. Disturbance to visitors by beach boys ͗Ǥ ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ’”‡••—”‡‘Ž‘ ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡•‹ Ž—†‹‰ˆ”‡•Š™ƒ–‡”ƒ†Žƒ†Ǣ 4. Over–development and crowding of local houses.

Š‡ƒ”‹‡ƒ”•ƒ†‡•‡”˜‡• –ǡ‘Ǥ͖͝‘ˆ͕͘͝͝ȏ•‡ –‹‘•͕͜Ȃ͖͔Ȑ ‘–ƒ‹•’”‘˜‹•‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ •— Š •‡––Ž‡‡– ™‹–Š‹ ƒ ƒ”‹‡ ’ƒ”Ǥ  Š‡ ƒ”‹‡ ’ƒ” ‘—Ž† ™‘” ‹ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‹•–”‹ – Authorities and Village leaderships to develop appropriate mechanisms to manage and regulate this issue in an appropriate way.

3.4.3 Visitor management

Š‡”‡‹•ƒ‡‡†ˆ‘”ƒ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‡–”‡‹–Š‡’ƒ”–‘’”‘˜‹†‡˜‹•‹–‘”•™‹–Š–Š‡‡ƒ•–‘Ž‡ƒ”ƒ„‘—––Š‡ Ž‘ ƒŽ’Š›•‹ ƒŽƒ† —Ž–—”ƒŽ‡˜‹”‘‡–ǡ–Š‡ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”ƒ†–Š‡ ‘†‡‘ˆ ‘†— –ˆ‘”˜‹•‹–‘”•Ǥ There are also issues of security for tourists, and cultural erosion that need to be addressed. The presence ‘ˆ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›ƒƫ—‡–˜‹•‹–‘”• ƒƒ––”ƒ –—†‡•‹”ƒ„Ž‡‡Ž‡‡–•ǡƒ•‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡†™‹–Š–Š‡Dz„‡ƒ Š„‘›•dz‹„‘–Š Mombasa and Malindi in Kenya. There is also ample evidence from other tourist areas around the world that –Š‡’”‡•‡ ‡‘ˆ˜‹•‹–‘”•ˆ”‘†‹ơ‡”‡– —Ž–—”‡•ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘• ƒ”‡•—Ž–‹›‘—‰‡”‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†‘’–‹‰ ˆ‘”‡‹‰ —Ž–—”‡ƒ––Š‡‡š’‡•‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹”‘™Ǥ •‘‡ ƒ•‡•’”‘•–‹–—–‹‘ǡ†”—‰–ƒ‹‰ƒ†‘–Š‡”—™ƒ–‡† „‡Šƒ˜‹‘—” ‘—Ž†„‡‹–”‘†— ‡†ǤŠ‹Ž•––Š‡”‡‹•‘‹‡†‹ƒ–‡–Š”‡ƒ–ˆ‘”–Š‡Žƒ––‡”‹ƒƤƒǡ•— Š‹••—‡• ƒ„‡ addressed in advance, initially through development of a Tourist Management Plan.

3.4.4 Snorkelling and anchor damage

‘”‡ŽŽ‹‰ƒ††‹˜‡”• ƒ ƒ—•‡•‹‰‹Ƥ ƒ–†ƒƒ‰‡–‘ ‘”ƒŽ”‡‡ˆƒ”‡ƒ•ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›ˆ”‘ƒ ‹†‡–ƒŽŽ› ‹ ‹‰ ‘”ƒŽ•™‹–ŠƤ•Ǥ‘—”‹•„‘ƒ–•ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›˜‹•‹–‹‰–Š‡•ƒ‡•‘”‡ŽŽ‹‰ƒ††‹˜‹‰•‹–‡• ƒ ƒ—•‡ damage through anchorage if there are no mooring facilities.

‘—”‹•–—„‡”•ƒ”‡ —””‡–Ž›Ž‘™‘ƒƤƒƒ†‹ŽŽǦ‡ơ‡ –•ˆ”‘•‘”‡ŽŽ‹‰ƒ†ƒ Š‘”•ƒ”‡’”‘„ƒ„Ž›‡‰Ž‹‰‹„Ž‡ to date. However, this may change if numbers start to increase.

3.5 RESEARCH, MONITORING AND DATA MANAGEMENT

With the exception of the Frontier–Tanzania programme (1980–1993), research carried out in the marine ’ƒ”Šƒ•„‡‡•’‘”ƒ†‹ ƒ†‘ˆ–‡™‹–Š‘—–’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ””‡•‡ƒ” Š’”‹‘”‹–‹‡•Ǥ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ–Š‡”‡Šƒ•„‡‡ƒ emphasis on basic research on resources with a limited quantitative information on livelihoods, demography and resource–use trends. For example, artisanal catch data collected during the early 1990s was not adequately monitored and maintained.

General Management Plan MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK 27 ”‘ƒƒƒ‰‡‡–’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”†‡ƒ†ˆ‘”ǣ

z ƒ•‹ ‘‰‘‹‰‘‹–‘”‹‰‘ˆƒŽŽˆ‘”•‘ˆ”‡•‘—” ‡Ȃ—•‡ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›Ƥ•Š ƒ– Š‡•Ǣ z ƒ•‹ ‘‰‘‹‰‘‹–‘”‹‰‘ˆƒ”‹‡ƒ†ˆ‘”‡•–Šƒ„‹–ƒ– ‘†‹–‹‘Ǣ z ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘Ž‘ ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡Ȃ—•‡’ƒ––‡”•ƒ†’”ƒ –‹ ‡•„‘–Š–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽƒ†”‡ ‡–Ǣ z ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘Š—ƒ†‡‘‰”ƒ’Š›ƒ†Ž‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†•Ǣ z Research into both sea and fossil coral mining, including an assessment of available resources and –Š‡‹’ƒ –•ƒ†”ƒ–‡•‘ˆ”‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŠ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ•‡ƒ ‘”ƒŽ‹‹‰Ǣ z –—†‹‡•‘ƒ‰”‘˜‡—–‹Ž‹•ƒ–‹‘‡‡†•ƒ†–”‡†•Ǣ z •–—†›‘–Š‡•–ƒ–—•‘ˆˆ”‡•Š™ƒ–‡””‡•‘—” ‡•ƒ”‘—†–‡†‡Ǣ z Oceanographical studies z A study on marine biodiversity and species and larval distribution patterns.

‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š–Š‡ƒ–‹ ƒ”‡ƒ•ƒ›„‡„‡›‘†–Š‡ ƒ’ƒ ‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”ƒƒ‰‡‡– hence, collaboration with relevant research institutions is essential, both in terms of conducting research and developing database facilities.

28 MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK General Management Plan General Management Plan MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK 29 CHAPTER 4

PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES

Š‡•–ƒ”–‹‰’‘‹–‹‹†‡–‹ˆ›‹‰–Š‡’—”’‘•‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒƤƒ •Žƒ†ƒ”‹‡ƒ”‹•‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž›–‘”‡ˆ‡”–Š‡‰—‹†‹‰ Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡ƒ”‹‡ƒ”•ƒ†‡•‡”˜‡• –‘Ǥ͖͝‘ˆ͕͘͝͝Ǥ

4.1 THE PURPOSE OF MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK

Š‡ƒ”‹‡ƒ”•ƒ†‡•‡”˜‡• –‘Ǥ͖͝‘ˆ͕͘͝͝’”‘˜‹†‡•ȏ—†‡”•‡ –‹‘͕͔Ȑ–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ’—”’‘•‡•ˆ‘” ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹‰ƒŽŽƒ”‹‡’ƒ”•ƒ†”‡•‡”˜‡•‹ƒœƒ‹ƒǤŠ‡•‡•ƒ‡’—”’‘•‡•ƒ”‡ƒ†‘’–‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒƤƒ •Žƒ†ƒ”‹‡ƒ”ǡƒ‡Ž›Ǣ

i) to protect, conserve, and restore the species and genetic diversity of living and non living marine ”‡•‘—” ‡•ƒ†–Š‡‡ ‘•›•–‡’”‘ ‡••‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‹‡ƒ† ‘ƒ•–ƒŽƒ”‡ƒǢ ‹‹Ȍ –‘ƒƒ‰‡–Š‡ƒ”‹‡ƒ† ‘ƒ•–ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ•‘ƒ•–‘’”‘‘–‡•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ‡š‹•–‹‰”‡•‘—” ‡—•‡Ǣ the recovery of areas and resources that have been over exploited or otherwise damaged and to rehabilitate damaged ecosystems. ‹‹‹Ȍ –‘ ‡•—”‡ –Šƒ– ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡”• ƒ† ‘–Š‡” ’ƒ” ”‡•‹†‡–• ƒ”‡ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ ƒŽŽ ’Šƒ•‡• ‘ˆ ’Žƒ‹‰ǡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†ƒƒ‰‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”ǡƒ†Šƒ˜‡’”‹‘”‹–›‹–Š‡”‡•‘—” ‡—•‡ƒ† economic opportunities. ‹˜Ȍ –‘•–‹—Žƒ–‡–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ—†‡”—–‹Ž‹•‡†ƒ–—”ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡•Ǣ v) to promote community orientated education and dissemination of information concerning ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ†•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡—•‡‘ˆ”‡•‘—” ‡•‹–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”Ǣƒ† ˜‹Ȍ –‘ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡”‡•‡ƒ” Šƒ†‘‹–‘””‡•‘—” ‡ ‘†‹–‹‘•ƒ†—•‡•™‹–Š‹–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”Ǥ

ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒ•ƒ‘—– ‘‡‘ˆƒ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‘”›’Žƒ‹‰™‘”•Š‘’Š‡Ž†ƒ–ƒƤƒ •Žƒ†‘†‰‡‹‡’–‡„‡” ͕͝͝͝ǡ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰™‡”‡ƒ††‡†–‘–Š‡•’‡ ‹Ƥ ’—”’‘•‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒƤƒ •Žƒ†ƒ”‹‡ƒ”ǣ

vii) to conserve and protect the historic monuments, ruins and other cultural resources that have „‡‡‹†‡–‹Ƥ‡†ƒ•‘ˆ•‹‰‹Ƥ ƒ ‡–‘–Š‡Š‹•–‘”›‘ˆƒƤƒ •Žƒ†Ǣƒ† viii) to facilitate the development of appropriate eco–tourism.

To clarify how these 8 purposes will be synthesised in a coherent approach, the following integrated goal is ƒ†‘’–‡†ˆ‘” ǣ

4.2. THE GOAL OF MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK

Š‡‰‘ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒƤƒ •Žƒ†ƒ”‹‡ƒ”‹•–‘ ‘•‡”˜‡–Š‡†‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡƒ„—†ƒ ‡ƒ†ˆ— –‹‘‘ˆƒŽŽ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ and biological resources, in order that they may continue to be enjoyed and productively utilised by present and future generations.

4.3 MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES

Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰†‡–ƒ‹Ž‡†‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡•ƒ‹–‘ˆ—ŽƤŽ–Š‡͜’—”’‘•‡•‘—–Ž‹‡†ƒ„‘˜‡‹•‡ –‹‘͘Ǥ͕‰‹˜‹‰–Š‡ Ž‡ƒ”‡” ˆ‘ —•ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡ƒƤƒ •Žƒ†ƒ”‹‡ƒ”ǤŠ‡•‡‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡•‰—‹†‡–Š‡†‹”‡ –‹‘ƒ† content of the implementation actions and strategies outlined in Chapter 5.

–‹•—†‡”•–‘‘†ǡ™‹–Š‘—–•–ƒ–‹‰‹–ƒ•ƒ•’‡ ‹Ƥ ‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ǡ–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”™‹ŽŽƒ–ƒŽŽ–‹‡•‡†‡ƒ˜‘—”–‘ ƒ‹–ƒ‹ƒ‡ơ‡ –‹˜‡ƒ†Ƥƒ ‹ƒŽŽ›‡ƥ ‹‡–•–ƒơƒ†‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ǡ–‘’”‘˜‹†‡–Š‡‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ„ƒ•‹•ƒ† •—„•‡“—‡–Ž›ˆ—ŽƤŽ–Š‡‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡•‘—–Ž‹‡†„‡Ž‘™Ǥ

30 MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK General Management Plan 4.3.1. Objectives for conserving biodiversity and ecosystem processes

‹‘†‹˜‡”•‹–›ƒ†‡ ‘•›•–‡ ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡†‡Ƥ‹‰‰‘ƒŽ•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”Ǥ‘™„‹‘†‹˜‡”•‹–› hotspots such as the Chole Bay coral reefs and Mlola Forest are currently threatened by destructive resource– —•‡ –‡ Š‹“—‡• ƒ† ‘˜‡”Ǧ‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ – –Š‡ •ƒ‡ –‹‡ •‹‰‹Ƥ ƒ– ‰ƒ’• ”‡ƒ‹ ‹ ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ –‡ Š‹ ƒŽ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ǤŠ‡‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡•—†‡”–Š‹•’—”’‘•‡ƒ”‡ǣ

‹Ȍ –‘†‘ —‡–ƒŽŽ‡†ƒ‰‡”‡†ǡ–Š”‡ƒ–‡‡†ƒ† ”‹–‹ ƒŽ•’‡ ‹‡•ƒ†Šƒ„‹–ƒ–•‹–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰„”‡‡†‹‰‰”‘—†•ƒ†•’ƒ™‹‰•‹–‡•Ǣ ii) to ensure all important habitats and species assemblages central to the maintenance of „‹‘†‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡•‘—” ‡•ƒ†‡ ‘•›•–‡•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‹–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”ƒ”‡”‡’”‡•‡–‡†ƒ†‡ơ‡ –‹˜‡Ž› ’”‘–‡ –‡†‹Š‹‰Š‡”Ž‡˜‡Ž’”‘–‡ –‹‘œ‘‡•‘ˆ–Š‡œ‘‹‰• Š‡‡Ǣƒ† iii) to ensure that all other detailed management planning, including alternative livelihood †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†–‘—”‹•ǡ‹•‰—‹†‡†„›ƒ ‘ ‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‹–‡‰”‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”Ǥ

4.3.2 Objectives for Sustainable resource–use and rehabilitation of damaged resources

—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡”‡•‘—” ‡Ȃ—•‡‹•ƒ‘–Š‡”†‡Ƥ‹‰‰‘ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒƤƒ •Žƒ†ƒ”‹‡ƒ”Ǥ ”‡ ‡–›‡ƒ”•‘•– ƒ”‹‡ƒ†ˆ‘”‡•–”‡•‘—” ‡•™‹–Š‹–Š‡’ƒ”ƒ”‡ƒŠƒ˜‡„‡‡‹•‹‰‹Ƥ ƒ–†‡ Ž‹‡ǤŠ‡ ƒ—•‡•ƒ”‡†‡•–”— –‹˜‡ resource–use and over–exploitation. This has undermined the livelihoods of resident communities and ’‘•‡†ƒ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰–Š”‡ƒ––‘ ‘†‹–‹‘‘ˆ‡›ƒ–—”ƒŽŠƒ„‹–ƒ–•ǤŠ‡‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡•—†‡”–Š‹•’—”’‘•‡ƒ”‡ǣ i) to maintain the diversity and abundance of economically important species within the marine ’ƒ”ǡ„‘–Šƒ”‹‡ƒ†–‡””‡•–”‹ƒŽǢ ii) to broaden the income base for resident communities and ensure that groups currently over ‡š’Ž‘‹–‹‰”‡•‘—” ‡•ǡ‹’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”ǡƒ “—‹”‡ƒ ‡••–‘‡™‡ ‘‘‹ ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•Ǣ iii) to regulate to sustainable levels the use of potentially unsustainable resource–extraction –‡ Š‹“—‡•ǡ•— Šƒ• ‘”ƒŽ‹‹‰ǡ•‡‹‡Ȃ‡–Ƥ•Š‹‰ƒ†Šƒ”˜‡•–‹‰‘ˆˆ‘”‡•–’”‘†— –•ǡƒ†™Š‡”‡ ‡ ‡••ƒ”›”‡’Žƒ ‡–Š‡™‹–Š•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡•Ǣ iv) to promote rehabilitation of the condition and productivity of degraded habitats such as damaged or bleached coral reefs and degraded forest areas.

4.3.3 Objectives for community participation in management and access to resources

‘—‹–›’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘‹•–Š‡–Š‹”††‡Ƥ‹‰‰‘ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”ǤŠ‡’ƒ”Šƒ•ƒ——•—ƒŽŽ›Š‹‰Š—„‡” of people residents within its boundaries by comparison with other protected areas. Most of the residents are directly dependent on natural resource exploitation for their livelihoods. The support and collaboration of local communities is central to achieving conservation and sustainable resource–use goals. The objectives —†‡”–Š‹•’—”’‘•‡ƒ”‡ǣ

‹Ȍ –‘ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡ Ž‘ ƒŽ ”‡•‹†‡–• ƒ† ‘–Š‡” •–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”• ‹ ‘•—Ž–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† †‡ ‹•‹‘Ȃƒ‹‰ ‹ ƒ ‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž™ƒ›ǡ ƒ† ™Š‡”‡ ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ –‘ ƒ ‘‘†ƒ–‡–Š‡‹” ˜‹‡™•ǡ ‹†‡ƒ•ǡ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•Ǣ ii) to ensure local communities have priority access to resources and other economic opportunities ™‹–Š‹–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”ǡ’”‘˜‹†‡†–Šƒ––Š‡ ‘—‹–‹‡•‹“—‡•–‹‘Šƒ˜‡–Š‡”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– ƒ’ƒ ‹–› and provided that it does not disadvantage inward investment. iii) to ensure gender considerations are placed at the centre of management planning, community ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ƒ†”‡•‘—” ‡ƒŽŽ‘ ƒ–‹‘Ǣ ‹˜Ȍ –Šƒ–Ž‘ ƒŽ ‘—‹–‹‡•–ƒ‡‘‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›ˆ‘”•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡”‡•‘—” ‡ƒƒ‰‡‡–ǡ ‡ˆ‘” ‡‡–‘ˆ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•ƒ†’”‘–‡ –‹‘‘ˆ‡›Šƒ„‹–ƒ–•Ǥ

General Management Plan MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK 31 4.3.4 Objectives for under–utilised resources development

Š‡ƒ‹Ž‘‰Ȃ–‡”–Š”‡ƒ––‘Šƒ„‹–ƒ– ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ†”‡•‘—” ‡•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‹–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”•‹•‘˜‡”Ǧ exploitation of resources, especially those associated with coral reefs, mangroves and forests. There is a need to broaden the income and resource base for resident communities. One way to achieve this may be to develop under-utilised resources. Within this it is understood that economic development per se is not ‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž›™‹–Š‹–Š‡”‡•‘—” ‡•‘”ƒ†ƒ–‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”except™Š‡”‡‹–‹••’‡ ‹Ƥ ƒŽŽ›–ƒ”‰‡–‡†ƒ– ”‡Ž‹‡˜‹‰’”‡••—”‡‘‘˜‡”Ȃ‡š’Ž‘‹–‡†”‡•‘—” ‡•ǤŠ‡‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡•—†‡”–Š‹•’—”’‘•‡ƒ”‡ǣ

‹Ȍ –Šƒ–—†‡”Ȃ—–‹Ž‹•‡†ƒ–—”ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡•™‹–Š‹ƒ†ƒ”‘—†–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡• ˆ‘”ƒ”‹ —Ž–—”‡ǡƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ǡ•‹Ž˜‹ —Ž–—”‡‘”ƒ‰”‘Ȃˆ‘”‡•–”›ǡƒ”‡•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž›†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†Ǣ ‹‹Ȍ –Šƒ––Š‡„‡‡Ƥ–•ˆ”‘‹‘˜ƒ–‹˜‡’”‘Œ‡ –•ƒ”‡•’‡ ‹Ƥ ƒŽŽ›†‹”‡ –‡†–‘™ƒ”†•”‡•‹†‡–•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹ unsustainable–resource, so as to relieve pressure from over–exploited resources.

4.3.5 Objectives for promoting environmental education and information sharing

Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”Šƒ•ƒŽƒ”‰‡ƒ†˜ƒ”‹‡†–›’‡•‘ˆ•–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”•ǡ™‹–Šƒ™‹†‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ‹–‡”‡•–•ǤŠ‡ƒ –‹˜‡ ‘Ȃ ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†•—’’‘”–‘ˆƒŽŽ•–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”•‹• ”‹–‹ ƒŽˆƒ –‘”‹ˆ—ŽƤŽŽ‹‰–Š‡’ƒ”ǯ•’”‹ƒ”›‰‘ƒŽ•Ǥ –‹•‹’‘”–ƒ– –Šƒ–ƒŽŽ•–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”•Šƒ˜‡ƒ Ž‡ƒ”—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡’—”’‘•‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”ƒ†–Š‡”‘Ž‡–Š‡› ƒ’Žƒ› ‹‹–•‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡•—†‡”–Š‹•’—”’‘•‡ƒ”‡–Šƒ–ǣ

‹Ȍ ‘—‹–›—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡’—”’‘•‡‘ˆƒ”‹‡’ƒ”ǡ‹–•‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒ†–Š‡Ž‘‰Ȃ–‡” ‹’ƒ –•‘ˆ—•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡”‡•‘—” ‡Ȃ—•‡ǡ‹•‡Šƒ ‡†Ǣ

‹‹Ȍ –‘—”‹•–•ǯƒ†˜‹•‹–‘”•ǯ‡Œ‘›‡–ƒ†—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”‡˜‹”‘‡–‹•‡Šƒ ‡† ƒ†‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ†ƒ––”ƒ –‹˜‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹•”‡ƒ†‹Ž›ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡Ǣ

‹‹‹Ȍ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‹• ‡š Šƒ‰‡† „‡–™‡‡   ƒ† ƒŽŽ •–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡” ‰”‘—’• ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ‘—‹–‹‡•ǡ tourism operators and other commercial investors, in a free and transparent manner.

4.3.6 Objectives for research and monitoring of resource condition and use

Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”‡˜‹”‘‡–ǡƒ†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ƒŽ•‘‹–•ƒƒ‰‡‡–ƒ‰‡†ƒǡ‹• ‘’Ž‡šƒ††›ƒ‹ ǡ’ƒ”–Ž› because of the nature of marine systems and partly the large number of people active within its boundaries. Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”ƒƒ‰‡‡–—•–„‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘”‡•’‘†–‘ Šƒ‰‡•™‹–Šƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ƒƒ‰‡‡–‡ƒ•—”‡•Ǥ ‘†‘–Š‹•‹–‡‡†•”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡• ‹‡–‹Ƥ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡—†‡”–Š‹•’—”’‘•‡‹•–Šƒ–ǣ

‹Ȍ †‡“—ƒ–‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‹•ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡–‘–Š‡’ƒ”ƒƒ‰‡‡––‘ƒŽŽ‘™‹–ǣ z –‘†‡Ƥ‡ƒ†‘‹–‘” ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‰‘ƒŽ•Ǣ z –‘ƒ• ‡”–ƒ‹•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ”‡•‘—” ‡Ȃ—•‡Ǣƒ† z –‘–”ƒ  Šƒ‰‡•‹–Š‡’”‡˜ƒ‹Ž‹‰•‘ ‹‘Ȃ‡ ‘‘‹ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

4.3.7 Objectives for cultural resources conservation

Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”ƒ”‡ƒŠƒ•ƒŽ‘‰Š‹•–‘”›‘ˆŠ—ƒ•‡––Ž‡‡–†ƒ–‹‰„ƒ ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•––‘–Š‡͕͗th century. The sites of ancient settlements and surviving ruins remain of high cultural importance to today’s communities, ƒ†ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘‘ˆ‹–‡”‡•––‘˜‹•‹–‘”•ƒ†–‘—”‹•–•ǤŠ‡‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡•—†‡”–Š‹•’—”’‘•‡ƒ”‡–Šƒ–ǣ

‹Ȍ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ”‡•‘—” ‡• ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ ƒ”‹‡ ’ƒ” ƒ”‡ ‹†‡–‹Ƥ‡† ƒ† –Š‡‹” ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ †‡–‡”‹‡† ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡‹”Ž‘ ƒŽǡƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ†‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•‹‰‹Ƥ ƒ ‡Ǣƒ† ii) the integrity of all cultural and historical resources, including ruins and sacred sites, is maintained according to traditional requirements.

32 MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK General Management Plan 4.3.8 Objectives for appropriate eco–tourism development

Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”ǯ•”‡•‘—” ‡•ƒ”‡ƒ•‹‰‹Ƥ ƒ––‘—”‹•ƒ••‡–ǤŠ‡›’”‘˜‹†‡ƒ‘’’‘”–—‹–›ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ† foreign visitors to enjoy a premier natural environment, and can potentially generate revenue nationally, for –Š‡‹•–”‹ –ƒ†ˆ‘”Ž‘ ƒŽ ‘—‹–‹‡•ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”ǤŠ‡‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡•—†‡”–Š‹•’—”’‘•‡ƒ”‡Ǣ

i) sustainable and environmentally sound tourism is successfully developed and maintained within –Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”Ǣ ‹‹Ȍ Ž‘ ƒŽ ‘—‹–‹‡••Šƒ”‡‹–Š‡„‡‡Ƥ–•–Šƒ–ƒ ”—‡ˆ”‘–‘—”‹•™‹–Š‹–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”Ǣƒ† iii) the impact of tourism development on the integrity of the physical and cultural environment is minimised.

General Management Plan MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK 33 CHAPTE R 5

MANAGEMENT ACTIONS AND STRATEGIES

Š‡ƒ –‹‘•ƒ†•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•‘—–Ž‹‡†‹–Š‹• Šƒ’–‡”†‡• ”‹„‡Š‘™–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”™‹ŽŽ‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•–Šƒ– will achieve the objectives outlined in the previous chapter. The actions and strategies will act as guidance ˆ‘”–Š‡’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–”ƒ–‡‰‹ Žƒƒ†ƒ—ƒŽ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ’Žƒ•ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”Ǥ

5.1 GUIDING PRINCIPLES FOR MIMP MANAGEMENT ACTIONS AND STRATEGIES

Š‡͜’—”’‘•‡•ƒ†•—„•‹†‹ƒ”›‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡•‘—–Ž‹‡†‹Šƒ’–‡”͘’”‡•‡–ƒ ‘’Ž‡šƒ†’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ› ‘ƪ‹ –‹‰ ‹–‡”‡•–•ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”Ǥ ‹’Ž‡‡–‹‰–Š‹• ‹–™‹ŽŽ„‡‹’‘”–ƒ––‘‹†‡–‹ˆ›ƒˆ”ƒ‡™‘”–Šƒ–™‹ŽŽ ’‡”‹–‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†’”‹‘”‹–‹•ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡†‹ơ‡”‡– ‘’‘‡–•Ǥ

Š‡ƒ”Šƒ•ƒ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›Žƒ”‰‡ ‘—‹–›‘ˆ‘˜‡”͖͗ǡ͔͔͔’‡‘’Ž‡”‡•‹†‹‰™‹–Š‹–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”„‘—†ƒ”›Ǥ The majority of these people are substantially dependent on utilising the very same marine, and to a lesser ‡š–‡–ˆ‘”‡•–ǡ”‡•‘—” ‡•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡–Š‡ˆ‘ —•‘ˆ ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‡ơ‘”–•Ǥ‘‡” ‹ƒŽƤ•Š’”‘ ‡••‹‰ƒ†–‘—”‹• ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•ǡ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›„‡‡Ƥ ‹ƒŽ–‘–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡”‡•‘—” ‡Ȃ—•‡™‹–Š‹–Š‡’ƒ”ǡˆ—”–Š‡” ‘’Ž‹ ƒ–‡–Š‡ ƒ•–‘ˆ•–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”•ǤŠ‡•‡ˆƒ –• Ž‡ƒ”Ž›”ƒ‹•‡–Š‡’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ”‡•‘—” ‡Ǧ—•‡ ‘ƪ‹ –•‹ conservation, tourism development, and exploitation. Eventuality all these can be minimised by adhering to the following principles.

z Adoption of an integrated, multiple-user approach, especially through application of a zoning scheme

–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ‹–‡”‡•–•™‹–Š‹–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”ƒ”‡ƒ†‡ƒ†•—Ž–‹’Ž‡Ȃ—•‡”ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–Šƒ–‹• inclusive but regulatory. This is customarily achieved in practice through application of user–zones, aiming to ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ› ‘ƪ‹ –‹‰Ǯ—•‡•ǯ„›•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‰–Š‡•’ƒ–‹ƒŽŽ›ǤŠ‡ œ‘‹‰• Š‡‡‹•‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‡† in greater details in Chapter 7.

z Collaborative management and community participation

ơ‡ –‹˜‡‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†—Ž–‹Ȃ—•‡”ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š™‹ŽŽ†‡’‡†‘–Š‡ƒ –‹˜‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡–‘ˆƒŽŽ •–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”‰”‘—’•‹–Š‡’Žƒ‹‰ƒ†‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘’”‘ ‡••ǡ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›”‡•‹†‡– ‘—‹–‹‡•ǡƒ†ƒŽ•‘ ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ–‘—”‹•ƒ†Ƥ•Š‡”‹‡•‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•ǤŠ‡ƒ”‹‡ƒ”•ƒ†‡•‡”˜‡• –‘Ǥ͖͝‘ˆ͕͘͝͝’”‘˜‹†‡• that these groups are represented on both the Board of Trustees and the Advisory committee. The marine ’ƒ”™‹ŽŽ—†‡”–ƒ‡”‡‰—Žƒ” ‘•—Ž–ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡•‡‰”‘—’•ǤŠ‹• ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š™‹ŽŽ‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž› extend to other parts of the government, particularly at district level, including the judiciary and the police, but also at regional and national level.

5.2. MANAGEMENT ACTIONS AND STRATEGIES

‘”‡ơ‡ –‹˜‡‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‹•”‡˜‹•‡† ǡ ™‹ŽŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’ƒ –‹‘’Žƒ•™Š‹ Š™‹ŽŽƒ”–‹ —Žƒ–‡–Š‡ ’”‘‰”ƒ•ƒ†’”‘Œ‡ –•–‘„‡—•‡†–‘ƒ††”‡••–Š‡”‡•‘—” ‡ƒƒ‰‡‡–‹••—‡•‹†‡–‹Ƥ‡†‹–Š‡ƒ”ƒ†–‘ ˆ—ŽƤŽŽ–Š‡‡š’‡ –ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ•–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”•ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•’—”’‘•‡•ƒ†’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‹‘Ǥƒ Š‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ –‹‘’Žƒ• will be composed of strategies sharing common management objectives and activities, in order to accomplish ‘‘‰‘ƒŽ•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”Ǥ

Nonetheless, general actions and strategies for the achievement of the objectives set out in Chapter 4 are outlined in the following sections 5. 2.1 – 5. 2.8.

5.2.1. Action and Strategies to conserve biodiversity and ecosystem processes

Action: ‘†— –•–‘ ƒ••‡••‡–‘ˆƒŒ‘”ƒ”‹‡Ƥ•Š•’‡ ‹‡•ƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡ơ‡ –‹˜‡†ƒ–ƒƒ†‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ƪ‘™•›•–‡–‘‡Šƒ ‡”‡•‘—” ‡ ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ†’”‘†— –‹˜‹–›Ǥ

34 MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK General Management Plan Strategies:

z †‡–‹ˆ› ”‹–‹ ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ•ǡŠƒ„‹–ƒ–•ƒ†•‹–‡•„›‡š–‡†‹‰‡š‹•–‹‰‘™Ž‡†‰‡‘ǣ

o –Š‡†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆƒ”‹‡ƒ†–‡””‡•–”‹ƒŽ„‹‘†‹˜‡”•‹–›™‹–Š‹–Š‡’ƒ”Ǣ

o the status and distribution of species and habitats considered to be endangered, threatened ƒ†Ȁ‘” ”‹–‹ ƒŽǡ™Š‡–Š‡”‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ›‘”Ž‘ ƒŽŽ›Ǣ

o –Š‡•–ƒ–—•‹–Š‡˜‹ ‹‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”‘ˆŠ‹‰Š’”‘ƤŽ‡–ƒ”‰‡–•’‡ ‹‡••— Šƒ•–—”–Ž‡•ǡ•Šƒ”•ǡ”ƒ›•ǡ ‰”‘—’‡”•ǡ†—‰‘‰ǡ™ŠƒŽ‡•Šƒ”•ƒ††‘Ž’Š‹•Ǣ

o ecological processes responsible for maintaining the productivity and diversity of marine and terrestrial resources, including spawning grounds, current patterns, seed and larvae dispersal, reproductive cycles etc.

z Systematically identify threats of critical habitats, species and ecosystem processes.

z Eliminate resource–use practices that are damaging critical habitats, species, and ecosystem processes, whether physically, chemically or otherwise.

z Separate other incompatible activities from critical habitats through the zoning scheme and limit ’”‡••—”‡‘•’‡ ‹Ƥ‡†Ǧ—•‡œ‘‡•–Š”‘—‰Š’‡”‹–•Ǥ

z ƒ‹–ƒ‹ ‡ơ‡ –‹˜‡ ‡ˆ‘” ‡‡– ‘ˆ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•ǡ ‘”†‡”• ƒ† ƒ‰”‡‡‡–• –Š”‘—‰Š ’ƒ–”‘ŽŽ‹‰ ƒ† community-based enforcement.

z •—”‡–Šƒ–ƒŽŽ•—„•‹†‹ƒ”›’Žƒ•ƒ”‡‰—‹†‡†„› ‘ ‡”•ˆ‘”–Š‡‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‹–‡‰”‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ” ‹ Ž—†‹‰  —‹†‡Ž‹‡•ǡ–Š‡‘—”‹•ƒƒ‰‡‡–Žƒǡƒ†Žƒ†—–‹Ž‹•ƒ–‹‘’Žƒ•Ǥ

z Establish conservation plans for turtle and other species where necessary.

z †‡”–ƒ‡”‡‰—Žƒ”‘‹–‘”‹‰‘ˆ‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•‘ˆ„‹‘†‹˜‡”•‹–›ƒ† ”‹–‹ ƒŽŠƒ„‹–ƒ– ‘†‹–‹‘Ǥ

z Monitor trends in aquaculture development in relation to potential impacts.

5.2.2 Action and Strategies to promote enforcement, sustainable resource–use and rehabilitate damaged resources

Action: ‡˜‡Ž‘’ ‘•–Ǧ‡ơ‡ –‹˜‡‘‹–‘”‹‰ǡ‘–”‘Žƒ†—”˜‡‹ŽŽƒ ‡ȋȌ•›•–‡’Žƒ–‘‹•–‹Ž ‘’Ž‹ƒ ‡ to rules and regulations.

Strategies:

z Eliminate blatantly unsustainable and destructive resource–use practices including remnants of †›ƒ‹–‡Ƥ•Š‹‰ǡ„‡ƒ ŠȂ•‡‹‡•ƒ†•Š‹ˆ–‹‰ —Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

z Promote supplementary income generating activities including mariculture, agriculture, tourism– ”‡Žƒ–‡†‡–‡”’”‹•‡•ǡ„‡‡Ȃ‡‡’‹‰ƒ†Šƒ†‹ ”ƒˆ–•–‘„”‘ƒ†‡‹ ‘‡„ƒ•‡ƒ†Ž‡••‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡– in unsustainable resource–use activities.

z Ensure where possible new income generation is targeted at resident groups currently involved in unattainable resource–use.

General Management Plan MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK 35 z ‡˜‡Ž‘’ƒ•–”ƒ–‡‰›ˆ‘”•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡—•‡‘ˆƤ•Š‹‰”‡•‘—” ‡•–Šƒ–‹ Ž—†‡•Ǣ’”‘‘–‹‰ ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽŽ›ˆ”‹‡†Ž›Ƥ•Š‹‰‰‡ƒ”•ǡ–Š”‘—‰Š ‘—‹–›Ȃ„ƒ•‡†–”‹ƒŽ•‘ˆ‹‘˜ƒ–‹˜‡‰‡ƒ”•ǡ‰‡ƒ”• ‡š Šƒ‰‡•• Š‡‡•ǡƒ†•ƒŽŽȂŽ‘ƒ• Š‡‡•Ǣ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‰’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›—•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡‰‡ƒ”•–Š”‘—‰Šƒ permit system.

z Develop a strategy for sustainable use of natural forest and mangrove products that permit limited subsistence level use whilst strongly promoting silviculture and agro-forestry alternatives.

z Develop a strategy for sustainable use of dead corals in intertidal areas that permits limited subsistence level use whilst strongly promoting alternative building materials.

z Rehabilitate degraded environments, where appropriate through planting and transplantation activities, and possibly temporary closures.

z  Ž—†‡‹‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ƒ–—”ƒŽ‡•‘—” ‡•‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Žƒ•ƒ•–”‘‰‡’Šƒ•‹•‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ sustainable alternatives to existing unsustainable activities.

z ”ƒ‹Ƥ•Š‡”•‘‡ˆ‘” ‡‡––ƒ –‹ •Ǥ

5.2.3 Action and Strategies to ensure community participation in management and community access to resources

Action:‘†— –†‡–ƒ‹Ž‡†•–—†›–‘‹†‡–‹ˆ›ƒ†ƒƒŽ›•‡†‹ơ‡”‡–—•‡”‰”‘—’•„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡‹” ‘‘ ‹–‡”‡•–ˆ‘”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ‡ơ‡ –‹˜‡’”‘’‘”–‹‘ƒŽ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘‹’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‘”›”‡•‘—” ‡ƒƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ

Strategies:

z Establish Village Liaison Committees to promote dialogue, understanding and active co-operation „‡–™‡‡ ‘—‹–‹‡•ƒ†–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”Ǥ

z ‡˜‡Ž‘’ƒƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ˆ‘”ƒŽƒ‰”‡‡‡–™‹–ŠƒƤƒ‹•–”‹ –ƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡•–‘‰—‹†‡’”‘†— –‹˜‡ ‘Ǧ operative relationship that addresses the interests and concerns of both parties.

z Ensure gender issues are placed in the mainstream of all plans.

z ‹˜‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ””‡•‹†‡–•’”‹‘”‹–›ƒ ‡••–‘”‡•‘—” ‡•‹œ‘‹‰• Š‡‡”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•Ǥ

z Encourage and facilitate local residents’ involvement in sustainable tourism enterprises and other emerging economic opportunities, as a means to broaden residents’ revenue base and relieve ’”‡••—”‡ˆ”‘‘˜‡”Ǧ‡š’Ž‘‹–‡†•–‘ •Ǥ

z ••‡••ƒ†’”‘‘–‡‘’–‹‘•„›™Š‹ ŠŽ‘ ƒŽ ‘—‹–‹‡• ƒ‰ƒ‹‰”‡ƒ–‡” ‘–”‘Ž‘˜‡”–Š‡ƒ”‡–‹‰ ‘ˆƤǦƤ•Šƒ†‘–Š‡”ƒ”‹‡”‡•‘—” ‡•Ǥ

z •—”‡–Šƒ––Š‡”‡‹•ƒ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹†‹‰‡‘—•‘™Ž‡†‰‡™‹–Š• ‹‡–‹Ƥ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡‹–Š‡’Žƒ‹‰ of sustainable resource use strategies.

z ‘ —‡––”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽƤ•Š‹‰‰”‘—†•ƒ†‹ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡–Š‡‹–‘Ƥ•Š‡”‹‡•ƒƒ‰‡‡–’Žƒ•™Š‡”‡ it is harmonious with the objectives of sustainability and biodiversity conservation.

z Develop community-based collaborative enforcement mechanisms to enhance compliance with ’ƒ””‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•Ǥ

36 MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK General Management Plan 5.2.4 Action and Strategies to develop eco-tourism

Action:’‘™‡”’ƒ””‡•‹†‡–•–‘„‡ ‘‡ƒ –‹˜‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ƒ†„‡‡Ƥ ‹ƒ”‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‰”‘™‹‰‡ ‘Ǧ tourism industry.

Strategies:

z —’’‘”––‘—”‹•‘’‡”ƒ–‘”•‹–Š‡’”‘‘–‹‘ƒ†ƒ”‡–‹‰‘ˆƒ†‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ–‘—”‹•ƒ––”ƒ –‹‘•ǡ such as dive-sites, ruins, wildlife and local culture etc.

z Collaborate with tourism operators, where appropriate, to develop public tourism facilities, such as nature trails, jetties and mooring sites.

z ”ƒ‹’ƒ”•–ƒơƒ†Ž‘ ƒŽ–‘—”‘’‡”ƒ–‘”•–‘‹–‡”ƒ –™‹–Š˜‹•‹–‘”•‹ƒ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽǡ ‘—”–‡‘—•ƒ† constructive manner.

z Actively assist investors in following correct procedures for new developments and ensure that –Š‡› ‘’Ž›™‹–Š ‰—‹†‡Ž‹‡•ƒ†”‡“—‹”‡‡–•Ǥ

z Facilitate dialogue between communities and tour operators to ensure that resident communities •Šƒ”‡‹–Š‡‡ ‘‘‹ „‡‡Ƥ–•‘ˆ–‘—”‹•Ǥ

z ‡˜‡Ž‘’ƒ•›•–‡–‘”‡ ‘”†ƒ†‘‹–‘”˜‹•‹–‘”•ǯ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”Ǥ

z ‡˜‡Ž‘’”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•ǡˆ‘”‘–‹Ƥ ƒ–‹‘—†‡”–Š‡ƒ”‹‡ƒ”•ƒ†‡•‡”˜‡• –Ǥ‘Ǥ͖͝‘ˆ͕͘͝͝ ‘˜‡”‹‰Ǣ –Š‡†‡•‹‰‘ˆ–‘—”‹•ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–‹‡•ǡ—–‹Ž‹–‹‡•ƒ†ƒ‡‹–‹‡•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰ˆ”‡•Š™ƒ–‡”•—’’Ž›Ǣ†‹•’‘•ƒŽ‘ˆ•‘Ž‹† ™ƒ•–‡ǡ™ƒ•–‡™ƒ–‡”ƒ†•‡™ƒ‰‡Ǣ˜‹•—ƒŽƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡‘ˆ„—‹Ž†‹‰•Ǣ™ƒ–‡”Ǧ•’‘”–•Ǣ‹•–ƒŽŽƒ–‹‘‘ˆŒ‡––‹‡• ƒ†‘‘”‹‰•‹–‡•‡– ǤŽ•‘ ‘˜‡”‹‰„”‘ƒ†‡”‹••—‡•”‡Žƒ–‹‰–‘–Š‡ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ  —‹†‡Ž‹‡•ˆ‘” ƒ”‹‡ƒ”•ƒ†‡•‡”˜‡•ǡƒ†–Š‡ƒ’’”‘˜ƒŽƒ†‡ˆ‘” ‡‡–‘ˆ ”‡ ‘‡†ƒ–‹‘•Ǣ

z ‡˜‡Ž‘’ƒ‹•‹–‘”ƒƒ‰‡‡–Žƒ–Šƒ– ƒ’–—”‡•–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡‹••—‡•ǡƒ†ƒŽ•‘ ‘˜‡”•Ǣ•ƒˆ‡–›”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•ǡ ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›ˆ‘”™ƒ–‡”•’‘”–•ƒ†’”‘ ‡†—”‡•‹–Š‡‡˜‡–‘ˆƒ‡‡”‰‡ ›Ǣ ƒ””›‹‰ ƒ’ƒ ‹–›ƒ†Ž‹‹–• ‘ˆƒ ‡’–ƒ„Ž‡—•‡Ǣ ‘†‡•‘ˆ ‘†— –ˆ‘”–‘—”‹•–•ƒ†–‘—”‹•‘’‡”ƒ–‘”•Ǣ

z ‡˜‡Ž‘’ƒƒ†–‹Ž‹•ƒ–‹‘Žƒˆ‘” –Šƒ–‹†‡–‹Ƥ‡•ƒ”‡ƒ•ˆ‘”’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ–‘—”‹•—•‡Ǥ

z Develop a strategy with District authorities, tourism operators and communities to manage and where necessary regulate settlement into villages in the vicinity of tourism development.

5.2.5 Action and Strategies to promote community education and information sharing

Action: Conduct Situation analysis, Training Needs Assessment and develop outreach training programme on environmental education for communities.

Strategies:

z Conduct a needs assessment to understand the current status of environmental awareness and education.

z ‡˜‡Ž‘’ƒ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†’”‘‰”ƒ‡‘ˆ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ‡†— ƒ–‹‘–Šƒ–Ǣ †‡–‹Ƥ‡•ƒ†–ƒ”‰‡–•’”‹‘”‹–› groups within the community, such as schools, women groups, village elders, judiciary and resource- users and disseminate the information generated through newsletters, brochures, schools materials, –‡ƒ Š‡”–”ƒ‹‹‰ƒ†˜‹•—ƒŽ‡†‹ƒ‡– ǤǢ

General Management Plan MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK 37 z ”‘‘–‡ ƒ —Ž–—”‡ ‘ˆ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǧ•Šƒ”‹‰ ƒ† –”ƒ•’ƒ”‡ › ‹ †‡ ‹•‹‘Ǧƒ‹‰ –Š”‘—‰Š ”‡‰—Žƒ” †‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡™‹–ŠƒŽŽ•–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”•Ǥ

z Develop incentives or small-scale award schemes for best environmental practice.

z ‡˜‡Ž‘’ ƒ   ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‡–”‡ –Šƒ– ’”‘˜‹†‡• †‹•’Žƒ› ƒ† –ƒ‡Ǧ™ƒ› ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ –‘ visitors.

5.2.6 Action and Strategies to develop under-utilised resources.

Action: Promote sustainable livelihood in communities.

Strategies:

z †‡–‹ˆ›ƒ†ƒ••‡••—†‡”Ǧ—–‹Ž‹•‡†”‡•‘—” ‡•‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š‡‹”†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ǡƒ„—†ƒ ‡ƒ†’‘–‡–‹ƒŽˆ‘” sustainable exploitation.

z Focus the development of under-utilised resources on relieving pressure on existing over-exploited ”‡•‘—” ‡•ǡƒ††‹”‡ –„‡‡Ƥ–•–‘”‡•‹†‡–‰”‘—’•‘•–ƒơ‡ –‡†„›œ‘‹‰ƒ†‘–Š‡””‡•–”‹ –‹‘•Ǥ

z Develop Village Natural Resource Development Plans in conjunction with communities in order to co-ordinate the development of sustainable resource–use and to guide provision to villages of funds from the Conservation and Development Trust Fund.

z ‡˜‡Ž‘’ ƒ ƒ† –‹Ž‹•ƒ–‹‘ Žƒ ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ ƒ”‹‡ ’ƒ” „‘—†ƒ”›ǡ ™‹–Š ‹•–”‹ – —–Š‘”‹–‹‡• ƒ† communities, to provide guidance as to the type of development permitted in given areas including all tourism, commercial and local development.

z Encourage and facilitate private sector involvement in developing under-utilised resources where it is in the interest of resident communities. Where appropriate identify investors and provide guidance for establishing operations.

z ƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡–Š‡‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆƒ”‡–•ˆ‘”—†‡”Ǧ—–‹Ž‹•‡†”‡•‘—” ‡•Ǥ

z Develop regulations to control potentially harmful aspects of resource utilisation including wastewater, solid waste and sewage disposal, freshwater supply, physical appearance of buildings etc.

z  ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š‹•–”‹ –ƒ—–Š‘”‹–› ‘–”‘Žƒ†”‡‰—Žƒ–‡–Š‡‹‹‰”ƒ–‹‘‹–‘–Š‡ƒ”‹‡ƒ”Ǥ

5.2.7 Action and Strategies to conserve the cultural heritage

Action: Develop cultural heritage development plan.

Strategies:

z †‡–‹ˆ›ƒ† ‘ŽŽƒ–‡ǡ‹ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘™‹–ŠŽ‘ ƒŽ ‘—‹–‹‡•ǡ‡š‹•–‹‰‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘•‹–‡•‘ˆ —Ž–—”ƒŽ •‹‰‹Ƥ ƒ ‡™‹–Š‹–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”Ǥ

z Collaborate with communities and mandated institutions to formulate appropriate management measures to preserve and restore historical and sacred sites.

z Facilitate implementation of appropriate management measures in collaboration with communities, tourism operators and where appropriate, institutions and donors.

38 MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK General Management Plan z  ‘—”ƒ‰‡• ‹‡–‹Ƥ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘•‘Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽƒ† —Ž–—”ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡•Ǥ

z ”ƒ‹•–ƒơ‘–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ƒ†ƒƒ‰‡‡–”‡“—‹”‡‡–•‘ˆ•‹–‡•ƒ†”‡Ž‹ •Ǥ

5.2.8 Action and Strategies to develop research and monitoring

Action: Establish partnership with other institutions to build institutional capacity especially in research and monitoring.

Strategies: z †‡–‹ˆ›–Š‡’”‹‘”‹–‹œ‡‘‹–‘”‹‰ƒ†”‡•‡ƒ” Š–Šƒ–™‹ŽŽ’”‘˜‹†‡ ”‹–‹ ƒŽƒƒ‰‡‡–‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘” –Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰Ǣ–Š‡•–ƒ–—•‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽŠƒ„‹–ƒ–•ƒ†„‹‘†‹˜‡”•‹–›Ǣ•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ—•‡‘ˆ ‹’‘”–ƒ–”‡•‘—” ‡•Ǣ ‘—‹–›†‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ •ƒ†Ž‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†•Ǥ

z •–ƒ„Ž‹•Šƒ‹–‡”ƒŽ‘‹–‘”‹‰•›•–‡–Šƒ–‹•‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†‹–‘”‘—–‹‡’ƒ”‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†”‡’‘”–‹‰ through the permit and user fee system, patrol reports, and participatory resource-use monitoring to allow periodic evaluations of management performance and resource sustainability.

z ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‡™‹–ŠŽ‘ ƒŽƒ†ˆ‘”‡‹‰• ‹‡–‹Ƥ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•–‘ƤŽŽ‘—–•–ƒ†‹‰†ƒ–ƒ”‡“—‹”‡‡–•‘– covered by the internal monitoring capacity.

z Maintain an up-to-date document outlining monitoring and research priorities and circulate it to all potential collaborating research institutions in Tanzania and overseas.

z ”‘˜‹†‡‹ ‡–‹˜‡•–‘ƒ––”ƒ –ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š ƒ’ƒ ‹–›–‘ƒƤƒƒ†–‘‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡‹––‘ˆ‘ —•‘–Š‡ ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”ǯ•”‡•‡ƒ” Š’”‹‘”‹–‹‡•Ǥ

z •–ƒ„Ž‹•Šƒ†ƒ–ƒ„ƒ•‡‘ˆƒŽŽ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–”‡•‡ƒ” Š†ƒ–ƒ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‡†‹–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”Ǥ

General Management Plan MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK 39 CHAPTER 6

MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONAL FRAMEWORK

Š‹• Šƒ’–‡”•‡–•‘—––Š‡ƒƒ‰‡‡–ƒ†‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽˆ”ƒ‡™‘”„›™Š‹ Š–Š‡ƒƒ‰‡‡–’Žƒ™‹ŽŽ„‡ ‹’Ž‡‡–‡†ƒ–Ƥ‡Ž†Ž‡˜‡ŽǤ ƒ ‘”†ƒ ‡™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ”‹‡ƒ”•ƒ†‡•‡”˜‡• –‘Ǥ͖͝‘ˆ͕͘͝͝–Š‡‘ƒ”† ‘ˆ”—•–‡‡•ǡ–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡ƒ”‹‡ƒ”•ƒ†‡•‡”˜‡•‹–ǡ‹•”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒƒ‰‡‡–‘ˆ Ǥƒ› –‘†ƒ›‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”‹•–Š‡”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”†‡Ǧ‹ǦŠƒ”‰‡ǡ•—’’‘”–‡†„›ƒ–‡ƒ‘ˆ ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽƒ†•—’’‘”–•–ƒơ‹–Š‡Ƥ‡Ž†ǤŠ‡ Šƒ’–‡”‹•†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘•‡ –‹‘•ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ

z Legislation and policy planning (6.1) z Organizational structure, roles and responsibilities (6.2) z ƒ”‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†‡ˆ‘” ‡‡–ȋ͚Ǥ͗Ȍ z Communication and information sharing (6.4)

6.1 LEGISLATION AND POLICY PLANNING

6.1.1 Supporting Regulations

The enforcement of this revised general management plan will be in line with General Regulations for the ƒƤƒ •Žƒ†ƒ”‹‡ƒ” ‘˜‡”‹‰ƒ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ‹••—‡•‹ Ž—†‹‰ǣ

z The zoning scheme and resource-use restrictions (outlined in Chapters 7 and 8) z —ƒŽ‹Ƥ ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘””‡•‹†‡ ›ƒ†—•‡” ‡”–‹Ƥ ƒ–‡•ȋ•‡ –‹‘͚Ǥ͗Ǥ͙Ȍ z  ”‡“—‹”‡‡–•ƒ†’”‘ ‡†—”‡•

‹ơ‡”‡–”‡˜‹•‡†”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•ƒ›„‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ƒ–†‹ơ‡”‡––‹‡•ǡ„—– ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ǡ–Š‡›™‹ŽŽ„‡”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘ƒ• the General Regulationsˆ‘”–Š‡ƒƤƒ •Žƒ†ƒ”‹‡ƒ”ǤŠ‡”‡˜‹•‹‘™‹ŽŽ„‡‰—‹†‡†„›•‡ –‹‘•͕͗ǡ͕͜ǡ͕͝ǡ͖͔ǡ ͖͕ƒ†͖͗‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‹‡ƒ”•ƒ†‡•‡”˜‡• –ǡ‘Ǥ͖͝‘ˆ͕͘͝͝ǤŠ‡ƒ”†‡Ǧ‹ǦŠƒ”‰‡ƒ† Ƥ‡Ž†•–ƒơ will initiate the process of revising regulations under the guidance of the Unit Manager, and such revisions ™‹ŽŽ„‡•—„‹––‡†–‘–Š‡†˜‹•‘”›‘‹––‡‡Ǥ ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‘†‹Ƥ ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒ’’”‘˜ƒŽǡ–Š‡’”‘’‘•ƒŽ•™‘—Ž† –Š‡„‡•—„‹––‡†–‘–Š‡ƒ”‹‡ƒ”•ƒ†‡•‡”˜‡•‹–ˆ‘”’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŽ‡‰ƒŽ”‡Ǧ†”ƒˆ–‹‰ƒ†•—„•‡“—‡– •—„‹••‹‘–‘–Š‡‘ƒ”†‘ˆ”—•–‡‡•ˆ‘”ˆ—”–Š‡”‘†‹Ƥ ƒ–‹‘‘”ƒ’’”‘˜ƒŽǤŠ‡‘ƒ”†™‹ŽŽ–Š‡”‡ ‘‡† proposed revised regulations to the Minister for approval and gazetting.

6.1.2 Planning Documents

Š‹•ƒƒ‰‡‡–’Žƒ‹•–Š‡’”‹ ‹’ƒŽ’Žƒ‹‰†‘ —‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒƤƒ •Žƒ†ƒ”‹‡ƒ”Ǥ–Š‡”•—„•‹†‹ƒ”› long-term policy plans and time limited operational plans are referred to in this document, particularly Šƒ’–‡”͙‘‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘•–”ƒ–‡‰›ƒ†‹ Ž—†‡ǣ

z Land Utilisation Plan z Tourism Management Plan z Village Natural Resources Development Plans z Species Conservation Plans (eg. Turtles) as appropriate z Research and Monitoring Plan

Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’„‡–™‡‡–Š‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒ”‹‡ƒ”’Žƒ‹‰†‘ —‡–•‹••—ƒ”‹•‡†ƒ†’”‡•‡–‡† in next page

40 MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK General Management Plan Existing national legislation Key Planned national legislation

Principal Act MIMP planning & policy documents

Marine Parks & Reserves Act No. 29 of MPRU operational documents 1994 Section 14 Mafia Island Marine Park General Management Plan Subsidiary legislation Notified under the Principal Act Section 13 Operational planning documents Marine Parks & Reserves (Mafia Island EIA Marine Park) Declaration Notice, 1996 Guidelines MIMP Annual Operational For TZ Plans Subsequent subsidiary legislation relating Marine Parks To Mafia Island collectively constitutes the MIMP & Reserves Subsidiary long-term “ General Regulations” planning documents Sections Marine Parks & Reserves (user fees) Regulations, 2009 17 & 23 MIMP Tourism Management Plan

Detailed EIA- related requirements & provisions MIMP Land Utilization Plan

Notification of zoning scheme and resource-use regulations Section 19 Village Natural Resources Development Plans Regulations relating to resident registration & user certificates (Section numbers above refer to Special Conservation Plans (eg. Other regulations indicated by sections 13,18,19.21,23 etc Marine Parks & Reserves Act) Turtles)

6.2 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE, ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

6.2.1 The Board of Trustees and the Marine Parks and Reserves Unit

Š‡‘ƒ”†‘ˆ”—•–‡‡•ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‡•’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•‘ƒŽŽƒ”‹‡ƒ”•ƒ†‡•‡”˜‡•‹–Š‡ ‘—–”›ƒ††‹”‡ –•–Š‡ ƒ”‹‡ƒ”•ƒ†‡•‡”˜‡•‹–ȋȌ‘ƒŽŽƒ––‡”•”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–‘–Š‡†‡•‹‰ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒƒ‰‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”•›•–‡Ǥƒ”– ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‹‡ƒ”•ƒ†‡•‡”˜‡• –‘Ǥ͖͝‘ˆ͕͘͝͝‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡•–Š‡ƒ”‹‡ƒ”• ƒ†‡•‡”˜‡•‹–™Š‘•‡ˆ— –‹‘•‹ Ž—†‡ǣ

z –‘•‡‡ˆ—†•ˆ‘”–Š‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–ƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆƒ”‹‡’ƒ”•ƒ†”‡•‡”˜‡• z to implement and enforce the provision of the Act and subsidiary legislation pursuant to Section 18 to 38 of this Act.

6.2.2 The Advisory Committee

Š‡’—”’‘•‡ƒ† ‘’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ †˜‹•‘”›‘‹––‡‡‹•’”‘˜‹†‡†‹–Š‡Second Schedule of the ƒ”‹‡ƒ”•ƒ†‡•‡”˜‡• –‘Ǥ͖͝‘ˆ͕͘͝͝Ǥ••— Šǡ–Š‡†˜‹•‘”› ‘‹––‡‡‹•‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†–‘ƒ†˜‹•‡ –Š‡‘ƒ”†‘ˆ”—•–‡‡•Ǣ ‘•—Ž–™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ”‹‡ƒ”ƒ”†‡‘–‡ Š‹ ƒŽǡ• ‹‡–‹Ƥ ƒ†‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ––‡”• and to propose names to the Board of Trustees for the purpose of appointing a Warden. The Advisory ‘‹––‡‡ ‘•–‹–—–‡•ƒ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡ˆ‘”—‘ˆ •–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”•‹ Ž—†‹‰Ž‘ ƒŽ ‘—‹–‹‡•ǡ”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ and district government, a non-government agency, a research institution and representatives of the tourism ƒ†Ƥ•Š’”‘ ‡••‹‰‹˜‡•–‘”•™‹–Š‹–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”ƒ”‡ƒǤŠ‡‘‹––‡‡‡‡–•“—ƒ”–‡”Ž›ƒ†•—„‹–• its recommendations directly to the Board of Trustees. The Warden-in-Charge serves as Secretary to the Committee.

General Management Plan MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK 41 6.2.3 The Warden-in-Charge

Š‡ƒ”†‡Ǧ‹Ǧ Šƒ”‰‡‹•”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”ƒŽŽƒ––‡”• ‘ ‡”‹‰–Š‡’ƒ”ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹••—„Œ‡ ––‘–Š‡ control of the Board of Trustees and the Advisory Committee. The Warden-in-charge has a responsibility to Ž‘ ƒŽ ‘—‹–‹‡•ǡ‹•–”‹ –ƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡•ƒ†‘–Š‡”•–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰‘–‹ˆ›‹‰–Š‡‘ˆ’Žƒ‹‰‡ơ‘”–• and ensuring that they have a proper opportunity to participate.

6.2.4 Village Liaison Committees

Š‡ƒ”‹‡ƒ”•ƒ†‡•‡”˜‡• –‘Ǥ͖͝‘ˆ͕͘͝͝ƒŽ•‘’”‘˜‹†‡•–Šƒ–‡ƒ Š‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‘— ‹Žwhich affects or is affected by the marine park … either directly or through a designated committee shall participate fully in all aspects of the development of the regulations, zoning and general management plan’Ǥ ‘”†‹‰Ž›–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•™‹–Š‹ Šƒ˜‡ established Village Liaison Committees, which report to the Village Councils and which shall continue to •‡”˜‡ƒ•–Š‡’”‹ƒ”›‹–‡”ˆƒ ‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ ‘—‹–‹‡•ƒ†–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”Ǥ

͚Ǥ͖Ǥ͙ ƒƤƒ‹•–”‹ –‘— ‹Ž

Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ‹’‘”–ƒ–‹••—‡•‹–Š‡ƒƒ‰‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”–Šƒ–”‡“—‹”‡ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ†ƒ‰”‡‡‡–™‹–Š–Š‡ƒƤƒ†‹•–”‹ –ƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡•ǤŠ‡•‡‹ Ž—†‡ǣ

z  ”‡“—‹”‡‡–•ˆ‘”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•‘—–•‹†‡–Š‡„‘—†ƒ”›‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”Ǣ z ‘’Ž‡‡–ƒ”‹–‹‡• ‘˜‡” –Š‡ ƒƒ‰‡‡– ‘ˆ Ž‘Žƒ ‘”‡•– „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ƒ”‹‡ ’ƒ” ƒ† –Š‡ ‹’‡†‹‰‹•–”‹ – ‘”‡•–‡•‡”˜‡Ǣ z –Š‡‹••—ƒ ‡‘ˆƤ•Š‹‰Ž‹ ‡•‡•ƒ† ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹˜‡’ƒ–”‘ŽŽ‹‰Ǣ z –Š‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘‘ˆ—•‡”ˆ‡‡•™‹–Š‹–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”ƒ††‹•„—”•‡‡–‘ˆ”‡˜‡—‡Ǣƒ† z ••—‡•”‡Žƒ–‹‰–‘Žƒ†–‹–Ž‡ƒ† ‘ ‡••‹‘ˆ‡‡•™‹–Š‹–Š‡’ƒ”„‘—†ƒ”›Ǣ

Agreement over these issues has particular operational relevance in the context of local government reform. Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”™‹ŽŽ•‡‡–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’ƒƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ǡˆ‘”ƒŽƒ†—–—ƒŽŽ›ƒ ‡’–ƒ„Ž‡ƒ‰”‡‡‡–™‹–Š–Š‡ ‹•–”‹ –‘— ‹Ž–‘‰—‹†‡‡ơ‡ –‹˜‡”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‹••—‡•Ǥ

42 MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK General Management Plan 6.3 PARK OPERATIONS AND ENFORCEMENT

6.3.1 Infrastructure

Š‡’ƒ”Šƒ•‹–•‘™‘ƥ ‡„—‹Ž†‹‰•ǡ ‘—‹–›‡†— ƒ–‹‘ ‡–”‡ǡƤ‡Ž†”‡•‡ƒ” Š ‡–”‡ǡ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‡–”‡ǡ •—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ •–ƒơ ƒ ‘‘†ƒ–‹‘ǡ ˜‡••‡Ž•ǡ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ •›•–‡• ƒ† ‘–Š‡” „ƒ•‹  ‡“—‹’‡– –‘ ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡ ƒƒ‰‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”ǤŠ‡ƒ‹‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘‹•„ƒ•‡†ƒ––‡†‡ǡ„—–‹‘”†‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡’ƒ”ƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡•–‘ ƒƒ‰‡ƒ†•—’‡”˜‹•‡‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•‹–Š‡’ƒ”ǡƒ†ƒ‹–ƒ‹’‡”•‘ƒŽ†‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡™‹–Š”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‰”‘—’•ǡ–Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡•–”ƒ–‡‰‹ ƒŽŽ›Ž‘ ƒ–‡†‘—–’‘•–•‹‘–Š‡”ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”–Š‡’ƒ”Šƒ•ƒ‹–ƒ‹‡†ƒ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘ƥ ‡ƒ–‹Ž‹†‘‹–‘‡Šƒ ‡ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘•™‹–Š‹•–”‹ –‘ƥ ‡•ƒ†–‘•—’’‘”–‡ˆ‘” ‡‡–‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘• ‘ –Š‡ ™‡•–‡” •‹†‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’ƒ”Ǥ ‡’‘”ƒ”› ƒ’•ǡ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›‘ –Š‡ ‹•Žƒ†•ǡ ƒ› ƒŽ•‘ „‡ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† ‹ˆ‡‡†ƒ”‹•‡•Ǥ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”Šƒ••—’’‘”–‡†–Š‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆƒ‘ƥ ‡‹‡ƒ Š˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ for the Village Liaison Committee. The provision of such facilities and sensitive behaviour especially by ‡ˆ‘” ‡‡–•–ƒơ‹•‡••‡–‹ƒŽˆ‘” ‘˜‹ ‹‰—•‡”‰”‘—’•–Šƒ––Š‡’ƒ”‹•’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‘ ƒŽ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–ƒ† ™‹ŽŽ‹‰–‘™‘”™‹–Š–Š‡‹ƒ††”‡••‹‰•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹” ‘ ‡”•Ǥ

6.3.2 Human resource

Š‡‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•–ƒơ•–”— –—”‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”‹•’”‘˜‹†‡†‹–Š‡‡˜‹•‡† Š‡‡‘ˆ‡”˜‹ ‡ˆ‘”ƒ”‹‡ ƒ”•ƒ†‡•‡”˜‡•‘ˆ͖͔͔͚Ǥƒ•‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ•–ƒƥ‰ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒƤƒ •Žƒ†ƒ”‹‡ƒ”‡˜‘Ž˜‡‘ƒ‡‡† „ƒ•‹•†‡’‡†‹‰‘ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡Ƥƒ ‹ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡•Ǥ–ƒơŒ‘„†‡• ”‹’–‹‘•ƒ†”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ƒ”‡†‡Ƥ‡†ƒ† ‘‰‘‹‰–”ƒ‹‹‰—†‡”–ƒ‡ƒ•”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–Ǥ

A 5-year Strategic Plan and Annual Operational Plans will be prepared in accordance with this management ’ŽƒǤŠ‡•‡™‹ŽŽ†‡–ƒ‹ŽƒŒ‘”ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•–‘ƒ Š‹‡˜‡–Š‡’ƒ”ǯ•Ž‘‰Ǧ–‡”‰‘ƒŽ•ƒ†‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡••‡–‘—–Š‡”‡‹ǡ ƒ†–Š‡ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•‘ˆƒŽŽ’ƒ”•–ƒơ™‹ŽŽ„‡‰—‹†‡†„›–Š‡•‡’Žƒ•Ǥ

6.3.3 Law Enforcement and Community Involvement

ƒ™ ‡ˆ‘” ‡‡– ‹• ƒ ‘Ǧ‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ˜‡–—”‡ „‡–™‡‡   •–ƒơǡ Ƥ•Š‡”‹‡•  ’‡”•‘‡Ž ƒ† Ž‘ ƒŽ communities. Villagers are encouraged to act as the “eyes and ears” of the enforcing authorities. An ‹’‘”–ƒ– ‘’‘‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‡ˆ‘” ‡‡–”‡‰‹‡™‹ŽŽ„‡–Š‡ ”ƒ†‹‘‡–™‘”Ȁ‘„‹Ž‡’Š‘‡• ‘‡ –‹‰ –Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•–‘–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”Š‡ƒ†Ǧ“—ƒ”–‡”•ƒ†‹•–”‹ –’‘Ž‹ ‡Ǥ •–ƒơ™‹ŽŽ”‡ƒ –•‘Ž‡Ž›‘”Œ‘‹–Ž›™‹–Š the other District enforcing agencies (Fisheries, MCS and Police) to any such call as well as mounting patrols ™‹–Š‹–Š‡ƒ”ƒ”‡ƒǤ

Š‡ƒ”‹‡ƒ”™‹ŽŽ™‘”™‹–Š‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‹ƒ‹•‘‘‹––‡‡•‹‡•—”‹‰ ‘’Ž‹ƒ ‡™‹–Š’ƒ”ƒ†Ƥ•Š‹‰ regulations. However, it will be the responsibility of each Village Liaison Committee to encourage residents ‘ˆ –‘ƒ†Š‡”‡–‘”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•ǤŠƒ–•ƒ‹†ǡ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡”•ƒŽ‘‡ƒ”‡‘–ƒ„Ž‡–‘ ‘–”‘ŽƒŽŽ‹ŽŽ‡‰ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”ƒ†–Š‡”‡™‹ŽŽƒŽ™ƒ›•„‡ƒ‡‡†ˆ‘”•—’’‘”–‹˜‡Žƒ™‡ˆ‘” ‡‡–™‘”‹‰‹ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘ with villagers to enhance self-regulation.

 ‘Ǧ‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡’”‘‰”ƒ‡‡•—”‡•ƒ‡ƒ•›ƪ‘™‘ˆ‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡ ‡ǡ‡ƥ ‹‡–—•‡‘ˆ‡“—‹’‡–ƒ†’”‘’– ƒ––‡–‹‘–‘ ƒŽŽ‘ˆ†—–›Ǥ ƒŽŽ‹‰™‹–Š‹–Š‡• ‘’‡‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘‰”ƒ‡™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ

z ‘•‹•–‡––”ƒ‹‹‰‘ˆ‡ˆ‘” ‡‡–’‡”•‘‡ŽǢ z ƒ‰”‡‡‡–‘’”‹‘”‹–›•‹–‡•ˆ‘”’ƒ–”‘Ž•Ǣ z ‡ˆ‘” ‡‡–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•Ǣ z ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•Ǣ z ‘•‹•–‡–ƒ†’”‘’–”‡’‘”–‹‰”‡“—‹”‡‡–•Ǣ z ˆ‘”ƒŽ’ƒ–”‘Ž’”‘ ‡†—”‡•ƒ†• Š‡†—Ž‡•Ǣƒ† z mode of patrols, by foot or by boat.

General Management Plan MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK 43 Š‹•‡ˆ‘” ‡‡–’‘Ž‹ ›™‹ŽŽ”‡“—‹”‡„‘ƒ–• ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡‘ˆ‘—–‹‰ƒˆƒ•–”‡•’‘•‡Ǥ ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡƒ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ –‘™‡”™‹–Šƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡• ƒ‹‰‡“—‹’‡–ƒ›„‡ ‘•–”— –‡†ƒ––Š‡ƒ” ‡ƒ†“—ƒ”–‡”•ˆ‘”•—”˜‡‹ŽŽƒ ‡ purposes, subject to practical considerations and costs.

ƒ™‡ˆ‘” ‡‡–™‹–Š‹–Š‡’ƒ”„‘—†ƒ”›‹•–Š‡’”‹ƒ”›ˆ— –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹ ‡•‹‰ƒ†ˆ‘” ‡‡–ƒ”†‡ ƒ†‘ˆƒ”ƒ‰‡”•Ǥƒ™‡ˆ‘” ‡‡–‘—–•‹†‡–Š‡’ƒ”„‘—†ƒ”›‹• ƒ””‹‡†‘—–‹ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š‘Ž‹ ‡ǡ ǡ‹•–”‹ – ‹•Š‡”‹‡•ǡ ƒ‡ƒ† ‘”‡•–ƥ ‡”•Ǥ •–ƒơ†‘‘–Šƒ˜‡Œ—”‹•†‹ –‹‘‘—–•‹†‡–Š‡„‘—†ƒ”‹‡• ‘ˆ ‡š ‡’–™Š‡”‡ƒ‘ơ‡ ‡™ƒ• ‘‹––‡†‹•‹†‡–Š‡’ƒ”„‘—†ƒ”›Ǥ

› ‘–”ƒ˜‡–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”—Ž‡•ƒ†”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•‹ •ŠƒŽŽ„‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡–‘’”‘•‡ —–‹‘‹–Š‡ƒƤƒ‹•–”‹ – ƒ‰‹•–”ƒ–‡‘—”–Ǥ””‡•–‡†’‡”•‘•™‹ŽŽ„‡ Šƒ”‰‡†„›–Š‡ƒ”ƒ”†‡ƒ†–Š‡”‡ƒˆ–‡”„‡–ƒ‡–‘–Š‡’‘Ž‹ ‡ who will in turn produce the accused in court. The Warden will prosecute the accused according to agreed Ž‡‰ƒŽ’”‘ ‡†—”‡ǤŠ‹•’”‘ ‡†—”‡™‹ŽŽ”‡“—‹”‡–Š‡ƒ”†‡ƒ†ƒ”ƒ‰‡”•–‘—†‡”‰‘•‘‡Ž‡‰ƒŽ–”ƒ‹‹‰Ǥ

6.3.4 Demarcation of boundary and zones

Š‡‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ƒŽ†‡• ”‹’–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”„‘—†ƒ”›‹•‰‹˜‡‹’’‡†‹š͕ƒ†‹•ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘ ‘˜‡”‡– Notice No. 200 published on 6th‡’–‡„‡”ǡ͕͚͝͝ǤŠ‡„‘—†ƒ”‹‡•‘ˆ—•‡”œ‘‡•™‹–Š‹–Š‡’ƒ”„‘—†ƒ”› are described in Chapter 7 of this plan.

Emphasis on demarcation will be given, in practice, to facilitation of patrolling and guidance of visitors, Ƥ•Š‡”•ƒ†‘–Š‡””‡•‘—” ‡Ǧ—•‡”•Ǥ–Š‹•„ƒ•‹•ǡ–Š‡†‡ƒ” ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ”‘ƒ†ƒ†•‡ƒƒ ‡••’‘‹–•ƒ†—•‡” œ‘‡•™‹–Š‹–Š‡’ƒ”„‘—†ƒ”›™‹ŽŽ„‡–”‡ƒ–‡†ƒ•ƒ’”‹‘”‹–›Ǥ

With regard to the outer boundary, the marine boundary on the northern, western and southern sides from ƒ•‹•‹ƒ‹ƒ–‹ Ž‘ Ǧ™‹•‡”‘—†™‡Œ—— •Žƒ†–‘‹–—–‹ƒ™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒ”‡†™‹–Š„—‘›•ǤŠ‡‡ƒ•–‡”ƒ”‹‡ „‘—†ƒ”›ˆ”‘‹–—–‹ƒ‘”–Š–‘‹Ƥ‰‡‹•–Š‡͖͔͔†‡’–Š ‘–‘—”ƒ†‹–‹•‹’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ–‘†‡ƒ” ƒ–‡Ǥ –‹•ƒŽ•‘ Žƒ”‰‡Ž›—‡ ‡••ƒ”›•‹ ‡ƒ”–‹•ƒƒŽƤ•Š‡”•”ƒ”‡Ž›‘’‡”ƒ–‡ƒ–•— Š†‡’–Š•ǤŠ‡‘”–Š‡”Žƒ†™ƒ”†„‘—†ƒ”› ˆ”‘ ‹„‘˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡„ƒ –‘ƒ•‹•‹ƒ‹™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒ”‡†™‹–Š•–”ƒ–‡‰‹ ƒŽŽ›Ž‘ ƒ–‡†•‹‰’‘•–•ƒ–ƒ ‡••’‘‹–• to give information and awareness to the exact location of the boundary.

44 MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK General Management Plan THE PERMIT SYSTEM

Š‡”‡™‹ŽŽ„‡–™‘‹†•‘ˆ’‡”‹••‹‘†‘ —‡–Ǣ

o ‘ ƒŽ‡•‹†‡–•‡”‡”–‹Ƥ ƒ–‡•ǣ

••—‡†–‘ƒŽŽŽ‘ ƒŽ”‡•‹†‡–”‡•‘—” ‡Ǧ—•‡”•™‹–Š‘—–ˆ‡‡ǡŠƒ˜‹‰‡†‹—Ǧ–‡”˜ƒŽ‹†‹–›ǡ‹‹–‹ƒŽŽ›͗›‡ƒ”•ǤŠ‡•‡ ™‹ŽŽ’”‘˜‹†‡„Žƒ‡–’‡”‹••‹‘ˆ‘” ‡”–ƒ‹ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ƒ†‡ơ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›•‡”˜‡ƒ•‹†‡–‹ˆ› ƒ”†•ˆ‘”ERQD¿GH local ”‡•‹†‡–•–‘ ‘Ƥ”–Š‡‹”•–ƒ–—•–‘ ƒ†˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡’ƒ–”‘ŽŽ‡”•Ǥ

o MIMP Permits

”ƒ–’‡”‹••‹‘ˆ‘”ƒ•’‡ ‹Ƥ‡†Ž‹‹–‡†’‡”‹‘†ˆ‘”ƒ‰‹˜‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ–‘—†‡”–ƒ‡ƒ•’‡ ‹Ƥ‡†–›’‡‘ˆ ”‡•‘—” ‡Ǧ—•‡ǡ‹•‘‡ ƒ•‡‹ƒ•’‡ ‹Ƥ‡†ƒ”‡ƒǤ

z Issuing authority

Š‡‹••—‹‰ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›ˆ‘” ’‡”‹–•ƒ†‘ ƒŽ‡•‹†‡–•‡”‡”–‹Ƥ ƒ–‡••ŠƒŽŽ„‡–Š‡ƒ”†‡Ǧ‹ǦŠƒ”‰‡ or his/her designated representative(s)

z MIMP Residents

› ”‡•‹†‡–™‹•Š‹‰–‘—†‡”–ƒ‡ƒ›ƒ –‹˜‹–›‹–‡‹•‡†‹ƒ„Ž‡•͜Ǥ͕Ȃ͜Ǥ͗‘ˆŠƒ’–‡”͜•Š‘—Ž†Š‘Ž† a /RFDO5HVLGHQW8VHU&HUWL¿FDWH, obtainable through their Village Liaison Committee. Approval will not be denied provided the person is a ERQD¿GH resident.

‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‘— ‹Ž•™‹–Š‹–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”™‹ŽŽ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Šƒ†ƒ‹–ƒ‹ƒ”‡‰‹•–”›‘ˆƒŽŽ„‘ƒ¿GHƒ”‹‡’ƒ” ”‡•‹†‡–•Ǥ‡”‹Ƥƒ„Ž‡ ”‹–‡”‹ƒƒ•–‘™Š‘“—ƒŽ‹Ƥ‡•ƒ•ƒƒ”‹‡’ƒ””‡•‹†‡–•ŠƒŽŽ„‡†‡–‡”‹‡†„›‡ƒ Š ‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‘— ‹Ž‹ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”Ǥ

› ”‡•‹†‡–™‹•Š‹‰–‘—†‡”–ƒ‡ƒƒ –‹˜‹–›‹†‹ ƒ–‡†‹ƒ„Ž‡͜Ǥ͕Ǧ͜Ǥ͗‘ˆŠƒ’–‡”͜ƒ•”‡“—‹”‹‰ƒ  ‡”‹–™‹ŽŽ„‡”‡“—‹”‡†–‘ƒ’’Ž›ˆ‘”•— Šǡ–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡‹”‹ƒ‹•‘‘‹––‡‡Ǥ

 ”‡•‹†‡–•™‹ŽŽ’ƒ›‘ˆ‡‡•‡‹–Š‡”ˆ‘”/RFDO5HVLGHQW8VHU&HUWL¿FDWHVnor for MIMP Permits.

Village Councils will be responsible for ensuring that applicants are aware of and understand all regulations associated with restricted resource-use. Nevertheless, all individuals will have an equal responsibility to ƒ‡•—”‡–Šƒ––Š‡›ƒ”‡‹ˆ‘”‡†ƒ„‘—–”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•Ǥ

Non-residents

›‘Ǧ”‡•‹†‡–™‹•Š‹‰–‘‡–‡”–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”‘”–‘—†‡”–ƒ‡ƒ›ƒ –‹˜‹–›”‡“—‹”‹‰ƒ—•‡”’‡”‹–ǡƒ• indicated in Tables 8.1-8.4 of Chapter 8, will be required to obtain an Entry Permit and / or a User Permit ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ”†‡Ǧ‹Ǧ Šƒ”‰‡ǤŠ‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”™‹ŽŽ’—„Ž‹ ‹•‡’”‘ ‡†—”‡•ˆ‘”’‡”‹–ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•„›‘Ǧ residents following implementation of this Management Plan. ˆ‡‡™‹ŽŽ„‡ Šƒ”‰‡†–‘‘Ǧ”‡•‹†‡–•ˆ‘”‡–”›‹–‘–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”ǡƒ†ˆ‘”’‡”‹••‹‘–‘—†‡”–ƒ‡ƒ› ˆ‘”‘ˆ”‡•‘—” ‡Ǧ—•‡™‹–Š‹–Š‡’ƒ”ƒ•‹†‹ ƒ–‡†‹ƒ„Ž‡͜Ǥ͕Ǧ͜Ǥ͘‘ˆŠƒ’–‡”͜Ǥ

All Users

’’”‘˜ƒŽˆ‘”ƒŽŽ ‡”‹–•™‹ŽŽ„‡•—„Œ‡ ––‘–Š‡ ‘†‹–‹‘•‘—–Ž‹‡†‹Šƒ’–‡”͜ƒ†–‘‡•—‹‰Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ The Warden-in-Charge will not be obliged to issue and permit if he/she feels considerations of resource-use sustainability out weigh the interests of the individual concerned.

General Management Plan MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK 45 ŽŽ”‡•‘—” ‡Ǧ—•‡”•ǡ™Š‡–Š‡””‡•‹†‡–•‘”‘–ǡ™‹ŽŽ„‡”‡“—‹”‡†–‘ ƒ””›”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– ‡”–‹Ƥ ƒ–‡•ƒ†’‡”‹–•™‹–Š them during resource-use activity in case required to produce them by patrollers.

6.3.5 Financial management

Š‡’”‹ ‹’Ž‡‘ˆ•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡƒ•ƒ’’Ž‹‡†–‘–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”ǯ•ƒ–—”ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡•ǡ•Š‘—Ž†‹†‡ƒŽŽ›‡š–‡†–‘ –Š‡Ƥƒ ‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”‹–•‡ŽˆǤŠ‡Ƥƒ ‹‰’Žƒ™‹ŽŽ„‡†‡•‹‰‡†–‘ˆ—†Ž‘‰–‡”‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰ ‘•–•ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘‘ˆ’‡”‹–ǡ’ƒ”‡–”ƒ ‡ƒ†—•‡”ˆ‡‡•Ǥ

z Collection of user fees

‡‡•™‹ŽŽ„‡‡ƥ ‹‡–Ž› ‘ŽŽ‡ –‡†–‘‡•—”‡–Šƒ––Š‡‡ơ‘”–•‘ˆƒ”ƒ‰‡”•ƒ”‡‘–—†—Ž›™‡‹‰Š–‡† towards the collection of fees, but rather the enforcement of zoning provision that will govern unsustainable resource use.

‹•‹–‘”‡–”›ˆ‡‡•™‹ŽŽ„‡†‹”‡ –Ž› ‘ŽŽ‡ –‡†„›–Š‡ƒ”•–ƒơ™‹–Š‹–Š‡’ƒ”„‘—†ƒ”›ǡƒ†”‡‹–ˆ—†• ”‡ ‡‹˜‡†–‘–Š‡ƒ ‘—–ƒ–‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”†ƒ‹Ž›Ǥ

•‡”–ƒ”‹ơ•™‹ŽŽ„‡ Šƒ”‰‡†‹ƒ ‘”†ƒ ‡™‹–Š ‘˜‡”‡–‘–‹ ‡‘Ǥ͖͝’—„Ž‹•Š‡†‘͕͛th April, 2009. Š‡’ƒ”ƒƒ‰‡‡–™‹ŽŽ‘–„‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹‹••—‹‰Ž‹ ‡•‡•‘” ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‰”‡˜‡—‡•ˆ”‘Ƥ•Š‹‰Ž‹ ‡•‡•Ǥ

z Accounts system

ŽŽ ”‡˜‡—‡• ƒ ”—‹‰ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ’ƒ” ™‹ŽŽ „‡ Š‡Ž† ‹ –Š‡ ’ƒ”ǯ• ƒ ‘—– ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ ƒ”‹‡ ƒ”• ƒ† ‡•‡”˜‡•‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–”—•– —†ˆ‘”ƒŽŽƒ”‹‡’ƒ”•ƒ•’”‘˜‹†‡†‹–Š‡ƒ”‹‡ƒ”• and Reserves Act No.29 of 1994 (section 7). The terms and conditions for operation of the Conservation and Development Funds will be in accordance with the guidelines for revolving funds laid down in –Š‡ ‘˜‡”‡–ǯ• Ƥƒ ‹ƒŽ ”†‡”•Ǥ  Š‡ ‡– ”‡˜‡—‡ǡ ƒˆ–‡” ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰ ‘•–• ™‹ŽŽ ‘– „‡ •—„Œ‡ –‡† –‘ ‘˜‡”‡––ƒšƒ–‹‘Ǥ‹‡™‹•‡ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘ˆ”‘‘—–•‹†‡ƒ†ƒ‰‡ ‹‡•‘”‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•™‹ŽŽ‘–„‡ taxed.

ơ‡ –‹˜‡ƒƒ‰‡‡–ƒ† ‘–”‘Ž‘˜‡”–Š‡—•‡ƒ†ƒ ‘—–‹‰‘ˆˆ—†•‡–”—•–‡†–‘–Š‡’ƒ”‹• ”‹–‹ ƒŽǤ The most important elements in achieving the required controls are detailed budgeting, clear accounting ’”‘ ‡†—”‡•ƒ†–”ƒ•’ƒ”‡ ›‘ˆ”‡’‘”–‹‰Ǥ—†‰‡–‹‰™‹ŽŽ„‡—†‡”–ƒ‡‘ƒƒ—ƒŽ„ƒ•‹•’Šƒ•‡†‹ expected quarterly expenditure. The Warden-in-change will be responsible for preparing a forecast of ”‡˜‡—‡ˆ‘”–Š‡’ƒ”ǡ„ƒ•‡†‘†‹• —••‹‘•™‹–Š–Š‡Š‘–‡Ž‹‡”•ƒ† ‘‡” ‹ƒŽƒ”‹‡”‡•‘—” ‡•—•‡”•Ǥ The budget will then be submitted to the Advisory Committee for comment and referred to the Board of Trustees for approval.

Disbursement of funds from the Conservation and Development Fund will be the responsibility of the Unit Manager with the approval of the Board, and subject to adequate control procedures.

z Distribution of Net Revenues

Š‡‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–”—•– —†™‹–Š‹–Š‡ƒ”‹‡ƒ”•ƒ†‡•‡”˜‡•‹–‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†ƒ• †‡–ƒ‹Ž‡†‹–Š‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘ǡ•ŠƒŽŽŠƒ˜‡•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡•—„Ǧˆ—†•Ǣ‘‡ˆ‘”–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆ ƒ”‹‡ƒ”•ƒ†‡•‡”˜‡•ǡƒ†•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡•—„Ǧˆ—†•ˆ‘”–Š‡‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†ƒ”‹‡ƒ”•ǤŠ‡Ƥ”•– ‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ƒ”‹‡ƒ”•‹•–Š‡ Ǥ

•’”‘˜‹†‡†„›‡ –‹‘͛‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‹‡ƒ”•ƒ†‡•‡”˜‡• –‘Ǥ͖͝‘ˆ͕͘͝͝ǡ–Š‡‹•–”‹ –ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›”‡ ‡‹˜‡• ƒ•Šƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡–”‡˜‡—‡ˆ”‘–Š‡ •—„Ǧˆ—†ˆ‘”–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†‡ơ‡ –‹˜‡ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ƒƤƒ •Žƒ†ǤŠ‹•ƒ—ƒŽˆ—†‹‰•Š‘—Ž†„‡•—ƥ ‹‡––‘ ‘’‡•ƒ–‡–Š‡‹•–”‹ –ˆ‘”–Š‡Ž‘••‘ˆ”‡˜‡—‡ ˆ”‘–Š‡‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”ǡ•— Šƒ•ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘‘ˆ ‘ ‡••‹‘ˆ‡‡•ˆ”‘–‘—”‹•–Š‘–‡Ž•™‹–Š‹  „‘—†ƒ”›Ǥ‘‡–Š‡Ž‡••ǡ–Š‡Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ–Š‹• ‘–”‹„—–‹‘Šƒ•„‡‡ƤƒŽŽ›‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‡†ǡ–‘„‡͕͔Ψ‘ˆ–Š‡‡– revenue.

46 MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK General Management Plan ‘–Š‡”•Šƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ •—„Ǧˆ—†‹•—•‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡„‡‡Ƥ–‘ˆ–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡”•‹–Š‡˜‹ ‹‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ ǡƒŽ•‘ ‹ƒ ‘”†ƒ ‡™‹–Š‡ –‹‘͛‘ˆ–Š‡ –‘Ǥ͖͝‘ˆ͕͘͝͝ǤŠ‹••Šƒ”‡‹•͖͔Ψ‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡–”‡˜‡—‡ǤŠ‡ – stipulates that funds disbursed in this way must be used to implement the objectives of the Act, as stated in Section 10. This is interpreted to mean, in particular, the development of under-utilised resources and ‘ˆ”‡•‘—” ‡•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ ‘”†‹‰Ž›ǡ–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”™‹ŽŽˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•ƒ–—”ƒŽ ‡•‘—” ‡• ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– Žƒ•ǡ •‡––‹‰ ‘—– ƒ ˆ”ƒ‡™‘” ˆ‘” ‡š’‡†‹–—”‡Ǥ  Š‡ ’ƒ” ƒ› ƒŽŽ‘ ƒ–‡ ˆ—†• †‹•’”‘’‘”–‹‘ƒ–‡Ž›–‘˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•™Š‘•‡Ž‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†•ƒ”‡‘•–ƒơ‡ –‡†„›–Š‡’ƒ”ǡ‘”™Š‘•‡”‡•‹†‡–•ƒ”‡‘•– engaged in unsustainable resource-use.

6.4 COMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION SHARING 1.5 Appropriate information dissemination techniques and consultation mechanisms will be adopted to sensitise •–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”•–‘”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•ƒ†‡•—”‡–Šƒ–ƒŽŽ‰”‘—’•Šƒ˜‡’”‘’‡”‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•–‘‰‹˜‡ˆ‡‡†„ƒ ‘‹••—‡• ‘ˆ ‘ ‡”–‘–Š‡Ǥ –Š‡Ž‘‰‡”Ǧ–‡”ǡ ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡•™‹ŽŽ„‡„‡•–ƒ Š‹‡˜‡†–Š”‘—‰Š‡†— ƒ–‹‘ and awareness creation among local and business communities as well as tourists.

‰‘‹‰ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘• ™‹–Š Ž‘ ƒŽ ‘—‹–‹‡• ™‹ŽŽ ’”‹ƒ”‹Ž› „‡ —†‡”–ƒ‡ „› –Š‡   ‘—‹–› Conservation Unit in conjunction with Village Liaison Committees. An environmental education and awareness-raising programme will be developed in association with schools and other community groups.

–Š‡”•–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”‰”‘—’•™‹ŽŽ„‡‡‰ƒ‰‡†–Š”‘—‰Š”‡‰—Žƒ” ‘•—Ž–ƒ–‹˜‡‡‡–‹‰•Ǥ’”‹‘”‹–›™‹ŽŽ„‡–‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š ƒ—–—ƒŽŽ›ƒ‰”‡‡†’‘Ž‹ ›ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”™‹–Š–‘—”‹•ƒ†‘–Š‡” ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ‹˜‡•–‘”•–Š”‘—‰Š’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‘”› †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–’‘Ž‹ ›’Žƒ‹‰†‘ —‡–•‹ Ž—†‹‰  —‹†‡Ž‹‡•ǡ‘—”‹•‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Žƒ ƒ†ƒ†–‹Ž‹•ƒ–‹‘ŽƒǤ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ •–ƒơȋ‘—”‹•™ƒ”†‡Ȍ™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒ••‹‰‡†–‘Ž‹ƒ‹•‡™‹–Š‹˜‡•–‘”• to ensure that issues of mutual concern are debated and appropriate activity proposed to the Warden-in- Charge.

Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆƒ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‡–”‡ƒ––Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”‘ƥ ‡™‹ŽŽ„‡‘‡ ‘’‘‡–‘ˆƒ„”‘ƒ†‡” communication strategy developed under the guidance of the head of department of information and ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘„ƒ•‡†ƒ––Š‡ƒ”‹‡ƒ”•ƒ†‡•‡”˜‡•‹–Š‡ƒ†“—ƒ”–‡”•ǤŠ‡ƒ‹‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘‰”ƒ‡™‹ŽŽ „‡–‘’”‘˜‹†‡„‘–Š‘ƥ ‹ƒŽƒ†‹ˆ‘”ƒŽ˜‹•‹–‘”•™‹–Š”‡ƒ†‡”Ǧˆ”‹‡†Ž›‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ„‘—––Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”ƒ† –‘‹ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ„‘—– ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•ǡ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•ƒ†‘‰‘‹‰ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ•‡‘ˆ‡™•Ž‡––‡”•ǡ’—„Ž‹ •‹‰•ǡ audio-visual materials and other appropriate media will be considered as appropriate.

General Management Plan MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK 47 CHAPTER 7

ZONING SCHEME

The practice of zoning in marine protected areas has been in existence for more than two decades in other countries, notably Australia, the USA and the Caribbean. The general concepts behind zoning are outlined in various literature including Salm et al. (2000) and Kelleher (1999).

‘‹‰‹•–Š‡’”‹ƒ”›ƒƒ‰‡‡––‘‘Ž‘ˆ—Ž–‹’Ž‡Ǧ—•‡ƒ”‹‡’”‘–‡ –‡†ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ –•ƒ‹‹•–‘Šƒ”‘‹•‡ ‘–Š‡”™‹•‡ ‘ƪ‹ –‹‰ ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ†Ž‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡•„›•’ƒ–‹ƒŽŽ›•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‰‡š–”ƒ –‹˜‡”‡•‘—” ‡Ǧ use areas from sensitive habitats. Beyond this, the regulations in zones permitting resource-use ensure that resource-use activities are productive and sustainable.

Zoning schemes divide the multiple-use area into XVH]RQHV–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡†‹ơ‡”‡–Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ’”‘–‡ –‹‘†‡’‡†‹‰ on their respective conservation and economic importance. The detailed guidelines to the type of activities ’‡”‹––‡†‹‡ƒ Šœ‘‡‹ ƒ”‡’”‘˜‹†‡†‹Šƒ’–‡”͜Ǥ

Š‹• Šƒ’–‡”‘—–Ž‹‡•–Š‡œ‘‹‰• Š‡‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒƤƒ •Žƒ†ƒ”‹‡ƒ”ȋ ‹‰Ǥ͗Ȍƒ†–Š‡’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•—†‡”Ž›‹‰ ‹–•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ –‹ Ž—†‡•ǣ

z –Š‡ƒ‹‘ˆ–Š‡ œ‘‹‰• Š‡‡ȋ͛Ǥ͕ȌǢ z the types of zones including the criteria by which areas are designated under each and the resource —•‡•–”ƒ–‡‰›‹‡ƒ Šœ‘‡–›’‡ȋ͛Ǥ͖ȌǢ z –Š‡„‘—†ƒ”‹‡•‘ˆƒ”‡ƒ•†‡•‹‰ƒ–‡†—†‡”‡ƒ Šœ‘‡–›’‡ǡƒ†–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡„‡Š‹†‡ƒ Šȋ͛Ǥ͗ȌǢƒ† z future changes to the zoning scheme (7.4).

7.1. AIM OF THE MIMP ZONING SCHEME

The zoning scheme: z protects critical and species-rich habitats including sub-tidal areas, mangroves, forests, bird-nesting, Ƥ•ŠǦ•’ƒ™‹‰ƒ†–—”–Ž‡Ǧ„”‡‡†‹‰‰”‘—†•Ǣ z ’”‘–‡ –•–Š‡†‹˜‡”•‹–›ƒ†“—ƒŽ‹–›‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡–‘˜‹•‹–‘”•–‘ƒƤƒǢ z ”‡ ‘‰‹•‡• –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽȀŽ‘ ƒŽ ‘—‹–› Ƥ•Š‹‰ ‰”‘—†• ƒ† ’”‘˜‹†‡• ƒ ‡ƒ• ˆ‘” ‘–‹—‡† „—– ‘–”‘ŽŽ‡†—•‡Ǣ z notwithstanding the above, inevitably conforms to certain natural features of the seascape, land ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†‹’‘”–ƒ–‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•Ǣ z provides a geographical basis against which resource-use is evaluated, monitored and reviewed and –Š‡‡ơ‡ –‹˜‡‡••‘ˆ–Š‡ƒƒ‰‡‡–’Žƒ‹•‡ƒ•—”‡†Ǥ z ’”‘˜‹†‡•ƒˆ”ƒ‡™‘”ˆ‘”•—”˜‡‹ŽŽƒ ‡ƒ†’ƒ–”‘ŽŽ‹‰ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•„›ˆ‘ —•‹‰‡ˆ‘” ‡‡–‹œ‘‡• with higher levels of protection.

48 MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK General Management Plan Fig. 3

General Management Plan MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK 49 7.2 DEFINITION OF ZONE TYPES

Š‡”‡ƒ”‡–Š”‡‡–›’‡•‘ˆœ‘‡•™‹–Š‹–Š‡ƒƤƒ •Žƒ†ƒ”‹‡ƒ”Ǣ

z &RUH=RQH z 6SHFL¿HGXVH=RQH z *HQHUDOXVH=RQH

ƒ††‹–‹‘–Š‡ƒ”‹‡ƒ”•ƒ†‡•‡”˜‡• –ǡ‘Ǥ͖͝‘ˆ͕͘͝͝’”‘˜‹†‡•ˆ‘”ƒ%XIIHU=RQH, outside the boundary ‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”ǤŠ‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‘ˆ‡ƒ Šœ‘‡–›’‡ƒ† ”‹–‡”‹ƒ„›™Š‹ Šƒ”‡ƒ•ƒ”‡†‡•‹‰ƒ–‡†—†‡”‡ƒ Š–›’‡ƒ”‡ ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ

7.2.1 Core zone Provision ‘”‡œ‘‡•–ƒ–—•’”‘˜‹†‡•–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•–Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ’”‘–‡ –‹‘™‹–Š‹–Š‡’ƒ”Ǥ – ‹•‹–‡†‡†–‘‹ Ž—†‡ƒŽŽƒ”‡ƒ•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”–Šƒ–„‘–Š™ƒ””ƒ–’”‹ƒ”› ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ •–ƒ–—• ƒ† –Š‘•‡ Ž‘ ƒŽ ”‡•‘—” ‡Ǧ—•‡”• ƒ ƒơ‘”† ™Š‘ŽŽ› –‘ relinquish.

Criteria for selection Areas are selected for designation as Core Zones if they qualify for one or more of the following criteria.

z areas that are in relatively pristine or intact condition, that are also representative of the main types of natural habitats found within the ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”Ǣ

z areas containing relatively high levels of locally representative „‹‘†‹˜‡”•‹–›Ǣ z areas considered to be important breeding or spawning grounds, or ‘–Š‡”™‹•‡‹’‘”–ƒ––‘–Š‡’”‘†— –‹˜‹–›ƒ†”‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”ǯ• ƒ–—”ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡„ƒ•‡Ǣ

z areas whose protection is considered important for the survival of Ž‘ ƒŽŽ›”ƒ”‡‘”–Š”‡ƒ–‡‡†•’‡ ‹‡•Ǣƒ†

z ƒ”‡ƒ•‘ˆ•’‡ ‹ƒŽ —Ž–—”ƒŽ•‹‰‹Ƥ ƒ ‡Ǥ

‹–Š‹ ǡ„‘–Šƒ”‹‡ƒ†–‡””‡•–”‹ƒŽˆ‘”‡•–Šƒ„‹–ƒ–•ƒ”‡”‡’”‡•‡–‡†™‹–Š‹ Core Zones.

Resource-use strategy Within Core Zones all biological resources, non-biological resources and ecosystem processes are, as far as practicable, protected from the direct ƒ†˜‡”•‡ ‡ơ‡ –• ‘ˆ Š—ƒ ƒ –‹˜‹–›Ǥ   ‘”†‹‰Ž›ǡ ‡š–”ƒ –‹˜‡ ”‡•‘—” ‡ —•‡ ‹• ’”‘Š‹„‹–‡†‡–‹”‡Ž›Ǥ‘–”‘ŽŽ‡†–‘—”‹•ƒ†• ‹‡–‹Ƥ ”‡•‡ƒ” Šƒ”‡’‡”‹––‡†Ǥ

50 MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK General Management Plan ͛Ǥ͖Ǥ͖’‡ ‹Ƥ‡†Ǧ—•‡œ‘‡ ”‘˜‹•‹‘ǣ ’‡ ‹Ƥ‡†Ǧ—•‡ ‘‡ •–ƒ–—• ’”‘˜‹†‡• ‹–‡”‡†‹ƒ–‡ Ž‡˜‡Ž ’”‘–‡ –‹‘ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ’ƒ”Ǥ –‹•‹–‡†‡†–‘‹ Ž—†‡ƒ”‡ƒ•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”–Šƒ–™ƒ””ƒ–’”‹ƒ”› conservation status but which are also important to local resource-users.

Criteria for selection ƒ”‡ƒƒ›„‡†‡•‹‰ƒ–‡†ƒ•ƒ’‡ ‹Ƥ‡†Ǧ—•‡‘‡™Š‡”‡‹–“—ƒŽ‹Ƥ‡•„”‘ƒ†Ž›–‘ –Š‡•ƒ‡ ”‹–‡”‹ƒƒ•–Š‘•‡‰‹˜‡‹͛Ǥ͖Ǥ͕Ǥˆ‘”‘”‡‘‡•–ƒ–—•ǡ„—–‡‹–Š‡”ǣ

z its greater importance in sustaining the livelihoods of local human ‘—‹–‹‡• ƒ‡• ‹– ‹’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ –‘ ’”‘Š‹„‹– ‡š–”ƒ –‹˜‡ ”‡•‘—” ‡Ǧ—•‡ ‡–‹”‡Ž›Ǣ

z ‘”‹–“—ƒŽ‹Ƥ‡•–‘‘‡‘”‘”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ”‹–‡”‹ƒˆ‘”‘”‡‘‡•–ƒ–—•ǡ„—––‘ƒ lesser degree of importance than other core zone status.

‡•‘—” ‡Ǧ—•‡•–”ƒ–‡‰›ǣ Š‡ •–”ƒ–‡‰› ‹ ’‡ ‹Ƥ‡†Ǧ—•‡ œ‘‡ ‹• –‘ ’”‘Š‹„‹– ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• Ž‹‡Ž› –‘ ƒ—•‡ •‹‰‹Ƥ ƒ–ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹‘•–‘–Š‡‡˜‹”‘‡–ǤŠ‹•ƒ›„‡†‡Ƥ‡†ƒ•ǣ

z •‹‰‹Ƥ ƒ– Šƒ‰‡‘”†ƒƒ‰‡–‘„‡–Š‹ ‘”–‡””‡•–”‹ƒŽŠƒ„‹–ƒ–•‘–Ž‹‡Ž› to self-regenerate from year to year,

z •‹‰‹Ƥ ƒ–†‡’Ž‡–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ„—†ƒ ‡‘”„‹‘†‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡ •’‡ ‹‡•ƒ••‡„Žƒ‰‡•Ǣƒ†

z •‹‰‹Ƥ ƒ–†‡’Ž‡–‹‘‘˜‡”–‹‡‘ˆ•’‡ ‹‡•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†Ž‘ ƒŽŽ›”ƒ”‡ or threatened.

ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡‡–‘ˆ•‡ –‹‘͕͔‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‹‡ƒ”•ƒ†‡•‡”˜‡• –ǡ‘Ǥ͖͝ ‘ˆ͕͘͝͝ǡ‡š–”ƒ –‹˜‡”‡•‘—” ‡Ǧ—•‡‹’‡ ‹Ƥ‡†Ǧ—•‡‘‡•‹•”‡•–”‹ –‡†–‘”‡•‹†‡–• ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”Ǥ

General Management Plan MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK 51 7.2.3 General-use zone ”‘˜‹•‹‘ǣ General-use Zone status is intended to provide for sustainable resource-use ˆ‘” ”‡•‹†‡–•ǡ–Š‡”‡„›”‡Ž‹‡˜‹‰”‡•‘—” ‡Ǧ—•‡’”‡••—”‡ˆ”‘œ‘‡•™‹–Š higher level protection. Despite their lower protection status, some General-use Zones also play an important role in maintaining ecosystem processes and the ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ’”‘†— –‹˜‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”ƒ”‡ƒǤ

”‹–‡”‹ƒˆ‘”•‡Ž‡ –‹‘ǣ ‡‡”ƒŽǦ—•‡‘‡•–ƒ–—•‹•ƒ ‘”†‡†–‘ƒ”‡ƒ•–Šƒ–†‘‘–ˆ—ŽƤŽ–Š‡ ”‹–‡”‹ƒ•‡–ˆ‘” ‘”‡‘‡•–ƒ–—•‘”’‡ ‹Ƥ‡†Ǧ—•‡‘‡•–ƒ–—•Ǥ

‡•‘—” ‡Ǧ—•‡•–”ƒ–‡‰›ǣ Extractive resource-use is permitted in General-use Zones. The objective of regulations in *HQHUDO8VH =RQHV ‹• –‘ ‡•—”‡ –Šƒ– Ƥ•Š ƒ– Š‡• ƒ† ‘–Š‡” resource exploitation are sustainable from year to year, notwithstanding natural variations in breeding and recruitment. A certain level of permanent habitat alteration is acceptable only provided that the overall productivity of –Š‡‡˜‹”‘‡–‹•‘–•‹‰‹Ƥ ƒ–Ž›—†‡”‹‡†ƒ†–Šƒ–ƒ†Œƒ ‡–ƒ”‡ƒ•™‹–Šƒ Š‹‰Š‡”’”‘–‡ –‹‘•–ƒ–—•†‘‘–†‡–‡”‹‘”ƒ–‡‹™ƒ›•†‡Ƥ‡†’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›Ǥ

This entails excluding from General-Use Zones methods of resource-use Ž‹‡Ž›–‘†ƒƒ‰‡„‡–Š‹ Šƒ„‹–ƒ–•‘”‘–Š‡”™‹•‡ƒ†˜‡”•‡Ž›ƒơ‡ ––Š‡„”‡‡†‹‰ and recruitment of commercial species, as well as methods that remove an —•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡—„‡”‘ˆŒ—˜‡‹Ž‡‘”ƒ†—Ž–‘”‰ƒ‹••Ǥ –ƒŽ•‘‡–ƒ‹Ž•”‡•–”‹ –‹‰ the number of resource-users of each type to a sustainable level.

 ”‡•‹†‡–•™‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡’”‹‘”‹–›ƒ ‡••–‘”‡•‘—” ‡•‹ ‡‡”ƒŽǦ•‡‘‡•Ǥ ‘‡–Š‡Ž‡••ǡ‘–Š‡”ƒƤƒ”‡•‹†‡–•ƒ†”‡•‘—” ‡Ǧ—•‡”•ˆ”‘‘—–•‹†‡ƒƤƒƒ› —†‡”–ƒ‡ ‡”–ƒ‹ ”‡•‘—” ‡Ǧ—•‡ ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• —†‡” ’‡”‹••‹‘ ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ”‹‡ ’ƒ”ƒƒ‰‡‡–ƒ†™Š‡”‡”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–ˆ”‘Ž‘ ƒŽ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ ‘— ‹Ž•Ǥ

͛Ǥ͖Ǥ͘Ǥ —ơ‡”‘‡

Š‡„—ơ‡”œ‘‡‹•ƒƒ”‡ƒ‘—–•‹†‡ƒ†ƒ†Œƒ ‡––‘–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”„‘—†ƒ”›–Šƒ–•‡”˜‡•ƒ•ƒ —•Š‹‘ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ‹’ƒ –•ˆ”‘ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•‘—–•‹†‡–Š‡’ƒ”ǤŽŽ‡™†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ†Žƒ†ƒŽŽ‘ ƒ–‹‘•™‹–Š‹–Š‡„—ơ‡”œ‘‡ ƒ”‡‘„Ž‹‰‡†–‘—†‡”‰‘–Š‡•ƒ‡ • ”—–‹›ƒ•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•™‹–Š‹–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”„‘—†ƒ”›ǡˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ –Š‡‘ƥ ‹ƒŽ  —‹†‡Ž‹‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‹‡ƒ”•ƒ†‡•‡”˜‡•ǤŠ‹•‹•’”‘˜‹†‡†‹–Š‡ƒ”‹‡ƒ”•ƒ†‡•‡”˜‡•  –ǡ‘Ǥ͖͝‘ˆ͕͘͝͝ȏ•‡ –‹‘͕͚Ȑ™Š‹ Šˆ—”–Š‡”’”‘˜‹†‡•–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”—•–„‡‹ˆ‘”‡†‹™”‹–‹‰͔͗ †ƒ›•‹ƒ†˜ƒ ‡‘ˆ’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ ǤŠ‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”Šƒ•‘‘–Š‡”†‹”‡ –Œ—”‹•†‹ –‹‘‘˜‡”ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•‹ –Š‡„—ơ‡”œ‘‡Ǥ

–‹•‡’Šƒ•‹•‡†–Šƒ–•— Š • ”—–‹›‹•‹‘™ƒ›‹–‡†‡†–‘†‹• ‘—”ƒ‰‡•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘” ‹˜‡•–‡–‹ƒƤƒ‹•–”‹ –Ǥ—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‹–Š‡‹•–”‹ –‹•‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›‹–Š‡‹–‡”‡•–•‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”ƒ†‹•™‡Ž ‘‡†Ǥ ’”‘ ‡†—”‡•ƒ”‡‹–‡†‡†‘Ž›–‘‹–‹‰ƒ–‡—‡ ‡••ƒ”›‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ degradations by improving the design and operations of such developments.

52 MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK General Management Plan Š‡„—ơ‡”œ‘‡„‘—†ƒ”›Šƒ•‹‹–‹ƒŽŽ›„‡‡•‡–ǡ„›ƒ‰”‡‡‡–™‹–Š–Š‡ƒƤƒ‹•–”‹ –ƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡•ǡƒ–͔͔͜ ‹ƒŽŽ†‹”‡ –‹‘•‘—–™ƒ”†•ˆ”‘–Š‡ ‘—–‡”„‘—†ƒ”›Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹–‹•”‡ ‘‰‹•‡†–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ” ‡˜‹”‘‡– ‘—Ž†„‡ƒơ‡ –‡†„›†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•‹ƒ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž›™‹†‡”ƒ”‡ƒǡ™‹–Š‹ƒƤƒ‹•–”‹ –‘”‡˜‡ „‡›‘†Ǥ –‹•‹–‡†‡†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–Šƒ–ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‹•’Žƒǡ‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‹‘•™‹ŽŽ„‡Š‡Ž†™‹–Š –Š‡ƒƤƒ‹•–”‹ –ƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡•–‘‡š–‡†–Š‡”‡“—‹”‡‡–ˆ‘” • ”—–‹›–‘ƒ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž›™‹†‡”ƒ”‡ƒ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡‹•–”‹ –ǡ’”‘„ƒ„Ž›„›‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‡ƒ•ǣ z ‡š–‡†‹‰–Š‡ „—ơ‡”œ‘‡Ǣ z ‹•–‹–—–‹‰ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡‹•–”‹ –„›ǦŽƒ™•”‡Žƒ–‹‰–‘ ”‡“—‹”‡‡–•Ǣ‘” z –Š‡‹•–‹–—–‹‘‘ˆƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘‘ ”‡“—‹”‡‡–Ǥ

7.3 SCHEME OF DESIGNATED AREAS

Š‹••‡ –‹‘†‡• ”‹„‡•–Š‡Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒŽŽƒ”‡ƒ•†‡•‹‰ƒ–‡†—†‡”–Š‡͗œ‘‡–›’‡•™‹–Š‹–Š‡ƒƤƒ •Žƒ† ƒ”‹‡ƒ”ƒ†–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡„‡Š‹†‡ƒ Š‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ

A detailed Zoning Plan has been produced and gazetted as a subsidiary document to the General Management ŽƒǤŠ‡†‡–ƒ‹Ž‡†‘‹‰ŽƒŠƒ•‹ Ž—†‡†ǣ

z ‡–ƒ‹Ž‡† –‡ Š‹ ƒŽ †‡• ”‹’–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ œ‘‡ „‘—†ƒ”‹‡• ȋ™Š‹ Š Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ‘–‹Ƥ‡† ‹ •—„•‹†‹ƒ”› ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•—†‡”–Š‡ƒ”‹‡ƒ”•ƒ†‡•‡”˜‡• –Ǥ‘Ǥ͖͝‘ˆ͕͘͝͝Ȍ z Detailed management strategies for individual zones. These follow the resource-use strategies ‘—–Ž‹‡† ‹ –Š‹• †‘ —‡– ƒ† ‘–ƒ‹ ‰”‡ƒ–‡” •’‡ ‹Ƥ  †‡–ƒ‹Ž ‘‹••—‡••— Šƒ•–Š‡Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ demarcation and mooring buoys, patrol activity, and particular resource-use allocations (eg. mariculture).

7.3.1 AREAS DESIGNATED AS CORE ZONES

1. Outer Kinasi Pass/ Mchangani Core Zone

Boundary Š‡‘”–Š‡”–‡””‡•–”‹ƒŽ„‘—†ƒ”›‹•–Š‡‡ƒŠ‹‰ŠŠ‹‰ŠǦ™ƒ–‡”ƒ”Ǥ‘—†‡†‹–Š‡ west by a line running from the west side of the Mchangani mangroves to the north end of Miewe Kubwa, from the southern tip of Miewe Kubwa to the northern tip of —ƒ‹ •Žƒ†Ǥ‘—†‡†‹–Š‡‡ƒ•–„›ƒŽ‹‡”—‹‰͕’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž–‘–Š‡‘—–Š‘ˆ‹ƒ•‹ Pass/ the line of the outer reef.

—•–‹Ƥ ƒ–‹‘ Contains Dindini-Mchangani and Kinasi walls that constitute unique reef habitat ™‹–Š‹ ™‹–Š•‹‰‹Ƥ ƒ–„‹‘†‹˜‡”•‹–›˜ƒŽ—‡ǡƒ†ƒŽ•‘’‘’—Žƒ”†‹˜‹‰•‹–‡•Ǥ ‹•Š‡ƒ‰Ž‡•ƒ†‘–Š‡”•‡ƒ„‹”†•‡•–‘–Š‡‹•Ž‡–•ƒ”‘—†‹ƒ•‹ƒ••ǤŠ‡ ”‡‡ƒ–  Šƒ‰ƒ‹‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡–™‘‘•–‡š–‡•‹˜‡ƒ‰”‘˜‡•–ƒ†•™‹–Š‹–Š‡’ƒ”ǡ„—– the mangroves are under threat from local cutting. The outer Kinasi Pass area is –Š‘—‰Š––‘’”‘˜‹†‡ƒ”‡ˆ—‰‡ˆ‘” ‘‡” ‹ƒŽŽ›‹’‘”–ƒ–’‡Žƒ‰‹ Ƥ•Š‹‰”ƒ–‹‰‹ƒ† out of the Chole Bay tidal.

General Management Plan MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK 53 2. Kitutia Core Zone

Boundary Š‹•œ‘‡‡ Ž‘•‡•ƒ•ƒ† ƒ›•—””‘—†‡†„›ƒ ‹” —Žƒ””‡‡ˆǢ–Š‡„‘—†ƒ”›‹•ƒŽ‹‡ ͕‘—–™ƒ”†ˆ”‘–Š‡‡ƒŽ‘™Ž‘™Ǧ™ƒ–‡”ƒ”Ǥ

—•–‹Ƥ ƒ–‹‘ Notwithstanding considerable coral bleaching damage in 1998, it is a prime example of Acropora spp. dominated shallow fringing reef habitat. Considered Ž‘ ƒŽŽ›–‘„‡ƒƤ•Š•’ƒ™‹‰ƒ”‡ƒǤ ˜‹‡™‘ˆ‹–••‘—–Š‡”Ž›Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘ the main northerly current, it is possibly an important source of coral and reef- Ƥ•ŠŽƒ”˜ƒ‡ˆ‘”‘–Š‡””‡‡ˆ•‘ƒƤƒǤŠ‡”‡‡ˆŠƒ•Š‹–Š‡”–‘„‡‡ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ– Ƥ•Š‹‰‰”‘—†ˆ‘” ‹„‘†‘Ƥ•Š‡”•ǡˆ‘”ƤǦƤ•Šƒ†‘ –‘’—•ǡ„—–™ƒ• ‘‹‰—†‡” •‹‰‹Ƥ ƒ–’”‡••—”‡ˆ”‘•‡‹‡‡–•Ǥ”‹‘”–‘–Š‡͕͜͝͝ ‘”ƒŽ„Ž‡ƒ Š‹‰ǡ–Š‡”‡‡ˆ ™ƒ•ƒ˜ƒŽ—‡†•‘”‡ŽŽ‹‰•‹–‡ƒ†•—„Œ‡ ––‘”‡ ‘˜‡”›ǡƒ›„‡ƒ‰ƒ‹‹–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡Ǥ

3. Kijiwenyara Core Zone

Boundary ‹Œ‹™‡›ƒ”ƒ‹•ƒ•ƒŽŽ”‘ ›‹•Ž‡–•‹–—ƒ–‡†‘ơ–Š‡™‡•–‡”‡†‘ˆ™‡Œ—— •Žƒ†Ǥ Š‡œ‘‡ ‘˜‡”•–Š‡‹•Ž‡–‹–•‡Žˆ„‘—†‡†„›–Š‡‡ƒŽ‘™Ž‘™Ǧ™ƒ–‡”ƒ”ǡƒ† marine area described by a semi-circle of radius 200 meters with the centre of the circle at the westernmost end of the islet.

—•–‹Ƥ ƒ–‹‘ Š‡ƒ”‹‡ƒ”‡ƒ†‡• ”‹„‡†‹•–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›”‡ ‘‰‹•‡†ƒ•ƒƤ•Š•’ƒ™‹‰‰”‘—† ƒ†”‡ˆ—‰‡ǡ–Š‘—‰Š‹”‡ ‡–›‡ƒ”•Ž‘ ƒŽƤ•Š‡”‡Šƒ˜‡•–ƒ”–‡†–‘Ƥ•Š–Š‡•‹–‡Ǥ Š‡‹•Ž‡–‹•ƒ‡•–‹‰•‹–‡ˆ‘”Ƥ•Š‡ƒ‰Ž‡•Ǥ

4. Mlola Forest Core Zone

Boundary Š‡ ƒ‹ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ Ž‘Žƒ ‘”‡•– Ž›‹‰ ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ ƒ”‹‡ ’ƒ”ǡ ”—‹‰ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‘”–Š‡”„‘—†ƒ”›‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”‹ ‹„‘˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ǡ•‘—–ŠƒŽ‘‰–Š‡‡ƒ•–‡”•‡ƒ„‘ƒ”† –‘ Šƒ‰ƒ‹Ǥ‘—†‡†‹–Š‡‡ƒ•–„›–Š‡‡ƒŽ‘™Ž‘™Ǧ™ƒ–‡”ƒ”ƒ†‹–Š‡ ™‡•–„›–Š‡Ž‘Žƒ ‘”‡•–’‡ ‹Ƥ‡†Ǧ—•‡‘‡ƒ†–Š‡‘ƥ ‹ƒŽˆ‘”‡•–„‘—†ƒ”›Ǥ

—•–‹Ƥ ƒ–‹‘ Žƒ”‰‡’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹–ƒ –’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‡š–ƒ–Ž‘™Žƒ† ‘ƒ•–ƒŽˆ‘”‡•–‘ƒƤƒǤ Š‡ˆ‘”‡•–Šƒ•”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›Š‹‰Š„‹‘†‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ ‘–ƒ‹••‡˜‡”ƒŽ•’‡ ‹‡• ‘Ƥ‡†–‘ƒ ˆ‡™•‹–‡•‹ƒœƒ‹ƒǡƒ†’”‘˜‹†‡•ƒ”‡ˆ—‰‡ˆ‘”†—‹‡”ƒ†‡Ž‡’Šƒ–•Š”‡™•ǤŠ‡ forest provides protection for agricultural land, from hot, saline easterly winds. The forest has come under severe threat over the course of several decades, from clearance for shifting cultivation and from the extraction of trees for timber and poles.

5. Kua Ruins Core Zone

Boundary  ‘–‹—‘—•ƒ”‡ƒ•—””‘—†‹‰ƒŽŽ–Š‡—ƒ”—‹•‘ —ƒ‹ •Žƒ†‡š–‡†‹‰͕͔͔ in all directions from the outer ruins.

—•–‹Ƥ ƒ–‹‘ Kua is the site of a 16th century town thought at one time to have been the headquarters of the Sultanate of Kilwa. The ruins remain of high cultural •‹‰‹Ƥ ƒ ‡Ǥ

54 MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK General Management Plan 5. Kizani Channel Core Zone Boundary Š‡™ƒ–‡” Šƒ‡Žƒ––Š‡•‘—–ŠǦ™‡•–‡” ‘”‡”‘ˆ —ƒ‹ •Žƒ†‘™Ž‘ ƒŽŽ›ƒ• Mto wa Kizaniǡ‡š–‡†‹‰—’–‘–Š‡Š‹‰ŠŠ‹‰ŠǦ™ƒ–‡”ƒ”‹–Š‡ Šƒ‡Ž‹–•‡Žˆǡ’Ž—• the beach areas and shallow waters on either side of the east end of the channel.

A site of scenic beauty used for tourism. The channel is lined with mature —•–‹Ƥ ƒ–‹‘ ƒ‰”‘˜‡•™Š‹ ŠŠƒ˜‡„‡‰—–‘•—ơ‡”ˆ”‘— ‘–”‘ŽŽ‡† —––‹‰Ǥƒ”‰‡ƪ‘ •‘ˆ waders and small seabirds utilise the inter-tidal area.

6. Ras Kisimani Ruins Core Zone

Boundary Small enclaves containing the ruins themselves and their immediate vicinity.

—•–‹Ƥ ƒ–‹‘ Although little of the ruins remain aside from foundations, they are the site of the ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡•–•‡––Ž‡‡–‘ˆƒƤƒ†ƒ–‹‰„ƒ ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•––‘–Š‡͕͗th century and possibly ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”ƒ†ƒ”‡–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡‘ˆ —Ž–—”ƒŽ•‹‰‹Ƥ ƒ ‡Ǥ

7.3.2. AREAS DESIGNATED AS SPECIFIED-USE ZONES

͕ǤŠ‘Ž‡ƒ›’‡ ‹Ƥ‡†Ǧ—•‡‘‡

Boundary An extensive section of the north eastern and central part of Chole Bay encompassing Kulawe reef to the west and Msumbiji reef to the south. Bounded from a point on the northern shore of Chole Bay east of Mchangani, running south ™‡•– –‘™ƒ”†• Š‘Ž‡ •Žƒ† –‘ ƒ ’‘‹– •‘—–ŠǦ™‡•– ‘ˆ —Žƒ™‡ ”‡‡ˆǡ ”—‹‰ ‡ƒ•– to the northern tip of Juani. On the east side the boundary is adjacent to the boundary of the Outer Kinasi Pass Core Zone.

—•–‹Ƥ ƒ–‹‘ ‘–ƒ‹•ƒŽŽ–Š‡•‹‰‹Ƥ ƒ–”‡‡ˆŠƒ„‹–ƒ–•™‹–Š‹–Š‡’ƒ”ǤŠ‘Ž‡ƒ›‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š‘•‡ ƒ”‘—† ‹‡™‡ †‘‰‘ ‹•Ž‡–ǡ –Š‡ ”‡‡ˆ• ƒŽ‘‰ ‹ƒ•‹ ƒ•• ‘™ ƒ• –—„‹ ”‡‡ˆ and Chole and Kinai Walls, and the relatively shallow reefs between Kinasi Pass ƒ† —ƒ‹ •Žƒ†‹ Ž—†‹‰‹Ž‹ƒ‹ƒ†Ž‹‡”‡‡ˆ•Ǥ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›–Š‡•‡ƒ”‡–Š‡ ‘•–•’‡ ‹‡•Ǧ”‹ Š ‘”ƒŽ”‡‡ˆŠƒ„‹–ƒ–•‹–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”Ǥ ‹‰ŠŽ›‹’‘”–ƒ–Ƥ•Š‹‰ ‰”‘—†•‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›ˆ‘”Ƥ•Š‹‰ ‘—‹–‹‡•‘ —ƒ‹ƒ†Š‘Ž‡ •Žƒ†•ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘ other communities around Chole Bay. These reefs have come under increasing ’”‡••—”‡ ‘˜‡” –Š‡ ’ƒ•– –Š”‡‡ †‡ ƒ†‡•ǡ Ƥ”•– ˆ”‘ †›ƒ‹–‡ Ƥ•Š‹‰ƒ†‘”‡ recently from the use of bottom-dragging seine nets.

͖Ǥ‹Ƥ‰‡ƒ›’‡ ‹Ƥ‡†Ǧ—•‡‘‡ Boundary  ‘ƒ•–ƒŽȀƒ”‹‡•–”‹’”—‹‰–Š‡ˆ—ŽŽŽ‡‰–Š‘ˆ‹Ƥ‰‡ƒ›Ǥ‘—†‡†‹–Š‡™‡•– „›–Š‡‡ƒŽ‘™Ž‘™Ǧ™ƒ–‡”ƒ”ǡƒ†Œƒ ‡––‘–Š‡Ž‘Žƒ ‘”‡•–‘”‡‘‡ǡ‹–Š‡ ‡ƒ•–„›ƒŽ‹‡͕ˆ”‘ǡƒ†’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž–‘ǡ–Š‡Ž‘™Ž‘™Ǧ–‹†‡ƒ”Ǥ

—•–‹Ƥ ƒ–‹‘ ‹Ƥ‰‡ƒ›‹•ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ––—”–Ž‡Ǧ‡•–‹‰•‹–‡Ǥ—”–Ž‡•ƒ”‡˜—Ž‡”ƒ„Ž‡–‘ ƒ’–—”‡ „›•Šƒ”‡–•‹–Š‡™ƒ–‡”•‘ơ–Š‡„ƒ›‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›†—”‹‰–Š‡‡•–‹‰•‡ƒ•‘•ǤŠ‡ ƒ”‡ƒ‹•ƒŽ•‘ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–Ƥ•Š‹‰‰”‘—††—”‹‰–Š‡‘”–ŠǦ‡ƒ•–‘•‘‘ƒ†‹• ”‡’—–‡†Ž›’‘’—Žƒ”ˆ‘”•Šƒ”•Ǥ

General Management Plan MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK 55 ͗Ǥ —ƒ‹—–‡”‡‡ˆ’‡ ‹Ƥ‡†Ǧ—•‡‘‡ Boundary A coastal/marine strip running the full length of the eastern seaboard of Juani •Žƒ†‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š‡‹•Ž‡–‘™ƒ•la Kasa at the southern end of Juani. Bounded ‹Žƒ†„›ƒŽ‹‡͙͔‡–”‡•ƒ„‘˜‡–Š‡‡ƒŠ‹‰ŠŠ‹‰ŠǦ™ƒ–‡”ƒ”ƒ†‹–Š‡‡ƒ•–„› ƒŽ‹‡͕ˆ”‘ǡƒ†’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž–‘ǡ–Š‡‡ƒŽ‘™Ž‘™Ǧ™ƒ–‡”ƒ”Ǥ

—•–‹Ƥ ƒ–‹‘ Beach areas on the outer side of Juani provide important turtle-nesting sites. —”–Ž‡•ƒ”‡˜—Ž‡”ƒ„Ž‡–‘ ƒ’–—”‡„›•Šƒ”‡–•‹–Š‡™ƒ–‡”•‘ơ–Š‡‘—–‡””‡‡ˆ ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›†—”‹‰–Š‡‡•–‹‰•‡ƒ•‘•ǤŠ‡ƒ”‡ƒ‹•ƒŽ•‘ƒ•‹‰‹Ƥ ƒ–Ƥ•Š‹‰‰”‘—† during the north-east monsoon.

͘Ǥ ‹„‘†‘—–‡”‡‡ˆ’‡ ‹Ƥ‡†Ǧ—•‡‘‡

Boundary A coastal/marine strip running the full length of the eastern seaboard of Jibondo •Žƒ†Ǥ‘—†‡†‹Žƒ†„›ƒŽ‹‡͙͔‡–”‡•ƒ„‘˜‡–Š‡‡ƒŠ‹‰Š™ƒ–‡”ƒ”ƒ†‹ –Š‡‡ƒ•–„›ƒŽ‹‡͕ˆ”‘ǡƒ†’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž–‘ǡ–Š‡‡ƒŽ‘™™ƒ–‡”ƒ”Ǥ

—•–‹Ƥ ƒ–‹‘ Beach areas on the outer side of Jibondo provide important turtle-nesting sites. —”–Ž‡•ƒ”‡˜—Ž‡”ƒ„Ž‡–‘ ƒ’–—”‡„›•Šƒ”‡–•‹–Š‡™ƒ–‡”•‘ơ–Š‡‘—–‡””‡‡ˆ ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›†—”‹‰–Š‡‡•–‹‰•‡ƒ•‘•ǤŠ‡ƒ”‡ƒ‹•ƒŽ•‘ƒ•‹‰‹Ƥ ƒ–Ƥ•Š‹‰‰”‘—† during the north-east monsoon.

͙Ǥƒ‰‡‡‡ˆ’‡ ‹Ƥ‡†Ǧ—•‡‘‡

Boundary  ‹” —Žƒ””‡‡ˆ‡š’‘•‡†ƒ–Ž‘™•’”‹‰–‹†‡•ǤŠ‡œ‘‡„‘—†ƒ”›‡š–‡†•͕‘—– ˆ”‘–Š‡‡ƒŽ‘™Ž‘™Ȃ™ƒ–‡”ƒ”Ǥ

—•–‹Ƥ ƒ–‹‘  ™‡ŽŽ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ”‡‡ˆ •–”— –—”‡ ’”‘˜‹‰ ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ‹ Ƥ•Š‹‰ ‰”‘—†• ˆ‘” ‹„‘†‘Ƥ•Š‡”•ǤŠ‡”‡‡ˆŠƒ• ‘‡—†‡”‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰–Š”‡ƒ–‹”‡ ‡–›‡ƒ”•ǡƒ‹Ž› ˆ”‘‘˜‡”ȂƤ•Š‹‰ƒ†ƒŽ•‘ˆ”‘–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ„‘––‘Ȃ†”ƒ‰‰‹‰•‡‹‡‡–•Ǥ

͚ǤŽ‘Žƒ ‘”‡•–’‡ ‹Ƥ‡†Ǧ—•‡‘‡

Boundary Š‡ƒ””‘™•–”‹’•”—‹‰͖͙͔ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡‹•‹†‡‘ˆ‘ƥ ‹ƒŽˆ‘”‡•–„‘—†ƒ”›‘ˆ–Š‡ Mlola Forest Reserve. One runs from Beacon 90 south to Kitotoni River (Beacon 54). The other runs from the Mlola Forest Post (Beacon 43) in Kungwi south to Chole Bay (Beacon 1).

These zones provide for controlled extraction of building poles for a limited period —•–‹Ƥ ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ Ƥ˜‡ ›‡ƒ”• •’‡ ‹Ƥ ƒŽŽ› —–‹Ž –Š‡ ƒ–—”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –”‡‡• ’Žƒ–‡† ˆ”‘ ͕͜͝͝Ǥ  Ž•‘ ’”‘˜‹†‡• ‘–”‘ŽŽ‡†‡š–”ƒ –‹‘‘ˆ‡†‹ ‹ƒŽ’Žƒ–•ǡƤ”‡™‘‘†ƒ†”ƒƥƒƤ„”‡ǤŠ‡ ue zone is divided so as to avoid the most intact areas of forest between the Mlola Forest Post and Kitotoni River and at Kirongwe north of Beacon 90.

56 MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK General Management Plan ͛Ǥƒ•‹•‹ƒ‹’‡ ‹Ƥ‡†Ǧ—•‡‘‡ Boundary ŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ†ƒ”‡ƒ‘ƒ•‹•‹ƒ‹ƒ„‘˜‡–Š‡Ž‘™Ȃ•’”‹‰–‹†‡ƒ”’Ž—•–Š‡–™‘ Šƒ‡Ž•–Šƒ–’ƒ”–‹ƒŽŽ›•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡‹–ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ‹ƒƤƒ‹•Žƒ†ǢMto wa Arusha and Mto wa Salibokoǡ—’–‘–Š‡Š‹‰Š–‹†‡ƒ”‘–Š‡‡ƒ•–•‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡ Šƒ‡Ž•ǤŠ‹•‹ Ž—†‡• the extensive, mangrove stretch in the inter – tidal area north of Ras Kisimani up to a latitudinal line above the northern mouth of Mto wa Arusha such that all of the mangroves around the mouth of the channel and to the south are included.

—•–‹Ƥ ƒ–‹‘ The two channels, Mto wa Arusha and Mto wa Saliboko, contain some of the best ƒ”‡ƒ•‘ˆƒ‰”‘˜‡Šƒ„‹–ƒ–™‹–Š‹ Ǥ‘‰‡–Š‡”™‹–Šƒ•‹•‹ƒ‹‹–•‡Žˆ–Š‡› constitute a site of notable scenic beauty that can be utilised by visitors from lodges in Utende, and may itself be suitable for tourism development. The beaches of Ras Kisimani also host a small number of turtle nests.

7.3.3 AREAS DESIGNATED AS GENERAL–USE ZONES

ŽŽƒ”‡ƒ•™‹–Š‹–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”„‘—†ƒ”›‘–†‡•‹‰ƒ–‡†ƒ„‘˜‡ƒ•‡‹–Š‡”‘”‡‘‡•‘”’‡ ‹Ƥ‡†Ȃ—•‡ Zones are designated as General - use Zones.

7.4 FUTURE CHANGES TO THE ZONING SCHEME

‹‡ƒ›œ‘‹‰’Žƒǡ–Š‡ œ‘‹‰• Š‡‡‡‡†•–‘„‡ƪ‡š‹„Ž‡–‘”‡•’‘†–‘ƒŒ‘” Šƒ‰‡•‹–Š‡•‘ ‹‘ – economic or physical environment.

For example, the existing high level of dependency on marine resources by local residents is currently a major factor determining the protection status given to certain areas, especially 6SHFL¿HG±XVH=RQHV. However, successful development of alternative income sources could relieve the dependency on marine resources and allow certain areas to be given higher protection in the future. Equally, adverse trends in demographics or ‡ ‘‘‹  ‹” —•–ƒ ‡• ‘—Ž†‡ ‡••‹–ƒ–‡Ž‘™‡”‹‰–Š‡’”‘–‡ –‹‘•–ƒ–—•‘ˆ ‡”–ƒ‹ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǣ–Š‘—‰Š‹‰‡‡”ƒŽ –Š‹•™‘—Ž†„‡ƒ ‘—”•‡‘ˆŽƒ•–”‡•‘”–Ǥ‡™• ‹‡–‹Ƥ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘”‡’”‘†— –‹‘ › Ž‡•‘” —””‡–’ƒ––‡”• ‹‰Š–Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š– –Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ‡™ • ‹‡–‹Ƥ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘”‡’”‘†— –‹‘ › Ž‡• ‘” —””‡– ’ƒ––‡”• ‹‰Š–Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š––Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆ‡™œ‘‡•‘˜‡”‡š‹•–‹‰‘‡•ƒ†•‘‹˜‹–‡‘†‹Ƥ ƒ–‹‘•Ǥƒ–—”ƒŽ†ƒƒ‰‡ ˆ”‘•–‘”•‘” ‘”ƒŽ„Ž‡ƒ Š‹‰‹‰Š–”‡“—‹”‡–‡’‘”ƒ”›œ‘‹‰–‘ƒŽŽ‘™•–‘ •‘”‡ ‘•›•–‡•–‘”‡ ‘˜‡”Ǥ

•Š‘”–‹–‹•”‡ ‘‰‹•‡†–Šƒ–”‡˜‹•‹‘•–‘–Š‡œ‘‹‰• Š‡‡‘˜‡”–‹‡ƒ”‡‘–‘Ž›’‘••‹„Ž‡ǡ–Š‡›ƒ”‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ a long – term strategy of adaptive management.

The procedure governing changes to this Management Plan, including the zoning scheme, is outlined in Chapter 9.

General Management Plan MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK 57 CHAPTER 8

PROHIBITED AND PERMITTED ACTIVITIES

Š‹• Šƒ’–‡”’”‘˜‹†‡•ƒ‰—‹†‡–‘ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•’”‘Š‹„‹–‡†™‹–Š‹–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”ƒ•ƒ™Š‘Ž‡‘”–Šƒ–ƒ”‡”‡•–”‹ –‡† ™‹–Š‹’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”œ‘‡–›’‡•Ǥ –ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•–Š‡”‡•‘—” ‡Ȃ—•‡•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ˆ‘”œ‘‡–›’‡•‘—–Ž‹‡†‹•‡ –‹‘͛Ǥ͖‘ˆ the previous chapter. Following implementation of this management plan, regulations will be drawn up in Ž‹‡™‹–Š–Š‡•‡‰—‹†‡Ž‹‡•ƒ†‘–‹Ƥ‡†—†‡”–Š‡ƒ”‹‡ƒ”•ƒ†‡•‡”˜‡• –ǡ‘Ǥ͖͝‘ˆ͕͘͝͝Ǥ

8.1. ACTIVITIES PROHIBITED IN ALL ZONES

ŽŽ‡š‹•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘’”‘Š‹„‹–‹‰ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•‘ˆ™Šƒ–‡˜‡”‹†ƒ’’Ž‹‡•–Š”‘—‰Š‘—––Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”Ǥ  ƒ††‹–‹‘–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•™‹ŽŽ„‡’”‘Š‹„‹–‡†ˆ”‘ƒŽŽœ‘‡•™‹–Š‹–Š‡’ƒ”„‘—†ƒ”›ǣ

8.1.1 Prohibited extraction of Living Resources

z •‡‘ˆ„‡ƒ ŠȂ•‡‹‡‡–•‹ Ž—†‹‰‡–•‘™Ž‘ ƒŽŽ›ƒ•Juya, Juya la Kojani and Kavogo z ›ƒ –‹˜‹–›‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ†ƒƒ‰‡–‘ǡ‘”„”‡ƒƒ‰‡‘ˆ ‘”ƒŽ•ƒ†‘–Š‡”„‡–Š‹ Šƒ„‹–ƒ–•‘” organisms, whether by hand or by use of poles or other implements.

z Killing of turtles and dugong whether accidental or deliberate, including removal of turtle eggs z All pull nets with stretched–mesh size less than 3 inches, including Tandio/Mtando nets z Trawling z Use of propelled spear–guns and harpoons z •‡‘ˆ Š‡‹ ƒŽ•ƒ†’‘‹•‘•ˆ‘”Ƥ•Š‹‰ z Use of SCUBA to collect any marine organism other than for research purposes z Mangrove cutting for commercial sale

8.1.2 Prohibited Extraction of Non–living Resources

z Coral mining from inter–tidal and sub–tidal areas for commercial sale z Sand mining from beaches and sub–tidal areas z Hydrocarbon exploration and drilling z Sea–bed mining

8.1.3 Prohibited Construction and Development

z Port development and/or dredging z †—•–”‹ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– z Use of explosives for any purpose z Dumping into marine waters of solid waste, untreated wastewater, sewage or chemically polluted water or liquid.

z ”–‹Ƥ ‹ƒŽ†”ƒ‹ƒ‰‡‘ˆƒ›Žƒ†ƒ”‡ƒ

8.1.4 Prohibited Tourism Activities

z ‡–Ȃ•‹‹‰ z Sea – planes

58 MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK General Management Plan 8.2. GUIDE TO REGULATED ACTIVITIES

The following guidelines indicate the conditions under which certain activities may be permitted within the ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”ƒ†•Š‘—Ž†ˆ‘”–Š‡„ƒ•‹•‘ˆŽ‡‰‹•Žƒ–‡†”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•ǣ

FISHING:

͜Ǥ͖Ǥ͕ ‡–Ƥ•Š‹‰

See also Table 8.1

z All pull–nets and bottom–dragging set–nets, including Nyavu za kuzungushaǢNyavu za kuvuta, ‘Mtando’ and Tambo, will be prohibited in all zones. The accompanying use of poles and other implements to • ƒ”‡Ƥ•Š‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡•—„•–”ƒ–—™‹ŽŽ„‡’”‘Š‹„‹–‡†Ǥ

z ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ •— ‡••ˆ—Ž †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ •—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ Ƥ•Š‹‰ ‰‡ƒ”•ǡ ƒ” ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘• ƒ† ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•Ǣ–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡‡–•ƒ”‡’”‘Š‹„‹–‡†‡–‹”‡Ž›ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”Ǥ

͜Ǥ͖Ǥ͖ ’‘”–ȂƤ•Š‹‰

See also Table 8.1

z ’‘”–ȂƤ•Š‹‰ ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ’”‘Š‹„‹–‡† ˆ”‘ ‘”‡ ‘‡• ƒ† ’‡ ‹Ƥ‡†Ȃ—•‡ ‘‡• „—– ’‡”‹––‡† ‹ Regulated–use Zones. z ’‘”–ȂƤ•Š‡”• ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ”‡“—‹”‡† –‘ ‘„–ƒ‹ ƒ •’‘”–ȂƤ•Š‹‰ Ž‹ ‡ ‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‹˜‹•‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹•Š‡”‹‡• ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘”–Š‡‹•–”‹ – ‹•Š‡”‹‡•ƥ ‡Ǥ z ’‘”–ȂƤ•Š‡”•™‹ŽŽ„‡”‡“—‹”‡†–‘”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡ƒŽŽƤ•Š‡š ‡‡†‹‰•’‡ ‹Ƥ‡†™‡‹‰Š–•ǡ•‹ ‡Žƒ”‰‡ƒ†—Ž–Ƥ•Š are important for reproduction. Maximum weights will be established for all relevant groups of target species. z ’‘”–•ȂƤ•Š‹‰—•‹‰•’‡ƒ”Ȃ‰—•‘”Šƒ”’‘‘•™‹ŽŽ„‡’”‘Š‹„‹–‡†‡–‹”‡Ž›Ǥ z Š‡ ƒ”†‡ ™‹ŽŽ Šƒ˜‡ –Š‡ ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›ǡ ‹ˆ Š‡Ȁ•Š‡ ˆ‡‡Ž• ‹– ‹• ‡ ‡••ƒ”›ǡ –‘ ”‡“—‹”‡ •’‘”–Ǧ Ƥ•Š‡”• –‘ ƒ ‘‘†ƒ–‡‘„‘ƒ”†–Š‡‹”Ƥ•Š‹‰˜‡••‡Žƒƒ”‹‡’ƒ”‘„•‡”˜‡”†—”‹‰Ƥ•Š‹‰ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡƒ†–‘ ‘˜‡”–Š‡ ‘•–‘ˆ•— Šƒ’‡”•‘ƒ–‘ƥ ‹ƒŽ•–ƒơƤ‡Ž†ƒŽŽ‘™ƒ ‡”ƒ–‡•Ǥ

͜Ǥ͖Ǥ͗  –‘’—•Ƥ•Š‹‰

See also Table 8.1.

z  –‘’—• Ƥ•Š‹‰ ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ’”‘Š‹„‹–‡† ˆ”‘ ‘”‡ ‘‡• „—– ’‡”‹––‡† ‹ ’‡ ‹Ƥ‡†Ȃ—•‡ ‘‡• ƒ† 5HJXODWHG±XVH=RQHV.

z Fishing for octopus, by skin–diving, will not be permitted during neap tides. z A minimum, and possibly a maximum, catches weight for individual octopus will be legislated.

MINING:

8.2.4 Sea Coral Mining

See also Table 8.2.

Mining of coral whether live or dead, from inter–tidal and sub–tidal areas will be strictly regulated under the ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”ǯ•”‡•‘—” ‡Ȃ—•‡’‡”‹–•›•–‡ǡ„—–™‹ŽŽ‘–„‡’”‘Š‹„‹–‡†‡–‹”‡Ž›Ǥ

z ‡ƒ ‘”ƒŽ‹‹‰™‹ŽŽ„‡”‡•–”‹ –‡†–‘ ”‡•‹†‡–•ˆ‘”’—”’‘•‡•‘ˆ†‘‡•–‹  ‘•–”— –‹‘™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•‘Ž›ǡƒ†™‹ŽŽ„‡’‡”‹––‡†‹5HJXODWHG±XVH=RQHV.

General Management Plan MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK 59 z ‘”ƒŽ‹‹‰ˆ‘” ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ•ƒŽ‡™‹ŽŽ‘–„‡’‡”‹––‡†ǡ‡‹–Š‡”™‹ŽŽ ‘”ƒŽ‹‹‰„›‘Ȃ  residents for any purpose. z Š‡ ‘†‹–‹‘•—†‡”™Š‹ Šƒ ‘”ƒŽ‹‹‰’‡”‹–ƒ›„‡‹••—‡†–‘ƒ ”‡•‹†‡–™‹ŽŽ‡š’Ž‹ ‹–Ž› include the amount of coral a single person may remove under a single permit and the frequency with which a single person may apply for a subsequent permit. z ‡”‹–ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–’”‘’‘•‡•–‘ƒ‡—•‡‘ˆƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡„—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ƒŽ‘‰•‹†‡ ‘”ƒŽ„Ž‘ •ƒ†Ȁ‘”Ž‹‡™‹ŽŽ„‡˜‹‡™‡†‘”‡ˆƒ˜‘—”ƒ„Ž›Ǥ z – ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ”‡“—‹”‡† –Šƒ– ‹‹‰ •‹–‡• „‡ •’‡ ‹Ƥ ƒŽŽ› ƒ’’”‘˜‡† „› –Š‡ ƒ”†‡Ȃ‹ȂŠƒ”‰‡ ‘” ƒ †‡•‹‰ƒ–‡†”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡ǡƒ†•— Š•‹–‡••Š‘—Ž†„‡•‡Ž‡ –‡†•‘ƒ•–‘ƒš‹‹•‡–Š‡Ž‹‡Ž‹Š‘‘†‘ˆ ”‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•—„•–”ƒ–‡Ǥ”‡ƒ•‹–Š‡˜‹ ‹‹–›‘ˆ‹’‘”–ƒ–Ƥ•Š‹‰‰”‘—†•ǡ„‡ƒ Š‡•‘”‘–Š‡” sensitive coastlines will be avoided.

8.2.5 Land–based fossil coral mining

z ƒ†Ȃ„ƒ•‡†ˆ‘••‹Ž ‘”ƒŽ‹‹‰ǡ™Š‡–Š‡”ˆ‘”„—‹Ž†‹‰„Ž‘ •ǡƒ‰‰”‡‰ƒ–‡ǡ Š‹’’‹‰•‘”Ž‹‡™‹ŽŽ„‡ ”‡•–”‹ –‡†–‘ ”‡•‹†‡–•‹5HJXODWHG±XVH=RQHVƒ†™‹ŽŽ”‡“—‹”‡ƒ’‡”‹–ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”Ǥ

z – ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ”‡“—‹”‡† –Šƒ– ‹‹‰ •‹–‡• „‡ •’‡ ‹Ƥ ƒŽŽ› ƒ’’”‘˜‡† „› –Š‡ ƒ”†‡Ȃ‹ȂŠƒ”‰‡ǡ ‘” ƒ designated representative, in collaboration with the relevant Village Council.

z ‘••‹ŽȂ ‘”ƒŽ‹‹‰ƒ›„‡ ƒ—–‹‘—•Ž›‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡†ƒ”‘—†–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”–‘’”‘˜‹†‡ƒƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ –‘•‡ƒ ‘”ƒŽǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹–•Š‘—Ž†„‡•—„Œ‡ ––‘‘‹–‘”‹‰„›‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‘— ‹Ž•ƒ†–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”ǡ and may become subject to stricter controls at a later date if concerns arise over its sustainability or environmental impact.

8.2.6 Mud–brick making

z ‹‹‰‘ˆ—†™‹–Š‹–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”ˆ‘”’”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆ—†Ȃ„”‹ •™‹ŽŽ„‡”‡•–”‹ –‡†–‘  residents in 5HJXODWHG±XVH=RQHV but will not require a permit.

z —†Ȃ„”‹  ’”‘†— –‹‘ ƒ› „‡ ƒ—–‹‘—•Ž› ‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡† ƒ”‘—† –Š‡ ƒ”‹‡ ’ƒ” –‘ ’”‘˜‹†‡ ƒ alternative to sea coral. However, it will be subject to monitoring by Village Councils and the ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”ǡƒ†ƒ›„‡ ‘‡•—„Œ‡ ––‘•–”‹ –‡” ‘–”‘Ž•ƒ–ƒŽƒ–‡”†ƒ–‡‹ˆ ‘ ‡”•ƒ”‹•‡‘˜‡”‹–• sustainability or environmental impact.

TREE CUTTING:

8.2.7 Mangrove harvesting

See also Table 8.2.

ƒ”˜‡•–‹‰‘ˆƒ‰”‘˜‡’”‘†— –•ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›–”‡‡Ȃ —––‹‰ǡ™‹ŽŽ„‡•–”‹ –Ž›”‡‰—Žƒ–‡†—†‡”–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”ǯ• resource–use permit system.

z ƒ‰”‘˜‡ —––‹‰™‹ŽŽ„‡”‡•–”‹ –‡†–‘ ”‡•‹†‡–•ˆ‘”’—”’‘•‡•‘ˆ„‘ƒ–Ȃ„—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ†”‡’ƒ‹”ƒ† †‘‡•–‹  ‘•–”— –‹‘™‹–Š‹ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•ǡ‹5HJXODWHG±XVH=RQHV only. Collection of dead mangrove branches, fruits, leaves and seeds will be allowed outside of &RUH=RQHV without the need for a permit.

z ƒ‰”‘˜‡ —––‹‰ˆ‘” ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ•ƒŽ‡™‹ŽŽ‘–„‡’‡”‹––‡†Ǣ‡‹–Š‡”™‹ŽŽƒ‰”‘˜‡Šƒ”˜‡•–‹‰„› ‘Ȃ ”‡•‹†‡–•ˆ‘”ƒ›’—”’‘•‡Ǥ

z Cutting of mangrove for small–scale clearance of beach or inter–tidal areas for whatever purpose ”‡“—‹”‡•ƒ’‡”‹–Ǥ‹‰‹Ƥ ƒ– Ž‡ƒ”ƒ ‡™‹ŽŽ‘–„‡’‡”‹––‡†Ǥ

60 MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK General Management Plan z The frequency with which a single person may apply for a subsequent permit will be regulated. z ƒ‰”‘˜‡Ǧ —––‹‰’‡”‹–‹••—‡†–‘ƒ ”‡•‹†‡–™‹ŽŽ‡š’Ž‹ ‹–Ž›•–ƒ–‡–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆƒ‰”‘˜‡ that the person may remove.

z Permit applications in which the applicant commits himself/herself to planting seedlings of agro- forestry alternatives will be viewed more favourably, and may even be made a condition of approving the permit.

z –™‹ŽŽ„‡”‡“—‹”‡†–Šƒ– —––‹‰•‹–‡•„‡•’‡ ‹Ƥ ƒŽŽ›ƒ’’”‘˜‡†„›–Š‡ƒ”†‡Ȃ‹ǦŠƒ”‰‡‘”ƒ†‡•‹‰ƒ–‡† ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡Ǥ‹–‡••Š‘—Ž†„‡•‡Ž‡ –‡†•‘ƒ•–‘ƒš‹‹•‡–Š‡Ž‹‡Š‘‘†‘ˆ”‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ—––‹‰‹ –Š‡˜‹ ‹‹–›‘ˆ‹’‘”–ƒ–Ƥ•Š‹‰‰”‘—†•ƒ†–‘—”‹•ƒ”‡ƒ••Š‘—Ž†„‡ƒ˜‘‹†‡†Ǥ

8.2.8 Forest products (non–mangrove)

See also Table 8.3.

Harvesting, especially of poles, but also of non–timber forest products will be regulated under the marine ’ƒ”ǯ•”‡•‘—” ‡Ȃ—•‡’‡”‹–•›•–‡Ǥ

z ‘Ž‡Ȃ —––‹‰ ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ”‡•–”‹ –‡† –‘   ”‡•‹†‡–• ˆ‘” ’—”’‘•‡ ‘ˆ †‘‡•–‹  ‘•–”— –‹‘ ™‹–Š‹ ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•‘Ž›Ǥ‘Ž‡Ȃ —––‹‰™‹ŽŽ„‡’”‘Š‹„‹–‡†ˆ”‘‘”‡‘‡•Ǥ –ƒ›„‡’‡”‹––‡†‹ •’‡ ‹Ƥ‡†Ȃ—•‡‘‡•—†‡”’‡”‹–ǡ„—–‹••—ƒ ‡‘ˆ•— Š’‡”‹–•–‘„‡•–”‹ –Ž›Ž‹‹–‡†Ǥ

z The frequency with which a person may apply for a pole–cutting permit will be regulated.

z A permitted individual may be required to plant agro–forestry alternatives as conditions of cutting natural trees.

z Cutting of trees listed as “Reserved Trees”„›–Š‡ ‘”‡•–ƒ†‡‡‡‡’‹‰‹˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹‹•–”›‘ˆ Natural Resources and Tourism of Tanzania should only be permitted in 5HJXODWHG±XVH=RQHV and then only under permit from the Warden–in–Charge.

z ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘ ‘ˆ Ƥ”‡™‘‘†ǡ ”ƒƥƒ Ƥ„”‡ ȋukindu) and medicinal plant material should be permitted in 6SHFL¿HG±XVH=RQHV under permits issued locally by Village Liaison Committees and freely in Regulated– XVH=RQHV.

8.2.9 Salt making

z ƒŽ–’”‘†— –‹‘‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰Š‡ƒ–‹‰•‡ƒȂ™ƒ–‡”™‹–ŠƤ”‡™‘‘†‘”‘–Š‡”ˆ—‡Ž™‹ŽŽ„‡’”‘Š‹„‹–‡†™‹–Š‹–Š‡ ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”Ǥ z ƒŽ–’”‘†— –‹‘—•‹‰•‘Žƒ”‡‡”‰›ƒ›„‡—†‡”–ƒ‡‹5HJXODWHG±XVH=RQHV under permit from the ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”ǤŠ‡Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘—•–„‡ƒ’’”‘˜‡†„›–Š‡”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‘— ‹Žƒ†–Š‡ƒ”†‡Ȃ‹Ǧ Charge.

8.2.10 Construction

z ƒ”‰‡Ȃ• ƒŽ‡’”‘ ‡••‹‰’Žƒ–•ƒ†‹•–ƒŽŽƒ–‹‘•ǡ™Š‡–Š‡”ƪ‘ƒ–‹‰‘”Žƒ†Ȃ„ƒ•‡†ǡƒ›‘–„‡Ž‘ ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š‹–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”„‘—†ƒ”›Ǥ

z Development of any small–scale processing plant or installation, including desalination plants and ’”‘ ‡••‹‰’Žƒ–•ˆ‘”ƒ”‹‡’”‘†— –•™Š‡–Š‡”ƪ‘ƒ–‹‰‘”‘–Š‡”™‹•‡ǡ—•–—†‡”‰‘ • ”—–‹›‹ ƒ ‘”†ƒ ‡™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ”‹‡ƒ”•ƒ†‡•‡”˜‡• –Ǥ‘Ǥ͖͝‘ˆ͕͘͝͝Ǥ

z All new and existing constructions including tourism lodges other commercial outlets, jetties and mooring installations, but exempting local residents’ houses, civic buildings and public amenities,

General Management Plan MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK 61 ™‹ŽŽ„‡•—„Œ‡ ––‘• ”—–‹›—†‡”–Š‡ ‰—‹†‡Ž‹‡•ˆ‘”ƒ”‹‡ƒ”•ƒ†‡•‡”˜‡•Ǥ

Any construction not approved under these guidelines, even retrospectively, will be required to adjust accordingly.

z Š‡   —‹†‡Ž‹‡• ˆ‘” ƒ”‹‡ ƒ”• ƒ† ‡•‡”˜‡• ™‹ŽŽ ‹ Ž—†‡ ‰—‹†ƒ ‡ ‘ ‹••—‡• ”‡Žƒ–‹‰ –‘ ˆ”‡•Š™ƒ–‡”•—’’Ž›Ǣ†‹•’‘•ƒŽ‘ˆ•‘Ž‹†™ƒ•–‡ǡ™ƒ•–‡Ȃ™ƒ–‡”ǡ•‡™ƒ‰‡ƒ†ƒ›‘–Š‡” Š‡‹ ƒŽŽ›’‘ŽŽ—–‡† ™ƒ–‡”•Ǣ’Š›•‹ ƒŽƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡ƒ† ‘•–”— –‹‘ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡƒ†ƒ›‘–Š‡”•‹‰‹Ƥ ƒ–ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹‘•–‘–Š‡ natural environment.

͜Ǥ͖Ǥ͕͕  ‹‡–‹Ƥ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š

z ŽŽ• ‹‡–‹Ƥ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š™‹–Š‹–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”™‹ŽŽ„‡•—„Œ‡ ––‘’‡”‹–‹••—‡†ƒ––Š‡†‹• ”‡–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ Warden-in-charge. z ˆ‡‡™‹ŽŽ„‡ Šƒ”‰‡†ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”•–‘ ‘†— –”‡•‡ƒ” Š™‹–Š‹–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”Ǥ

‹ơ‡”‡–‹ƒŽ Šƒ”‰‡•™‹ŽŽ„‡‹’‘•‡†ˆ‘”ƒœƒ‹ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•ƒ†‘Ȃƒœƒ‹ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•ǤŠ‡ƒ”†‡Ǧ‹Ǧ Šƒ”‰‡™‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡†‹• ”‡–‹‘–‘™ƒ‹˜‡–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Šˆ‡‡‹ˆ‹–‹• ‘•‹†‡”‡†–Šƒ––Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š‹••—ƥ ‹‡–Ž›–‘ –Š‡„‡‡Ƥ–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”Ǥ

TABLE 8.1 SUMMARY OF PERMITTED ACTIVITIES BY ZONE Core Zone Specified– Specified– General – use zone Activity use zone use zone All users Residents Others Residents Others Hand–lines, box–traps, fence– traps  LRUC  LRUC P Long – lines  LRUC P 1Pull nets (of any size entirely prohibited)   2‡–Ȃ‡–•Ȁ•Šƒ”‡–•„‡–™‡‡͗dzȂ͛ǯǯ‡•Š  LRUC  LRUC P Šƒ”‡–•‘”‡–Šƒ͛ǯǯ‡•Š    LRUC P ’‘”–ȂƤ•Š‹‰    LRUC P 3 Octopus collection  LRUC  LRUC P Lobster, crab, shells (food)  LRUC  LRUC P Collection of shells for the curio trade  P  Aquarium collection (all organisms inc. coral)  P  (See section 6.35 for permit system)

KEY ί‘–’‡”‹––‡† ί‘ ƒŽ‡•‹†‡–•‡”‡”–‹Ƥ ƒ–‡”‡“—‹”‡† ί ‡”‹–”‡“—‹”‡† Note: 1 —ŽŽ‡–•ǣ‹ Ž—†‡•‡–•‘™•Ž‘ ƒŽŽ›ƒ•‘Mtando’ Nyavu za kuzungusha’ Nyavu za kuvuta and Mtambo are entirely prohibited 2‡–‡–•γ͗ǯǯγ͛ǯǯǣ‹ Ž—†‡‡–•‘™Ž‘ ƒŽŽ›ƒ•‘Jarife’ and Nyavu za kupweleza’ 3 Ž•‘•‡‡†‡–ƒ‹Ž‡†”‡•–”‹ –‹‘•‘ –‘’—•Ƥ•Š‹‰‹’ƒ”ƒ͜Ǥ͖Ǥ͗Ǥ

62 MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK General Management Plan TABLE 8.2 SUMMARY OF PERMITTED MARINE RESOURCE–USE (NON–FISHING) BY ZONE Activity Core Zone ’‡ ‹Ƥ‡†Ȃ—•‡œ‘‡ General–use zones All users Residents Others Residents Others Mangrove cutting (subsistence) PP –Š‡”ƒ‰”‘˜‡”‡•‘—” ‡•ȋŽ‡ƒ˜‡•ǡˆ”—‹–•ǡ„ƒ”‡– Ȍ    LRUC  Coral or limestone’s mining from inter– tidal or sub P  – tidal areas Seaweed/ sea grass collection (wild) LRUC P 4Mariculture  P  LRUC P 5Other marine bio-prospecting PP

(See section 6.35 for permit system) KEY ί‘–’‡”‹––‡† ί‘ ƒŽ”‡•‹†‡–—•‡” ‡”–‹Ƥ ƒ–‡”‡“—‹”‡† ί ‡”‹–”‡“—‹”‡† Note: 4Mariculture: ‹ Ž—†‡••‡ƒ™‡‡†ˆƒ”‹‰‘›•–‡”ˆƒ”‹‰ǡ ”ƒ„ˆƒ”‹‰ǡƤ•Šˆƒ”‹‰ǡƤ•Š ƒ‰‡Ȃ —Ž–—”‡ǡŽ‘„•–‡” ranching, sea – cucumber ranching etc.

5–Š‡”ƒ”‹‡„‹‘Ǧ’”‘•’‡ –‹‰ǣ includes collection of limited of samples of biological or inorganic material for development of medicinal, pharmaceutical or other commercial products

TABLE 8.3: SUMMARY OF PERMITTED FOREST AND TERRESTRIAL RESOURCE–USE BY ZONE Activity Core Zone ’‡ ‹Ƥ‡†Ȃ—•‡œ‘‡ General – use zone6 All users Residents Others Residents Others Pole – cutting  P  LRUC  Cutting of Reserved Trees for Timber P  ‡†‹ ‹ƒŽ’Žƒ–•ǡƤ”‡™‘‘†Ƭ”ƒƥƒƤ„”‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘  P  LRUC  Agriculture & Agro – forestry LRUC  ‡‡Ȃ‡‡’‹‰    LRUC  Hunting LRUC  Land – based fossil coral mining LRUC  7Construction (non–tourism) LRUC P ƒ’‹‰ȋƤ•Š‡”‡Ȍ PPPLRUCp

(See section 6.35 for permit system)

KEY ί‘–’‡”‹––‡† ί‘ ƒŽ‡•‹†‡–•‡”‡”–‹Ƥ ƒ–‡”‡“—‹”‡† ί ‡”‹–”‡“—‹”‡†

Note: 6 ‡‡”ƒŽǦ—•‡œ‘‡ǣ ‹ Ž—†‡ƒŽŽŽƒ†ƒ”‡ƒ•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‹‡ƒ”‹ Ž—†‹‰ƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡‹•Žƒ†•‘ˆ ‹„‘†‘ǡ —ƒ‹ǡ Chole and Bwejuu. 7‘•–”— –‹‘ȋ‘Ǧ–‘—”‹•Ȍǣ‹ Ž—†‡•ƒ›•–”— –—”‡ǡ‡š ‡’––Š‘•‡’”‘˜‹†‹‰•‡”˜‹ ‡•–‘–‘—”‹•ǡ™Š‡–Š‡” temporary or permanent and whether for domestic of commercial purposes.

General Management Plan MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK 63 TABLE 8.4. SUMMARY OF TOURISM REGULATIONS BY ZONE Activity Core Zone ’‡ ‹Ƥ‡†Ȃ—•‡œ‘‡ General – use zone

SCUBA diving P P P ‘”‡ŽŽ‹‰ǡ™‹‹‰ Freely allowed Freely allowed Freely allowed ‹†•—”Ƥ‰ǡƒ‹Ž‹‰ Freely allowed Freely allowed Freely allowed 8Construction  PP 9’‘”–ǦƤ•Š‹‰   P Overnight boat mooring  P Camping P P P

(See section 6.35 for permit system)

KEY ί‘–’‡”‹––‡† ί‡”‹–”‡“—‹”‡†ˆ”‘ Ȁ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•

Note: 8‘•–”— –‹‘ǣ’‡ ‹Ƥ ƒŽŽ›–‘—”‹•Ȃ”‡Žƒ–‡† ‘•–”— –‹‘‘ˆƒŽŽ‹†•™Š‡–Š‡”„› ”‡•‹†‡–•‘”–‘—”‹• operators, including accommodation buildings, shops, restaurants, shelters, water – sports related structures providing utility functions such as waste disposal, water and electricity.

9’‘”–ǦƤ•Š‹‰ǣ‘–‡–Šƒ–•’‘”–ȂƤ•Š‹‰‹••—„Œ‡ ––‘˜ƒ”‹‘—• ‘†‹–‹‘•†‡–ƒ‹Ž‡†‹–Š‡ƒ‹–‡š–ȋ’ƒ”ƒ͝Ǥ͖Ǥ͖Ȍ

64 MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK General Management Plan CHAPTER 9

EVALUATION AND REVIEW

9.1 PROCEDURE FOR REVIEW OF THIS MANAGEMENT PLAN

Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽƒƒ‰‡‡–’Žƒ‹•‘–ƒ•–ƒ–‹ †‘ —‡–ƒ†™‹ŽŽ„‡ Šƒ‰‡†ˆ”‘–‹‡–‘–‹‡–‘”‡ƪ‡ – resource use trends and new resource information acquired through research, and possible changes in Ž‘ ƒŽ ƒ––‹–—†‡• ƒ† ’‡” ‡’–‹‘• †—”‹‰ ‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ  —•– ƒ• –Š‡ ’Žƒ‹‰ ‡ơ‘”– ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‘’‡ǡ ‹–‡” Ȃ†‹• ‹’Ž‹ƒ”›ƒ†‹–‡”ƒ –‹˜‡™‘”•Š‘’•ƒ† ‘•—Ž–ƒ–‹˜‡‡‡–‹‰•–Š‡”‡˜‹‡™’”‘ ‡••™‹ŽŽƒŽ•‘”‡“—‹”‡ƒ similar transparent process.

Š‡”‡˜‹‡™’”‘ ‡••™‹ŽŽƒ‹–‘ƒ„‹†‡„›–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰• Š‡†—Ž‡ǣ

i) 5th year Interim Review

Before the end of the 5th›‡ƒ”ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ƒ’’”‘˜ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‹•‡˜‹•‡†Žƒǡ–Š‡ƒ”‹‡ƒ”•ƒ†‡•‡”˜‡•‹–ǡ –‘‰‡–Š‡”™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ”ƒƒ‰‡‡–ǡ™‹ŽŽ‡•—”‡–Šƒ–ƒ‹–‡”‹”‡˜‹‡™‹• ‘†— –‡†ǤŠ‡’—”’‘•‡™‹ŽŽ„‡ to assess progress on implementation of the Plan and the continuing appropriateness of the Zoning scheme and associated policies. The review will be conducted internally but will involve consultation with major •–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”‰”‘—’•ǡ‹•–”‹ –ƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡•ƒ†–Š‡†˜‹•‘”›‘‹––‡‡ǤŠ‡ ‘ Ž—•‹‘•™‹ŽŽ„‡„”‘—‰Š––‘ the attention of the Board of Trustees and if there are any salient points, especially any requiring legislation ‘””‡˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ•‹‰‹Ƥ ƒ–’‘‹–•‹–Š‹•†‘ —‡–ǡ–Š‡›™‹ŽŽ„‡„”‘—‰Š––‘–Š‡ƒ––‡–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹‹•–‡”‘ˆ ‹˜‡•–‘ ƒ† ‹•Š‡”‹‡•‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ

ii) 10th year Major review

Before the end of the 10th year following approval of this Revised Plan, the Board of Trustees, through the ƒ”‹‡ƒ”•ƒ†‡•‡”˜‡•‹–ƒ†–Š‡ƒ”ƒƒ‰‡‡–ǡ™‹ŽŽ‡•—”‡–Šƒ–ƒŒ‘””‡˜‹‡™‹• ‘†— –‡†ǤŠ‡ purpose would be similar to the above interim review, but would be conducted in greater detail and will preferably involve an independent assessor, subject to available resources. The results of the review will be „”‘—‰Š––‘–Š‡ƒ––‡–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹‹•–‡”‘ˆ‹˜‡•–‘ ƒ† ‹•Š‡”‹‡•‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ

iii) Validity of this plan

ˆ–Š‡–‹‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡”‡˜‹‡™•‹•†‡Žƒ›‡†ˆ‘”ƒ›”‡ƒ•‘ǡ‹–™‹ŽŽ‘–ƒơ‡ ––Š‡˜ƒŽ‹†‹–›‘ˆ–Š‹• —””‡–ŽƒǤ

‹˜Ȍ ‘†‹Ƥ ƒ–‹‘•‹–Š‡‡ƒ–‹‡

—–•‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡”‡˜‹‡™•ǡ–Š‡‘ƒ”†‘ˆ”—•–‡‡•ƒ›ǡˆ”‘–‹‡–‘–‹‡ǡ‰‹˜‡ƒ’’”‘˜ƒŽˆ‘”‘†‹Ƥ ƒ–‹‘• to the policies contained in this Plan, pending full consideration through the above or any future review process. This would apply in particular to the introduction of new polices or regulations that have not yet been legislated, such as the introduction of a new &RUH=RQH or 6SHFL¿HGXVH=RQH. Such introduction would, ƒ•ƒŽ™ƒ›•ǡ„‡•—„Œ‡ ––‘•–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”•ǯƒ‰”‡‡‡–Ǥ–Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡ™Š‡”‡’‘Ž‹ ‹‡• ‘–ƒ‹‡†‹–Š‹•’Žƒ are already in subsidiary legislations, the Board will not have the authority to do anything on them without the approval of the Minister responsible for Fisheries Development.

General Management Plan MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK 65 BIBLIOGRAPHY

†‡”•‘ ȋ͕͙͝͝Ȍ‡•‘—” ‡•‡‹–Š‡’”‘’‘•‡†ƒƤƒ •Žƒ†ƒ”‹‡ƒ”Ǥ–—†‹‡•‹˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ Economics and Development Unit for Environmental economics, department of Economics, Gothenburg University. PP 53

†‡”•‘ ‰ƒœ‹ȋ͕͙͝͝Ȍƒ”‹‡‡•‘—” ‡••‡ƒ†–Š‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆƒƒ”‹‡ƒ”ǡƒƤƒ •Žƒ†ǡ Tanzania Ambio Vol. 24. No. 7 – 8, pp 475 – 481

†‡”•‘ ǡ‰ƒœ‹ȋ͕͜͝͝Ȍ‘ƒ•–ƒŽ‘—‹–‹‡•ǯ”‘†— –‹‘Š‘‹ ‡•ǡ‹•‹˜‡”•‹Ƥ ƒ–‹‘ƒ†—„•‹•–‡ ‡ behaviour Responses in Periods of Transition. A case Study from Tanzania. Ambio Vol. 27. No. 8. pp. 686 – 693

—”‰‡•• ǡ Žƒ”‡ ǡ ‘†‰‡”•  ȋ͕͝͝͝Ȍ Š‡ „‹‘†‹˜‡”•‹–› ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ƒ•– ˆ”‹ ƒ Ž‘™Žƒ† ‘ƒ•–ƒŽ forests. Biological Conservation.

ƒ”™ƒŽŽȋ͕͙͝͝Ȍ—Ȃ†”‹‡†—†„”‹ •Ǣƒ–”‹ƒŽƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤ’—„Ž‹•Š‡†”‡’‘”––‘ Frontier – Tanzania/ the Society for Environmental Exploration, London, UK

—Ž˜› ǡ –ƒ™‡ŽŽȂ•‹–Š ǡ ƒ”™ƒŽŽ ǡ ‘””‹ŽŽ   ȋ͕͙͝͝Ȍ ‘”ƒŽ ‹‹‰ ƒ– ƒƤƒ •Žƒ†ǡ ƒœƒ‹ƒǤ  management dilemma. Ambio 24, 358 – 365.

ƒ—†‹ƒ ǡ‹ Š‘†ȋ͕͔͝͝ȌƒƤƒ •ƒ†ƒ”‹‡ƒ””‘Œ‡ –ǤŠ‡‡‘’Ž‡ǯ•”—•–ˆ‘”†ƒ‰‡”‡†’‡ ‹‡•ǡ ’‡”‹ƒŽ‘ŽŽ‡‰‡‘†‘ǡǤǤ͔͝’’Ǥ

”‡‡™ƒ›ƒ†‘†‰‡”•ȋ͕͜͜͝ȌŠ‡ƪ‘”ƒ‘ˆƒƤƒ •Žƒ†Ǥ

‘””‹ŽŽ ȋ͕͕͝͝ȌƒƤƒ •Žƒ†”‘Œ‡ –Ǥ‡’‘”–‘Ǥ͕ǡ —Ž›͕͔͝͝–‘ƒ” Š͕͕͝͝Ǥ ”‘–‹‡”Ȃƒœƒ‹ƒȀŠ‡‘ ‹‡–› for Environmental Exploration, London, U.K. 24pp.

‘””‹ŽŽ ǡ‰‘‹Ž‡ǡȋ͕͕͝͝ȌƒƤƒ •Žƒ†”‘Œ‡ –Ǥ‡’‘”–‘Ǥ͖ǡ‡’–‡„‡”͕͕͝͝Ǥ ”‘–‹‡”Ǧƒœƒ‹ƒȀŠ‡ Society for Environmental Exploration, London. U.K. 46pp.

‘””‹ŽŽ ǡƒ›‡”•ǡǤ Ǥȋ͕͖͝͝Ȍ”‡Ž‹‹ƒ”›ƒ•‡Ž‹‡—”˜‡›‘ˆ‘ƒ•–ƒŽ‡•‘—” ‡•‡”•‹–Š‡”‘’‘•‡†ƒƤƒ •Žƒ†ƒ”‹‡’ƒ”Ǥ

ȋ͕͘͝͝Ȍ —‹†‡Ž‹‡•ˆ‘””‘–‡ –‡†”‡ƒƒƒ‰‡‡–ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•Ǥ Žƒ†ǡ™‹–œ‡”Žƒ†

‡ Š‹‰–‘ǡǤȋ͕͔͝͝Ȍƒƒ‰‹‰ƒ”‹‡˜‹”‘‡–•Ǥƒ›Ž‘”Ƭ ”ƒ ‹•‡™‘”  Ǥ͖͖͕’’Ǥ

Kelleher G (1999) reference to be added

‘ ™‘‘†ȋ͕͗͝͝ȌǤ‡ –—”‡‘–‡•ǤProtected Area Planning. Charles Sturt University. Faculty of Science and Agriculture

ƒ„‘•Š‘ǡ Ǥ‰‡‹ȋ͕͚͝͝Ȍ‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ ‘Ž‹•–‹ –—†›Ǥ‡’‘”––‘–Š‡ƒƤƒ •Žƒ†ƒ”‹‡ƒ”Ǥ

‰‘‹Ž‡ȋ͕͜͝͝ȌŠ‡‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆƒƒ”‹‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ”ǡƒƤƒ •Žƒ†ǡƒœƒ‹ƒǣŠ‡—””‡––ƒ–‡‘ˆ –Š‡ƒ”‹‡˜‹”‘‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‘—–ŠƒƤƒŠƒ‡Ž‡’‘”–Ǥ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆƒ”‡•ƒŽƒƒǡ •–‹–—–‡‘ˆƒ”‹‡ Sciences. 44pp

‰‘‹Ž‡ǡ‡Žƒƒ”‹ǡƒ†ƒ‘Ž‘™‡ƒǡȋ͕͜͝͝Ȍ••‡••‡–‘ˆƒƤƒ •Žƒ†ƒ”ȋ Ȍǡƒœƒ‹ƒǤ ‡’‘”––‘ Ǧƒœƒ‹ƒ”‘‰”ƒ‡ƥ ‡Ǥ

‘”–‘ ȋ͕͙͝͝ȌǤ †‡–‹Ƥ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŽ–‡”ƒ–‡—‹Ž†‹‰’–‹‘•‘–Š‡ •Žƒ†•‘ˆƒƤƒǡƒœƒ‹ƒǤ‘•—Ž–ƒ– report to WWF.

66 MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK General Management Plan ȋ͕͚͝͝ȌǤ͕͚͝͝ ‡†‹•–‘ˆŠ”‡ƒ–‡‡†‹ƒŽ•Ǥ ǡ Žƒ†ǡ™‹–œ‡”Žƒ†Ǥ

ȋ͕͔͝͝Ȍ‹‘†‹˜‡”•‹–›‹•—„ȂƒŠƒ”ƒˆ”‹ ƒƒ†‹–• •Žƒ†•ǣ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ǡƒƒ‰‡‡–ƒ†—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ •‡Ǥ ’‡ ‹‡•—”˜‹˜ƒŽ‘‹••‹‘ ƒ•‹‘ƒŽƒ’‡”‘Ǥ͚Ǥ ǡ Žƒ†ǡ™‹–œ‡”Žƒ†Ǥ͖͖͘’’Ǥ

ƒ› ȋ͕͚͜͝Ȍƒ”‹‡ƒ”•ˆ‘”ƒœƒ‹ƒǤ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ•Š‹‰–‘Ǥ͛͘’’Ǥ

‘•‡ȋ͕͕͛͝ȌŠ‡†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ”‡‡ˆ ‘”ƒŽ‰‡‡”ƒ‹–Š‡ †‹ƒ ‡ƒǤ›’Ǥ‘‘ŽǤ‘ Ǥ‘†‘Ǥ͖͜ǣ͖͚͗Ȃ 299.

ƒŽǡŽƒ” ȋ͕͘͜͝ȌǤƒ”‹‡ƒ† ‘ƒ•–ƒŽ’”‘–‡ –‡†ƒ”‡ƒ•ǣ‰—‹†‡ˆ‘”’Žƒ‡”•ƒ†ƒƒ‰‡”•ǡ͖nd ed. ǡ ‡‡˜ƒǤ ͖Ȃ͔͖͔͙͗͜͜͜Ȃ͙Ǥ

 Š‡”Žǡ ȋ͕͙͝͝ȌǤ ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‘”›Žƒ‹‰”‘ ‡•• ˆ‘” ƒƤƒ •Žƒ† ƒ”‹‡ƒ” ƒƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ‘•—Ž–ƒ– ”‡’‘”––‘–Š‡ƒƤƒ •Žƒ†ƒ”‹‡ƒ”Ǥ

ƒŽ„‘–ȋ͕͙͝͝Ȍ‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ƒ†ƒ„—†ƒ ‡‘ˆ ‘”ƒŽ”‡‡ˆƤ•Šˆƒ—ƒ‘—–‹ƒ‡‡ˆǡƒ•–ˆ”‹ ƒǤ‘”ƒŽ‡‡ˆ• ͕͖ǣ͚͗Ǧ͙͘Ǥ

UNEP (1989) Coastal and marine environmental problems of the United Republic of Tanzania UNEP regional Seas Reports and Studies No. 106, UNEP. 1989.

ȋ͕͛͜͝Ȍ‘”ƒŽ‡‡ˆƒƒ‰‡‡– ƒ†„‘‘ǣ†•Ǥ‡ Š‹‰–‘ǡǤǤƒ† —†•‘ǡǤǤǤǡǤ

 ȋ͕͕͝͝ƒȌ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡ƒ†•–”ƒ–‡‰›ˆ‘”–Š‡’”‘’‘•‡†ƒƤƒ •Žƒ†ƒ”‹‡ƒ”Ǥ ƒœƒ‹ƒ‘—–”› ƥ ‡Ǥ

 ȋ͕͕͝͝„Ȍ”‘ ‡‡†‹‰•‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘’‘•‡†ƒƤƒ •Žƒ†ƒ”‹‡ƒ”Žƒ‹‰‘”•Š‘’ǡ ƒœƒ‹ƒ ‘—–”›ƥ ‡Ǥ

General Management Plan MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK 67 APPENDIX 1:

BOUNDARY DESCRIPTION FOR MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK

Š‡ƒ”‹‡ƒ”•ƒ†‡•‡”˜‡•ȋƒƤƒ •Žƒ†ƒ”‹‡ƒ”Ȍ‡ Žƒ”ƒ–‹‘‘–‹ ‡ǡ͕͚͝͝

Government Notice No. 200 published on 6/9/96

ƒ†‡—†‡”‡ –‹‘͝‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‹‡ƒ”•ƒ†‡•‡”˜‡• –Ǥ‘Ǥ͖͝‘ˆ͕͘͝͝

‹Ǥ Š‹•‘–‹ ‡ƒ›„‡ ‹–‡†ƒ•–Š‡ƒ”‹‡ƒ”•ƒ†‡•‡”˜‡•ȋƒƤƒ •Žƒ†ƒ”‹‡ƒ”Ȍȋ‡ Žƒ”ƒ–‹‘Ȍ Notice, 1996

ii. This notice shall be deemed to have come into operation on the 1st July 1995.

‹‹‹Ǥ Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ†‡• ”‹„‡†‹–Š‡ Š‡†—Ž‡–‘–Š‡‘–‹ ‡‹•Š‡”‡„›†‡ Žƒ”‡†–‘„‡–Š‡ƒƤƒ •Žƒ†ƒ”‹‡ ƒ”

iv. The Government Notice 455 printed and published on the 25th—‰—•–͕͙͝͝ǡ‹•Š‡”‡„›”‡˜‘‡†Ǥ

SCHEDULE

Boundaries

ŽŽ–Šƒ–ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆŽƒ†‹–Š‡‹•–”‹ ––Š‡„‘—†ƒ”‹‡•™Š‡”‡‘ˆƒ”‡‘”‡’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›†‡Ƥ‡†ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ

‘‡ ‹‰ƒ–ƒ’‘‹–‘–Š‡ƒƤƒȂ—ƤŒ‹‹•–”‹ –„‘—†ƒ”›ǡƒ–‹–—†‡͔͙͛͑͘ǯ͔͗dz‘‰‹–—†‡͔͗͑͗͝ǯ͔͔ǯǯǡ thence due east to a point at the north of Maduvi Reef (07º 54’ 30”S, 39º 30’ 09’’E) and thence on an easterly „‡ƒ”‹‰–‘ƒ’‘‹–‘ƒƤƒ •Žƒ†ȋ͔͙͙͛͑ǯ͕͖dzǡ͗͑͗͜͝ǯ͕͜dzȌǤ

Š‡ ‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ƒŽ‹‡͕‹Žƒ†ˆ”‘ƒ†’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž–‘–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•–Š‹‰Š™ƒ–‡”–‹†‡ƒ”‘ˆƒƤƒ •Žƒ†•‘—–Š easterly, easterly, and north – easterly to a point at the north of Chole Bay (07º 53’36’’ S, 39º 47’00’’E.

Thence in a north-easterly direction (54.5º) to a point representing the northernmost extent of Chole Bay (07º 52’ 41’’S, 39º 48’ 22E), thence due east to a point to the south of Mlola (07º 51’ 43’’S, 39º 49’35’’E) and thence on a north-easterly bearing to a point north of Forbes Bay (07º 48’ 16’’S, 39º 52’ 23’’E)

Š‡ ‡‹ƒ‡ƒ•–‡”Ž›†‹”‡ –‹‘–‘’‘‹–‘–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•–Š‹‰Š™ƒ–‡”–‹†‡ƒ”ȋ͔͛͑͘͜ǯ͔͛ǯǯǡ͙͖͗͑͝ǯ͔͘dzȌǡ thence due east to a point over the 200m marine isobaths (07º 48’ 07’’S, 39º 54’01’’E) and thence following –Š‡͖͔͔‹•‘„ƒ–Š••‘—–Šƒ†’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž–‘–Š‡‡ƒ•–‡”•‡ƒ„‘ƒ”†•‘ˆƒƤƒǡ —ƒ‹ƒ† ‹„‘†‘ •Žƒ†•–‘ƒ ’‘‹–•‘—–Š‘ˆ—–‹ƒ‡‡ˆȋ͔͔͑͜͝ǯ͖͗ǯǯǤ͗͑͗͝͝ǯ͙͔ǯǯȌ–Š‡ ‡†—‡™‡•––‘ƒ’‘‹–‘–Š‡ƒƤƒȂ—ƤŒ‹‹•–”‹ – „‘—†ƒ”›ȋ͔͔͑͜͝ǯ͔͘ǯǯǡ͔͗͑͗͝ǯ͔͔dzȌ–Š‡ ‡†—‡‘”–ŠƒŽ‘‰–Š‡ƒƤƒȂ—ƤŒ‹„‘—†ƒ”›–‘–Š‡’‘‹–‘ˆ commencement.

68 MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK General Management Plan General Management Plan MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK 69

Board Of Trustees Marine Parks And Reserves Unit

September 2011