DOCSLIB.ORG

153 Chapter 1: the Sixteenth-Century Inheritance

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
153 Chapter 1: the Sixteenth-Century Inheritance Notes Chapter 1: The Sixteenth-Century Inheritance 1. Jan Glete, War and the State in Early Modern Europe. Spain, the Dutch Republic, and Sweden as Fiscal-Military States, 1500–1660 (London, 2002), p. 179. 2. Sven-Erik Åström, ‘The Swedish Economy and Sweden’s Role as a Great Power 1632–1697’, in Sweden’s Age of Greatness 1632–1718, ed. Michael Roberts (New York, 1973), p. 67; Eli F. Heckscher, An Economic History of Sweden, trans. Göran Ohlin (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1963), pp. 70–72, 84–109. 3. Heckscher; Åström, ‘The Swedish Economy’, pp. 58–101. 4. On Sweden’s noble economy, see Jan Samuelson, Aristokrat eller förädlad bonde? Det svenska frälsets ekonomi, politik og sociala förbindelser under tiden 1523–1611 (Lund, 1993), pp. 45–60, 70–75, 255–64; Olle Ferm, De högadliga godsen i Sverige vid 1500-talets mitt. Geografisk uppbyggnad, räntestruktur, godsdrift och hushållning (Stockholm, 1990), pp. 32–42. On the rusttjänst, see Sven A. Nilsson, Krona och frälse i Sverige 1523–94 (Lund, 1947), pp. 18–85. 5. On the role of towns in Swedish domestic and international commerce, see: Åke Sandström, Plöjande borgare och handlande bönder. Mötet mellan den europeiska urbana ekonomin och vasatidens Sverige (Stockholm, 1996). 6. Lars-Olof Larsson, Bönder och gårdar i stormaktspolitikens skugga. Studier kring hemmansklyvning, godsbildning och mantalssättning i Sverige 1625–1750 (Växjö, 1983); Sören Klingnéus, Bönder blir vapensmeder. Protoindustriell tillverkning i Närke under 1600-och 1700-talen (Uppsala, 1997), especially pp. 120–85; Sven A. Nilsson, ‘Landbor och skattebönder. En studie av 153 154 NOTES extraskattens fördelning under 1500-och 1600-talen’, in Historieforsk- ning på nya vägar. Studier tillägnade Sten Carlsson 14.12.1977 (Lund, 1977), pp. 143–68; Janken Myrdal, Jordbruket under feodalismen 1000–1700 (Stockholm, 1999); Eino Jutikkala, Bonden, adelsmannen, kronan. Godspolitik och jordegendomsförhållanden i Norden 1550–1750 (Lund, 1979). 7. Michael Roberts, Swedish Imperial Experience 1560–1718 (Cambridge, 1979), p. 43. On the rural economy, see Johan Söderberg and Janken Myrdal, The Agrarian Economy of Sixteenth-Century Sweden (Stockholm, 2002), especially pp. 91–110. 8. On the dissolution of the Kalmar Union and early ‘national’ sentiment in the Nordic kingdoms, see Harald Gustafsson, Gamla riken, nya stater. Statsbildning, politisk kultur och identiteter under Kalmarunionens upplösningsskede (Stockholm, 2000). Also Michael Roberts, The Early Vasas. A History of Sweden 1523–1611 (Cambridge, 1968), pp. 1–45; Mikael Venge, Christian 2.s fald (Odense, 1972); Lauritz Weibull, Stockholms blodbad (Stockholm, 1965), pp. 120–83. 9. Nilsson, Krona och frälse, pp. 90–107. 10. Herman Schück, ‘Riksdagens framväxt: tiden intill 1611’, in Riksdagen genom tiderna, ed. Herman Schück, Göran Rystad etal. (Stockholm, 1985), pp. 7–44. 11. Nilsson, Krona och frälse, pp. 132–41. 12. The definitive biography of Erik remains Ingvar Andersson, Erik XIV (Stockholm, 1948). On the king’s disputes with his brothers, see Frede P. Jensen, Bidrag til Frederik II’s og Erik XIV’s historie (Copenhagen, 1978), pp. 83–125. 13. Lennart Hedberg, Företagarfursten och framväxten av den starka staten. Hertig Karls resursexploatering i Närke 1581–1602 (Örebro, 1995); Nilsson, Krona och frälse, pp. 142–347. On Johan’s Catholicism, see Gustaf Ivarsson, Johan III och klosterväsendet (Lund, 1970); Magnus Nyman, Förlorarnas historia. Katolskt liv i Sverige från Gustav Vasa till drottning Kristina (Uppsala, 1997), pp. 135–76; Oskar Garstein, Rome and the Counter-Reformation in Scandinavia, vol. 1: 1539–1583 (Oslo, 1963), pp. 72–260; Vello Helk, Laurentius Nicolai Norvegus S.J. (Copenhagen, 1966), pp. 25–201. 14. There is still no satisfactory recent biography of Johan III in Swedish or English; one must rely on the brief but compelling account of his reign in Roberts, Early Vasas, pp. 242–326. 15. David Norrman, Sigismund Vasa och hans regering i Polen (Stockholm, 1978). NOTES 155 16. Heikki Ylikangas, Klubbekriget. Det blodiga bondekriget i Finland 1596–1597 (Stockholm, 1999). 17. Åke Hermansson, Karl IX och ständerna. Tronfrågan och författnings- utvecklingen i Sverige 1598–1611 (Uppsala, 1962); Sven A. Nilsson, Kampen om de adliga privilegierna 1526–1594 (Lund, 1952), pp. 100–31; Roberts, Early Vasas, pp. 327–461. 18. Ingun Montgomery, Värjostånd och lärostånd. Religion och politik i meningsutbytet mellan kungamakt och prästerskap i Sverige 1593–1608 (Uppsala, 1972). There is a convenient English summary in Mont- gomery, ‘The institutionalisation of Lutheranism in Sweden and Finland’, in The Scandinavian Reformation, ed. Ole Peter Grell (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 144–78. 19. On the debate over the motivating forces behind Sweden’s ‘imperial’ career, see Roberts, Swedish Imperial Experience, pp. 1–42; Klaus- Richard Böhme, ‘Building a Baltic Empire. Aspects of Swedish Expansionism, 1560–1660’, in In Quest of Trade and Security. The Baltic in Power Politics 1500–1990, ed. Göran Rystad (2 vols, Lund, 1994–95), vol. 1, pp. 182–3; Sverker Oredsson, Gustav Adolf, Sverige och Trettioåriga kriget. Historieskrivning och kult (Lund, 1992). 20. Artur Attman, Swedish Aspirations and the Russian Market during the 17th Century (Göteborg, 1985); Jan Peters, Die alten Schweden (Berlin, 1986); Jan Lindegren, Utskrivning och utsugning. Produktion och reproduktion i Bygdeå 1620–1640 (Uppsala, 1980); idem, Maktstatens resurser. Danmark och Sverige under 1600-talet (Uppsala, 2001); idem, ‘ “Med glädje och utan suckan” eller samhällskontrollen i ett lokal- perspektiv’, in Kustbygd och centralmakt 1560–1721. Studier i centrum- periferi under svensk stormaktstid, ed. Nils Erik Villstrand (Helsingfors, 1987), pp. 203–29; S. Troebst, ‘Debating the mercantile background to early modern Swedish empire-building: Michael Roberts versus Artur Attman’, European History Quarterly, 24 (1994), 485–509. 21. Aksel Christensen, Dutch Trade to the Baltic around 1600 (Copenhagen, 1941). 22. Frede P. Jensen, Danmarks konflikt med Sverige 1563–1570 (Copenhagen, 1982); Jason Lavery, Germany’s Northern Challenge. The Holy Roman Empire and the Scandinavian Struggle for the Baltic, 1563–1576 (Leiden, 2002); Sven Ulric Palme, Sverige och Danmark 1596–1611 (Uppsala, 1942). 23. By far the best account of the conflicts between Sweden, Russia, Poland, and Denmark is Robert I. Frost’s phenomenally clear analysis: The Northern Wars 1558–1721 (London, 2000). See also Kari Tarkiainen, 156 NOTES ‘Vår Gamble Arffiende Ryssen’. Synen på Ryssland i Sverige 1595–1621 (Stockholm, 1974). 24. Karl Hildebrand, Johan III och Europas katolska makter (Uppsala, 1898). 25. Nilsson, Kampen om de adliga privilegierna; idem, Krona och frälse. 26. At Stettin, the Danish and Swedish negotiators agreed that, in the future, all conflicts between their kingdoms would first be mediated by means of ‘border-meetings’ (gränsemöte), in which members of both Councils would attempt to resolve the conflict before allowing their sovereigns to declare war. 27. Bernt Douhan, Arbete, kapital och migration. Valloninvandringen till Sverige under 1600-talet (Uppsala, 1985), pp. 22–28; Klingnéus, Bönder blir våpensmeder; Hedberg, Företagarfursten. 28. Ylikangas, Klubbekriget. 29. Nils Erik Villstrand, Anpassning eller protest. Lokalsamhället inför utskrivningarna av fotfolk till den svenska krigsmakten 1620–1679 (Åbo, 1992), pp. 39–48; Sven A. Nilsson, På väg mot militärstaten. Krigsbefälets etabliring i den äldre vasatidens Sverige (Uppsala, 1989). 30. Jan W. Wijn, ‘Johann der Mittlere von Nassau-Siegen’, Klassiker der Kriegskunst, ed. Werner Hahlweg (Darmstadt, 1960), pp. 119–33; On the growth of ‘professionalism’ in the officer corps, see Gunnar Artéus, Till militärstatens förhistoria. Krig, professionalisering och social förändring under Vasasönernas regering (Stockholm, 1986); Sven A. Nilsson, De stora krigens tid. Om Sverige som militärstat och bondesamhälle (Uppsala, 1990), pp. 107–16; idem, På väg mot militärstaten. Chapter 2: The Reign of Gustav II Adolf 1. The best brief biography of Gustav Adolf is the more recent one by Michael Roberts: Gustavus Adolphus (2nd edition, London, 1992). See also idem, Gustavus Adolphus. A History of Sweden 1611–1632 (2 vols, London, 1953–58); Nils Ahnlund, Gustav Adolf den Store (2nd edition, Stockholm, 1932); Johannes Paul, Gustaf Adolf (3 vols, Leipzig, 1927–32); Günter Barudio, Gustav Adolf–der Große. Eine politische Biographie (Frankfurt am Main, 1982). 2. Nils Runeby, Monarchia Mixta. Maktfördelningsdebatt i Sverige under den tidigare stormaktstiden (Stockholm, 1962), pp. 45–78; Carl Arvid Hessler, ‘Gustav II Adolfs konungaförsäkran’, Scandia, 5 (1932), 167–204. 3. Tor Berg, Johan Skytte. Hans ungdom och verksamhet under Karl IX:s regering (Stockholm, 1920). NOTES 157 4. A biography of Oxenstierna, especially one covering his early years in office, is sorely needed. One must rely on a number of older works: Nils Ahnlund, Axel Oxenstierna intill Gustav Adolfs död (Stock- holm, 1940); Wilhelm Tham, Axel Oxenstierna, hand ungdom och verk- samhet intill år 1612 (Stockholm, 1935). On Oxenstierna’s patronage activities within the central administration, see Svante Norrhem, Uppkomlingarna. Kanslitjänstemännen i 1600-talets Sverige och Europa (Stockholm, 1993). 5. This was a sensitive issue of long standing. The ‘Three Crowns’ rep- resented the old Kalmar Union of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden; disagreement over this symbolism, which hinted at Danish preten- sions to sovereignty over Sweden, had also contributed to
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Stony Brook University
    SSStttooonnnyyy BBBrrrooooookkk UUUnnniiivvveeerrrsssiiitttyyy The official electronic file of this thesis or dissertation is maintained by the University Libraries on behalf of The Graduate School at Stony Brook University. ©©© AAAllllll RRRiiiggghhhtttsss RRReeessseeerrrvvveeeddd bbbyyy AAAuuuttthhhooorrr... Invasions, Insurgency and Interventions: Sweden’s Wars in Poland, Prussia and Denmark 1654 - 1658. A Dissertation Presented by Christopher Adam Gennari to The Graduate School in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Stony Brook University May 2010 Copyright by Christopher Adam Gennari 2010 Stony Brook University The Graduate School Christopher Adam Gennari We, the dissertation committee for the above candidate for the Doctor of Philosophy degree, hereby recommend acceptance of this dissertation. Ian Roxborough – Dissertation Advisor, Professor, Department of Sociology. Michael Barnhart - Chairperson of Defense, Distinguished Teaching Professor, Department of History. Gary Marker, Professor, Department of History. Alix Cooper, Associate Professor, Department of History. Daniel Levy, Department of Sociology, SUNY Stony Brook. This dissertation is accepted by the Graduate School """"""""" """"""""""Lawrence Martin "" """""""Dean of the Graduate School ii Abstract of the Dissertation Invasions, Insurgency and Intervention: Sweden’s Wars in Poland, Prussia and Denmark. by Christopher Adam Gennari Doctor of Philosophy in History Stony Brook University 2010 "In 1655 Sweden was the premier military power in northern Europe. When Sweden invaded Poland, in June 1655, it went to war with an army which reflected not only the state’s military and cultural strengths but also its fiscal weaknesses. During 1655 the Swedes won great successes in Poland and captured most of the country. But a series of military decisions transformed the Swedish army from a concentrated, combined-arms force into a mobile but widely dispersed force.
    [Show full text]
  • Microsoft Office 2000
    161 Chapter VI Incentives for War and the Law of War (1618 – 1648/59) The Holy Roman Empire and the European States System Since the middle of the fifteenth century, the ruling kin group of the Habsburgs had transformed itself into the unofficial imperial dynasty. As a rule, the Electors chose a member of this dynasty when they had to decide about a new emperor, and they had done so since the accession of Frederick III in 1440. Not always was the imperial election an easy and straightforward process, as several rulers might announce their candidacies seeking to win the Electors’ favour. Upon the death of Emperor Maximilian I in 1519, King Francis I of France, King Henry VIII of England and Elector Frederick the Wise of Saxony decided to run against each other and Maximilian’s heir and presumptive successor Charles, who had become King of Aragón in 1516. All candidates were heavyweights. But Charles won the election as had been expected, the Habsburgs solidified their position and gained in prestige with this and each subsequent election that turned one of their members into the imperial office. They succeeded in drawing ever more central competences of the imperial administration into the residential capital of Vienna. In fulfillment of Maximilian’s court orders of 13 December 1497 and 13 February 1498, Vienna was already the home of the Imperial Aulic Council as an adjudicative and arbitrative institution,1 and since 1556, the Imperial War Council was in operation as the highest decision-making institution on military matters for the Empire as a whole.2 Since 1482, the year of the death of Maximilian’s first wife Mary, the Habsburgs ruled over Burgundy, since 1516 over Aragón in the north of the Iberian Peninsula and since 1555 over the united Kingdom of Spain.
    [Show full text]
  • King of Battle
    tI'1{1l1JOC 'Branch !J{istory Series KING OF BATTLE A BRANCH HISTORY OF THE U.S. ARMY'S FIELD ARTILLERY By Boyd L. Dastrup Office of the Command 9iistorian runited States !Jl.rmy rrraining and tIJoctrine Command ASS!STANT COMMANDANT US/\F/\S 11 MAR. 1992 ATTIN' II,., ..." (' '. 1\iIO.tIS ,")\,'/2tt Tech!lical librar fort SII), OK ~3503'031~ ..~ TRADOC Branch History Series KING OF BATTLE A BRANCH HISTORY OF THE U.S. ARMY'S FIELD ARTILLERY I t+ j f I by f f Boyd L. Dastrup Morris Swett T. n1 Property of' '1 seCh cal Library, USAFAS U.l• .1:ruy Office of the Command Historian United States Army Training and Doctrine Command Fort Monroe, Virginia 1992 u.s. ARMY TRAINING AND DOCTRINE COMMAND General Frederick M. Franks, Jr.. Commander M~or General Donald M. Lionetti Chief of Staff Dr. Henry O. Malone, Jr. Chief Historian Mr. John L. Romjue Chief, Historical Studies and Publication TRADOC BRANCH HISTORY SERIES Henry O. Malone and John L. Romjue, General Editors TRADOC Branch Histories are historical studies that treat the Army branches for which TRADOC has Armywide proponent responsibility. They are intended to promote professional development of Army leaders and serve a wider audience as a reference source for information on the various branches. The series presents documented, con- cise narratives on the evolution of doctrine, organization, materiel, and training in the individual Army branches to support the Command's mission of preparing the army for war and charting its future. iii Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Dastrup, Boyd L.
    [Show full text]
  • SUMMARY of Marten Huldermann, a Member of a Livonian Fam- ESSAY Ily of Clerics and Merchants, Has Been Recorded Only Because of His Property Problems
    SUMMARY of Marten Huldermann, a member of a Livonian fam- ESSAY ily of clerics and merchants, has been recorded only because of his property problems. György Kádár. The lifework of Bartók and Kodály The son of Tallinn merchant Sorgies Huldermann, the in the light of cultural conquests. Examinations in half-brother of the wife of Helmich Fick and the the era of mass culture regarding central- nephew of Tartu bishop Christian Bomhower and Europeanness and related comparative studies. Franciscan Antonius Bomhower, ended up – a minor – One of the most puzzling of the problems of our world, after his father’s death, in the Aizpute Franciscan mon- both from a human and a cultural scholar standpoint, astery. In his complaint to the Tallinn town council we is how humanity, in addition to the results of environ- can read that he was placed in the monastery against mental and air pollution, can cope with the Anglo- his will due to his mother’s and uncle’s influence, and Saxon mass culture which during the last century and his guardians did nothing to prevent this. They also today is attempting to conquer the world, and is as- made no attempt to ensure that Marten would retain piring to supra-national status. the right to a part of his father’s inheritance. What Over many centuries the peoples of Central Europe were the real motives in Marten’s going to, or being have had experiences in attempted cultural conquest. put in the monastery – in this watershed period of late Central Europe is the place where over the centuries Middle Ages piety versus encroaching Reformation battles have been fought, not only with the aid of weap- ideas? How to explain the behavior of his mother, rela- ons, but also with art, culture and cultural policy, over tives and guardians? What internal family relationships mere existence, as well as the unity of people and in- are reflected by this trouble? There are no final an- dividuals.
    [Show full text]
  • Compilation A...L Version.Pdf
    Compilation and Translation Johannes Widekindi and the Origins of his Work on a Swedish-Russian War Vetushko-Kalevich, Arsenii 2019 Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Vetushko-Kalevich, A. (2019). Compilation and Translation: Johannes Widekindi and the Origins of his Work on a Swedish-Russian War. Lund University. Total number of authors: 1 Creative Commons License: Unspecified General rights Unless other specific re-use rights are stated the following general rights apply: Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Read more about Creative commons licenses: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 Compilation and Translation Johannes Widekindi and the Origins of his Work on a Swedish-Russian War ARSENII VETUSHKO-KALEVICH FACULTY OF HUMANITIES AND THEOLOGY | LUND UNIVERSITY The work of Johannes Widekindi that appeared in 1671 in Swedish as Thet Swenska i Ryssland Tijo åhrs Krijgz-Historie and in 1672 in Latin as Historia Belli Sveco-Moscovitici Decennalis is an important source on Swedish military campaigns in Russia at the beginning of the 17th century.
    [Show full text]
  • Holy Roman Empire
    WAR & CONQUEST THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648 1 V1V2 WAR & CONQUEST THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648 CONTENT Historical Background Bohemian-Palatine War (1618–1623) Danish intervention (1625–1629) Swedish intervention (1630–1635) French intervention (1635 –1648) Peace of Westphalia SPECIAL RULES DEPLOYMENT Belligerents Commanders ARMY LISTS Baden Bohemia Brandenburg-Prussia Brunswick-Lüneburg Catholic League Croatia Denmark-Norway (1625-9) Denmark-Norway (1643-45) Electorate of the Palatinate (Kurpfalz) England France Hessen-Kassel Holy Roman Empire Hungarian Anti-Habsburg Rebels Hungary & Transylvania Ottoman Empire Polish-Lithuanian (1618-31) Later Polish (1632 -48) Protestant Mercenary (1618-26) Saxony Scotland Spain Sweden (1618 -29) Sweden (1630 -48) United Provinces Zaporozhian Cossacks BATTLES ORDERS OF BATTLE MISCELLANEOUS Community Manufacturers Thanks Books Many thanks to Siegfried Bajohr and the Kurpfalz Feldherren for the pictures of painted figures. You can see them and much more here: http://www.kurpfalz-feldherren.de/ Also thanks to the members of the Grimsby Wargames club for the pictures of painted figures. Homepage with a nice gallery this : http://grimsbywargamessociety.webs.com/ 2 V1V2 WAR & CONQUEST THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648 3 V1V2 WAR & CONQUEST THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648 The rulers of the nations neighboring the Holy Roman Empire HISTORICAL BACKGROUND also contributed to the outbreak of the Thirty Years' War: Spain was interested in the German states because it held the territories of the Spanish Netherlands on the western border of the Empire and states within Italy which were connected by land through the Spanish Road. The Dutch revolted against the Spanish domination during the 1560s, leading to a protracted war of independence that led to a truce only in 1609.
    [Show full text]
  • Sweden in the Seventeenth Century
    Sweden in the Seventeenth Century Paul Douglas Lockhart Sweden in the Seventeenth Century European History in Perspective General Editor: Jeremy Black Benjamin Arnold Medieval Germany, 500–1300 Ronald Asch The Thirty Years’ War Christopher Bartlett Peace, War and the European Powers, 1814–1914 Robert Bireley The Refashioning of Catholicism, 1450–1700 Donna Bohanan Crown and Nobility in Early Modern France Arden Bucholz Moltke and the German Wars, 1864–1871 Patricia Clavin The Great Depression, 1929–1939 Paula Sutter Fichtner The Habsburg Monarchy, 1490–1848 Mark Galeotti Gorbachev and his Revolution David Gates Warfare in the Nineteenth Century Alexander Grab Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe Martin P. Johnson The Dreyfus Affair Paul Douglas Lockhart Sweden is the Seventeenth Century Peter Musgrave The Early Modern European Economy J.L. Price The Dutch Republic in the Seventeenth Century A.W. Purdue The Second World War Christopher Read The Making and Breaking of the Soviet System Francisco J. Romero-Salvado Twentieth-Century Spain Matthew S. Seligmann and Roderick R. McLean Germany from Reich to Republic, 1871–1918 Brendan Simms The Struggle for Mastery in Germany, 1779–1850 David Sturdy Louis XIV David J. Sturdy Richelieu and Mazarin Hunt Tooley The Western Front Peter Waldron The End of Imperial Russia, 1855–1917 Peter G. Wallace The Long European Reformation James D. White Lenin Patrick Williams Philip II European History in Perspective Series Standing Order ISBN 0–333–71694–9 hardcover ISBN 0–333–69336–1 paperback (outside North America only) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order.
    [Show full text]
  • The Battle of Wittstock 1636: Conflicting Reports on a Swedish Victory in Germany
    The Battle of Wittstock 1636: Conflicting Reports on a Swedish Victory in Germany Steve Murdoch, Kathrin Zickermann & Adam Marks* “The earth, whose custom it is to cover the dead, was there itself covered with them, and those variously distinguished: for here lay heads that had lost their natural owners, and there bodies that lacked their heads: some had their bowels hanging out in most ghastly and pitiful fashion, and others had their heads cleft and their brains scattered: there one could see how lifeless bodies were deprived of their blood while the living were covered with the blood of others; here lay arms shot off, on which the fingers still moved, as if they would yet be fighting; and elsewhere rascals were in full flight that had shed no drop of blood: there could one see crippled soldiers begging for death, and on the contrary others beseeching quarter and the sparing of their lives.” On the Battle of Wittstock, 1636 H.J.C von Grimmelshausen, Simplicissimus (1669). WITTSTOCK, in the north-east of the German state of Brandenburg, was the scene of a battle which took place on 4 October 1636. The outcome of the fight was a stunning victory by a Swedish army against a coalition consisting of the forces of John George of Saxony and the Imperial army of Count Melchior von Hatzfeld. Opinions on the clash itself are somewhat divided; several scholars over the years have compared it to Hannibal’s victory over the Romans at * We would like to thank the reviewers of this article, Colonel John Crafoord, formerly of the Swedish Defence College, and Professor Robert Frost, University of Aberdeen, for their positive feedback on this article.
    [Show full text]
  • The Pennsylvania State University the Graduate School
    The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School College of the Liberal Arts FROM MORAL REFORM TO CIVIC LUTHERANISM: PROTESTANT IDENTITY IN SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY LÜBECK A Dissertation in History and Religious Studies by Jason L. Strandquist © 2012 Jason L. Strandquist Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 2012 ii The dissertation of Jason L. Strandquist was reviewed and approved* by the following: R. Po-chia Hsia Edwin Earle Sparks Professor of History Dissertation Adviser Chair of Committee A. Gregg Roeber Professor of Early Modern History and Religious Studies Daniel C. Beaver Associate Professor of History Charlotte M. Houghton Associate Professor of Art History Michael Kulikowski Professor of History and Classics and Ancient Mediterranean Studies Head, Department of History and Program in Religious Studies *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School iii ABSTRACT The following study suggests that social change in seventeenth-century German cities cannot be understood apart from community religious identity. By reconstructing the overlapping crises of the seventeenth century as they occurred in Lübeck, the capital city of the Hanseatic League, I argue that structural crisis alone did not cause permanent changes in the ordering of urban politics and religious life inherited from the late middle ages and Reformation. In fact, the “Little Ice Age” (c. 1570-1630) and Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) elicited very different responses from the city’s Lutheran pastors and oligarchic magistrates. In contrast to better-studied cities like Augsburg and Frankfurt, dramatic change came to Lübeck only when guildsmen mounted a series of overlapping attacks on elite property and religious non-conformists in the 1660s.
    [Show full text]
  • The University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire A
    THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-EAU CLAIRE “Building an Empire: How Gustavus Adolphus Carried Sweden to the Forefront of European Politics” A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ARTS DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BY CLARK A. FREDRICKSON EAU CLAIRE, WISCONSIN MAY 2011 Copyright for this work is owned by the author. This digital version is published by McIntyre Library, University of Wisconsin Eau Claire with the consent of the author. CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS iii ABSTRACT iv Introduction 1 1. A Vasa King 5 2. Gustavus Adolphus as a Young Ruler 8 3. The Threat of War 10 4. The Search for a Queen 13 5. Beginnings of Thirty Years’ War 15 6. The Polish Conflict, Continued 17 7. The Failure of a Swedish Protestant League 18 8. Danish Intervention in the Thirty Years’ War 21 9. A Swedish King in a Foreign Land 23 10. Destruction at Magdeburg 26 11. Victory at Breitenfeld 30 12. Death at Lützen 33 13. Aftermath 34 Conclusion 35 Bibliography 36 Appendix 41 ii ILLUSTRATIONS Figures: 1. Gustav Vasa 5 2. Gustavus Adolphus 8 3. Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg 14 5. 1630 Dresden Broadside 40 6. Swedish Intervention in Germany, 1630-1632 41 7. Thirty Years’ War, 1618-1648 42 8. Battle of Breitenfeld, Opening Attacks 43 9. Battle of Breitenfeld, Swedish Annihilation 43 10. Battle of Lützen, Main Formations 44 iii ABSTRACT This paper seeks to examine the political, religious and diplomatic impact of Gustavus Adolphus during his reign as King of Sweden (1611-1632).
    [Show full text]
  • The Fortress Noteborg (Shlisselburg) 1650-1702
    Bengt Nilsson (Linkoping) .. THE FORTRESS NOTEBORG (SHLISSELBURG) 1650–1702 NGRIA had been brought under the Swedish crown as a result of I the peace treaty of Stolbova in 1617. Its acquisition meant that the Swedish government no longer had to worry about the appearance of Russian war ships in the Gulf of Finland and could concentrate on building ships suitable for fighting the Danish navy. When speaking of his latest conquest Gustav II Adolf famously said that he hoped it would prove difficult for the Czar to jump across «that small stream» (meaning Ladoga) and reach the heart of the Swedish empire – the Baltic Sea. In order to assure that the King’s hope became a permanent reality it was important to maintain a strong defense of key areas. The main Swedish fortification was the town of Narva, after 1651 also the administrative center of the province of Ingria. In Narva resided the Governor General, almost without exception a distinguished soldier of high rank. The important Neva River was protected by the fortified town of Nyen and the fortress N teborg. Between Nyen and Narva lay the two castles Jama and Koporie. A permanent problem for the Swedish government was the lack of funds. The empire was large, so a strong army and navy were necessary in order to keep neighboring countries at bay. However, as it was quite impossible to keep large forces permanently stationed along the borders the first line of defense had to be towns like Stade, Wismar, Stralsund, Stettin, Riga, Narva, Malm och Gothenburg. The almost catastrophic war of 1675–1679 made a huge impact on the young Charles XI, who became determined to avoid a repetition.
    [Show full text]
  • Friedensappelle Und Friedensecho. Kunst Und Literatur Während Der Verhandlungen Zum Westfälischen Frieden
    Geschichte Friedensappelle und Friedensecho. Kunst und Literatur während der Verhandlungen zum Westfälischen Frieden Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Philosophischen Fakultät der Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität zu Münster (Westf.) vorgelegt von Gerd Dethlefs aus Flensburg 1998 2 Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 21.10.1998 Dekan: Prof. Dr. Christoph Strosetzki Referent: Prof. Dr. Peter Johanek Koreferentin: Prof. Dr. Barbara Stollberg-Rilinger 3 Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort S. 5 I. Einleitung 1. Friedensappell und Friedensecho – am Beispiel von Medaillen . S. 7 2. Fragestellung . S. 12 3. Forschungsbericht . S. 14 3.1 Publikationen bis etwa 1800 . S. 14 3.2 Historismus und Nationalismus: Das 19. Jahrhundert . S. 20 3.3 Das Friedensjubiläum 1898 . S. 28 3.4 Gesamtdarstellungen des 20. Jahrhunderts . S. 33 3.5 Spezialuntersuchungen des 20. Jahrhunderts . S. 40 3.6 Der Westfälische Frieden zwischen Kulturgeschichte und politischer Historie - Ergebnisse für die Fragestellung . S. 44 4. Die Friedensverhandlungen und die Öffentlichkeit . S. 45 4.1 Verhandlungsinhalt und -verlauf . S. 45 4.2 Die Öffentlichkeit auf dem Friedenskongreß . S. 48 II. Stadtansichten . S. 53 1. Die Stadtansicht als Kunstgattung – in Münster und Osnabrück .. S. 53 2. Die Vogelschauansichten Münsters 1647/48 von Simon Beckenstein . S. 55 3. Die druckgraphischen Veduten . S. 59 4. Gemalte Ansichten . S. 62 III. Bildnisse . S. 66 1. Das Bildnis als Medium auf dem Friedenskongreß . S. 66 2. Die Maler und die Porträtgemälde: vom Einzelbild zur Serie . S. 70 3. Die druckgraphischen Bildnisse . S. 79 4 IV. Wahlsprüche und Stammbücher . S. 96 1. Pax optima rerum. Das Denken in Zitaten und Sentenzen . S. 96 2. Wahlspruch – Stammbuch – Öffentlichkeit . S. 100 3.
    [Show full text]