Subsidies, Diplomacy, and State Formation in Europe, 1494–1789: Economies of Allegiance
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SUBSIDIES, DIPLOMACY, AND STATE FORMATION IN EUROPE, 1494–1789: ECONOMIES OF ALLEGIANCE Subsidies, diplomacy, and state formation in Europe, 1494–1789: Economies of allegiance EDITED BY SVANTE NORRHEM AND ERIK THOMSON Lund University Press Copyright © Lund University Press 2020 While copyright in the volume as a whole is vested in Lund University Press, copyright in individual chapters belongs to their respective authors, and no chapter may be reproduced wholly or in part without the express permission in writing of both author and publisher. Lund University Press The Joint Faculties of Humanities and Theology P.O. Box 117 SE-221 00 LUND Sweden http://lunduniversitypress.lu.se Lund University Press books are published in collaboration with Manchester University Press. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-91-984698-3-7 hardback ISBN 978-91-984698-4-4 open access First published 2020 An electronic version of this book is also available under a Creative Commons (CC-BY-NC-ND) licence, thanks to the support of Lund University, which permits non-commercial use, distribution and reproduction provided the author(s) and Lund University Press are fully cited and no modifications or adaptations are made. Details of the licence can be viewed at https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ The publisher has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for any external or third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Cover image: Louis XIV meets representatives from the Swiss cantons, 11 November 1663. Photo (C) RMN-Grand Palais (Château de Versailles) / Gérard Blot. Typeset by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited Contents Acknowledgements page vii Notes on contributors viii Introduction – Svante Norrhem and Erik Thomson 1 1 The role of subsidies in seventeenth-century French foreign relations and their European context – Anuschka Tischer 25 2 ‘Unter den Schutz Frankreichs’: German reception of French subsidies in the Thirty Years’ War – Tryntje Helfferich 43 3 ‘Mercenary’ contracts as Fiscal-Military Instruments – Peter H. Wilson 68 4 The uses of French subsidies in Sweden, 1632–1729 – Svante Norrhem 93 5 The problems with receiving subsidies: Sweden and the lesser powers in the long eighteenth century – Erik Bodensten 118 6 Pensions in Switzerland: practices, conflicts, and impact in the sixteenth century – Philippe Rogger 146 7 Subsidy treaties in early modern times: the example of the German principality of Waldeck – Andreas Flurschütz da Cruz 172 vi Contents 8 Small powers and great designs: diplomacy, cross-border patronage, and the negotiation of subsidy alliances in the north-western part of the Holy Roman Empire (late seventeenth century) – Tilman Haug 188 9 The ‘fiscal-militaryhub’ of Amsterdam: intermediating the French subsidies to Sweden during the Thirty Years’ War – Marianne Klerk 213 10 Jean Hoeufft, French subsidies, and the Thirty Years’ War – Erik Thomson 234 Select bibliography 259 Index 271 Acknowledgements The editors wish to thank the Swedish Foundation for the Humanities and Social Sciences (Riksbankens Jubileumsfond) which through generous funding enabled us to gather all the authors for a meeting in Lund during the process of working on this volume. We are also deeply grateful to Professor Lucien Bély who very kindly came to that meeting and provided important advice, feedback, and criticism. Notes on contributors Erik Bodensten has a PhD in history and is a Researcher at Lund University. He has specialized on Swedish eighteenth-century history and is currently studying how France, Russia, Great Britain, and Denmark tried to influence Swedish foreign policy 1719–1772. His publications include ‘Political Knowledge in Public Circulation: The Case of Subsidies in Eighteenth-Century Sweden’, in Circulation of Knowledge: Explorations into the History of Knowledge, ed. by Johan Östling, Erling Sandmo, David Larsson Heidenblad, Anna Nilsson Hammar, and Kari Nordberg (Lund: Nordic Academic Press, 2018). Andreas Flurschütz da Cruz has a PhD in history and is a Researcher at Otto-Friedrich-Universität Bamberg. He studies witchcraft, networks, and military history. His dissertation examined the ways and means that were available to the early imperial nobility when promoting their interests. His publications include Zwischen Füchsen und Wölfen: Konfession, Klientel und Konflikte in der fränkischen Reichsritterschaft nach dem Westfälischen Frieden (Constance and Munich: UVK Verlag, 2014). Tilman Haug has a PhD in history and is a postdoctoral scholar at Universität Duisburg-Essen. He is an expert on early modern diplomacy, corruption, and patronage, as well as on state formation. He currently studies early modern lotteries, speculation, and state finance. His publications includeUngleiche Außenbeziehungen und grenzüberschreitende Patronage: Die französische Krone und die geistlichen Kurfürsten (1648–1679), Externa 6 (Cologne: Böhlau, 2015), and Protegierte und Protektoren: Asymmetrische politische Beziehungen zwischen Partnerschaft und Dominanz (16. bis frühes Notes on contributors ix 20. Jahrhundert), ed. by Tilman Haug, Nadir Weber, and Christian Windler, Externa 9: Geschichte der Außenbeziehungen in neuen Perspektiven, 9 (Cologne: Böhlau, 2016). Tryntje Helfferich is an Associate Professor of History at the Ohio State University. She is an expert on central Europe and France during the early modern period, with a particular focus on the Reformation era (1500–1650) and the period of the Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648). Her publications include The Thirty Years War: A Documentary History (Indianapolis: Hackett, 2009); On the Freedom of a Christian (Indianapolis: Hackett, 2013); The Iron Princess: Amalia Elisabeth and the Thirty Years War (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013); and The Essential Thirty Years War (Indianapolis: Hackett, 2015). Marianne Klerk has a PhD in history and is an Associate Member of St Antony’s College, University of Oxford. Her expertise includes economic, international, and military history. Currently she studies the reliance of (nascent) early modern states on external partnerships for resource mobilization with a focus on seventeenth-century Amsterdam. Her publications include ‘ “The unheard Changes in Europe, and the strange Revolutions which happened in our United Provinces in our times”: Reason of State and Rule of Law in Petrus Valkenier’s ’t Verwerd Europa (1675) ’, in Recht, Konfession und Verfassung im 17. Jahrhundert: West- und mitteleuropäische Entwicklungen, ed. by Robert von Friedeburg and Matthias Schmoeckel (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 2015). Svante Norrhem is an Associate Professor of History at Lund University. He has a long-standing interest in early modern women’s and gender history, as well as in diplomatic history focusing on Franco-Swedish relations. His publications include (co-written with Peter Lindström) Flattering Allliances: Scandinavia, Diplomacy and the Austrian–French Balance of Power (Lund: Nordic Academic Press, 2013) and Mercenary Swedes: French Subsidies to Sweden 1631–1796 (Lund: Nordic Academic Press, 2019). Philippe Rogger has a PhD in history and is a Researcher at Uni- versität Bern. He is an expert on pensions and transnational patronage in the sixteenth-century Swiss confederacy. Currently he studies Swiss confederate military entrepreneurship in the early modern period. His publications include Geld, Krieg und Macht: Pensionsher- ren, Söldner und eidgenössische Politik in den Mailänderkriegen 1494–1516 (Baden: Hier und Jetzt, 2015). x Notes on contributors Erik Thomson is an Associate Professor of History at the University of Manitoba. He is an expert on early modern Europe, with special interests in French and Swedish history. His publications include ‘Le Travail du diplomate et la diffusion des idées politiques à l’époque moderne: la Fronde vue par le résident suédois Schering Rosenhane (1648–1649)’, Histoire, Economie & Sociétés (April 2010); and ‘For a Comparative History of Early Modern Diplomacy: Commerce and French and Swedish Emissarial Cultures during the Early Seventeenth Century’, Scandinavian Journal of History 31.2 (June 2006). Anuschka Tischer is a Professor of History at Universität Würzburg. She has a long-standing interest and expertise in early modern French and German history. Her publications include Französische Diplomatie und Diplomaten auf dem Westfälischen Friedenskongreß: Außenpolitik unter Richelieu und Mazarin, Schriftenreihe der Ver- einigung zur Erforschung der Neueren Geschichte e.V. 29 (Münster: Aschendorff Verlag, 1999), Offizielle Kriegsbegründungen in der Frühen Neuzeit: Herrscherkommunikation in Europa zwischen Sou- veränität und korporativem Selbstverständnis (Münster: Aschendorff Verlag, 2012), and Ludwig XIV (Stuttgart: Kohlhammer Kenntnis und Können, Band 774, 2016). Peter H. Wilson is a Professor of History at the University of Oxford. He is an expert on war and military history from the seventeenth century to around 1900, and early modern German history, particularly the political, military, social, and cultural history of the Holy Roman Empire between 1495 and 1806, as well as on war and military history. His publications include Lützen: Great Battles (Oxford University Press, 2018), The Holy Roman Empire: A Thousand Years of Europe’s History (London: Penguin, 2017), and The Thirty Years