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The Temple of Jerusalem Tracing the Jerusalem Code 2 Tracing the Jerusalem Code Volume 2: The Chosen People Christian Cultures in Early Modern Scandinavia (1536–ca. 1750) Edited by Eivor Andersen Oftestad and Joar Haga The research presented in this publication was funded by the Research Council of Norway (RCN), project no. 240448/F10 ISBN 978-3-11-063487-7 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-063945-2 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-063654-3 DOI https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110639452 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. Library of Congress Control Number: 2020951833 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2021 Eivor Andersen Oftestad, Joar Haga (eds), published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston The book is published open access at www.degruyter.com. Cover image: New Jerusalem. Detail of epitaph, ca. 1695, Ringkøbing Church, Denmark. Photo: National Museum of Denmark (Nationalmuseet), Copenhagen, Arnold Mikkelsen. Typesetting: Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd. Printing and binding: CPI Books GmbH, Leck www.degruyter.com In memory of Erling Sverdrup Sandmo (1963–2020) Contents List of Maps and Illustrations XI List of Abbreviations XVII Editorial comments for all three volumes XIX Kristin B. Aavitsland, Eivor Andersen Oftestad, and Ragnhild Johnsrud Zorgati Prelude 1 Introductions: Jerusalem in Early Modern Protestantism Eivor Andersen Oftestad Chapter 1 The Reformation of the Jerusalem Code in the Sixteenth Century 12 Volker Leppin Chapter 2 The Transformation of the Concept “People of God” in the Reformation Era 49 Beatrice Groves Chapter 3 The Destruction of Jerusalem in Early Modern Europe 54 Thomas Kaufmann Chapter 4 The Election of Israel? Jews in the Eyes of Early Modern Lutherans 62 Part I: The Nordic Zion and Its Leaders: Strategies of Legitimation Arne Bugge Amundsen Chapter 5 The Nordic Zion: The Coronation of Christian III, King of Denmark–Norway, in 1537 72 VIII Contents Sivert Angel Chapter 6 Topos and Topography: Jerusalem in the Memory of Christian III, King of Denmark–Norway 97 Nils Ekedahl Chapter 7 A Zion in the North: The Jerusalem Code and the Rhetoric of Nationhood in Early Modern Sweden 119 Martin Berntson Chapter 8 “Our Swedish Moses and Saviour”: The Use of Biblical Leaders as Power Legitimization in Reformation Sweden 147 Part II: Holy City, Holy Land, Holy Relics: Geographical and Historical Reorientation Martin Schwarz Lausten Chapter 9 Wittenberg: The Holy City 170 Erling Sandmo Chapter 10 Synchronizing the Holy Land: Sacred and Secular Cartography after the Reformation 179 Janus Møller Jensen Chapter 11 Danish Post-Reformation Crusaders: Jerusalem and Crusading in Denmark c.1550–1650 197 Part III: Jerusalem Destroyed and Rebuilt: The Chosen People and the Pedagogy of God Eivor Andersen Oftestad Chapter 12 “Who Can Approach our Jerusalem without Weeping?”: The Destruction of Jerusalem in Danish Sources, 1515–1729 235 Contents IX Eivor Andersen Oftestad Chapter 13 Christiania 1651: A Spiritual Jerusalem 258 Arne Bugge Amundsen Chapter 14 Christiania – Jerusalem or Babel? Conflicts on Religious Topography in Seventeenth-Century Norway 266 Marius Timmann Mjaaland Chapter 15 The Image of Jerusalem Destroyed: On Babel, Jerusalem, and the Antichrist in Luther’s Confessional Polemic 1521 282 Otfried Czaika Chapter 16 Rome: Jerusalem or Seat of the Antichrist? Lutheran Polemics in Sixteenth-Century Sweden 298 Part IV: Heavenly Jerusalem: Between Promise and Reality Martin Wangsgaard Jürgensen Chapter 17 Jerusalem and the Lutheran Church Interior 316 Eystein M. Andersen Chapter 18 The Heavenly Jerusalem and the City Plan of Trondheim 1681 344 Joar Haga Chapter 19 “The Song from Jerusalem”: Thomas Kingo Frames the Absolute King and His Congregation 368 Beate Agnes Schmidt Chapter 20 Angels and the Muses of Zion: Michael Praetorius and Cultural Exchange between the Danish and German Lutheran Courts before the Thirty Years’ War 390 X Contents Joar Haga Chapter 21 Consecrating the New Jerusalem in Tranquebar 416 Walter Sparn Chapter 22 Future Jerusalem? Johann Valentin Andreae’s Vision of Christianopolis 440 List of Contributors 459 Bibliography 461 Index 495 List of Maps and Illustrations Fig. 1.0 World map by Nicola van Sype, 1581. Photo: Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division 10 Fig. 1.1 Jerusalem civitas sancta, olim metropolis regni Judaici, hodie vero colonia Turcae. From the Cosmographia universalis by Sebastian Münster (1488–1552), first published 1554 12 Fig. 1.2 Johan Rantzau (1492–1565). Engraving from Trap’s collection, 1867. Photo: Assens Lokalarkiv, Denmark 14 Fig. 1.3 View of Copenhagen, 1587. Photo: The Royal Danish Library (Det Kongelige Biblioteks billedsamling), Copenhagen 15 Fig. 1.4 Predella (1575–1600) of the altarpiece in Tinglev Church, Denmark. Photo: National Museum of Denmark (Nationalmuseet), Copenhagen, Arnold Mikkelsen 19 Fig. 1.5 Lucas Cranach the Younger, The Creation: Adam and Eve in Paradise. Woodcut from the second edition of Martin Luther’s complete Bible, printed by Hans Lufft, Wittenberg, 1535. Photo: Bridwell Library, Elizabeth Perkins Prothro Bible Collection 22 Fig. 1.6 Title page of Arent Berntsen, Danmarckis oc Norgis Fructbar Herlighed [The fruitful delights of Denmark and Norway], Copenhagen 1650–1655. Photo: National Library of Norway (Nasjonalbiblioteket), Oslo 26 Fig. 1.7 Panel commemorating the rebuilding of Kvernes Church, Norway, 1633. Photo: Tone Marie Olstad, NIKU (Norwegian Institute for Cultural Heritage Reseach) 39 Fig. 1.8 The Raising of Lazarus and the New Jerusalem. Detail of epitaph, c.1695, Ringkøbing Church, Denmark. Photo: National Museum of Denmark (Nationalmuseet), Copenhagen, Arnold Mikkelsen 45 Fig. 2.1 Moses with the law tablets. Illustration to Decem praecepta Vuittenbergensi predicata populo per. P. Martinum Luther Augustinianum. (Leipzig: Valentin Schumann, 1518). Wren Library, Trinity College, Cambridge, Hare 38.183. Credits: Master and Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge 50 Fig. 3.1 Nicholas Poussin, The Destruction of the Temple at Jerusalem (1638), oil on canvas. Public domain. Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum, www.khm.at/de/object/78b9cab199/ 54 Fig. 4.1 Title page of Anthonius Margaritha, Der gantz Jüdisch glaub (On the entire Jewish faith), Augsburg: H. Steiner, 1530 62 Fig. 4.2 Ahasver. Title page from a Danish popular song from 1705: En sandferdig Bertetning om Jerusalems Skoemager, Haferus kaldet, som nu over sytten hundrede Aar haver vandret af et i et andet Land, og efter Beretning skal være seet udi adskillige Provinzer udi Danmark og Norge, og med det første er forventendes til Smaa-Landene [A true account of the shoemaker of Jerusalem, called Haferus, who has wandered about in all lands for seventeen hundred years, and according to witnesses is seen in several provinces of Denmark and Norway, and is soon expected to Smaa-Landene (Eastern Norway)]. Photo: The Royal Danish Library (Det Kongelige Bibliotek), Copenhagen 68 Fig. 5.0 Map of the Scandinavian countries. Septentrionaliv regionvm Svetiæ Gothiæ Norvegiæ Daniæ et terrarum adiacetium recens exactaque descriptio, Jode, G. de Algoet, Lievin, 1570 70 Open Access. © 2021 Eivor Andersen Oftestad, Joar Haga, published by De Gruyter. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110639452-203 XII List of Maps and Illustrations Fig. 5.1 a. The imperial crown of the Holy Roman Empire of German Nation. b. Detail of the imperial crown. Photo: Kaiserliche Schatzkammer / Kunsthistorisches Museum, Wien 72 Fig. 5.2 Lucas Cranach the Elder, Portrait of Johannes Bugenhagen Pommeranus, 1537. Oil on wood. Photo: Wikimedia Commons 82 Fig. 5.3 The coronation of King Frederik II (1534–88). The engraving shows the coronation procession to the Cathedral of Our Lady in Copenhagen. Photo: The Royal Danish Library (Det Kongelige Bibliotek), Copenhagen 84 Fig. 5.4 Louis de Chomond-Boudan, The coronation of King Frederik II in the Cathedral of Our Lady, Copenhagen, 13 August 1559. Coloured engraving. Photo: The Royal Danish Library (Det Kongelige Bibliotek), Copenhagen 89 Fig. 5.5 The seal of King Christian III. After Bache, Niels, Nordens Historie (1885). Photo: Wikimedia Commons 91 Fig. 5.6 The “Gimsøy-daler,” 1546. Oslo University Museum of Cultural History (Kulturhistorisk museum). Photo: CC BY-SA 4.0; Lill-Ann Chepstow-Lusty. Oslo University Museum of Cultural History (Kulturhistorisk Museum) 92 Fig. 6.1 Portrait of Christian III (1503–59), King of Denmark and Norway, Duke of Holstein and Schleswig. Photo: Wikimedia Commons 98 Fig. 6.2 Georg Braun, Frans Hogenberg, and Simon Nouellanus, Hafnia Kopenhagen. 1587. Engraving. From Civitates orbis terrarum (1576–1600), vol. 4. Photo: The Royal Danish Library (Det Kongelige Bibliotek), Copenhagen 101 Fig. 6.3 Portrait of Christian III. Tapestry from Kronborg Castle, 1581–1584. National Museum of Denmark. Photo: CC BY-SA, National Museum of Denmark (Nationalmuseet), Copenhagen 114 Fig. 6.4 Portrait of the deceased King Christian III. Copy of an original painting ascribed to Jost Verheiden. Malmø Kunstmuseum, Sweden. Photo: Wikimedia Commons 116 Fig. 7.1 Copperplate engraving by Vallentin Staffanson Trautman in Biblia thet är: All then
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