DOCSLIB.ORG

The Columbian Exchange: a History of Disease, Food, and Ideas

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Columbian Exchange: a History of Disease, Food, and Ideas Journal of Economic Perspectives—Volume 24, Number 2—Spring 2010—Pages 163–188 The Columbian Exchange: A History of Disease, Food, and Ideas Nathan Nunn and Nancy Qian hhee CColumbianolumbian ExchangeExchange refersrefers toto thethe exchangeexchange ofof diseases,diseases, ideas,ideas, foodfood ccrops,rops, aandnd populationspopulations betweenbetween thethe NewNew WorldWorld andand thethe OldOld WWorldorld T ffollowingollowing thethe voyagevoyage ttoo tthehe AAmericasmericas bbyy ChristoChristo ppherher CColumbusolumbus inin 1492.1492. TThehe OldOld WWorld—byorld—by wwhichhich wwee mmeanean nnotot jjustust EEurope,urope, bbutut tthehe eentirentire EEasternastern HHemisphere—gainedemisphere—gained fromfrom tthehe CColumbianolumbian EExchangexchange iinn a nnumberumber ooff wways.ays. DDiscov-iscov- eeriesries ooff nnewew ssuppliesupplies ofof metalsmetals areare perhapsperhaps thethe bestbest kknown.nown. BButut thethe OldOld WWorldorld aalsolso ggainedained newnew staplestaple ccrops,rops, ssuchuch asas potatoes,potatoes, sweetsweet potatoes,potatoes, maize,maize, andand cassava.cassava. LessLess ccalorie-intensivealorie-intensive ffoods,oods, suchsuch asas tomatoes,tomatoes, chilichili peppers,peppers, cacao,cacao, peanuts,peanuts, andand pineap-pineap- pplesles wwereere aalsolso iintroduced,ntroduced, andand areare nownow culinaryculinary centerpiecescenterpieces inin manymany OldOld WorldWorld ccountries,ountries, namelynamely IItaly,taly, GGreece,reece, andand otherother MediterraneanMediterranean countriescountries (tomatoes),(tomatoes), IIndiandia aandnd KKoreaorea (chili(chili peppers),peppers), HungaryHungary ((paprika,paprika, mmadeade ffromrom cchilihili ppeppers),eppers), aandnd MMalaysiaalaysia aandnd TThailandhailand (chili(chili ppeppers,eppers, ppeanuts,eanuts, andand pineapples).pineapples). Tobacco,Tobacco, anotheranother NNewew WWorldorld ccrop,rop, wwasas ssoo uuniversallyniversally aadopteddopted tthathat iitt ccameame ttoo bbee uusedsed aass a ssubstituteubstitute fforor currencycurrency iinn mmanyany ppartsarts ofof thethe world.world. TThehe eexchangexchange aalsolso ddrasticallyrastically iincreasedncreased tthehe availabilityavailability ooff mmanyany OOldld WWorldorld ccrops,rops, ssuchuch aass ssugarugar aandnd ccoffee,offee, wwhichhich werewere pparticularlyarticularly well-suitedwell-suited forfor thethe soilssoils ofof thethe NewNew World.World. TThehe exchangeexchange nnotot oonlynly bbroughtrought ggains,ains, bbutut aalsolso llosses.osses. EEuropeanuropean ccontactontact eenablednabled tthehe ttransmissionransmission ooff ddiseasesiseases ttoo ppreviouslyreviously iisolatedsolated ccommunities,ommunities, wwhichhich ■ NNathanathan NNunnunn iiss aann AAssistantssistant PProfessorrofessor ooff EEconomics,conomics, HHarvardarvard UUniversity,niversity, CCambridge,ambridge, MMassachusetts.assachusetts. DuringDuring thethe 2009–20102009–2010 aacademiccademic yyear,ear, hehe waswas thethe TrioneTrione VVisitingisiting PProfessorrofessor ofof EEconomicsconomics aatt StanfordStanford University,University, Stanford,Stanford, California.California. NancyNancy QianQian isis anan AssistantAssistant ProfessorProfessor ooff EEconomics,conomics, YaleYale University,University, NNewew Haven,Haven, CConnecticut.onnecticut. BBothoth aauthorsuthors aarere aalsolso FFacultyaculty RResearchesearch Fellows,Fellows, NNationalational BureauBureau ofof EconomicEconomic ResearchResearch (NBER),(NBER), Cambridge,Cambridge, Massachu-Massachu- ssetts,etts, aandnd AAffiffi lliates,iates, BureauBureau fforor RResearchesearch aandnd EconomicEconomic AnalysisAnalysis ooff DDevelopmentevelopment ((BREAD).BREAD). TTheirheir ee-mail-mail aaddressesddresses aarere 〈[email protected]@fas.harvard.edu〉 aandnd 〈[email protected]@yale.edu〉. doi=10.1257/jep.24.2.163 164 Journal of Economic Perspectives ccausedaused ddevastationevastation ffarar eexceedingxceeding tthathat ooff eevenven tthehe BBlacklack DeathDeath inin fourteenth-centuryfourteenth-century EEurope.urope. EEuropeansuropeans broughtbrought ddeadlyeadly vvirusesiruses aandnd bbacteria,acteria, suchsuch aass ssmallpox,mallpox, measles,measles, ttyphus,yphus, andand ccholera,holera, fforor wwhichhich NativeNative AmericansAmericans hadhad nono immunityimmunity (Denevan,(Denevan, 1976).1976). OOnn ttheirheir rreturneturn hhome,ome, EEuropeanuropean sailorssailors broughtbrought syphilissyphilis toto Europe.Europe. AlthoughAlthough lessless ddeadly,eadly, tthehe ddiseaseisease wwasas kknownnown ttoo hhaveave ccausedaused greatgreat socialsocial disruptiondisruption throughoutthroughout tthehe OldOld WWorldorld ((Sherman,Sherman, 22007).007). TThehe effectseffects ofof thethe ColumbianColumbian ExchangeExchange wwereere nnotot iisolatedsolated ttoo tthehe ppartsarts ooff tthehe wworldorld mmostost ddirectlyirectly pparticipatingarticipating inin tthehe eexchange:xchange: EEuropeurope aandnd tthehe AAmericas.mericas. IItt aalsolso hhadad large,large, althoughalthough llessess ddirect,irect, impactsimpacts onon AfricaAfrica andand Asia.Asia. EuropeanEuropean explorationexploration aandnd ccolonizationolonization ofof thethe vastvast ttropicalropical rregionsegions ofof thesethese continentscontinents waswas aidedaided byby thethe NNewew WWorldorld ddiscoveryiscovery ooff qquinine,uinine, tthehe fi rrstst eeffectiveffective treatmenttreatment forfor malaria.malaria. Moreover,Moreover, tthehe cultivationcultivation ofof fi nnanciallyancially lucrativelucrative cropscrops inin thethe Americas,Americas, alongalong withwith thethe devas-devas- ttationation ooff nnativeative ppopulationsopulations ffromrom ddisease,isease, rresultedesulted iinn a ddemandemand fforor llaborabor tthathat wwasas mmetet wwithith tthehe aabductionbduction andand forcedforced movementmovement ofof overover 1212 millionmillion AfricansAfricans duringduring tthehe ssixteenthixteenth toto nineteenthnineteenth centuriescenturies (Lovejoy,(Lovejoy, 22000;000; MManning,anning, 11990).990). TThehe ColumbianColumbian ExchangeExchange hhasas pprovidedrovided economistseconomists interestedinterested inin thethe long-long- ttermerm eeffectsffects ofof historyhistory onon economiceconomic developmentdevelopment withwith a richrich historicalhistorical llaboratory.aboratory. EEconomicconomic sstudiestudies hhaveave tthushus ffarar mmainlyainly ffocusedocused onon howhow EuropeanEuropean institutions,institutions, tthroughhrough colonialism,colonialism, werewere transplantedtransplanted toto non-Europeannon-European partsparts ofof thethe world.world. TThehe sseminaleminal ppapersapers bbyy EEngermanngerman aandnd SSokoloffokoloff ((1997),1997), LLaa Porta,Porta, Lopez-de-Silanes,Lopez-de-Silanes, SShleifer,hleifer, andand VishnyVishny ((1997,1997, 11998),998), aandnd AAcemoglu,cemoglu, JJohnson,ohnson, aandnd RRobinsonobinson (2001)(2001) eexaminexamine tthehe eeffectsffects thatthat EuropeanEuropean contact,contact, takingtaking thethe formform ofof formalformal andand informalinformal ccolonialolonial rule,rule, hadhad onon otherother societies.societies.1 IInn thisthis ppaper,aper, wewe attemptattempt toto broadenbroaden thethe scopescope ofof economiceconomic studiesstudies ofof thethe CColumbianolumbian EExchangexchange bbyy sstudyingtudying aaspectsspects ooff tthehe eexchangexchange tthathat hhaveave rreceivedeceived llessess aattention.ttention. FFirst,irst, wwee ppayay pparticulararticular aattentionttention ttoo tthehe eeffectsffects thatthat thethe exchangeexchange hadhad onon tthehe OldOld WWorld,orld, ratherrather thanthan examiningexamining ooutcomesutcomes iinn tthehe NNewew World.World. SSecond,econd, rratherather tthanhan cconcentratingoncentrating onon thethe effectseffects ofof thethe exchangeexchange thatthat workwork throughthrough institutionalinstitutional aandnd ppoliticalolitical structures,structures, wwee ffocusocus oonn tthehe lless-studied,ess-studied, butbut nono less-importantless-important chan-chan- nnels;els; namely,namely, thethe biologicalbiological exchangeexchange ofof foodfood ccropsrops aandnd disease.disease. OOurur hhopeope isis thatthat oourur bbroadroad ddescriptiveescriptive ooverviewverview ooff ssomeome ooff tthehe nneglectedeglected aaspectsspects ooff tthehe CColumbianolumbian EExchangexchange wwillill sspurpur furtherfurther more-rigorousmore-rigorous studiesstudies ooff tthehe llong-termong-term cconsequencesonsequences ooff tthesehese aaspectsspects ofof thethe exchange.exchange. WWee aarere awareaware ofof onlyonly a handfulhandful ofof empiricalempirical paperspapers thatthat eithereither focusfocus onon thethe eeffectffect ofof thethe exchangeexchange onon thethe OldOld WWorldorld oorr ffocusocus oonn cchannelshannels ootherther tthanhan llegalegal iinstitutions.nstitutions. AAcemoglu,cemoglu, JJohnson,ohnson, aandnd RRobinsonobinson ((2005)2005) eexaminexamine tthehe eeffectsffects ofof thethe tthree-cornerhree-corner AtlanticAtlantic tradetrade onon Europe.Europe. TheyThey argueargue tthathat tthehe pprofirofi ttss ffromrom tthehe ttraderade sstrengthenedtrengthened tthehe mmerchanterchant cclass,lass, whichwhich resultedresulted inin strongerstronger probusinessprobusiness institutionsinstitutions aandnd increasedincreased economiceconomic growth.growth. TwoTwo studiesstudies hhaveave rrecentlyecently exploredexplored thethe effectseffects fromfrom 1 Subsequent studies have since added to the understanding of the long-term effects of colonial rule and European contact on New World Societies. See for example Mitchener and McLean (2003),
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Geographically Tracking the Syphilis Outbreak in Houston/Harris County, TX
    Stop the Spread: Geographically Tracking the Syphilis Outbreak in Houston/Harris County, TX Monica Branch MD Candidate 2017 Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine & Science 2014 GE-National Medical Fellowships Primary Care Leadership Program Scholar Legacy Community Health Services, Houston, TX Abstract In 2012, the Houston Department of Health and Human Services (HDHHS) declared a syphilis outbreak in Houston/Harris County after observing a 97% increase in the number of primary and secondary syphilis infections compared to the same time period in 20112,3. The purpose of this project was to identify the prevalence of syphilis infections by zip code. Identifying these geographical areas will assist the S.E.A.C. and Legacy Community Health Services in deploying resources to these communities in efforts to provide education and screening to these high-risk populations. An inquiry of Legacy’s electronic medical records system (Centricity) was performed to identify the number of syphilis infections by zip code and by sex, race/ethnicity, and HIV co-infection in Houston/Harris County among all active patients at Legacy Community Health Services. A total of 1,282 syphilis cases were reported among active patients in Centricity. The majority (91%) was male; (88%) of those males were HIV+; and (41%) were Black. The overall prevalence of syphilis among the 97 zip codes in Houston/Harris County is 4.40%. The majority of the syphilis diagnoses (98 cases;7.64%) were within the 77006 zip code among white males with a prevalence of 0.5%. However, other areas outside of this zip code reported syphilis cases where 67-97% were among Black males.
    [Show full text]
  • Proxy Voting Guidelines Benchmark Policy Recommendations TITLE
    UNITED STATES Proxy Voting Guidelines Benchmark Policy Recommendations TITLE Effective for Meetings on or after February 1, 2021 Published November 19, 2020 ISS GOVERNANCE .COM © 2020 | Institutional Shareholder Services and/or its affiliates UNITED STATES PROXY VOTING GUIDELINES TABLE OF CONTENTS Coverage ................................................................................................................................................................ 7 1. Board of Directors ......................................................................................................................................... 8 Voting on Director Nominees in Uncontested Elections ........................................................................................... 8 Independence ....................................................................................................................................................... 8 ISS Classification of Directors – U.S. ................................................................................................................. 9 Composition ........................................................................................................................................................ 11 Responsiveness ................................................................................................................................................... 12 Accountability ....................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Pre-Antibiotic Therapy of Syphilis Charles T
    University of Kentucky UKnowledge Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics Faculty Publications Genetics 2016 Pre-Antibiotic Therapy of Syphilis Charles T. Ambrose University of Kentucky, [email protected] Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits oy u. Follow this and additional works at: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/microbio_facpub Part of the Medical Immunology Commons Repository Citation Ambrose, Charles T., "Pre-Antibiotic Therapy of Syphilis" (2016). Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics Faculty Publications. 83. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/microbio_facpub/83 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Pre-Antibiotic Therapy of Syphilis Notes/Citation Information Published in NESSA Journal of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, v. 1, issue 1, p. 1-20. © 2016 C.T. Ambrose This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. This article is available at UKnowledge: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/microbio_facpub/83 Journal of Infectious Diseases and Immunology Volume 1| Issue 1 Review Article Open Access PRE-ANTIBIOTICTHERAPY OF SYPHILIS C.T. Ambrose, M.D1* 1Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky *Corresponding author: C.T. Ambrose, M.D, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky Department of Microbiology, E-mail: [email protected] Citation: C.T.
    [Show full text]
  • REDEFINING EUROPE-AFRICA RELATIONS Contents
    The European Union’s relations with the African continent are facing distinct challenges, with the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic making it all the more evident that the prevail- ing asymmetry is no longer REDEFINING acceptable as we move into the future. EUROPE-AFRICA This analysis takes a closer RELATIONS look at economic relations between the European Union Robert Kappel and Africa, which for some time now have been on a January 2021 downward trajectory, and addresses the impact of the global pandemic at the same time. Additionally, the paper outlines the current political cooperation between the two continents and evaluates the EU’s recent strategy pro- posal. Lastly, the key aspects of more comprehensive stra- tegic cooperation between Europe and Africa are iden tified. REDEFINING EUROPE-AFRICA RELATIONS Contents Summary 2 1 EU-AFRICAN ECONOMIC RELATIONS 3 2 EFFECTS OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON AFRICAN ECONOMIES 14 3 COOPERATION WITH AFRICA: FROM LOMÉ TO A COMPREHENSIVE STRATEGY WITH AFRICA 18 4 FORGING A STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ACTION 20 Résumé: Paving the Way for a New Africa-Europe Partnership 28 Literature 30 1 FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG – REDEFINING EUROPE-AFRICA RELATIONS Summary The European Union’s (EU) relations with the African conti- This paper begins by describing the EU’s current economic nent are facing a distinct set of challenges. Contrary to the relations with Africa (Chapter 1), which have been on a expectations of both African and European governments, downward trajectory for quite some time already. The ef- the pending negotiations between the partners are now fects of the Covid-19 pandemic are then outlined in Chap- being put to the test like never before.
    [Show full text]
  • Empire and English Nationalismn
    Nations and Nationalism 12 (1), 2006, 1–13. r ASEN 2006 Empire and English nationalismn KRISHAN KUMAR Department of Sociology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA Empire and nation: foes or friends? It is more than pious tribute to the great scholar whom we commemorate today that makes me begin with Ernest Gellner. For Gellner’s influential thinking on nationalism, and specifically of its modernity, is central to the question I wish to consider, the relation between nation and empire, and between imperial and national identity. For Gellner, as for many other commentators, nation and empire were and are antithetical. The great empires of the past belonged to the species of the ‘agro-literate’ society, whose central fact is that ‘almost everything in it militates against the definition of political units in terms of cultural bound- aries’ (Gellner 1983: 11; see also Gellner 1998: 14–24). Power and culture go their separate ways. The political form of empire encloses a vastly differ- entiated and internally hierarchical society in which the cosmopolitan culture of the rulers differs sharply from the myriad local cultures of the subordinate strata. Modern empires, such as the Soviet empire, continue this pattern of disjuncture between the dominant culture of the elites and the national or ethnic cultures of the constituent parts. Nationalism, argues Gellner, closes the gap. It insists that the only legitimate political unit is one in which rulers and ruled share the same culture. Its ideal is one state, one culture. Or, to put it another way, its ideal is the national or the ‘nation-state’, since it conceives of the nation essentially in terms of a shared culture linking all members.
    [Show full text]
  • Cholera Transmission: the Host, Pathogen and Bacteriophage Dynamic
    REVIEWS Cholera transmission: the host, pathogen and bacteriophage dynamic Eric J. Nelson*, Jason B. Harris‡§, J. Glenn Morris Jr||, Stephen B. Calderwood‡§ and Andrew Camilli* Abstract | Zimbabwe offers the most recent example of the tragedy that befalls a country and its people when cholera strikes. The 2008–2009 outbreak rapidly spread across every province and brought rates of mortality similar to those witnessed as a consequence of cholera infections a hundred years ago. In this Review we highlight the advances that will help to unravel how interactions between the host, the bacterial pathogen and the lytic bacteriophage might propel and quench cholera outbreaks in endemic settings and in emergent epidemic regions such as Zimbabwe. 15 O antigen Diarrhoeal diseases, including cholera, are the leading progenitor O1 El Tor strain . Although the O139 sero- The outermost, repeating cause of morbidity and the second most common cause group caused devastating outbreaks in the 1990s, the El oligosaccharide portion of LPS, of death among children under 5 years of age globally1,2. Tor strain remains the dominant strain globally11,16,17. which makes up the outer It is difficult to gauge the exact morbidity and mortality An extensive body of literature describes the patho- leaflet of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. of cholera because the surveillance systems in many physiology of cholera. In brief, pathogenic strains har- developing countries are rudimentary, and many coun- bour key virulence factors that include cholera toxin18 Cholera toxin tries are hesitant to report cholera cases to the WHO and toxin co-regulated pilus (TCP)19,20, a self-binding A protein toxin produced by because of the potential negative economic impact pilus that tethers bacterial cells together21, possibly V.
    [Show full text]
  • Struggle for North America Prepare to Read
    0120_wh09MODte_ch03s3_s.fm Page 120 Monday, June 4, 2007 10:26WH09MOD_se_CH03_S03_s.fm AM Page 120 Monday, April 9, 2007 10:44 AM Step-by-Step WITNESS HISTORY AUDIO SECTION 3 Instruction 3 A Piece of the Past In 1867, a Canadian farmer of English Objectives descent was cutting logs on his property As you teach this section, keep students with his fourteen-year-old son. As they focused on the following objectives to help used their oxen to pull away a large log, a them answer the Section Focus Question piece of turf came up to reveal a round, and master core content. 3 yellow object. The elaborately engraved 3 object they found, dated 1603, was an ■ Explain why the colony of New France astrolabe that had belonged to French grew slowly. explorer Samuel de Champlain. This ■ Analyze the establishment and growth astrolabe was a piece of the story of the of the English colonies. European exploration of Canada and the A statue of Samuel de Champlain French-British rivalry that followed. ■ Understand why Europeans competed holding up an astrolabe overlooks Focus Question How did European for power in North America and how the Ottawa River in Canada (right). their struggle affected Native Ameri- Champlain’s astrolabe appears struggles for power shape the North cans. above. American continent? Struggle for North America Prepare to Read Objectives In the 1600s, France, the Netherlands, England, and Sweden Build Background Knowledge L3 • Explain why the colony of New France grew joined Spain in settling North America. North America did not Given what they know about the ancient slowly.
    [Show full text]
  • Opening up Europe's Public Data
    The European Data Portal: Opening up Europe’s public data data.europa.eu/europeandataportal it available in the first place? What we do And in what domains, or A third of European across domains and across More and more volumes of countries are leading the countries? Also in what data are published every day, way with solid policies, language should the data be every hour, every minute, every licensing norms, good available? second. In every domain. portal traffic and many local Across every geography, small initiatives and events Value focuses on purpose, or big. The amount of data re-use and economic gains of across the world is increasing Open Data. Is there a societal exponentially. A substantial gain? Or perhaps a demo- amount of this data is cratic gain? How many new collected by governments. Public Sector Information jobs are created? What is the is information held by the critical mass? Value is there. The European Data Portal public sector. The EU Directive The question is how big? harvests the metadata on the re-use of Public (data about the data) of Sector Information provides Public Sector Information a common legal framework The Portal available on public data and for a European market for geospatial portals across government-held data. It is The first official version of European countries. Portals built around the key pillars of the European Data Portal is can be national, regional, the internal market: free flow available since February 2016. local or domain specific. of data, transparency and fair Within the Portal, sections are They cover the EU Member competition.
    [Show full text]
  • Diagnosis & Treatment
    1 DIAGNOSIS & TREATMENT DIAGNOSIS STAGE III & STAGE IV COLORECTAL CANCER YOUR GUIDE IN THE FIGHT If you have recently been diagnosed with stage III or IV colorectal cancer (CRC), or have a loved one with the disease, this guide will give you invaluable information about how to interpret the diagnosis, realize your treatment options, and plan your path. You have options, and we will help you navigate the many decisions you will need to make. Your Guide in the Fight is a three-part book designed to empower and point you towards trusted, credible resources. Your Guide in the Fight offers information, tips, and tools to: DISCLAIMER • Navigate your cancer treatment The information and services provided by Fight Colorectal Cancer are for • Gather information for treatment general informational purposes only and are not intended to be substitutes for • Manage symptoms professional medical advice, diagnoses, • Find resources for personal or treatment. If you are ill, or suspect strength, organization and support that you are ill, see a doctor immediately. In an emergency, call 911 or go to • Manage details from diagnosis the nearest emergency room. Fight to survivorship Colorectal Cancer never recommends or endorses any specific physicians, products, or treatments for any condition. FIGHT COLORECTAL CANCER LOOK FOR THE ICONS We FIGHT to cure colorectal cancer and serve as relentless champions of hope Tips and Tricks for all affected by this disease through informed patient support, impactful policy change, and breakthrough Additional Resources
    [Show full text]
  • External Link Teacher Pack
    Episode 32 Questions for discussion 13th November 2018 US Midterm Elections 1. Briefly summarise the BTN US Midterm Elections story. 2. What are the midterm elections? 3. How many seats are in the House of Representatives? 4. How many of these seats went up for re-election? 5. What are the names of the major political parties in the US? 6. What words would you use to describe their campaigns? 7. The midterm elections can decide which party has the power in ____________. 8. Before the midterms President Trump had control over both the houses. True or false? 9. About how many people vote in the US President elections? a. 15% b. 55% c. 90% 10. What do you understand more clearly since watching the BTN story? Write a message about the story and post it in the comments section on the story page. WWF Living Planet Report 1. In pairs, discuss the WWF Living Planet Report story and record the main points of the discussion. 2. Why are scientists calling the period since the mid-1900s The Great Acceleration? 3. What is happening to biodiversity? 4. Biodiversity includes… a. Plants b. Animals c. Bacteria d. All of the above 5. What percentage of the planet’s animals have been lost over the last 40 years? 6. What do humans depend on healthy ecosystems for? 7. What organisation released the report? 8. What does the report say we need to do to help the situation? 9. How did this story make you feel? 10. What did you learn watching the BTN story? Check out the WWF Living Planet Report resource on the Teachers page.
    [Show full text]
  • Mummies and Mummification Practices in the Southern and Southwestern United States Mahmoud Y
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Karl Reinhard Papers/Publications Natural Resources, School of 1998 Mummies and mummification practices in the southern and southwestern United States Mahmoud Y. El-Najjar Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan Thomas M. J. Mulinski Chicago, Illinois Karl Reinhard University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/natresreinhard El-Najjar, Mahmoud Y.; Mulinski, Thomas M. J.; and Reinhard, Karl, "Mummies and mummification practices in the southern and southwestern United States" (1998). Karl Reinhard Papers/Publications. 13. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/natresreinhard/13 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Natural Resources, School of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Karl Reinhard Papers/Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Published in MUMMIES, DISEASE & ANCIENT CULTURES, Second Edition, ed. Aidan Cockburn, Eve Cockburn, and Theodore A. Reyman. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. 7 pp. 121–137. Copyright © 1998 Cambridge University Press. Used by permission. Mummies and mummification practices in the southern and southwestern United States MAHMOUD Y. EL-NAJJAR, THOMAS M.J. MULINSKI AND KARL J. REINHARD Mummification was not intentional for most North American prehistoric cultures. Natural mummification occurred in the dry areas ofNorth America, where mummies have been recovered from rock shelters, caves, and over­ hangs. In these places, corpses desiccated and spontaneously mummified. In North America, mummies are recovered from four main regions: the south­ ern and southwestern United States, the Aleutian Islands, and the Ozark Mountains ofArkansas.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Southampton Research Repository
    University of Southampton Research Repository Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis and, where applicable, any accompanying data are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non- commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis and the accompanying data cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content of the thesis and accompanying research data (where applicable) must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holder/s. When referring to this thesis and any accompanying data, full bibliographic details must be given, e.g. Thesis: Katarzyna Kosior (2017) "Becoming and Queen in Early Modern Europe: East and West", University of Southampton, Faculty of the Humanities, History Department, PhD Thesis, 257 pages. University of Southampton FACULTY OF HUMANITIES Becoming a Queen in Early Modern Europe East and West KATARZYNA KOSIOR Doctor of Philosophy in History 2017 ~ 2 ~ UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON ABSTRACT FACULTY OF HUMANITIES History Doctor of Philosophy BECOMING A QUEEN IN EARLY MODERN EUROPE: EAST AND WEST Katarzyna Kosior My thesis approaches sixteenth-century European queenship through an analysis of the ceremonies and rituals accompanying the marriages of Polish and French queens consort: betrothal, wedding, coronation and childbirth. The thesis explores the importance of these events for queens as both a personal and public experience, and questions the existence of distinctly Western and Eastern styles of queenship. A comparative study of ‘Eastern’ and ‘Western’ ceremony in the sixteenth century has never been attempted before and sixteenth- century Polish queens usually do not appear in any collective works about queenship, even those which claim to have a pan-European focus.
    [Show full text]